yEV oG #ob}oGG

}}GG

zmy} }moiG. zM. N~S

`e}V, #oGlm

K Ul yO NG}G
oG`GCTeg NFoGoGG
]zoGlm`i (^DG)
o ~~fyGzM \ 627 602
g}G`jPE jb \ SM Bb}S[FoGG
^`i : 04634 \ 74543

NG} UVSm}GG
K Ul yO NG}G
g}G`jPE \ 627 602,
SM Bb}S[FoGG

NSoG NG}
o[G 1990 \ 5000 mG
nPpG NG}
ol| 1999 \ 5000 mG

G DyoGGG moD`, }G NMyfln }G`mo

NomGflzM.
oG`GCTeg NFoGoGG
]zoGlm`i (^DG) o ~~fyGzM \ 627 602
g}G`jPE jb \ S M Bb}S[FoGG
#oGlm #NzDG :
oG`GCTeg NFoG NG}G
^DG b `fl. 32
oGz o[ \ ]U 45341 \ 0032 GG. GD. v ( #oGlm)

#flM y o GG:

:yEV oG #ob} }GGj`

fyG}GS[oG K UlyO fmlMy

#olfl` n`oGG

:Nol 24, 1921

yEV oG #ob} }GGxfy GG

:j 21, 1969
}GGx` n`oGG FP} S}c`oGG :j 20,1969(#oGlm)
DflD`oGG` }TUoG` FGBn`oGG

:Nol 24,1989

GDy
#flMyoGG
N~}`m `oGG
yOG
J^SmWoGG
GGfyoGG m_Myy (GGfyoGGG)
yEGGfyoGG
1. yEGGfy N~}flBoGG
2. yEGGfy D`G
3. yEGGfy #floGG
yEV oG #ob} }GGx }myz.
yEV oG #ob} }GGx G.
1. }jTyoGG`GflzM oG}G o| Sy FGox m~zG
2. DoGGNS #G BGoGGT o`Gy oG}E ^o
3. K Ul yO fm}G oGflNFMy NGoGG`G zfG
4. K Ul yOfml Fq}oGG` Z oG`GGezG vGofl_My [GjzG.
5. K Ul yO ` UD oGUoG`G GG }G
6. K Ul yOfml oGUo DP}oGG \ FP}oGG
7. `}GzG NSoGoGGfy flNSGxjT mEzM`zG DflBfl` fQ Dfl`
oGGeoG` TS` #flFoGGG.
8. FPFmflgy N~}`

}}GG #`GBooGGG

N~}m`m `oGG
""Po[Go ob b
Po[Go flSGF| Drb Po[Go
Po[Go Sme NS`oG Po[Go
Po[Go D}Pfl oG`G S[o S[om ''
"" o[ E, o[ flNzM, DUTS}GG tDUGG o[
Cb`oGG, S`DflS o[. NBGo NBGom! `m S[o `m DoGDoGG o[.''
`m NB Gom! "" #ob} }U
D eoGG`G D }P N floGG` EGCx o vflfy fl`mo! NB Go` S[ozo D }TP`Gz`
`m}m G, jy N y D G [ G D G, jy #jb o[ ` x m_MyflG o[GoGG ~UDfljy^oGG. G}G DflD`oGG`
}TUoGfyG ntU`G }TG oGGflSG 1989 NoljT lfi` TGfl}G G_MyflfyGjT Bb}S[F Bbx_MyjT`
}G DyoGG NGlflzmx oeMyfyoGGfy G}G flGG`m}G.
G #o } fyGlfl NomGG G Y D GG, G ` zM fl , F M y , Cb ` o GG moGG`x G ~S SaoGG
~fizGG`m`G.
]! `m NBGom, ``G Y}PnflflzM. flSGjT ~GflG`GG` Ng {yVlx, }G G DyoGG`G SGo Ng {yVlx
Y}PnflflzM. DoGD `, oGUoG, DGGG G {yVl[y flSG`G fmy! ]! D}TP`Gz` NBGo` S[om G}G {yV}[
lFGSGG, lFGSGG, lFGSGG. G}G DSmmoGG flGG`om}G. G D}TP` E SmP}m G}G oGoGGa`G
oflGG`m}G. G yODSmmoGG GGflzG`G. ]! NBGom! G D}P DOMy G `` `moGoGG` Fmflgx #`GNfyUflflzM.
SmDG!

yOG
o`om$ oj` fyG}GS[oG K UlyO fml `G` jT` NtoG`G }G Dy }o GG` GG } GG`m`G.
#x oG #ob}oGG`G fyGlfl, Nom`[ `m omfl fyG}GS[o }flzo o}Gj` K S[omY} fml[ Nt}[flzM, 1989
mefl G_MyflfyG D oGGoGGflSG KoGg. v`[} UlyOf ml[ }zM`n. mjb o[S NfyflS oGGjT #x oG #ob}oGG`G
fyGlfl QzM` o}oGG`G #flnfl }G DyoGG }flz_mxMy DGzM` oG`GCTeg NFoGoGG` fln` K voiG.
. S[y`i fmlMy `m yOG G`GG`m`G. mjb BMy NFSXT }G Nom Ngx _y [GzmxMy DolflzmxMy DGzM`
l_iysoz `e Cl #oGlmjT `G` K om}. C. EGoiG `m UOSG}Py oflS`oGGG EGCGGG`m`G.
DyoGGjTx x BbfyoGG`G _y [GzmxMy DGzM` `m o}GzG ]oiG. N~S, }G DyoGG`G NGlflzmxMy
DGzM` oGl }GG} tDUG `m yOG G`G G`m`G. flfyoGGjT`GflzM GfyG BbjTxMy }Gso [D
}G DyoGG`G NGlflzmxMy DGzM` DUTSl. Fmflg fmlMy `m yOG G`GG`m`G.

J^SmWoGG

#~Sm}oG` Dflo}oG` Ny.F 2000 jT oG`oGG No[flzmxMy fly`G n Dflo}oGGG oNo[G J`. BgyoGGfm`G,
lXyoGGfm`G, paG}oGGfm`G, NyOg }oGGfm`G, `` FPGGfyoGG, `` o[Geflz l~`jT N~}flBoGfyG`x
|oG S[FDGG BbflGG`m}G. D}TP` S[ox NoyG, BeG`G zfyEfi`om}G S[ox o[Geflz l~``G #`fm
S}aGGfyoGG`G fyGlfl NoflGG`m}G. x`[ UflSGoG S}aGGfyoGG, }moG}meoGG #xGG, NyDG GGyV o[Geflz
l~` #x NyDoG. ooiG oGU l~` #x oGUaGGG GGG`m}G. jTyoGG`G {[y DoGGoGG` S[ox
DflD`oGG u}|x oGGfyG}G oeG l~Eflj}G. #flSG[y "" Zyfl Di N UGS oSflg'' \ DeoGG (S[ozG)
{yV_[y ! mx `GG #xx G `moGoGGT GGG`m}G #x o[SoGGG m_MyflGG`.
o[SomyeoGGG D_Myfm`G, D`fm`G yEGGfy #floGG`G DflGG`. `m_My GGfyoG` yEGGfmfloGG`G
yEGGfy lGgx CTegeoGG SmP}m fyMfl KoGS BbfyoGG }GGG|G`n. mx _My o`o omerbe`oGG oG oU`G,
jT``G #`GDlfl o[}Go[}Gfm o`. yEGGfy #floGG fyGlfl Bbfyofl D`fm olflGG`n. (12o DVflSoGG, 2o
#SmeGoGG) NyOg}oG` SG, g NyoGoGGfm nfyCbl^o, Nfl ly lDGjT #D}Pfl oGG`fyG om_My SmP}m
#`Gn` oGGjT xx oG`oGG NfyUflGG`moGG. yEGGfy #floGG` yEV oG #ob} }GGx }myz oGGeoG`
D`. NbGGfy #floGflSG NBGo` K}moGflNSGzG NeoG moGG` o[Geflz }mo G}meoGG ~fl`G.
SmPlGGfmfloGflSG BfyoflGz` KyOGzG #olfl, }TUoG` }Gom ~flzo oflYGGG o[GeflzG S}al~`
fmfll. #S[SoGGfy NBGo` `m}mGGzG ` ol #ob}oGGfy yEGGfy #floGflSG yEV oG #ob} }GGzGfy
NeoGfyG`x o[SoGG SmP}m oG`oGG NfyUflG G`moGG.
K o[SomeDGzG BbfyooGGjT (2o DVflSoGG 7o #Sme 37o FTyoGG) yEV oG #ob} }GGx }myz fyGlfl
DQoGGfy EGCDGG`mzG.
FmzG ony FmCb`oGG #BoOn `flnflGx oG #`zM Fm lCb`oGGT }myT #flloGG`
`` NfyUoGG`G [}G NGgflG DoGGoGG` NBGo o`o o[Sm}T oml oU #poGGfy BGMy
nfio| G` ` S}aoGG`G Nm}oGG [GG`G.
1969 j 21 ` NSoGoGGfy oG`GGezG flNSGxjT mG_My` }T` fyG}GS[oG K Ul yOfm}G #oGlmjTx
mfT oGGjT ND flfiflGGflzM` zG S[ozG l}o GGfm \ Fq} }oGGfy #xjT nfio|` zG (FP} S}c`oGG)
}G o[SomyeoGG `}o[}| zM`n. Cb` NfloGGjT DflBfl` fQ Dfl` {y fyfl oGGflSGfy }GGn DflBfl`n.
fyzM` }o Dflo}oGGGfy }G fyGQ`mn `GflzM oG}GfyG [GzM` DSmfloGG`G NDflfifl` }Gom #x o[SoGGjT
`GflzM oG}GfyG [GzM` DeoGG`G GG}` }Gom K Ul yOfm}G 1989 Nol 24o ` }jTyoGG`
}TU oGe}G. n oG` EGflz DflBfl```G, yEV oG }moGGjT }GGoPzM` o[S omyeoGGG }G SoGGfm
`}o[}|zGG`. `meGp}GQ lfiflG`G, nMy BGMy }mfy oGUoGT glfi BG K Ul yO mEzG
oGG`y #beDMyT }GGzG oG`oGG o[GG`moGG. (BbfyooGG 2o DVflSoGG 7o #Sme 38o FTyoGG.)
yEGGfy #floGGjT fQ DG fyOUoGGjT DoGG NG S[ox t}G`G o|lfl}G. NBGP #nm}oGG v`G`zM`
`mG [gMy ol` zG, Ex (D}TP` E) fyGlfl` o uz oflzST D oGGoGG` NB Go D }TP` `men gfy
NeoGfyG`G.
fyG `mn o[D` DoGGoGG` }oG}GGz[ D}TP` Efm #lQflzM` Smxx yEV oG #ob} }GGzG `
}UDe }myz GflSG GG } GG`mzG. Tn Dflo }oGG }PoGG DflBfl` }G Dfl`[ oG` DoGD
YDG, ~eoGG` xeP oGG` oG`oGG oGUoG} zoGG` oGjbSm}oGG. Bfyo 3:10
zG S[ox yO o` yEV oG #ob} }GGx fyGlfl U}flfyoGGfy m_Myfl[ DoGGoGG o|GG`n. yEV oG
#ob} }GGx oGUoGy}oG` }myz fyGlflGG, BG #x G fyGlflGG fyG}GS[o K UlyOfml oGGe
TS`mflFoGGG`G }G Dy }oGGjT #flnflmx `G oG`DGT NGgfl GG`m`G. NBGo GGyV oGUoG`G
lfm olflmfl_[y }G jTyoGGjTx DyoGGxGG uz mo. Q_My ` #ob}oGG`G fyGlfl NomGG S[ozG

SGT #`GoG gflG`Gfmy. K Ul yOfml NMyG`G olflG oG` Y}mPSoGG }[y! #S[ DoGGoGG` }G DyoGG`G
BMyT`, FmPDoGGT` G` NtoGT` n`zG YDGG yGfyG`G. vflT NFSfy }G DyoGG`G
}flGG`Q_MyMyx }G xjT v`T G lfiGGflz oG|`G. oG`oGG o`o oNGo[G. SGo}GG `G
GfloGx `GoGGT `flG`GG`moGG.
GGfyoGG m_Myy (GGfyoGGG)
o[SomyeoGGG GGfyoGG mlGg fyGlfl olflGG`. (G}moGG, oGBb}oGG, oG`GDaOg oGG`fyG`
t}V`Sfi`.) o[SoGG`G #`GDlfl }G `m_My N floGG D eGGfy #floGG` N~}flB oG yEGGfy #floGG` oGGfiflzG`G.
KoGS BbfyooGGjT o[SomeD oGUl GGfyoGG mlGgx }G NMyfln SoGGfy jMyVflGG`mzG. (3o DVflSoGG
11o #Sme 18o FTyoGG.)
`mGfyG GGfyoGGG. DeGGfyoGG, NbGGfyoGG, SmP}GGfyoGG, yEGGfyoGG #x GozGG`. #S[ o}GDjT
}GG glfi N~}flBoGfyG`G. {VyV o}GDjTx oGGoGG Dflo}oGGG 12000 o[Some` oGUl mjb U|lyT }G `mGfyG
GGfyoGG`G }G NMyfln SoGGfy Bfl GG`mzG.
BbooGG 3o DVflSoGG 11o #Sme 19,20 FTyoGGjT QzM` SoGGfm`G, CTegFmc Nm}oGGfm`G (vzoG
`GflzM N~}flBoG zMo` oGh`G.)
D
1,000 + 200
= 1200 Dflo}oGGG
DeGGfyoGG
NbGGfyoGG
2,000 + 400
= 2,400
''
SmP}GGfyoGG
3,000 + 600
= 3,600
''
yEGGf oGG
4,000 + 800
= 4,800
''- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - GGfyoGG moGGoGG
=12,000 Dflo}oGGG-flzMGG "noeo}oGG`G' olfl }G GGfyoGGx_MyMyx CTegFmc #fly`G }GG| GG`m}G. "noe' #` fm
fy_Myo[ NmflGomzG. #`fm D}GezG #x #}oGG. m_My }GG #xGG NyOg }oGGfy D}Gex #`GDlfl fyMflzM`
Dflo}oGGG. Dflo}oGGG 200, 400, 600, 800. {y GGfyoGG`GflzM oGlGGy GGfyoGG` o}G`zG oGSe`G`
Dflo}oGGG. n "GGfy DflSe ' #x GozGG`n. DoGGoGG`flSG #x }yoGGj` oGbm}oGGG lflzG`G.
NBGo` KyOGzG }G jTyoGG`G onE_My`zG yEGGfyoGG N~}flBoG`n. S}a}meoGG`G (DeGGfyoGG`G
jy o[Geflz l~``G) ~flG D}TP` `mengfy yEV oG #ob} }GGzG }G jTyoGG` }mozoGGT
yEGGfyoGG #floGfyGG`n.
1921 Nol 24o ` yEV oG #ob}}GGzGfy K Ul yO #olfl` n`oGG`GflzM yEGGfyoGG `
oGGePoGG`G ^fGx`n. yEV }moGGjTx o[SomeD oGUl No`oGG`G `}o[}G|`G }GGn DflBfl`n. oG`oGG
}GGzG GGfy DflSejT oflG`moGG. yE # x yzol p}GQ oGalfl zGy oG`oGG o[GG`moGG.
y E GGf y o GG
BG`G` moGG`G o[SomyeoGGG `mGfyG GGfyoGGGfy Bfl GG`. # DeGGfyoGG. NbGGfyoGG,
SmP}GGfyoGG, yEGGfyoGG #x GozGG`. G}moGG`G #`GDlfl (4o BbfyoGG 24o #SmeGoGG) "D GG
oGflzoGG' #x GozG D GGG `N oGflzoGG SoGGj` `NoGG oGSe (flNSoGflzoGGjT) NoGG [GGG
x `NoGG oGSe # o`zG {y GGfyoGG GGyV N~}flBoGG`G fmx GGfmfloGG`G fmx DflG`G.
i. yEGGfy N~}flBoGG :

KoGS BbfyooGG 12o DVflSoGG 2o #SmeGoGG 31\34 FTyoGGG. }GGQ_My GGfyoG` yEGGfy N~}flBoGG`G
olflGG`.
D GG oGflzoGG o `NoGG`G Sm_My`zG yEGGfyoGG N~}flBoGfyG`G. #Q_My`GflzM 1200 Dflo}oGGG
yEGGyV nye DPQoGGfy oflzG`G. D GG oGflzoGG o`NoGG`G Sm_My }P ~z `NoGG`G [}Gx`zG
yE ` Dfl} oGG`G yEfiGGflzG`G. DoGGoGG` }mC` `flSGx oflYGG l~` #g pNooGGfy oflzG`G.
n`oGG``[ NBGo` KyOGzG }oGG` ( paG jTyoGG`) o`G. #z[ yEGGfy nye N~}flBoG`n. 4000
Dflo}oGG }Gom yOGGfyoGG oGh N~}flBoGfyG`G.
SoGGfy NBGo` KyOGzG ` xomDoG` ofl}oGG` }TUoG` }T` yEGGfyoGG N~}flBoG`n. D
GG oGflzoGG o `NoGG `GflzM }P ~z `NoGG` o$h`zG KyOGx[ ~flzM` o[Geflz S}a}meoGG
m_My yE FMy U`GzGe`G. jx Gz KyOGx S}a~zGfy `GG #flylfl oflzzMom}G m}G. KyOGzG ofl}oGG`
}TUoG` }Gom 2000 Dflo}oGG }G jTyoGGjT jbV}oGG, ~oGG, #oeyDg DflBfl`G.
i . yEGGfy D`G :
G}moGG, KoGS BbfyooGG, lFGS NfyflSoGG (G) oGG`fyG o[SoGGG yEGGfy #floGG fyGlfl
NoflGG`. G}moGGjT (4o BbfyoGG 24o #SmeGoGG 70o FTyoGG) {y DoGGoGG` }mflS}G }G BGx
~EflS}G. omlMy DflToG`G`n oflzSG. T^Nnj, vz jbbV}oGGT xflzM, BMyU`Gj #DeoGG`G EyzM
omlfy oflSG}G. om}G ND`G, `G, flGo`G flSG}G. om}G F}eoGG jx om} oflSG}G. om}G #BoOn fln` ofl`[
zM ^oSG}G. om}G moGj #g DPQ #GGG`G yEfioflSG}G. jTyoGGjTx }meoGGx_Myx {[y }meoGGfy @ye}mx
NGgflGSG}G. oml S}T`[ om}G #`mfylj` o[GG|jbfy Noolfl mjb oGflnx `mF`oGG [GGSG}G.
DoGGoGG` S}aoGG Mfl^o`G. S`oGG, D yEfi` `Gj o` fyomlfy lfyMfl zGSG}G. oflGj
oGbDMy fyom}Gfy vflzGSG}G. moGo[G `flSoGG #x vflzG`G. `flSoGG x[| oDGofm`[ lfyMflzG`G.
#DeoGGj DoGD ome~}oGG oGoG oflzG`G.
N floGG oNo[G NbUaG fyG}Gfm oflGfln. B }oGGG, `fyG oNo[G D G[oGoGG`, D GgMy Sm}oGGfy
oflGfln. #`meGo[G Sm}oGGfy oflGfln. jbbV}oGG, SGFG, x}GSTefyoGG` oGoG oflGfln. ~`oGG
[D yzGfyG`G[G FGy} NMyG #x Bbfl[ }TE. ^oGl`oGG #NFS ~pPyoG`zG`G. S}aoGG [GG_[y Zyy
oGoGGfy oflzG`G. oGfl oGGG S lfl`om}G oGflom}Gfy lfyMflzGSG}G. y oGGT xflzM ` oG`GGez[ f}flzG`G.
oljT oflGz` oG`GGez[ }m #fyG`G. (`[}oGGG [GG, jbbV}oGG, fyOUoGGG oGG`fyG om_MyMy SG}GS[FeoGGT
x oGG_MyflG oGG`fyG` vVofyG`G.) `GG ofl~}GGfy oflSG}G. oml GGG moGG }o `GflzM }ooGzG
Dflo}oGG fiflzG`G. olMy o`oG D}P`mF`oGG o} ^oSG}G.
G}moGG 6o BbfyoGG 1o #SmeGoGG uz oGlx yEGGfy D``G EG CGGG`n. yEGGfyoGGjT
Cbg, oG B SoGGG fmx, fTN B SoGGG fmx z}G. o[SoGGjT Q` S oGGfy E }GGoPzoGG fmx, oG }oG` m}oGGG`G
fmx ~_Myfl}G. omUoGGG o[SoGG`G #`GDlfl lflzo. fyG}GGe bflSoeoGG oflzSG. Bb}meB} #`GflSoGG
NyoGoG` SgjT oflzSG. #fi SmP}m lflz[ ~}fl}e m}oGGG lflzo. Cbg fyGlfl` _Myfl jy F}eoGGG
fyom}[ l~EflGSG}G. omoGGG lflG flzMG y``G S`oflG`[ v`GflSG}G. yEGGfyoGGjT "Fm|b
zG' #`G o[y TGflzSG. Ng {yV}G #`G`S[ omlMy o[SoGGfm oflzG`G. "m$' oGG`fyG S[oG (FMy) flzGSG}G.
G oG #flSoGG fyGlfl fylPflGSG}G. zo` oflNzGyG oNo[G #flSoGGfm`G, fylPflSfi` GoGGfm`G vflzG`G.
yEGGfy oGGfifljT NDG oG B}`G onE }}GG oflzM oGhSG}G. yEGGfyoGGjT NG paG }GfyGS`G
fly jTyDflflSoG` Dfl~S`T`[ DMy SG}G. om`G zo. DSm `GG DGG jy yE, y}Go #`Gom_MyT
bSzGGflSG}G. G _Myfy oflzM, mjboGfln `G yfl vVo fm bSzG, }flzG [GT` `G fTVfl
ofl_m}G. l~G `G vVo `G nflGSG}G. FNSGG D`meDGGjbfy #fyzGSG}G. S`Dfl~S`y mjboGfln

fTSGoGG flz[ S[FoGG oGhSG}G.

S}aoGG (SoPoGG) NyoGoGGfy Mfl ^oGflzG o` yEGGfyoGG ` FMyx vVofy flG`G. SoPoGG jx
oGoGG #BoOn fln`n CbxMy yzG lfi`zG oGGfifl #g DGoGGjT o`Sx NfyUflGzM. #x G
NBGo`G, D}TP` }GGzG`G #}GG` `m}mGGx oG}^}GG``G, #NFS oUfl``G, o[SoGGjT jx om_Myx `GG
fl` zG`G yEGGfy #floGG o|GG`Sx GDG`GzM. vflSGy`fm yEGGfyoGGjT D O y } #}GG` NB Go` `m}mGGx
`GG fl}G. SDl G (`i ofl_My) SlflGSG}G. `GjT NtoG #`G`S[ oflzSG.
KoGS BbfyooGG 12o DVflSoGG 2o #SmeGoGG uz yEGGfy D`G fyGlfl Nofl GG`n. DeoGG, g,
DU`oGG, yO, ooGG, oGG, CbyFMy oGG`fyG` NyoGoGGfy MflG`G. {y oG`GGex #nm}oGG`G f}ooGG`G GG
S`oGG`[ Sfy omzGflSG}G. S`o[G oGoGG`G `meGoG`nfy x}}GGflG`G. B} Bb}e oGSe Fq} DflflSoGG oNo[G
oflGfln. floGG oNo[G NbUaG fyG}Gfy oflGfln. SflzoGG, fly}aoGG D`meDG fyG}Gfy o flGfln. #x
fyGmgFGoGG`G fyGlfl vo} _MyflG`}G. tS #`meGoGG }GfyG`G. #gfy ojbzo[G Cb`oflG xS}c`oGG
#x [}TG #. tSG #fl}mx om}Gfy vflzGSG}G. o[Sm}GG oNo[G lFGSGGf vflzGSG}G. ~`oGG [GG
oNo[G N fyG}Gfy oflGfln.
S}NS[FoGGjT `G` `SGG, GoG, p}N NS[FoGGx BbflzG`G. `GG ESflNzG`G fmx,
J~SmeGG`G fmx, fyG}GS[o`G fmx f}fl}G. SoGGj` oflNzGy #fly}G #flSoGGfy vflzG`G. ` yzG`G
xflTozoGG fyGlfl[ oG`GGezG jTflG`G. fy_Myfy o_mzM` oj DeoGx, GSm}oGx BbflzG`G. SoGGfy
zG`oGG vVo`zG oflGz[ NSm`Gzx vflzG`G. m|}GG`G, UOSGoGGjx }mG `G`GflzM S`oGG`G,
`G fGflSG}G. fln^G SflfyG oG xomD DoGGG oSE, oD o$h, y}oG` oGG`G fyzGSG}G.
{ylT {y}G SjbzG o``G, y}Go o``G, }mG vVo fy `G nflGyo``G oG}MflGSG}G. yET`,
SmUoGGT` G}yoGG omeS GT` bnfl zGSG}G. yEGGfyoGGjT o}mNFoG S}aoGGG #SOFeoGfyG`G. oml FmPDoGGjT
`GG `mD fyGSG}G. }mG oG BbSe`G oG}GSG}G. Z m}oGG jy`G `GG #SoGGG GSG}G. fQCbg
om}flS}G Vo Cbg `G ~}GGMy nfyCbl ^oSG}G. oG }oGGjT mjb `fy oflzG`G. D`me D, GflBDGx
jbfy flG`G. B } ` B b}e o flS Go`[ ` flS GoGfy B bflG`G. oOoGGxGG _Myf y oflzG`G. o[GoGGG moD`fl
o}oGG`G }GGoPo. oG}GG vVofy oflzG`G.
K oGS BbfyooGG (12o DVflSoGG 3o #SmeGoGG 31\42 FTyoGGG.) yEGGfyoGGjT `GG NUDPSO yEfi`
om}G`G, #SOU`GGfm`G, gflzM^GGfm`G, moG} yEfi` om}G fm`G, tSG fm`G oflSG}G. G oeBm}GGfy
ol, {y }GGx Sfy} `GflzM fly }GGx SfylMy tDP|fy g}GfyGGflSG}G. BMyU`GG (S[ozG jx om}G) o[S omyeoGG`G
DGgfl oml DPfloGGfy BbooGG`G GGflSG}G. NbaGG uzm oG yzGG xfl TozoGGjT` moG }GG|
`}o[}G| TozoGGjT` DMy yEfi oflSG}G. NUam}GG boGG [D` NooGG`G `}o[}|y #NGfyGSG}G. GflDGG
D`meDGGjbfy BoGG vGSG}G. o`NGG #zojT`, ^o`fljT` oflzy NfmoGoGGjT xoDflGGflSG}G. D`meDGG
S`mF yEfioflSG}G.
G #gfy BT`oGG [GGSG}G. V `G yfl_m}G. DfyGjx om}Gfy oflzM mjb yl`Gj {ylT {y}G
^_mzGGflSG}G. ome~}DGG oG omMe Ex ofifl }GG }G`G oDfifl zG Dfl~nflG}G. `GG U`oG`
`G`G DUoGG #flylflG}G. J~SmeGGG oG EGx GoGG`G BTnflG}G. y}Go o``G, moGoGG o``G,
my^ozoGG o``G, #g oO o``G, #`moO o``G, l~G #gfy `GG nflG o``G, `GG `[y
SGeoGGGjbfy`G, BoGGGjbfy`G #fyGzGSG}G. yEGGfyoGGjT mjb DPQ zGTDfl oml tDUG`G DUoGG
S[PflG}G. oG ~P}loG` F TDfl oG ESflNzG`G, `G uz oSEGSG}G.
oG Bb}oGG (#}e }PoGG) jT`, Na}moGGjT` fy} DflU, DVflS }moGG, yEV }moGG
oGG`fyG om_MyGflSG`G yEGGfy D``G fyGlfl QzMGG`n.
i i. yEGGfy #floGG

yEGGfy #floGG fyGlfl o[SomeD oGUl Nofl GG`mzG. yEGGfy #floGG lfy yEV oG #ob}}GGx
}myz Sm}zM oflGfln.
KoGS BbfyooGG 12o DVflSoGG 2o #SmeGoGG 23\24 FTyoGGjT \ NBGo` Ul yEVoG #ob} }GGxfy
S}a NBGofy S}c`G|` }Gom`[ `GG goGflGG #fyGSG}G. DeGGfyoGG ~flz G`G.
D}GezG, flNSGzG \ OUDag NfyUoGGG y}mV}m jTMy {[y~l o|`zG, oGzG`G {y~l
eflNSoGflzoGGjTxMy o|`zG yOGGfyoGG (DeGGfyoGG) N~}flBflzG`G.
`m CTegFmcNDoGG fyGlfl vVofy EGSG. `N}mFG o}GQ`G #`GDlfl DeGGfyoGG vzG N~}flBoG`Sx
|oGGfy Qj`G. mx fQ S[ozG ``G b`G K Ul yOfy 1969 j 21o bqG` GG}Gx`mzx oG`yflSlMy
GDG. BMyU`Gj` `GT vGofl_My GGSoGG`G [y x}mGGSGz KyOGzG Z SoGGfy {fllfm GGSXoGG [GoD
o|`ST #S[ S oGGfy oG` fyG}G S[oG K Ul yO D }TP` a` `G yEfi` FmPDoGG o` fQ GGSoX GG [GGG`mzG.
S oGGfy yEV oG #ob} }GGx }myz yEGGfyoGG D o oGfyGG`Sx D flGG`n. zG oG`oGG D eGGfyoGG`
Sml pGG GGfy DflSejT o`moGG.

yEV oG #ob} }GGx }myz

NBGo` `m}mGGzG yV oG #ob} }GGxfy #olflG
U
flS D `m` S }aoGG GGyV #goGGe lFGS NfyflS oGG B fyo . NB Go` `m}mGGzG ` D Pfl o`o}oGGjT
NeoGfyG DoGGoGG`G fyGlfl NBGo[ BfyojT (4:7) QGG`mzG.
GSm GSm U S}maDe
fm x}og Bb}
#BGeb` oGS}aDe
Sma`fl DOCboGeUoiG
"" ] B}Gx oflYGGzm! vzzG S}aoGG, oG}oG` m}oGGG Mfl #NyoGoG` o GoGGG oSfl NoG
oflzG`T DoGGoGG` `[`[ nfio|S`G.'' NBGo #olfl DoGGoGG fyGlfl }GGyVz DQ oGGfy QzjSG. NBGo` yEV
oG #ob} }GGzG #olfl DoGGoGG DQoGGfy KoGS Bbfyo oGGjT 12o DVflSoGG 2o #SmeGoGG 12\16 FTyoGGjT
QzM GG`n.
yEGGfy #floGG jT D}PDO bUe}oGG yOfl `SfyG`G. o}mNFoG oG DSmfloGGG `fl ^o`G.
o`o DooGGjT o[So}oGGG lfy oG}GozG`G. `mDy oGoGGfy vflzG`G. Sflfyj #ny BbfyoGG }mGfy oflSG}G.
SflfyEflzoGG, #SoGGG G, #`oD}oG` jbbV}oGG o` o o`T~nfy oflGfln. #x CbG`G FNSG
CbgjTx Vo ~}GGMy nfyCb}G`G. FGoG o[GyG jbfy oflzG`G. paG GGG }GG}G zm o flzSG. om
flSoGGT Gfl bflSoeoGG oGGfiD^o`G. G oGGyVG yOfl^o`G. oOoGGG oG}GfyGs jbfy y`zG`G. o[GoGGG
oG}GT xflzMGGflzG`G. fyOUoGGjT BMy DoGD^o`G. o`oCbg fmzMS jbfy oflzG`G. DoGGoGG` SoP D}TP`
}GGzG BG #olflG`G. N paG oGfl oG`DG`G FMyT NMyG[GGG xe}meoGG`G oflG`G.
NBGo GGyV }myz DoGGoGG`G, Ne DoGG`G KoGS BbfyooGG uz DflGG`n. (1 DVflSoGG 3:25
#SmeGoGG 12o DVflSoGG 2:18 #SmeGoGG) GGfy DflSejT DOMy NBGo yEV oG #ob} }GGzGfy Ffl NfmoGoGGjTx
GFGx o}Gxfy xaflG`G.
}flzG GGfyoGG GGfyDflnjT DOy} yEV #ob}oGGfy Ffl NfmoGoGGjTx GFGx o}Gxfy xaflG`G.
QzM` FTyoGG }flzG oGGeoG` #flFoGG`G EG CGGG`n.
(1) yEGGfy, DeGGfyoGG GGfy DflSejT yEV oG #ob} }GGzG #olflG`G. yEGGfy m _Myy`G oG`oGG

`zG }flzG GGfyoGG DflSejT oG`oGG o`moGx DQoGGfy #n EGCGGG`n. yEV oG #ob}}GGzG
#olflG DoGGoGG`G, #x NMyG`G BbfyooGG 2o DVflSoGG 7o #SmeGoGG 37o FTyoGGjT o[SomeD oGUl DQoGGfy
EG CGGG`m}G.
S[o nP~oG xfyoG o}`Gx xb`oiG
l} oG` UbBy #NnFe \ G}BU
jTm`i CboiG oGgoGU` #gNjTBoiG
@~oG SmG UG BDei o S}aoiG
FmNDG ony FmCb`oGG #BoOnX `flnflGx oG #`zM Fm lCb`oGGT }myT #flloGG` ` `
NfyUoGG`G [}G NGgflG DoGGoGG` NBGo o`o o[Sm}T oml oU #poGGfy BGMy o| G`[ `
S}aoGG`G Nm}oGG [GG`G.
SoGGfy NSoGoGGfy `}GzG flNSGxjT mG _My` }T` Dlfy #`G mG G {y fyfl oGGflSGfy S[ozG
``G b`G yEV oG #ob} }GGxfy GG}G``G. (#oGlmjT j 20. Bb}S[FoGGjT j 21) }T
`GflzM NBGo o`o }oGGjT oflzM ` DPfl DSmfloG` "" S}aGoiG'' NDflfiflGG`mzG. o`o o[yoGGT
Z}Q}zM` }G jTy oGoGG fyGlfl NDflfiflzG.
(2) Ffl NfmoGoGG` fln` GFGx o}Gxfy yEV oG #ob} }GGzG NeoGfyG`G. }}GGG
}PoGG D flB fl` om_Myx fyGlfl D oGD }moGGjT` Q GGflzG`G oG`oGG GDGTomE. #fl }P #ob}oGG
t}`G, DoGG`G |oGGfy E GG`m}G. mx }mTo #ob}oGG`G fyGlfl Nofl`zG S[o}UDeoGG`G #`oD}oG`
`G, S[ox DflyQoGGjT jx omlMy GG } zflz mjb CbNfy oUfloD GG`n. #flSG[y }mTo #ob}oGG
t}`Gfmx `aDoGG fyGlfl fmx NfyUflG NoG` o[S omyeoGG`G mjb NFST SGooD GG`n.
oG` NBGo GGyV jTy Nm}oG` flNzM t}G S[o }mGe. G Bb} Bb`G #`GDlfl GFGzG #`G t}G`
xMy zm jSG. ( S[o = Go }mGe = FGe) yEV oG #ob} }GGx `aDoGG fyGlfl o[ SomeD oGl KoGS
BbfyooGG 11o DVflSoGG 5o #SmeGoGG 38\42 FTyoGGjT Q GG`m}G.
yEGGfyoGGjT NBGo` `m}mGGx oflzMfl[ om}G mjb noGfln ofl_m}G. bNoG l `n N~floGGjT NSmz
S[FoGGjT (SM Bb} S[FoGGjT) mjb DMyT NBGo`G fl[ om}G #g DPQ DflejT`[ ofl_m}G. mo[l, DSm
NoG` ofy`n, ~jb} `n #`G oGl oGzG `SGG #| NoUflGGflzG`G. `GG BGfy DSm NGz` omDGS[ox`[
(NBGo DflS[FoGG`G) Nbfmx flGGflSG}G. om}G oml D~DG`G, ~}GGx, f}ooGG`G, S ` DflS`G, ESflNzG`G,
tDUG`G oGG`fyG om_My`x_Myx oSE_My NBGo` oGGflSGxMy oG`G boGG l}oGGfy DoGlQflGx oG oy
NBGo` }jTy Ul GGyV yO`G vzG fm`oGG [GGGflSG}G.
SoGGfy `}GG yEV oG #ob}}GGx `aDoGG Qflzm bNoGl `nT bG mo[l, ofy,
~jb} `SGG DGoGGfy NoUfl[ DoGGfy Qy oflzmE. SM Bb} S[FoGGjTx {[y {yV }mNoGGjT`[ #`fm G`mzG
jT oNo[G ` QzM` `SGG #xGG NoUflGG`. yEV oG #ob}}GGzG bNoGl ` p} N~floGGjT
xoDfl oD GG`n.
yEV}moGG 2o #SmeGoGG 15o FTy oGGjT "" NB Go o`o }oGGjT yEV oG #ob} }GGxfy oS ooDoGG
(Nol oGSejT `GflzM ol| oGSe o}) FGyoGG 12o }T` xaflG`G.
200 Dflo}oGG }PoGG y`meoljT (SM Bb}fl) {y Noy K oGGG _My ~PG #`G t}G` jz`G.
#`G jTy #floGG fyGlfl NBGo` `m}mGGzG ofl}zGfy #olfl To`G fyGlfl #x `a DoGG, `` DoGGoGG,
beoGG #x oflFmo$, #xtDo #x_Myy` oGl vVofy #x NGGeT bG oG}oGG jflz oGUoG}zoGG
#`G #flFoGG`G fyGlfl Nofl GG`mzG. Noy oG`GCTeg NFoGoGG fyGlfl, Q_My `m}mGGx #ob} t}G`G,
ofl}Gx oGGjTx Z oGGe Dfl``G oSEflz #x_Myx mjb DQoGGfy NoflGG`mzG. "#fi g}G' #`G

` DyoGGjT K oGGG _My ~PG ol }T fyGlfl, yEV oG #ob} }GGx fyGlfl NSmz Bb #}GG` GoGGjT
mjb DQoGGfy NoflGG`mzG. `m}mGGz[ Noy _Myx fyGlfl EGCD`x #x #`G}G `oGayoGG. "#}Gji`ji'
#`G #x oGlGGy DyoGGjT yEGGfy #floGGjT NBGo` `m}mGGz[ {y ~Sm} oG`GGexfy }mooGG fyGlflGG,
#x `aDoGG fyGlflGG, #x oflFmo$ fyGlflGG, #x NMyG fyGlflGG, #`G Z xomD DoGG `GflzM oG}oGG
jflz }jTyoGG` oGUoGT No[flG`G fyl|GG ` FmPDG`G oGUoGjT pDGx oGh`G fyl|GG mjb
o}oGGfy QzMGG`n.
mjb oGfln U
flS Noy G uz (Bb} S[F }mNo GGjT Ng }moGG `GflzM Noy G Nofl GG`m}G. JSmU}
J} NS[FoGGjTx ~`i, }jT`G` DCi o}oGG` fln` ~PG }moGflNSm, flNS NS[Fi fln` K
}NUaflfm}G, y}my fln` Do[FP} oGG`fyGom}G) oml oml ~oG}eoGG`G #`GDlfl yEVoG #ob} }GGzG {y
`}GzGfy SM Bb}S[FoGG`GflzM oG|`x Nofl GG`m}G.
o[SomyeoGG`G #`GDlfl UflSoG NoyG, } oG NoyG (SoGoGG, ~oiG, DV, EGoiG olG`i
N`ioGG) No`oGG``GDlfl lFGS NfyflSoG` G`G #`GDlfl, yEV oG #o b} }GGzG 1921 Nol 24o
` SM Bb}S[FoGGjTx [y} }moGGjT oGG`m}jTx TjT #olfl`x p}maxflG G`moGG. }m
NoGGGz` DGzj ozm`i ` NS[FoG` oGGS}G`G ` moGG` l~Efl`G. (#}Gji`ji 69o t) #x @So
Dflg omzGfy KUl #olfl`G. G`mzG g}G`jPE jb bNoGl ` p}oGG` `G` oGGuVzji DGoGG` #`G
xoDfl`G. DGmoGG` GoGGjT }Gso [GzM` yV oG }GoGGjT KoGS BbfyooGGjT QzM` Ffl
NfmoGo[G g}G`jPE #x fyGlfl zMGG`n.
#fig}G ( t 231) jT NBGo` `m}mGGx t}G fyGlfl DQoGGfy QzM GG`n. }m #`G BxMy
~jbY} #`[ o}GzMfy NBGo xafl`G. NBGo` `m}mGGx oGGS_My t}G ~jbY}. yEV oG #ob} }GGxfy
NBGo` `m}mGGx l t}G ~jbY} Ul oGGGyO. "#}Gji`ji' DyoGGjT "Ul' #`G t}G uz NoflzMGG`n.
yEV #`G`n NBGo` `m}mGGx oeMyfyoG` t}G mSG. omoG` #ob}oGG, GS #ob}o GG jbfy yEV #ob}oGG "o`om$
~oGG`G `flCtD #ob}oGG' #x Smx #}oGG. "yEV' #`[ t}GjT`[ NBGo GGyV FMy jSG fmx "yEV' GGyV t}GjT`[
F M y o`n. 200 Dflo}oGG }PoGG K oGGG_My ~PG[ #n oG` GG }zMGG`n.

yEV oG #ob} }GGx G

(K Ul yOfml)
NBGo #ob}oGGjTx oGGeoS[FeoGG`G fyGlfl Bfyo jT DQoGGfy QzMGG`n. 4:8 ""~SG Ds`G
Dfl}MflG }`G, SG}ma}G`G `mFoGG`}G|`G S}aoGG`G jDfy ~flG }`G, `[`G Ng GGfyoGG`flSG`G
#olflGSG`G.''
NBGo Ng #ob} DoGGoGflSG`G oGzG oGGeoG` BbSe`G x}PUflGG`mzG. 1.Ds`G`G }MflG,
2.SGG`G MflG, 3.S }aoGG`G ~ flG. NB Go #ob}oGGjTx oGGe oS[F eoGG`G #ob}oG}Gj ` K}moGflNSGzG`G,
KyOGzG`G DQoGGfy EGCD GG`m}G. bSe`G x}PUflzmxMy S[ozG {fllfy }mozoGG jSG. }jTy tD`T
bG o| }G BjTy omDG oGSe vo} ED`jx SoGGfy ` `G flGG`mzG. NoBG `G`G
`flCGG o}oGG `GflzM m~zGy fTo}`filx My jo`g omlx m~zG oNo[G fmy FMyU` S[o j` flNSGzG oGG`fyG
omlx }mnflflz [D GG`mzG.
KUl yO o`o FGofy }G BG xafl`zG #xMy BNS yEfiflGy }jTy D`eoGflGG
#xTbG nfio|GG`n. NyOgGG (D}GezG, o}oGG, fmE, oG}GG, o}GoGGG oGG`fyG`) #x `GflzM o
SmP}m mx jT` o` fmx oGozM` ` ` ~Sm}oG` S[G G`. #Gofl_My x Dfl`G

}GGyVz olflzM`. yfl_MyT Q` oml ~eoGG`GflzM, jTyoGGjTx #x BbfyoGG`GflzM oG`GCTeg NFoGoGG`

oG| o[n o}oGGjT `GflzM v`G`zM` xfl_Myx }GGyVz }GG| GG`moGG. _My SmP}m KUlyO fml NMyG`G,
x_Myx oG`oGG G`G`fyoGG. yV oG #ob}}GGx x_Myx Nomfl_[y }}GG #~Seo[G! K Ul
yOfml xoG` B, #`G #ob} }GGz o|`G NfyUflx omlMy EGCGG }}GG `GoGGT }G `
NGoGG`G [GGG`mzG.
i. SoFGo`G }jTyoGG`GflzM oG}G o| m~zG
{y }T` KflyjT K }mGefm}G ` Gan oDoGG FGo` UlyO`G, z oflGx oG u}G|x
GGflz`G. mjb }TGfy K }mGefml fy yEfi` {y DflUGGzG DoGGoGG` {y ygT flzmxM y o|`mzG. ""
{[y ST G }GGSlx flt~`G!'' #x o[FoGGT [yyG o[GGG zozmxMy om|zG. DGfl`zG, #`GTx SoGGfy
o[GoGGG jx mFoGG `GflzM oG}G o| #xx bMy`n. ofl`[ #`G BGoGGT`G bST`G [yyG o[GG `[
S}G ~l^zG. }Gom #`G K }mGe SfylMy o| #xx, FGo`G flzmxMy NGgfl`flSG o
T}mzG.
SoFMy o| ` o}Gx m~zG ` K}mGe mjb F|}e^}G. Dfl` }Gom }G bGzG
ZST fQ oS[FeoGG`y xafl GG`mzx NfyUfl }Gom bGx S[ox BGoGGjT flzmxMy DflyEQfl`mzG.
ii. DoGGNS}flfmG BGoGGT o`Gy oGGh
K UlyO fml beoGG `GflzM[G NyOg #flGG #xT DUylflGG, S[G G #`[ oG DOy}
#x {`GG`. n K UlyO fml oGGjT zSfi` #flFoGG. NMyfln Dfl``G zGzM!
K }mGefm}G ` o}Gz` Ul yO`G KflyjTx "fyEtDN`i' #`G DoGGNS {zGR ~GflN DoGGoGG`
N~}` [GG, Sme`oGG [GG vzG pDGx ohom}G. #Gofl_My ~GflNoGGjT {y }T` omh`m` fm}G
Sme`oGGjT `oG GG`zG @SG Dflo }oGG bGz` UlyO oGfm j DoGGNSoGGjTxMy `zM`mzG. #`G `zM[
n DoGGNS }flfmG ` bGx NoG` ~SoGGG oGG_My` ofl`[ BGoGGT o`Gy o$h^ #`G oGGflSG
~fyzmxMy #`GoGgflGG`.
K }mGe Sme`oGG `GflzM j `zG ` o}GzG DoGGNSoGGjTMy g`fm `zM ^oGflzG`G DoGGNS
}flfmG o`Gy o$h^ozoGG`G DaGoGG fln`mzG. ofl`[ #`G lfyg o$h ` o}Gx glfi {zGR pDGx
o|`G.
`bGzG vo}G #x DoGGNS }flfmG NfyUfl #x GS # ^jy ^}GG` #x }G Dfl` DQoGGf y
EGCGGG`. SmPlGGfyoGGjT NBGo` K yO DflBfl` Dfl`jbfl_MyS[ }GGn. K yOGx flNzM #}GG`
omDGS[ozG #z[ _My` FGo`G oGSG} `GflzM fToGG` pDGx o$h`zG o}oGSeoGGjT GoGG`m `n vVofy
o}oGGG zG[ l~}GGflz`G. K omDGS[ozG GoGG`m `njT nfi`zG FGo` KyOGzM ~SoGG`G bMy` ofl`[
GoGG`m `n fi om}G [oGoGGfy `n SmG o}oGG `G.
iii. oGflNSme NGoGG`G zf_My ` nye`G K UlyO :
SM Bb}S[FoGG` `G` y`meol jb fln` fl ~`i #`G {y oGflNfmzG. yl`oG` oomDoGGG,
DG [D "m$' #`G S[o`G ` #`oGGjT G|x zG, oPG F`eoGG `GflzM QflfyEf[yomzG. NBGoGGyV
xoG` B `G " SoGGfy [Gfy}m' #x DomG [tDomzG. mjb UflSG GflBoGGjT` NyDo GflBoGGjT`
flfi oGflN SeG [DGG`mzG. {y }T` #x NfmoGoGGjT uoGG DzMflGy K UlyO om|}G. oGflNfmzG
K UlyO {y ~Sm} oG`GGezx vfl #x ` FMyx flmx #`G`mzG. K UlyO`G DGfl o[SoGGjT
`GflzM mjb NFG o[FmzG. }mNg K UlyO ` oGGaxT` NfmoGoGG` fln` {y ~D}GT` #DPDfy `G`

bGxMy N~lfl_mxMy o$h`m}G. oGSe }mNg DoGGoGG` oGzG SGG yEtDT om}G xzM`zG }G oGflNomn m$
#`G ` SGFMyx #x fl`G. ` BGfly}oG` FMyT K UlyO`G zNSTGzmxMy #n o|`zG K UlyOfm}G
fmEjT `mGfyG #zGfyGG My jzmR}G. #xT bG o|` om}G #x }flzG [G`G Gx }GGS} }y NyV`
No[jbzGGflzMl. #S[ DoGGoGG` #xjT `GflzM GG ozE` fQ FMy SGFMyx vSG}Vx Smxx ]zMfl`n. UlyO
`GflzM oGozM` {y NmFofloG` oGfyG oGflNfmzMx bMy`n. SGFMy ` NGoGG oGGmfm fl D`i o g}Gfyfm
#`G DGoGG` y [yyG o[D`mzG. #zG K UlyOfm}G fmEjT `GflzM NMyflnMy nfi #xx oGG_My #xjT `G`
SG}ma`G lGo[D`G. ` SGfl`flSG oGflNfmzG K UlyO ` yOG E GCD ``G b`G NBGo
DoGlQflGx`mzG.
`[ D}TP` S[ozxGG, m$ oGG`fyG } S[oG ` `GflzM n FMyx flSGx GG` #x K UlyO
fm}G }G Dfl` SmP}m x}flGG`m}G. K yOGzG uz fTo}`fil yg flNSGzGjbfl_My S[oG ``Gflz[ FMyx
flSGx GG`m}G #x G G`mzG. No BGjT ` o`G, o`G o[Gt ` tDUG`G NUa SflfyEfl`
DoGGoGG` mEoGfln fN}`G o[Gt omlfm`G, fToGfm`G ``G b`G DlflCD`G SmP}m S[o j` flNSGzG, NUa
oGG`fyG om}G ` `Gflz[ FMyx flSGx GG`m}G #x x}flGG`m}G. yEGGfy #floGGjT o G` fyG}GS[oG K UlyOfy
o|` D}TP` NBGo[y Dfl}oGGfy DoGlQflGTomE. Bfyo 18:66
iv. K UlyO fml Fq}oGG`G Z oG`GGezG bnfljzG
NBGo b`[ {y ~Sm} oG`GGexfy nfio|`zG ` SoFMyT` }jTyD`eoGGT` oG|G`mzG. `
oG`Ge Fq}oGG` vGofl_My }Gfyflz G` CbNfy oUflGG`mzG. K yOGx #ob} DoGGoGflSG uz mjb
BoGGG, SGFG #x o|GG`. (JSmU} #`G FGofy o`zG `, flzM Ny }oGGjT {y
BoGG, DGzM fmE }oGG` Ng`o}, bGzGfy o`zG #DG}GzG, S[DGmDG}GzG, mjb G yEfi` mjGGzG
#`G D}QoGG, mE FMyoflGz` yflDGzG #`G BoGG) Fx_Myx `mF`oGG [D`Q_MyMyx #x Fq}oGG` Z
}GfyjSG. Q_My yEV oG #ob}oGGjT K UlyO fmlx bnflmx mjb SGFG NGgflzoGG fyGlfl o[n
oSmU}oGG`G oG`oGG }GGoPoG|`G. #jbfl_My SGFxGG yl`oGGfy MflzMGG`. x Dfl`G yVz
olflzMGG`.
{y DoGGoGG` K UlyO fm}G G_MyflfyGjT NDflfiflGG`zG oGG}Gfm`G, oGGfm`G oflzM SGeoGG
_My` omzG o[ny My o| K UlyO fmlx Sp`[ oS[FeoGG yEfi #xx DGfl`zG ` `G NfyUflfyEfmzG.
K UlyO zMo` NmFoG` }oGG xzM mjb fy_Myfm }GGxx zoGG N~}flBfl`n. #`G bST "SG[D
``G zfl o`[}GG, `[`G }GGxMy Z [G`G. ``G GflG' #x [yyG o[D`mzG. TG`GflzM vfl P}fm
ZjGflST #fl flS}fm ~l^zG.
K Ul yO fm}G y`meoljT {y G_MyflfyG }y o$hGG`zG o[ny y_My` om}G oDoGGT K Ul
fmlx flzmxMy Nx`m}G. #flSG[y {y fTg` o[ny o[Fm}G. K UlyO fm}G xzM NDflfifloD` TG` Ey`
Gx `G \ mG _My`fl oNoGG` Eyfm lfi ^o`Gofl_My o[ Fm}G. oDoG` N`G x` }Gom K Ul
yO fm}G Smx mG_My vzG zM^b}m #x OT vSG}GGGflzMl. UlyO fm}G ` o}GxT bG
o[ny My o| NDflfiflzoGG oGGS G _My`m}G. om}G NDflfiflG G`zG om}G xzM` lfi`n. mx #flS}
F|}ezG SoGGfy K UlyO fm}G zM^jSG. #`G fmEjT xz[ NDflfifl`m}G. }Gom `GG lfi
^}GG`n #x E`zG NyV xl. #SGoGG`G N x`om}G DaGoGG flnl.
{y~l #olmjT o`zG #ny SGeF|My NoUflG N_my`G SmoD o|`n. #yVz N #~ GoGG`G
Dfl[ U|ly fyG}G`G uz ofl oflzMl. U|ly D``G zflz #Go Sm_My^om`[ NGoGGjT K
Ulfm}G SGeF|My NoUflG N_my ``[ mGo[Fm}G. SoGGfy N_my` `zozoGG ` `GG BGoGGT "#e
o m|o. o m|o' #x [yyG o[Dl. oml [yyG x KUlyO fm}G ofl`[ j`G Sm_My oG}To }Gfyb}G.

#flSlMy F|}eoGG yEfiflG SoGGfy N_my mG _My`Q_MyMyx #xMy ZG DflBfljSG. SGe|Myx DOfl` om}G K
UlyO[G m_My SG|My #xMy Z yEfifljy^}GGfln.
v. ` UDoGGjTx oGUo FMyx K UlyOfm}G GG}GG :
"" `m `moGoGG NBGo #x om}G GDG`G`G `[`G }G~l omlMy #`GBooGG yGfyCG`G. `m UDoGG`G,
`m F}eoGG`G vfl_MyoT om}G GDG`G`G CG`G'' #x lFGS NfyflSoGGjT QzM GG`n. }GGla
16:21 jTyoGfl`G S}f zMGG` #x xoG` By D}TP`Gz` `m}mG NBGo`G fyl|` #g Go`
No` omyeoGG }GGS[! flSGjT QzM` x oGGeoG` ojTx #}oGG`G SmoGG.
"UDoGG' : {y oeMyMy UDoGGG oflzmfl_[y #`G Qy `}Gz oflzmE. oG` oGSe` ~Sm} oG`GGexfm
ofl_m}x NBGo oG` omfm`oGG [D GG`mzG. DoGD }UDeoGGG #x UDoGGjT`[ }GGGzM GG`n.
"" `m UDoGG`G, `m F}eoGG`G vfl_MyoT GDG`G`G [G`G '' fQ S[ozG oG`Ge}fljT oG` oGSe
`GflzM ` UDoGG`G F}eoGG`G ofifl ` FMyx, ` F}eoGG`G `G GG }GG`mzG. #x UDoGGjTx
fQ FMy #`G D}TP` S[ozx xF|GoGGfy }GG}G GG}G`G.
K UlyO fm}G {y oeMy ` [gx ofl`zG (YDGG }GG[|zG) #x [gjT`GflzM #SGoG` FMy
oeMyjTxMy NoUfl Hy_Myx SGF`G #xjT `GflzM ofl`[ lGo[GGG`n.
oGGGTozoGGjT #fl FMy o`flSG` oeMy o`Gy zM^}GG DgjT`[ ntD ofl_mzG.
SGFG lG o[GzM` }Gom NBGo oGGGx` oeMy fQ zGS`G flSGx` #` GBgx
flSGfl_mzG. }Gom NBGo glfi ` UDoGG`G #x ofl #xx Y}Pnfl ` a`G oeMyjT oflGG`mzG.
Smx EoGGfy oeMy Q`mx Fmflg, DflToGG`G flSGfl_mzG. # x Y} enfl zM ` U D o GG
oGGGx`fl oNb` oGG``[ DPDG, bSG #x fi^o G`. fQ DflToGG, DoSm`oGG`G #x
UDoGG`GflzM flSGx` oeMy #xx fyGlfl ``G Y}Pnfl` #`[ ` NBGox NfyUflGG`mzG.
#x UDoGG oGGGx`fl oNb` DoGD y}aG fi^}GG o #`GNfyUflzGG`n.
fQ S[oz` K UlyO }G BG `G`zG lfi` Dfl`G olfl QjoGG. mlGg o``G,
`aD lGg o``G NBGo` K}moGGzG, KyOGzG, ZDG GGyV SG, [D` #SGoGGG, D PDNMyGG noGfln
oGSejT oNo[G lfi`n. yEV oG #ob}}GGz` K UlyOfml SG, ` So DflyQoGG ` jTyoGfl`G
o`omlMy #`GNfyUflzM`n. NfloGfl`G mE~}G glfi BG `G` #x T`G paG uoGG`G lfl
GG`m}G. G_MyflfyGjT NfyGzMRom}G flSGx GG`m}G. fl_Myom}G `z GG`m}G. G}TfyGG DPD`G flSGx
GG`m}G. SoFMy fy #x UDoGG oGGGx`floNb` #~SeoGGj` omeSGG uz lfy D PD}zMGG`. NBGo
GGyV NGoG` B TDfl KUlyO fm}G ` SoyO`G GG}` o[n Dfl`jT `GflzM x_Myx pD
}GG| }}GG NGlflGG`m}G.
y`G flSG`G :
flNS NS[FijTx Z}GjT NB Go` UqoGGGy Of m}G fQ U}flfy paG D oo[FoGGG l`zG yfl_MyGT
\ y`GNfyGzGR lfm oflDoGGT yQzM y`G #flb vN}fm o` {y ` #b}GG o|`mzG. NBGo ` UDoGGT
y`G`G oGG_My N~lfl l} DPD`G Cbfl`mzG. oG}GD_My}TC #b}GG y`G l} DPD fln ooGG
y`Gjbfy #}GG`n. #b}GG DflToGGT fyflGG o[D o[ny GS o| `fl b`Gfy ~eoGG Q`mzG.
voGGy }fyzoGG :
oGNSmDG fln` K #jfmsflz}G #`G #x o} ` vz oG mE y``G zMmG oGzG #flfyGoGGG _Myfy
o`n #x Q`n. SmxMy Z oNoGG zGoGGTflz K Ulfm}G _Myfy `G` mEx ` [gT _My ~fyD`G. ofl`[
voGGy ~fi mG vzoGmG oj G`G.

oGNSmDG fln` vD. DG #`G #oa}GG uz #S[ SoG` #flfyU` yEfi oflz`G. }flzG mh oGSe`G`
{y_My`} #flfyGb zm`G KUl yOfm}G ` [gT oGG_My bfyG[D`G.
oflD oGGSfm `G` Fq}oGG`G bfyG[GG :
oGNSmDGjTx #G`mo}oGG` fln` K Go[G SM Bb} }jP JSTefyDGzG. #`G y}mafm}o GGjT x[GG
Gflzfm mjb oG` DGg #`GTx SoGGfm #x GS zM oGSzG fmGzM`flSG` #x }flzG h `G
^fGx`. `}oGGG Sg`G o` #x mGh [GG uzm ~P`oGGjT jo. oflD oGGS` G zmy} G bfyG[GjoGG
#x ~Q}G. }Gom #xx xjT `GflzM fiflm}G.
SG`xGn `G }G SoG` Fq}jToGGT GflBoGG` Bb}oGGfm o`mzG. lDgjT {y tDUGzG
Go[G`G {y oGjbfy K UlyOfm}G Doo[F oGGG }GG` }fl} #`G DoGG` oDGx o|`G. #yVz
`DoGUoGG vVofy o`flSG` jT No[fljy ^}G. K Ul yO `DoGUoGG`G QflG`G
fTz SMy ^oD GGflz`G. G` SoGGfy fTz SMy`zG fTz #Go` oflD oGGSjb zMo` Go[G`G
jb bMy o$h^}G. ofl`[ #x Fq}oGGjT fQ FMy No[fl` #`GBg Go[G yEfi fl[flNnGoGGG #SGoGGfm
x [GG oGGSG _My`. Zzmn`} }Gom oG`GGe`G fyGlfl o_mz yEfi`mzG. #`G fyflGG o[D `zGo
yEfi`mzG. zmy}G #flS}G #xx qMfl #}Gzx Ny_Myfl`flSG` glfi ` oSTefyoGGjT [}mzG.
oG}Mfl` om}G glfi DofyG :
K Ul yO fy oGGjT `m}[GjT {y oSGoGG {y oeMy }GfyzG o| ZzGD K UlyO T
#e `m Bb}e oG}Mfl`n. ~GflmoGG o fl_T (GflBoGGjT) {y flzM }Gfy` o`n. SG[D G}G o|
N~lflmE #x N~S[Gz`G. K Ul JSGo[G #x fl_MyMy o$h Fq}oGG`G ` [gT byfm`[ ooGG jTxMy
No[fl oG j u}|x o_mzG N~}flBfl`G.
}o}flzG CTegBbfyeoGG fm}G oG`GCTeg NFoG (K Ul yO xomD DoGG) xomD. G` oGDG 75 Dflo}oGGG.
1983 j 26o ` G_MyflfyGjT G` KUlyO }Gso [GGGflzfy NMyflS zM^}G. G` oG}Mfl Fq}oGG
zM`n. #yVz }mS`jT `G` DGo}G 500 oGfln xMy ~GGfy o`m}G. K Ul yO #xx oGG_My`zG Fq}Dg
fm ofln. NDn fln` NFoGoGGjTx zmy}G #Eo} oGlGG }GG}GG uz #`G oG}Mfl`m}x SOolm}G. K Ul
` UDoGG`G G` Fq}oGG GS ofl oG}oGG`G fioGax Cbflfm ofl`[ CTegBbfyefl fml Fq}oGGjTxMy o oGG
o|`n. G` oGfm j xzM S[ox DGgflm}G. #`G }G }Tuzm D ~eoGGfy o`m}G.
1985o Dflo}oGGjT Gomz fln` ^Ge #`[ oOSGzG NFoGoGGjT oflz[omzG. {y }T` oGfloGG
`g Sfy} fyGflz`Q o| zM oG}MflmzG. GG NyV o`om}G }G oOSGx oG} Gfl K Ul yO EGCFm}G.
NBGo `g Sfy} `zMo$h Fq}oGG`G oGG_My "ooGG' Fq}oGGjT No[flG`G K Ul yO Cbfl`G. ooGG
glfi o|`n. #}fyfl #}GG` }Gom x^}GG` ^Ge glfi Doz K UlyO o` TG (oG}GG`i ERflfy) o|
``G oG}oGG `GflzM j`flSG K Ul yO fmlMy oflS`oGGG Efl`mzG.
6. K UlyO fml oGUoG DP}oGG (FP}oGG)
}G[NoGG` GGSBGjT ` Gez` #}GsxMy KyOGzG NBGo GGyV oGUo DP}oGG`G flG
Bfyo jT olflzMGG`n. D}TP` NBGo GGyV #pFMy }GGyVz zM GG`n. FMyT`[ ``G b`G GG
}G`GG`mzG.(Bfyo 11o #SmeGoGG)
"" ]! #}Gs`m, DoGDoGG`G yEfiGG` D}PDOGG, DoGD}m}oGGG`G {yV_Myfm [yflNylflzM GGflzoGG`G
o BGjT zoj`x fl` om_My`x_Myx }G }oGG flG`G. o[n D}Ge GGyV mflg {yV~l
GGS[l`T vfl mflg oflzG`T mflg uz }G oGUoG DP}oGG GGyV DG ~_My mCbSG.

BGjT mjb oGfln oGGa`G boGG BfyoflGx #ob}oGx fl o~}x vlfi xoG` #ob}oGG` K
yOGzG {y fyG}G`G oflmx fl`mzG. #S[oG`fm S[ox #o b}oGx m_MyflG`[ oeMy Qy FP}oGG`G flyEfi
`G m_Myfl`n xoGx x}flmE.
1969o Dflo}oGG` K UlyO oGzo ~lfy S[F}e` o$h`m}G. #oGlmjTx "`m} y}T`m U`iz}`i
' #`[ T y`Gfy Doo[FoGG }fyGy P`oGG`G #flSGx K UlyO }G NoGG`G o[G}Vxl.
uoGG`G K N`ioGG #`G}GG Z}mQG [D GGflzMl. Doo[FoGG l #}GG` }Gom K jb}`iz[ji, G` o}
KoGg DD xo[n (K UlyOfml #g oGGeoG` BjT {y}G) oG DXoGG` #`fm "N_miG' jT`G` "]U'
K UlyO`G pDGx o$hl. yVz`[ oGGeoG` NDn fln` Dfl` DflBfl`n.
{y`m_My ~GflNoGG 1969 `i 18o ` K flfyD`i fml }GGfl_T Z}mQG [GzM` uoGGjT NDflfiflzmxMy
K Ul yOfm}G GozmR}G. jijTx 23o y}`jTx BbooGG`G K Ul fm}G BboloGGfm`G, `` SgjT`
NDflfiflG GflzMl. #yVz PxflzM` omljT {y}` K m}`i UTji Dflfy} fy Nbfyzmxy G_MyflfyG }GfyGGflzfm
oGEMy o$`m}G. #`G glfi o| K Ulfm}G o[SomyeoGG`G olflzoGG`G `zoGG oGGSG_My`m}G. NDflfiD K
UlyO fm}G mjb ~}G `o zoGG mE F|}e^}G. J`GflzM K UTjiDflfy} K UlyO fml
y`G `GflzM #fi CbPG }mozoGG`G Fm}G. xx MyGj xzM`zG K UlyO fml o` o}oGG
#SOFeoG fQ S[ozG NmFoG` }oGGjT D}Gexy` vVo DGT #yVz xzM GGflzoGG`G Fm}G.
ZG }GfyGG`Sx #yVzG` `GG NfyUfljy^}G. K Ulfml oG`Ge Fq}oGG oGUoGy} oG` }oGGfy
ol`zG #yVzG` om}flS}G BGoGGT [yyG o[D`m}G. (K yOGzG ` FP}oGG`G #}Gs`GzG }GGS[
SoGGfy BGzM`mzG.) ntD #}GG` }Gom K Ulfml ~Sm} o`o}oGG o[ny` glfi y`zM`n.
o}GQ`G ` `GG K Ul yO fml G [l, "" G}G vyVzMMy obh}G? G}G vyVzMMy #SOFeoGe}G? G
DoGG` oGfyG }oGG`G oNo[G Fm}G'' #x Nfl`m}G. ""`[`[ }GGfltD GoGGflSG xzM NDflfifl`m`G'' #x
NGe}oGGfm K Ul fm}G #`m}G.
BG So DflBGzG xafl` n`oGG`GflzM 1969 `i 18o
o} K Ulfm}G ` SoPoGG`G jyVj`x #SG NMyGT NSlcfl GG`m}G. 1969 `i 18 `GflzM G` ``G
b`G lfy GG}Gx }G jTyoGG` `[ xoG` D}TP`Gz` S[oz`x U}flfyoGGfy GG}`m}G.
K Ul fm}G vyVzMMy o$h``G NeyoG` oGUoG o[GoGG #xx oflzMflG`G. #x GG DeoGx o}GoGGG
oG}GG x}fl`G. {y~l #oGlmjT {y fQ uoGGjT G` NDflfiflGGflzfm o`GflzM {y S oG}G
BGx bMy`n. #n BGx UGx K Ulfm}G NDflfiflGG` DoGG o} o | ``Gb`G DoGlQflGx`
SoGGfy K UlyO fml mET` No[G bMy`n. #SGoGG`G ` `GG DaGoGG fln NyOg uz }GGxMy
oflGG`n. fQ oeMy vo}m #x F|}e^}G.
vii.. o`ozG NSoGoGGfy flNSGxjT mG_My` }T` DflBfl` fQ Dfl`:
1969 j 21o }T D}
D } P D O j T`[ o G U } o G ` }T. }T `Gflz[ S[ozG ``G b`G S[ozMfy
GG}G`G o`om$My ` fQ FMy `GflzM #GoNoGG GG}G`G N~}flBfl`G.
oG`yflSlMy ED` SoGGfy 1969 j 21o `}GzG NSoGoGGfy flNSGxjT mG_My` }T. o`oG
xoDflG`G, DlflG`G S[ozG BGx DOfl`G. ` DMy n }GG} NfyUoGG`G y`Gf`mx o`ozG
NGgfl`zG #zG ` USGG Gl S[ox o}oGGjT yEQflG`GG`mzG. Gofl_My DflBflG`x fQ S[ozG
` BeCb`oGG[ vlfiGGflzM o`ozG SoGGfy flNSGxjT mG_My` }T` o`o}o GGjT }G BGMy o| }G
fQ Dfl``G oeMyfyoGGfy zmx #`G`mzG. S[ozG b`[ BGMy o|` fQ Dfl` fyGlfl S[ozG o[SomeD
oGUl SmP}m NoflGG`mzG. (KoGS BbfyooGG 2o DVflSoGG 7o #SmeGoGG 37o FTyoGG) yEV oG #ob} }GGzGfy
NBGo` `m}mGGzG }G BG` NeoGfyG DoGGoGG` }GGn DQoGGfy EG[GGG`n.
vz FmG on
y FmCb` oGG #BoOn `flnflGx oG #`zM Fm lCb` oGGjT }myT #flloGG`

`` NfyUoGG`G [}G NGgfl` DoGGoGG` NBGo o`o o[Sm}jT oml oU poGGfy BG My nfio|
G` ` S}aoGG`G Nm}oGG [GG`G.
1969 j 18 `GflzM 20o ` #oGlmjT K Ul yO fm}G mfT oGGjTx j _ylyjijT oGzG
}mNGG, oGzG fyGh NDflfiflGGflzM`zG No`oGG `}o[l`n. `}GzG flNSGxjT mG_My` }T` j 20,
1969 (Bb}S[FoGGjT j 21) K Ul yO fm}G `G NDflfiflGGflzM`zG oml oGGflSG {y ` _yE`i
oflzMGGflz`G. "" zG {y fyfljT o`o lNjT`[ {y fQ Dfl` }GfyToG`n. oG`GGezG ` ~SoGG`G
flNSGxjT To G`mzG'' #`G Ny` _yE`ijT o|`n. #zG DflBfl` Smxx K UlyO fm}[ }G
SoGGfy QGG`m}G. ""oml Ny``G #`GDlfl[ oG`GGezG flNSGxjT mGG {y fyfl oGGflSGfy }jTyoGG
}GozM BGfly}oG` FMy `m UOSGoGGjTxMy o|`G.'' ofl`[ K Ul fm}G ""S[S[ozG }G BG `G`mzG. S[ozG
nfio| GG`mzG. `[`G oG}Mfl`G. `[`G oG}Mfl`GG'' #x o}GoGGofl_My S FoGGT [yyG o[GzoGG N~}flBfll.
(""flGGflzM ``G FPDflGomzG v`_MyMy oG}MflzG'' #x x BbooGG.)
`}GzG flNSGxjT mG_My` }T DflBfl` Dfl` }Gom {y ` }T o} K Ul #p F`G
fl`flSG` `GG #x So Dxn oGGflSG `fl^ozoGG N~}flBoG`n. D}TP` NBGo GGyV }G FMyx fyGlfl
Bfyo 11:19\30 jT uz o lflzMGG`n.
`T_My `GflzM PEflGG` #fi oG|GG, DG[ }G FPoGfl_Myx o SUflGGflzGGG......GzG
`mFoGG`y Z SoGGfy GMyVE o[ fyoGGT oGflzGG` #fiGflSG No[flGG`oT Nm}o[G `GG`G GfyG o[fyoGGT
uzM`om} `mF oGG } `T_MyGflSG No[flGG`m}G. ""]! GoGl oGflzGG` GGyV `T_MyT `GflSlx
#fl`G NGflfyGG`omzo PxflGG`mo. GGyV BGfly}oG` mflGG ` DG[ fyG`fl`G omefl GfyG
fl CGGG`'' #x #}Gs`GzG #flG`mzG.
K Ulfm}G x oG yzmxMy `T}G }`zG BGfly}oG` o}GoGGG, oG}GG bMy o[n
`GG oG}MflzMom}G. _yE^`ijT o_mz_mxMy `T}G }``G mjb oGfln `flzMom}G. jxGz DoGG` `meGp}GQ
z[n. K UlyO fml BflS}G #x DxnjT BGoGGT oGGflzMl. m_My #xx `T}G QoSx o[zGxl.
K Ulfm}G ojbzM` Ngo #S[ SoGGfy ofl`[ lfyzMn. SGjT #`G `zM`zG uz S[oG #x
oGGflSG DGzMfmEfy nMy }flzGo #x oGGflSG 20 fyoGG o} ohzMom}G. oG}GG, J}GoGGG, G~`G, DGzMfmE,
o[GoGGG #xx v zG ofl zMflGG #`G o$h` T_Myyfl_MyMy ohzM. D }PDO GG, oG D O y }
S[ GGj #lQflG`G
#`G }G fl`G }G `` GGf oGGjT }G BG }G SoGGfy vo} z jSG.
{y `}T o} ` xeoGUoGjT `GflzM fl BbfyoGG`G U}flfyoGGfy NBGo }G jTyoGG`
GG}GG`mzG. }Gom #`G ` SoF`x_Myx `jT`[ oG}GfyG}Gx {y ~Sm} oG`GGexjbfy Dfllfl`G.
}Gom K Ulfm}G DeoGG`G (` S}aoGG`G) NDflfiflGoGG N~}flBfll. n oml t}G Ng, S pD`n.
mjb oG DflDG (NfyG) vnlfl`G EGCD`. BjTy m}eoGG`GflzM }jTy }UDeoGG o G` ` oG`DG`G
[yflNylfll. oG` o` Sm}oG` }oG}GGx D}TP` E }UDeoGG`G G` GG}l. S[ox GGyV }UDe
DflyQoGG`G ` xoG` B (oSGo DBGe) G` EGCDl. NBGo nfio| ` S }aoGG`G NDflfiflG`G #x
o[SomeD oGUl Nofl` SoGGfy KUl yO NfloGfl`G NoGG [D o[SoGGjT`G, B zojT`G, KoGS
BbfyooGGjT`, lFGS NfyflSoGGjT` (G), lFGS }m`i `GflzM "De' DflS[FoGG`G NDflfifl GG`m}G.
1987 #T}G 3o ` oG`GCTeg NFoGoGGjT ` #g NGoG` B {y NeyoG` DflS[FoGG`G }GGD
gGGfy }meoGG`G ~fl`m}G. ""}jTyoGG`, BGMy, DoGGNSoGG ` `[`G }m`x Ny_MyflGG`m`G. `[`G
fQomzM`x flG`G }G ~`oGG`G `[`G pD`oGGjSG fmx n `m UV m_My `G aT
`[`G pD`GG`m`G.'' fyGQ`mn `GflzM o`Gofl_My fQ NtoG paG}m byoGG`G (`m}mGGx byoGG`G)
G` vfyG}o[D`mzG. jbbV}oGG xflzM` }TjT S[ox }meoGG o|GG`n. mo` DoSm` NtoG byoGG`G S[ox
G Qy vfyG}o[GoD GG`n.

1988 j [yefl G_MyflfyGjT GG` GGfyoGGGfy SmzMGG` (NomGzx o}GoGG DflS[FoGGG)

S[ox omyeoGG`G D}TP` S[ozG b`[ Z}mQG [D` SoGGfy K UlyO fm}G NDflfifll. uoGGjT Doo[FoGGG`
`o[n B DoGGoGG``G }Gom 1988 fyG 27o ``G "" `m DoGGoGG l #}GG`n. `[`G }GGy jTyoGGjT
j`G. `m ToGG oG|G`n. `mF`oGG [GG FMy oG|G`n.... oGGS_Myfy `meGp}GQ }GGfl_MyjT N~}flBoGfyG`G. `[`G
jTyoGGjT oflzM` Gz `meGp}GQ JflzG`G. mx `[`G }GGfl }Po[G vzMGG`m`G... `m Fq}oGGjT lfi` o}GQG
fyGlfl G EGSG. `[`G #S[ oG`GGez`G. mx oGUoGFq}oGG `mjT o`n. Z DoGGoGGjT` oSE_mxMy DSoGGfy
`G`n'' #x Ny_Myfl`mzG.
SoGGfy oG` #Ge, DoGD DOMy NBGo K oG Go GGyV SFob}oG` KUl yOfy 1989 Nol
24o }mNg DflD`oGG` }TU oG yEV oG}moGGjTx No`oGG`G, K oGGG _My ~PG No`oGG`G
(xe DflD`oGG` ofl}GzG }TUoGfyG`G fyGlfl 200 Dflo}oGG oGGflS[ NoflzM` No` omyeoGG`G)
`}o[}|`G. BG` }T``[ G` 68o `an`oGG.
oGGeoG` BTS`mflFoGGG
yEV oG #ob}oGG }G jTyoGG` o| ` `G fl ` xx l [D }GGzG ` xe DflD`oGG
}TUoGGe`G. oflSFmoGG FmPDoGG (`oGayoGG) oflSFm oGG NtoG, oflSFmoGG S[ox oG`DG`G yEfi` omlMy oGUoG`G
#`GNfyU~`G #x K UlyO fml omfm`oGG` y oG`oGG vSG}GG G`moGG.
K Ul yO fml BTS`jTx ~}mflFoGG }GGyVz }GGoPzM`n. _Myx CbyoGGflGTo zoGG SmP}m oG`oGG S[ox
omyeoGG GS xzfyoGG.
(1) S[ozG {yVz[. oG`oGG #x DO[G! #xx oG`oGG DeoGGT` aT` }mnflmE.
(2) S[ox GGyV DoGD o[SoGGxGG Nt}[oG`. DoGD o`om$ Z oG SoGG`G jy #gNFST`, BGBMyT`
o[SoGG`G SomE. }Gom`[ S[ox yO o` oNo[G #x SoDxSm`oGG`G oG`oGG NfyUflfyoGG.
(3) S[oz[ oG` flNzM, DOy}. oG`oGflS}oGG T_My DUTS} DUTSqoGG. Cbg, , oG, o}, S[F S oGGG jo.
(4) D}TP` E fyGQ`mnMy oGGflSG }G FPoGfl_My Y}mPSoGG`y ``G b`[ Efm #lQflG`mzG. #}GG`
}oG}GGz[ # o[SoGG oGjbSm}oGG. ( GGf[yPSoGGjTx }G DyoGG, Bfyo :10
(5) #x aG xeoG` mo. D}TP` EjT ~Gfln` aG oNo[G
xeoG`.
(6) #S[ D}TP` S[ ozG, oG` DOy} nfio| #x GGfyoGGjT` GGGG, NoyG So Nt}[ SmP}m EMy`
No`oGGx_Myx `}o[}G| SoGGfy }G jTy jbbV}oGG`GflzM `G v`Gx` `G`G zMfl S}aGGfyoGG`G ~flG`G.
(7) oG` DOy} ` GGyV yzol `meGp}GQ }G BG N~}flBflyoGGflSG
` ` G b` G jT y o GG`
GG}G `Gy S[ox xomDDoGGfy Bb}S[FoGG`G v`Gx`flSG` }G S[FoGG S`eoG`n.
FPFmflgy N~}`
] ! Ggjx yOfy S[om, oGoGGa`flSlx {[y GflBoGGfy DOflGG`mo. o[ o flNzMo GGflzM o[GoGflS}oGG
GGyV {[y GflB DBGeGfy flG`Gfy oGUoGy}oG` DxnjT o[GoGflS}oGG SmDGoG GG`moGG. ~SSaoGGj
o NFGoGG. yO~}oGG G flS} DoGuzM GG`m}G. D}TP` l~`jT o[GoGflS}oGG Cb`oGG`G
flSGfl_MyG.
] ! NBGom! o[ oGoGGa`flSlx BlflGomzo. oGoGGa`G } MflGomzo. o yOT D}TP` E SmP}m o
xeooGG`G #`GNfyUfl GG`mo. `G oG`DG fyomlx o U|flGG`mo. U`G`G o }GG`mo.
NtoGyzEjT DoGD o`om$x o oGGflo[D GG`mo.
] ! o DOy}! Zyy fySG}G! jTyoGGjT `G` NGoG` oml`flSlx DoGu}G|oGG. oGoGGa`flSlx {[y
GflBoGGfy oflz[G #`GNfyUflG.
] ! NBGom! l} oGUoGT NtoG byoGG vfyG}! BG GS o UOSGoGGxGG NtoGT #G`xoGGa.

 NtoG`G o oGalflGoGG. `zMfl oGfyGjT o y`G NfyUflG FMy #`GNfyUflGoGG. `[ Sm}jbfy pGx
GG o ojT DfloGG ~z! yOT oGoGGa`G m~zGoGG.
] ! N B Gom! } jT y o GG` ,
BjTyoGG` Zyy }mo o[. o[ D}TP`GzM. o ~oGGx_Myx o oNo[G Gflfyo. ojT Z SGPoGG`G
o zjo.
] ! NBGom! }y SmUoGG yEfiGG`omlMy BGBT }G DyoGG`G SGo omlMy NfyUfl yEfi`
UOSGoGG`G #`GNfyUflGoGG. ] ! NBGom! o N~}``G #flylfl`flSGy G `` `moGoGG` G yOG
EGCGGG`moGG.

}}GG #`GBooGGG
Bb}S[FoGGjTx Gnjbl #x Goz[ dU}G }moGGjTx {y ` NfmoGoGGjT `[`G _m`G. o
GflB DBGeG UflS D`m` S}aoGG`G mjb NFSfm ~_Myfl[om}G. K }moGflNSGx, KyOGx #lGoG` BMyx
yEfiGG` ombo}oGGjT `[`G lfm`G. NBGo` `m}mGGzG }G BG fl` G, beoGG `Gflz[ ``G
yG`m}GG. `[`G ~}Fm Smelfy oflzM`zG Ng}T zGTozmxMy {y fyfloGGflSG o `m`fmlx }moGoGG,
Bb}oGG n Smx BbooGG`G QoGx T}[omzMx. `m Tly`G #flylfl o `m`fm}G ` ED`SflGG `m olfl
tQom}G. olfy N NfyflSoG` "Bfyo' `GflzM fl BbfyoGG`G ~Q}G. NBGo NtoGjT oGoG}` `[`G NBGo`G oGGrboGGfy
zmx omflflm`G. Bfyo 4:7
""GSm GSm U S}aDe
fmx}og Bb}
#BGeb` oGS}aDe
Sm ba`fl DflCboGeUoiG''
#`G FTyoGG`G ` ofl`[ `m DflToGG #oSGG Sm_My`n.
S}aoGG MflzoGfl_[y ZG_My? NBGo nfioG| m}oGfyG`G #S}aoGG vVofyG #`fm ZG_My? NBGo
vyVz vzG #olflG`G? `m moGGjT }G fQ Dfl` DflB flG`m? #x ``G `[`G NflG`[omzMx.
Gofl_My jT`T o ol NfyflSmGoGGjTx N NfyflS oGG S ozoGG N~}flBfl`m`G. J` ~}FmjT NNSoGoGGfm
#x DsjT`G oGGS_My o}GVG G|`m`G. yzM no[zG uz `m oG`DGjT QzM` NFG oGSGG
oflz[. J~SmeGG`G, oG`mG`G, Cb}G`G }G NFG #zMfm`G. mx O y }oG` NGe} oGG flSGTjy^`G.
SGo l [D JSTefyoGG`, oGG` D}zM` }Gom `m NF NGe}oGGG flSG SoGGfy ZS`m [x
#`G`m`G. Sme`fl SmP}m oG DPfl a`G D}TP` S[oxT @ye}o|x GDG`m`G. `m paG #BoOnMy }GGS[
o}oGx vfl `m GflB DBGeT bG Sme`x`G #BeDflzoGG N~}flBflm`G. Bfyo SmP}m KyOGzG ` Ge
x fyGlfl QGGflzG[ xx `[`G v`Gx paG #BoOnMy GflB DBGeT bG Ng}T #BeDflzoGG
N~}flBflm`G. x SmP}m Fq} }TfyeoGG, D}TP` NBGo NtoG lfi`n. SoGGfy mjb Dflo}oGGG Sme`oGG [D`
}Gom S me`oGGT bG NB Go`G D _Myfy flzoGG #oD }oGG #x B bflm`G. #oGlm S[FoGGjTx U
}[ yO S[omGoGG`G
SlcflzoGG N~}flBfl`moGG. oml Sm`oGG`G o UOSGoGGjT #flylfl`moGG. Dflo}oGGjT }TfyeoGG,
D}TP` S[ox NtoG #BoOn #fyG`G `[`G zyEfm`G.
1986o Dflo}oGG` #`G`x Dfl` lfi `m oGG`[ ol|o[D`n. {y }T` mjb Eo[DGflzfm nfy
GG [GzoGGT zG`m`G. oGSmeU DoGGoGG` ^DG pGzmxMy o$h`zG ""GDq Bfyo, K oGS BbfyooGG,
#fi g}G, #}Gji `ji'' #`G }flCi }flfyG ` DyoGG `m [gMy o|`n. o[}[ oGGeoG` `GG j`flSGo` zGx
DyoGG`G SozoGG N~}flBflm`G. yzol fQ yEV oG #ob} }GGzGfy D}TP` NBGo` `m}mGGzG }G
Bb}BG #olfl GG`mzx ED mjb F|}e^`G. `m DflToGG #oSGG Smfy OT DyoGG lfy
n oGGfiflm`G. Dflo}oGG n }GGyVz #yVz g}GfyG oSGGflzM` NGe}oGG D}TP`GzfyG NBGo NMyG[

``G DGfl`n. #oGlmjTx ]U oGzo[jT o` oG`GCTeg NFoG NG}omlT ojbzx NGgfl`m`G.

mx oml _yE^`i `fl}G `m BfljSG. yV oG #o}oGG`G fyGlfl` }GG} o}oGG`G EGCGoGx oG`GCTeg
NFoG[y`i omlMy o}oGG NomFm`G. }flzG om}oGGG o[GGflzM` }Gom `m o}oGG`G Bb}S[FoGGjTx oG`GCTeg
NFoGoGG` flo[GzM`Sx DD}. DD xo[n EGCFm}G.
1987 ol| `jT fyG}GS[oG K UlyO fml }flzo o}GzG K S[omY} `e}VjTx floGfln #`G}G`G
SlcflGGflzMl. #`G o }GGfl_MyMy ^`G[D ``G vyVz yGDGToG|`G #x EGCFm}G. xx vlfi` ofl`[ `m
FGoGG `}o[}|zG DoGGoGG`y OT vSG}G GGfl_Myx. K Y} {y DoGG` n }TG oNo[G oflzoGG
o` omlx yGDGTozoGG mjb y}oG`n. `[`G zGoy NGgflfy NBGo yO o` olfy #`G `e}V`G
oSEG }T ~GflNoGG #xT ojbz yEfm`G. #xx yGDGTom`[ `m GSm}omfl`G NfyUfl` K Y} fm}G
`e}V g}GfyG NoGGjT ``G Qy yGDG fl_m`x ~Q}G. #`G }mozmxMy oGGflSG }T }mNg vVofy
GG [GzoGGT #xx Pxflfy`m #x #`Goxflm`G. NBGo GGyV DflyQoGG` #x Ggjx yO Z
~_MymjSG. }mNg fyG}GS[oG K UlyO fm}G DPoGflSG lG oGGoGGT `m S}c`oGG`G #`GNf Ufl ` zM
UDoGGT `m `G oGGGx ` YDGG #`GNfyUflm}G. xNS `GflzM o[GjVx` `[`G `mjT GG, SfyG D`G uzm
jflzG`G y`Gf`m`G. NBGo GGyV #SGoG` yO[ olflzM #x T #x ND``G #`GBflm`G. So
S}c`oGGT `m UOSGoGGxflzM GGflzfm vGofl_My yoGG jy `[`G o$h K Y} fmlx yGDGx }GGfl_MyMy pDGx
om|`G.
#`G o }GGfl_MyMy o|` ofl`[ o }GGflGG NBGo a[ xflzM`n. K Y} fml SmP}m yEV oG
#ob} }GGx #ob}oGG`G fyGlflGG, #x fyGlflGG, #x TS``G fyGlflGG GDG`m` G. K fyG}GS[o
UlyO fml ^_T`G #`G fl`zG #n Dlfy #fl oGGflSG }mNg `[`G DPoGGjT ` oeMyj bf[y `GflzoGG
`m mjb F|}eoGG yEfifl`n. K Y} fm}G, `[`G oGzG }TG NBGo GGyV NMyG`G fyGlflGG, yEGGfy
#floGG fyGlflGG ojbzG`moGG. ofl`[ `[`G NBGo`G oGGrboGGfy zmx #`G`m`G. K Y} fm}G P}jT
NBGo #oGlm Slcflo|x ``G o}oGG NomGoGx D }GGm|}G. NBGo Zjb NomjT ZG NomjT TjSG.
mjb~}G Sme`oGG [D` }Gom NBGo`G zm`[ #ny omflT ZST SoGGfy omlMy o} oGG NomFm`G. G}G #oGlm
o|`zG GoGGa`G yGDGTfyo jy o[GoGG Bb} S[FoGG` o| GoGGa`G yGDGTozoGG ~Smeo #x o}oGGjT
NomFm`G.
1987 ZNji oljT oDfl GGGo DojT omflfy`i zM.D My o$hGGflzfm K UlyO fml Sfy}`GflzM o
}GGfl_My }G`mo o}fl o|GGflfln #`[ #`GBg `mjT yEfi`n. K UlyO fml `GflzM o|` So o}oGG`G
Som`[ OT ofl`[ `e}V g}GfyG NoGeoGG. fl_MyMy oflS MyjTG} S}oGG` oflzfy o #b}GG
Dfy}_iy j}GT ` ` No[G mG|`mzG. nfm`[ mE`Q_MyMy #xMy vVo bS yEfifl`flSG` oSeoGG [}GGfl_mxMy
o[GoGG P}fm }GGG [}moGG. OT vSG}G ` o}oGG `m DflToGG yEfiflG SoGGf y #yVz y`Gf`m`G. ofl`[
o}oGG Q SozoGG N~}flBfl`m`G. SoGGfy o}oGG SGo Gflzfy o #b}GG `Q #SGoGGfy #SOFeoG`n.
zmy}G SfylMy ohoD` #oD}oGG jy^}GGfln. fyG}GS[oi fml NomjT #flfQ DPD yEfifl[ FMy oflzoGG `m DaGoGG`G
yEfifl`n.
1987 `i `jT #Gefm}G #oGlm S[FoGG`G Slcflmx DflyEQflGGflzMl. oml }myy vSG}G GG o
}GGfl_Myx FGNBoGG [D #flylflzoGG N~}flBfl`moGG. ` oGSejT SM Bb} S[FoGGjT fQ y}Go DflBfl`Sx
ED`n. S[ozG BG nfio|` DflS}oGGfy Ng j oDoGG #Ge fm}G mefl G_MyflfyGG lzMom}G. mx }G
Dflo}oGG` om}G #oGlm }momx DflyEQflm}G. y`zx S[ozG ` o}Gx }G DflyQoGG` #DoGag EGCGG
S oGGfy S M B b}S[FoGflGG }G y}Go D flB fl`n. y}Go m}oGG`G #Gefm}G NfyU
fl` ofl`[ #oGlm NoGG`G
}SG[ D Gx, jj T mefl G_MyflfyGy NGoGGG oGGSG _Myl . oGlGGy ~l o FmB flfyo GG yGfyfm, NFoGoGGjT`[
omlx yGDGTomx #`G`moGG. SM Bb}S[FoGG j `jT mjb o[zMfm oflGfln m_My #S[ Dflo}oGG zMDfl}G
oljT NFoGoGG obo Gx x}} GGflmoGG. oGS emoGGjT N o[SoGG`G oGq oGGeoGGfy #Gefm}G ND flfifl` D flS[FoGG`G

SozoGG N~}flBflm`G. #Gefm}[ NDflfifl` mefl G_MyflfyG zM [yD`G o[D moGG.

1987 zMDfl}G `jT GflB DBGeTbG `e}V `GflzM Bb}S[FoGGjTx oG`GCTeg NFoGoGG`
NoGeoGG. n v`z oG}Go j`Gofl_My NoGG. o[GoGG g`fm `ezM o$h #yVz x }TG o oGGazMT
o`moGG. oGNSmDG o`mNFGoGGjT nfy NFmflg pDGx NFoGoGG` Sfy}fm`G` oGSG} o`mNFGoGG` ohoD
oflz`G. o o`oGG nfi` ofl`[ oGNSmDG oGGeoGflNg oG}Mflm}G. oGNSmDG `fy}oGflGG SGoGGjT oGGxfi^}GG`n.
#eoD} lDg o` }my^yxGG bnflzM`. oGNSmDG o[| o`oGGG oGNSmDG`GflzM oh o`oGGG
bbVEyoGGfy xE o[GzM`. SoGGfy lfi`flSG mjb x}mFfln o`mNFGoGGjT xzM ^`G. o SG
lDgx EGCGzmxMy `[`G oG`GCTeg NFoGoGG` _yE^`G [Fm`G. fyG}GS[o fml Co}GzG K S[o o ""#Gefm}G
Y}fm}G GoGGa`G yGDGTozmxMy oGSG} o`mNFGoGG` o$hGG`m}G'' #x EGC~}G. D}P NfloGG`
NBGo` S[ozG ZoNoGG fyGlfljx oG`jbfl_My omlx yGDGTozmxMy b`[ }mozo? n x `[`G F|}eMyGz`e`G.
NBGo`G oGGrboGGfy zTo G`m`G #`G flT `m bSx ^}GG`. }oFoGGT }mN flGG o`mNFGoGGjT
}GGG #G glfm`G. o[n `m fl`G `[`G olflj`G. ~GflNoGG o[GoGG o`oGGjT oGSG} [}moGG. #yVz NBGo
oy o[oflzMl. omlx DGfl`zG ``G fiEflGxl. }Gom`[ `[`G oml ~SSaoGG `oGDVlflm`G.
DoGGoGG` `[`G ZG[DG`m`T EGx lDgjT ofl_Myx. oml So ND`T xflzM SmlzGfyG` omlT DflBbflG
oml xomDoGG o NoGG [FmoGG. NFoG DlUSGjT No[fl`zG NyOg NBGo` `m}mGGx xomDDoGG GGyV
#flSoGG`G GG }z oGG oGGSG_My`n. NSoGoGGfy Smxx ` ofl`[ "" n ofl}oGG, paGjTyoGGjT o`
SoGGfm`[ o`n''#x #`m`G. n DoGGoGGjT NBGoT D oGoGGa`G mjb oGfln BG NBGo oGUoG`G o|lflG
GG oGG_m}G. NBGo omlMy oGoGGa`G lGoGG [Fm}G. }Gom oGoGGa`G oG fynMy pDGx o$hl. ofl}oGGjT
o`fl }GG, DflToGG #yVz `m yEfi`n. n `m oU #flSxn. }oFoGGT `[`G vVofy ojbz jy ^`G.
`m lDgx #}fl [DGx` NBGo ``G NFmflg pDG`GoGx ~Q}G. ~GflNoGG NBGo`G glfi zmx fl`m`G.
N DbG N~}flBoGG` o`Q_MyMyx `m Tly`G #flylfll. o o[D` }Gom fyG}Go oGoGGa`G floGx
NBGoT Qfm, D}PNfl `mSGzG `G u}G|` T `GflzM j ` o`oG` UDoGG `m ofl `m y}aoGG`G
fifl`G. xT `[`G Fmflg DoGGNSoGG` oGGxfi` omz` `[ zMofl_Myx. oml UDFMyT }GGn `m oGGS_My #`GBooGG.
fltD #}GG` }Gom `m UOSG #fl}flfyoGGjT oG}GfyGG` omfl`G NfyUfl o fyG}G }GGoPzoGG
fyGlfl olflm}G. Bfyo, BbfyooGG, lFGS G NfyflSoGG oGG`fyG N NfyflSoGGjTx DflfyG`G o olflGy
`T `G` floGflnx xGGflm}G. GGfmGGfyoGGGfy oG}GfyG [GzM` N NfyflSoGGjTx mjb BbfyoGGjTx
xBbooGG`G `[`G NfyUfl fyEfm`G.
NFmflg }T ~_Myfl` oG}GD_My }T` DGoGGfy`G` `gjT `G` N oGG oS K Ul fm}G oGoGGa`G
pDGx obh}G. NFoGoGGjT `G` BflS} G [l S[ox oGUoG`G ylflGGflzMl. }jTy ombo}oGGjT
D}TP` NBGo` `m}mGGx `moGoGG` K Ul fm}G o fyG}G }GGm|}G. UOSGoGG` xeDoSm`oGG flngx.
pNooGGfy `G` GG, SfyG oGG`fyG bSxGG fi^}GG`. `m Bb}e flg N oGG`GflzM oGEMy o|`zG `
Fq}oGGjT `GflzM ZST {y Hy_My oSE ^ozoGG NfyUfl`S. K Ul fm}G }Gom x }TG N NfyflSoGGjT
`G` }UDeBbooGG`G yEGGfy oGGePoGG`G fyGlfl olfll. NFoGoGG `GflzM o[GoGG GGS[ }G }T` ~GflNoGG
oGfloGGjT oGoGGa DoGul| D}TP` E Y}mPS oGGG o #`GNfyUfl Sme`oGG [GoGx S[flm}G. #zG S[ox
a[ lfy olflzM`moGG. }Gom ``T oGoGGa`G NeyoGGfm #BtMyfl paG oGG` oGoGGa`G
DflDSoGG [D FP NBGo oGoGGa`G }GGfl_MyMy fl`G.
o[GoGG `e}V o|` ofl`[ S[FoGGjTx #x BbfyoGGjT `G` o Sfyl tDUG G` DflS[FoGG`G
fl NMyGy ``G #lQflG`m`G. xjT fl GoGG oNo[G Bfl`n. fyGQ`mn `GflzM G` DflyQoGGjT
Z}Q}GGx` fl oGfln oNo[G G` DflS[FoGG`G #}fl [DG`fy}G #x }Gom NfyUflfyEfm`G. 1988 j
`jT o fyOUoGG`flS[ NSoGoGGfy yEV Gflgx }G`moGG. mjb oGfln NBGo BG Zy oG`DGT }GGflSGjT
~Gflnl. `m}mGGx byoGG`G, Ney DflS[FoGG zM _[yjT fyG}GS[oG K Ul fm}G o flGGflzMl.

byoGG`G vfyG}o[D NBGo`G DGgfloGG N~}flBflfm`[ mFoGG `_My o[GoGGT xflzM`n. o[GoGG `GoGGT [D`
N~}` NGe}oGGfy oG}GT`, o}GoGGT` o}oGGT` oGzG }mNgflfyGh ` Dxnx NBGo o
#`GNfyUfl`G. G_MyflfyG o NeyoG` paG #`GBooGG`G #`GNf Ufl`n. o fyOUoGGjT mjb moGG o}
S[ox ND``G zfyEfmoGG.
}Gom }flzG `jT 1988 mefl G_MyflfyG zM _[yG #flSG`moGG. Smxx ` }Gom "" `m x
l #}GG`n. Z DoGGoGG```` `[`G }G jTyoGG`G oSE _My oh oG|`G'' #x fyG}GS[oG Q` o `m oG`DG
[yflNylflzM`n. oG `m UOSGoGG` }fyx oGGNSo[D`. om}G }G jTyoGG`G oSE oh `G`m}[ #x bSzoGG
N~}flBflm`G. 1989 NoljT mx j mefl G_MyflfyGjT mx NFoGoGG obh`[ oS[F oGG yEfi oflzM Smxy D S zGGfl_MyG.
o JS[FoGG`G K Ul fmlMy o}oGG SmP}m E`zG `ol ` o }` _yE^`i oGtDjT oGoGGa`G NoljT vSG}G
GG`m`G #x #`m}G. SG}SO oFoGGfy }GGfl S} NoGG`G #fl Vo oeonjT [Gjy ^o o``G
}GfyTo fQ Dfl``G fyGlfl DmGfy G` EMy` o oGGePoGG`G NfyUfly ^o o``G DoGGoGG`
ohy j mefl G_MyflfyG NFoGoGG obhx oS[fl`moGG. NBGo`G yGDGTomx `m oG`DG yo}zGGflzfy
#`GT`x DoGGoGG` `[`G BGzM`n DflBfl`n. #jbflz[FP}GzG, oGGo GGyV SFmob} }GGzG`G #}GG`
K fyG}GS[oG Ul yO fm}G 1989 Nol 24o ` ` 68o _My` }T``[ ` DflD`oGG` }TUoG}GGel #`G
om} {y }T ~GflNoGG `m GzM`n. BG `GflzM K UlyO fm}G U}mGfy o$h^}GGl #` G SGom}
``G ynEflo[D`n. }T }mNg DPoGGjT fyG}GS[o oGUoG DP}oGG`G Fm`G. `mGfyG [GG yEfi om_MyGflSG
` GGSoGG`G Slfl `zGoGG` DG oNDoGG`G Slfl GGflz`G. #x G mflg oSGGflzfm, BG `GflzM
oGfm j`G. n `m SGoGG`G fl oFGflCD NBGo oG``G P}jT oGUoGjT pDGx oGh`G #`G xq`G
yEfifl`n.
1989 jjT mefl G_MyflfyG }`G, yEV Gflg flzGfy }`G glfi o[GoGG oG`GCTeg NFoGoGG`
o$h`moGG. G_MyflfyGG }GfyGG`fl o} J}GoGGG, m}G o[GoGGG, oG}GG, _My GG jbfl_M y Gfl}jT S[ox
ND` DflzM`n. {y }T oSGfl `[`G oGfloGGjT Sme`oGG [GGGflzM`zG #Ge fm}G `m UOSGoGGjT
NeoG oGUoG }zoGG` moD` oGGrbeflFoGG oflS FmoGG FmPDoGG, oflSFmoGG NtoG, oflSFmoGG
S[ox oG`DG yEfi oflzG #x EGCFm}G. K Ul fmlT oGGrboGGfy o_mzGG` #`GBg `m yEfi`n.
G_MyflfyGjT `G` Ng {yVlMy }G fQ DeoGG`G NDflfifloGx ``G S[flm}G. `m #`GBG`G #Gx `[`G
SoGGfm`[ [Fm`G. }Gom #Ge fml }o Dflo}oGG NDflfyoGG ~}mflFoGG`[ `[`G ND flfiflm`G #x }GG}G SmP}m
GDGx F|}e^`G.
NBGo yO o` #`[yoG` #`GBooGG`G flSG`m`G. yEV oG #ob}oGG`G fyGlfl Nom`[ oG` DMy
`mjT yEfi`n. oGSejT fyG}GS[o }flzo o}Gz` K S[omY} x fyGlfl ` DyoGG NomGGoGG #x #`m}G.
SoGGfy Nt}[flzM xx NomGzmxMy mjb n #} oNo[G o``G }G y}oG` m}eBb}oGG oUflm`G. `e}GV
glfi o|` }Gom xx N~}flBflm`G. fmx S}eoGG [D {yV t uz NomGjy ^`G. mefl G_My flfyGjT ZG
ojbzoj``G Smxx EGCD` #S[ S[ozG #x oG #ob}oGG fyGlfl ZG NomjT EGC~zG #x #zG `[`G
#`G`m`G. S oGGfy {y N NFmflg }T` #x `zM fly NB Go` `m}mGGx S me`oGG [D NomGzoGG N~}flBfl`m`G.
}T` {[y ~lfy fyfl n NomGyEfm`G. NBGo yO o` NFmflg }TjT`[ }G DyoGG`G NomFm`G. S[ox
DflyQoGG` `G`oml UOSGoGGjT SoPoGG }G DyoGG Ggjx NtoG`G _MyflG`x flGG`m`G. ""#x fG
#x DP}oGG`G x S}aGGfy ~` oGGflSGfm`[ DeoGG` oG|`G.'' o`om$My }GGoPzM` Ng N NfyflSoGG`flSG`G
NBGo` `m}mGGz[ xx Nofl GG`mzG.

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yEV oG #ob}oGG
GGfyoGGG vx? GfyoGG mlGg vfl? yEGGfy oG`fm `[G? yEGGfy N~}flBoGG, Smx D`G,
Smx #floGG Zjb oflzG`G? BfyoflGz` KoG`m}mGGzG yEV oG #ob} }GGzGfy Z SoGGfy
NeoGfyG`G? G` }myzjTx oGGe oS[Fo[GG_My? S}a GGfyoG`fm `[G?
` }GGoPzM` }G oGGeoG` NF zmy} }moiG N~Sfm}G BbfyooGG, yEV }moGG, Bfyo oGl }GG} o[SoGG
Sm}oGGT }G DyoGG`flSG oGGfy, DGBFEjT yVfy olfl GG`m}G. #n oNo[G my }G yEGGfyfljT
BfyoflGz` KoG`m}mGGzG yEV oG #ob}G }GGzGfy SM Bb} S[FoGGjTx g}G`jPE jbjT bNoGl `
p}oGG` Z SoGGfy #olfl`m}x }G DyoGG`flSG olfl GG`m}G.
zmy} . }moiG N~Sfm}G B b}S[FoGGjTx d}G }moGG` fln`om}G. }G #`[y U
flS o[SoGG`G, }moGG`G
NFSfy #BeDfl`om}G. jTy NDnX fln` omMe lFTSy xGjT } {y}G. NDGoGG G` #oGlmjTx `e}GV
oGG`flSG NDn fln` No[_iy yfljT oSTefyoGG [GGG`m}G. }G, l GflB DBGeG #oGlmjTx GSoGGj`
UflS oG fyjT DBGeGfy oflzG[Gfmy, Smegay Sme`oGG`G Qy [DzMom}G. ` moGGjT BfyoflGz` K
oG`m}mGGzG yEV oG #ob} }GGzGfy #}GSfl`zG G``G oGGrboGGfy zmE #`G` n oml D`oGG`GflzM[G
Z}QzM` omfl. SoGGfy G``G yED` S G` oS y`Gfx` #`[y #`GBooGG`G }GGno} vo}G`G NomGx
SoGGfy }G DyoGGjT olfl GG`m}G. Ng {yV}G NFSfy n S[ox DGG flSGSG}Gfmy!

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