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Τριγωνομετρία
Τριγωνομετρία
R=1. () ,
()
() .
1
. 2 ()
.
1
1 = 180 /
2 = 360
1 =/180
.
M 2+ .
2, 2+/2, (2+1)
2-/2.
(a,b)
xx .
2
sin( )
( )
cos( )
( )
tan( )
( )
cot( )
( )
b
c
a
c
b
a
a
b
2+/2 2-/2
2 (2+1).
2
.
3
() .
3 1 .
0
0
30
45
60
90
sin( )
cos( )
0
1
2
2
2
3
2
1
3
2
2
2
1
2
,
1
.
4 1
sin(...)
cos(...)
tan(...)
cot(...)
sin( )
cos( )
tan( )
cot( )
2
cos( )
sin( )
cot( )
tan( )
sin( )
cos( )
tan( )
cot( )
2
cos( )
sin( )
cot( )
tan( )
2
sin( )
cos( )
tan( )
cot( )
1 .
, .
5
tan( ) =
sin( )
cos( )
cot( ) =
1
tan( )
sin 2 ( ) + cos 2 ( ) = 1
sin( ) 1 1 sin( ) 1
cos( ) 1 1 cos( ) 1
3
.
.
3.
4.
.
+
sin( ) + sin( ) = 2 sin
cos
2 2
+
sin( ) sin( ) = 2 sin
cos
2 2
+
cos( ) + cos( ) = 2 cos
cos
2 2
+
cos( ) cos( ) = 2 sin
sin
2 2
1
sin( ) sin( ) = (cos( ) cos( + ))
2
1
cos( ) cos( ) = (cos( ) + cos( + ))
2
1
sin( ) cos( ) = (sin ( ) + sin ( + ))
2
5.
2 tan( )
2
sin( ) =
2
1 + tan ( )
2
1 tan 2 ( )
2
cos( ) =
1 + tan 2 ( )
2
6.
1 cos(2 )
2
1
+
cos(2
)
cos 2 ( ) =
2
1 cos(2 )
tan 2 ( ) =
1 + cos(2 )
1 + cos(2 )
cot 2 ( ) =
1 cos(2 )
sin 2 ( ) =
7.
x
. .
sin( x) = sin( )
cos( x) = cos( )
tan( x) = tan( )
cot( x) = cot( )
x = 2 +
x = (2 + 1)
x = 2
x = +
x = +
,
, (
) .
7.
.
.
a
b
c
=
=
sin( A) sin( B) sin(C )
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2bc cos( A)
5
7.
.
2
.
[-1,1].
f ( x) = sin( x)
f ( x) = cos( x)
f ( x) = tan( x)
f ( x) = cot( x)
( ).
sin(ax)
2/.
f ( x) = sin( x), g ( x) = sin(2 x), h( x) = sin(3 x)
1
sin(3 x)
0.5
sin( x )
1
-0.5
sin(2 x )
-1
a sin( x) ()
[,-].
2
2 sin( x)
1
sin( x )
1
-1
-2
sin( x + )
sin( x) .
7
sin( x +
0.5
sin( x )
-0.5
-1
.
.
1. sin(
:
12
5
), cos( ), cos( ) .
12
12
12
12
5
= +
12 4 6
2 3
2 1
6+ 2
cos( ) = cos( ) = cos( ) cos( ) + sin( ) sin( ) =
+
=
12
4 6
4
6
4
6
2 2
2 2
4
3 2 1 2
6 2
sin( ) = sin( ) = sin( ) cos( ) cos( ) sin( ) =
=
12
3 4
3
4
6
4
2 2 2 2
4
5
2 3
2 1
6 2
) = cos( + ) = cos( ) cos( ) sin( ) sin( ) =
=
12
4 6
4
6
4
6
2 2
2 2
4
5
=
12 2 12
5
3
5
2. sin( x + y ) sin( x) = cos( y ) =
5
13
x 1 y 3.
:
cos( x) = 1 sin 2 ( x) = 1
9
16 4
=
=
25
25 5
sin( y ) = 1 cos 2 ( y ) = 1
25
144
12
=
=
169
169
13
.
8
3 5 4 12
63
sin( x + y ) = sin( x) cos( y ) + cos( x) sin( y ) = + =
5 13 5 13
65
3. x, y , : sin( x + y ) sin( x y ) = sin 2 ( x) sin 2 ( y )
:
1 :
sin( x + y ) sin( x y ) = (sin( x) cos( y ) + cos( x) sin( y ))(sin( x) cos( y ) cos( x) sin( y )) =
(sin 2 ( x) cos 2 ( y ) cos 2 ( x) sin 2 ( y )) = sin 2 ( x)(1 sin 2 ( y )) (1 sin 2 ( x)) sin 2 ( y ) =
sin 2 ( x) sin 2 ( x) sin 2 ( y ) sin 2 ( y ) + sin 2 ( y ) sin 2 ( x ) = sin 2 ( x ) sin 2 ( y )
1
sin( ) sin( ) = (cos( ) cos( + ))
2
1
sin( x + y ) sin( x y ) = (cos(( x + y ) ( x y )) cos(( x + y ) + ( x y )) =
2
1
1
(cos(2 y ) cos(2 x)) = (1 2sin 2 ( y ) 1 + 2sin 2 ( x )) = sin 2 ( x) sin 2 ( y )
2
2
4. 3cos( x) + 3 sin( x) = 3 .
:
3
3cos( x) + 3 sin( x) = 3 cos( x) +
sin( x) = 1
3
1
1
cos( x) +
sin( x) = 1 cos( x) + 2 sin( x) = 1
3
3
2
sin( )
6 sin( x) = 1 cos( x ) cos( ) + sin( x ) sin( ) = cos( )
cos( x) +
6
6
6
cos( )
6
x 6 = 2 k + 6 x = 2 k + 3
cos( x ) = cos( )
(k ).
6
6
x = 2 k x = 2 k
6
6
5. C :
tan( A) + tan( B) + tan(C ) = tan( A) tan( B ) tan(C )
:
, tan( A), tan( B ), tan(C ) ,
A, B, C
A + B = C
, :
tan( A) + tan( B )
= tan(C )
1 tan( A) tan( B)
tan( A) + tan( B ) = (1 tan( A) tan( B )) tan(C )
tan( A) + tan( B) = tan(C ) + tan( A) tan( B ) tan(C )
tan( A) + tan( B ) + tan(C ) = tan( A) tan( B ) tan(C )
tan( A + B) = tan( C )
6. x
:
:
8sin 4 ( x) = 2(4sin 4 ( x)) = 2(2sin 2 ( x)) 2 = 2(1 cos(2 x)) 2 =
2(1 2 cos(2 x) + cos 2 (2 x)) = 2 4 cos(2 x) + 2 cos 2 (2 x) =
2 4 cos(2 x) + 1 + cos(4 x ) = 3 4sin(2 x ) + cos(4 x)
cos(2 x ) 3sin( x ) + 1 = 0 1 2sin 2 ( x) 3sin( x) + 1 = 0
2sin 2 ( x) + 3sin( x) 2 = 0
y = sin( x)
1
2 y 2 + 3 y 2 = 0 y [1,1] . 1 = , 2 = 2
2
1
. 1 =
2
10
x = 2 k +
x = 2(k + 1) x = 2k +
6
6
x [0, 2 ]
0 2k +
2 0 2k +
1
1
11
1
11
2 2k k
6
6
6
12
12
=0 x =
0 2k +
5
5
5
7
5
7
2 0 2k + 2 2k k
6
6
6
6
12
12
=0 x =
5
.
6
10. x
9 x = 2 k + + 7 x 2 x = 2 k + x = k + 2
(k ).
k
9 x = 2k 7 x 16 x = 2k x =
8 16
11
12. ,,C :
A
B
C
sin( A) + sin( B) + sin(C ) = 4 cos( ) cos( ) cos( )
2
2
2
:
A + B + C =
cos(
A+ B
C
) = sin( ) .
2
2
A+ B
C
A+ B
C
= sin(
) = cos( )
2
2
2
2
A+ B
A B
C
C
) cos(
) + 2sin( ) cos( ) =
2
2
2
2
C
A B
A+ B
C
C
A B
A+ B
2 cos( ) cos(
) + 2 cos(
) cos( ) = 2 cos( )(cos(
) + cos(
)) =
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
A B A+ B
A+ B A B
+
C
2 ) cos( 2
2 )=
2 cos( )2 cos( 2
2
2
2
C
A
B
A
B
C
2 cos( )2 cos( ) cos( ) = 4 cos( ) cos( ) cos( )
2
2
2
2
2
2
1 :
4 x = 2 k + 2 x = k 2 + 8
cos(4 x) = cos( )
(k ).
2
x = 2 k x = k
2
2 8
sin(2 x) = sin(0) 2 x = 2k 0 x = k (k ).
sin( x) = sin(0) x = 2k 0 x = 2k (k ).
x+ y =
14.
.
cos( x) cos( y ) = 3
:
12
yx
x+ y
yx
) sin(
) = 3 2sin(
) sin( ) = 3
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
yx
yx
yx
x y
3
sin(
)=
)=
)=
)=
sin(
sin(
sin(
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
x y
sin(
) = sin( )
2
3
2
x y
= 2 k + x y = 4 k +
2
3
3
(k )
x y
= 2 k + x y = 4 k +
3
3
2
cos( x ) cos( y ) = 3 2sin(
x+ y =
x+ y =
y = x
2
2
5
2 x = 4k + +
x y = 4k + 3
2 x = 4k + 3
3
y = 2k + 6
y = 2k + 6
k
x = 2k + 5
x = 2k + 5
6
6
x+ y =
x+ y =
y = x
7
4
4
2 x = 4k + + 3
2 x = 4k + 3
x y = 4k + 3
y = 2k + 6
y = 2k 6
7
7
x = 2 k +
x = 2 k +
6
6
=
b sin( B)
A B
A+ B
2sin
cos
a b sin( A) sin( B )
A B
A+ B
A B
C
2
2
=
=
= tan(
) cot(
) = tan(
) tan( )
2
2
2
2
a + b sin( A) + sin( B)
A+ B
A B
2sin
cos
2
2
13
A + B + C =
A+ B
C
A+ B
C
) = tan( ) .
= cot(
2
2
2
2
a + b + c = 2 b + c a = 2 2a b + c a = 2( a)
A 2 2( a )
A
( a)
cos 2 ( ) =
cos( ) =
2
4bc
2
bc
14