B. I.

LENIN KRATOS KAI EPANASTASH

PERIECOMENA PROLOGOS 3 . H KOINNIA TN TAXEN KAI TO KRATOS 1. To krtoV wV apotlesa tou adiallktou Antagwniso twn Txewn 4 2. Ta Eidik nopla Sata, FulakV, k.t.l 6 3. To KrtoV rgano gia thn eketlleush thV katapiezenhV txewV 7 4. O arasV tou KrtouV kai h baih Epanstash 1 . H PEIRA TN ETN 1848-51 1. Oi paraonV thV EpanstashV 14 2. Ta porsata thV EpanstashV 16 3. H topoqthsh tou zhtatoV ap ton Marx to 1852 19 . H PEIRA THS PARGSGNHS KOMMOUNAS TOU 1871: H MARXIKH ANALUSH 1. Giat enai rweV oi opado thV KoonaV 21 2. Ti qa antikatastsei ton hcanis tou KrtouV; 23 3. H katrghsh tou Koinobouleutiso 26 4. H orgnwsh thV EnthtaV tou qnouV 29 5. H katastrof tou KrtouV - parastou 31 . SUMPLHRMATIKES EXHGHSEGS TOU ENGKELS 1. To prblha thV KatoikaV 33 2. H poleik proV touV AnarcikoV 34 3. H Epistol proV ton Mppel 37 4. Kritik tou ProgratoV thV ErforthV 38 5. O PrlogoV tou 1891 sto biblo tou Marx O EflioV pleoV sth Galla 42 6. PwV skptetai o ngkelV gia thn exafnish tou dhokratiko politeatoV 46 . H OIKONOMIKH BASH KAI O MARASMOS TOU KRATOUS 1. iatpwsh tou zhtatoV ap ton Marx 48 2. H etbash ap ton Kapitalis ston Koounis 49 3. H prth fsh thV KoounistikV KoinwnaV 53 4. H anterh fsh thV KoounistikV KoinwnaV 55 . EXEUTELGSMOS TOU MARXISMOU APO TOUS OPORTOUNISTES 1. Poleik tou Plecnwf proV touV AnarcikoV 60 2. Poleik tou Koutsku proV touV oportounistV 61 3. H poleik etax Koutsku kai Pannkek 65 2 PROLOGOS Qewrhtik kai praktik to prblha tou krtouV apokt sera exairetik spoudaithta. O iperialistikV pleoV epitcune kai epkteine se eglo baq thn etabol tou onopwliako kapitaliso se kapitalis kratiko onopwlou. H frikt katapesh twn ergazonwn azn ap to KrtoV -to opoo tautzetai olona kai perisstero e touV pantodnaouV kapitalistikoV organisoV- gnetai kqe ra perisstero frikt. Oi pio proodeuneV creV rcisan na etatrpontai se stratiotikV fulakV gia touV ergteV. H apsteuth dustuca kai h frkh pou fere o lhstrikV autV pleoV knoun thn katstash twn azn anupforh kai egalnoun thn agankthsh touV. Enai faner ti prohnetai ia dieqnV proletariak epanstash. To ztha loipn thV scshV pou cei aut e to KrtoV parnei ia praktik shasa. H sugkntrwsh twn oportounistikn stoicewn kat thn perodo thV scetik eirhnikV exlixhV dhiorghse ia uperoc tou sosial-patriwtiso sa sta epsha sosialistik kata lou tou ksou: Oi Plecnwf, Potrsswf, Mpreskfskagia, RoupnobitV kai e orf lgo skepasnh oi Tseretlli, Tsernf kai Sia sth Rwsa, oi Sintan, Lgkin, aud kai lloi sth Gerana, oi Renwntl, Gkent, Banterblnte sth Gala kai sto Blgio, oi Cintan kai oi Fabiano sthn Aggla kai otw kaqexV. SosialistV e lla lgia all sobinistV sthn pragatikthta auto oi hgteV tou Sosialiso coun loi ia koin diakritik bsh, thn doulik upotag touV sta sufronta ci no thV eqnikV ploutokrataV touV, all epshV kai tou KrtouV touV. tsi noun tso kair sthn eketlleush kai sthn upodolwsh erikn autokaloenwn Meglwn unewn, na plqoV ap ikrtereV kai asqenstereV eqnthteV. O iperialistikV pleoV den enai tpota llo par ia filonik gia to no orasa autV thV leaV.

O agnaV gia thn apoltrwsh twn ergazenwn azn ap ton zug thV ploutokrataV genik, kai idiatera thV iperialistikV ploutokrataV, den pore na xecwriste ap ton agna enanton twn oportounistikn prolyewn pou aforon to KrtoV. EeV, prtoi ap' louV, episkopoe th didaskala tou Marx kai tou ngkelV per tou KrtouV, dnontaV idiatera eglh prosoc sta xecasna rh kai stiV apyeiV ekeneV thV didaskalaV touV pou oi oportounistV coun paraorfsei. Eidik qa analsoue ton kuritero antiprswpo autn twn diastrofn, ton Karl Koutsku, ton diashtero ap touV archgoV thV eutraV ieqnoV (1889-1914) pou katlhxe se tso oiktr politik creokopa kat th dirkeia tou parntoV polou. En tlei ekqtoue ta pio shantik supersata pou bganoun ap thn pera twn Rwsikn epanastsewn tou 1905 kai idiatera tou 1917. H teleutaa aut epanstash enai faner pwV suplhrnei sera (arcV Augostou 1917) to prto stdio thV exlixhV thV, genik wV to snolo autV thV epanstashV pore na exetasqe no san naV krkoV sthn alusda twn sosialistikn epanastsewn pou qa prokyoun ap ton iperialistik pleo. To ztha loipn thV scshV iaV proletariakV sosialistikV epanstashV e to KrtoV, ci no cei ia praktik politik shasa, all enai na ap ta epegonta sgcrona gegonta, scetizeno gia tiV zeV e ton trpo pou qa porsoun na eleuqerwqon ap ton zug tou Kapitaliso se llon pol prosecV. AgoustoV 1917 3 . H KOINNIA TN TAXEN KAI TO KRATOS 1. To krtoV wV apotlesa tou adiallktou Antagwniso twn Txewn H didaskala tou Marx brsketai sera ekteqeinh sto dio pqha, pou pollV forV sthn exlixh thV istoraV, paqan oi didaskaleV kai llwn epanastatn filosfwn kai hgetn twn katapiezonwn txewn pou agwnzontan gia thn apeleuqrwsh touV. Kat th dirkeia tV zwV twn eglwn epanastatn, oi kurarceV txeiV touV apnthsan e adikopeV katadixeiV, kai dcthkan th didaskala touV e thn pio gria ecqrthta e to pio lussasno soV kai e ia atleiwth seir ap yedh kai sukofanteV. Met to qnato touV prospaqon sunqwV na touV parastsoun san kakouV agouV, eulogntaV touV kai skepzontaV to noa touV sa se ia aglh pou crhsieei gia parhgori proV tiV katapiezeneV txeiV, kai, cei skop thn exapthsh touV. SugcrnwV spedoun na touV eklakesoun eunouczontV thn pragatik ousa twn epanastatikn touV qewrin kai strabnontaV to epanastatik touV lepdi. Sera h astik txiV kai oi oportounistV pou brskontai sa sto ergatik knha, sunergzontai s' aut to rgo thV noqeaV tou Marxiso. Paralepoun, parakptoun kai paraorfnoun thn epanastatik poyh tV didaskalaV tou, thn epanastatik tou yuc, fanernontaV no ti enai, h fanetai pV enai dunat na gnei dekt ap thn ploutokrata. loi oi sosialpatriteV diakhrssontai tra arxistV, gnsioi lista! Kai kqe ra olona perissteroi asto Gerano kaqhghtV, pou wV cteV akh ecan thn eidikthta na katatropnoun ton Marx, ilon tra gia ton Geran Marx, o opooV, lne, diapaidagghse thn qauast organwnh ergatik txh gia ton parnta kosostorik pleo. tan loipn h diastrof to Marxiso enai tso platei kai eglh, h prth aV prospqeia qa enai na anastsoue thn alhqin ousa tV didaskalaV tou Marx scetik e to KrtoV. Gi' aut to skop qa enai anagkao na paraqsoe apospsata ap ta dia ta rga tou Marx kai tou ngkelV. Enai alqeia ti egleV perikopV qa koun aniar to keeno aV kai den qa suntelsoun kaqlou sthn ekolh katanhsh tou, all oologoe ti aV enai adnato na tiV apofgoue. la, stw, la ta ousiwdstera rh ap ta rga tou Marx kai tou ngkelV gia to ztha tou KrtouV, prpei na parateqon so ta dunatn plhrstera, ste o anagnsthV na diaorfsei ian aerlhpth kai telea antlhyh gia tiV ideV twn idrutn tou episthoniko sosialiso kai thn exlixh touV, kai h diastrof twn ap th sgcronh kuriarcosa scol tou Koutsku na apodeicqe kai na gnei faner gia louV. AV arcsoue ap to pio lak rgo tou ngkelV H Katagwg thV OikogneiaV thV AtoikV IdiokthsaV kai to KrtouV,to opoou h kth kdosh bgke sth Stoutgrdh ap ta 1894. AnakefalainontaV thn anlush o ngkelV katalgei : To KrtoV den enai ia dnah pou epeblqh sthn Koinwna ek twn xw. Ote enai to KrtoV h ensrkwsh thV HqikV IdaV, h orf kai h pragatopohsh tou Orqo LgoupwV bebainei o Cgkel. To KrtoV enai pron thV KoinwnaV se na orisno stdio thV exelxewV thV. To KrtoV gia kqe koinwna enai epshh apdeixh ti pese se ia troer antqesh e ton eaut thV, ti ftase se na sheo adiallktou antagwniso, ap ton opoon enai ankanh na glitsei. Kai gia na h allhloexoloqreuton auto oi antagwniso, autV oi

txeiV e ta antqeta oikonoik sufronta kai na h katastryoun thn Koinwna sa ston karpo agna touV, ia dnah kuriarcosa fainoenikV ep thV KoinwnaV gnetai anagkaa gia na etrisei thn or twn sugkrosen twn kai gia na tiV kratsei sa sta ria thV txewV.Kai h dnah aut pou gennitai ap thn dia koinwna lla epiblletai epnw thV, pou sig-sig xecwrzetai telewV ap autn, h dnah aut enai to KrtoV. 4 Ekqsae parapnw e lh thV thn diageia thn basik ida tou Marxiso epnw sto ztha to istoriko rlou kai tV shasaV to KrtouV. To KrtoV enai pron kai ekdlwsiV tou adiallktou antagwniso twn txewn. To pte, pou kai se ti baq anaptssetai to KrtoV, exarttai aswV ap to pte, po kai se ti baq oi antagwniso, twn txewn iaV orisnhV koinwnaV den poron na katalxoun se subibastik lsh kai antistrfwV, h parxh tou KrtouV apodeiknei ti oi antagwniso twn txewn enai asufilwtoi. AkribV se aut to shantiktato kai qeelideV sheo, uprcoun duo eidn paraorfseiV tou Marxiso. Ap to na roV oi ideolgoi tV astikV kai thV ikroastikV txewV, upocrewnoi ap ta anafisbthta istorik gegonta na anagnwrsoun ti to KrtoV uprcei non eke pou uprcoun antagwniso kai sugkroseiV twn txewn, prospaqon na diorqsoun ton Marx, ste na fanetai ti to KrtoV enai na rgano gia thn sufilwsh twn txewn. Sfwna e ton Marx, to KrtoV den pore ote na gennhqe ote na krathqe, tan enai dunat h sufilwsh twn txewn. Kat th gnh wV twn ikroastn kai upokritn kaqhghtn kai dhosiolgwn, to KrtoV (kai den distzoun pollV forV na epikalontai sta legena twn kai to noa tou Marx)katant o diaithtV kai o sufiliwtV twn txewn. Sfwna e ton Marx, to KrtoV enai to rganon tV kuriarcaV, to rgano thV katapisewV iaV txewV ap thn llh. SkopV tou enai na dhiourgsei na kaqestV pou noiopoie kai diaiwnzei aut thn katapesh, etrizontaV tiV sugkroseiV etax twn txewn. Kat th gnh wV twn politikolgwn thV ikroastikV txewV, h epibol enV kaqesttoV isodunae e thn sufilwsh twn txewn, kai ci e thn katapesh thV iaV txhV ap thn llh. MetriasV twn sugkrosewn twn den shanei, sfwna ' autoV, ti oi katapiezeneV txeiV cnoun orisna sa kai eqdouV ston agna touV gia na apotinxoun to zug twn katapiestn, all ti sufilinontai e autoV. tsi tan sthn Epanstash tou 1917, to ztha thV alhqinV shasaV kai tou rlou tou KrtouV, prbale e lh tou th spoudaithta wV ztha praktik po apaitose eso drsh ap tiV zeV se eurea klaka, loi oi sosialepanastteV kai oi ensebkoi prosekollqhsan aswV kai cwrV kai epiflaxh sthn ikroastik qewra thV sufilwshV twn txewn ap to KrtoV.PlqoV protsewn kai rqrwn ap dhosiolgouV twn duo autn kotwn blepan to fwV kqe ra sthrizena saut thn ikroastik kai upokritik qewra thV sufilwshV. H ikroastik txiV enai ankanh na katalbei ti to KrtoV enai to rganon thV kuriarcaV iaV txewV pou den pore pot na sufiliwqe e tiV ecqrikV thV txeiV. H stsh touV apnanti tou KrtouV enai a ap tiV pio fanerV apodexeiV ti oi sosialepanastteV aV kai oi ensebkoi, den enai kaqlou sosialistV(prga pou eeV oi polsebkoi diakhrxae pntote) par non dhokrteV tV ikroastikV txewV, e fraseologa perpou sosialistik. Ap to llo roV, h diastrof tou Marx ap th scol ton Koutsku gnetai e egalterh epithdeithta.QewrhtikV den arnontai oi opado thV scolV autV ti to KrtoV enai rganon kuriarcaV iaV txewV, h ti oi antagwniso twn txewn enai adnaton na subibasqon. All ekeno pou lhsonon h parablpoun enai to xV : -Afo to KrtoV enai pron tou adiallktou caraktra pou coun oi antagwniso twn txewn afo enai ia dnah po epiblletai epnw sthn koinwna kaixecwrzetai sig-sig ap' autn enai faner ti apeleuqrwsh twn katapiezonwn txewn enai adnato na gnei cwrV ia biaa epanstash kai cwrV thn katastrof tou hcaniso thV KratikV ExousaV, pou dhiourgqhke ap thn kurarch txh kai pou ensarknei autn ton xecwris. 5 pwV qa dexoue paraktw to suprasa aut, pou qewrhtikV enai scedn autonhto, to diatupnei o Marx e thn egaltrh safneia sthn istorik anlush twn problhtwn thV EpanstashV. Kai akribV aut to suprasa o Koutsku -qa to dexoue aut stiV aklouqeV parathrseiV aV- lhsnhse kai pararfwse. 2. Ta Eidik nopla Sata, FulakV, k.t.l. O ngkelV exakolouqe: Paraballeno e thn arcaa orgnwsh se fulV, to KrtoV diakrnetai prta prta ap

thn sugkntrwsh twn uphkwn tou sfwna e edafikV diairseiV. Mia ttoia sugkntrwsh fanetai fusik se aV, prokuye wV stera ap na eglo kai trac agna enanton thV paliV orfV thV fuletikV KoinwnaV. etero diakritik gnrisa enai h epibol iaV dhosaV exousaV pou xecwrzetai pia entelV ap ton plhqus kai pou enai organwnh se noplh dnah. H xecwrist aut dhsia dnah enai anagkaa giat ia eleuqra noploV orgnwsh tou plhquso gine adnath, stera ap ton cwris thV KoinwnaV se txeiV... H dhosa aut exousa uprcei se kqe KrtoV. Kai efanzetai ci no e ta nopla sata all kai e ulikV orfV pwV enai oi fulakV kai oi lloi deseutiko qeso diafrwn eidn, pou tan gnwsta sth pali fuletik orf thV KoinwnaV. O ngkelV anaptssei thn nnoia autV tV dunewV pou lgetai KrtoV-dunewV pou gennitai ap thn Koinwna, all epiblletai epnw thV, kai gnetai olona pio xecwrist ap' autn. Ap ti apoteletai kurwV h dnah aut ; Apoteletai ap eidik nopla sata, pou coun sth diqesh twn tiV fulakV k.t.l. Miloe gia eidik nopla sata giat h dhosa exousa po uprcei se kqe KrtoV den enai h dia e ton noplo plhqus pou cei eleuqra noplh orgnwsh.pwV loi oi epanastteV filsofoi, o ngkelV prospaqe na trabxei thn prosoc twn suneidhtn ergatn saut akribV to gegonV pou kat th gnh twn epikratontwn upokritn enai entelV anxio prosocV, potisno ap dunatV pragatik, kai qa lege kaneV, apokrustallwneV prolyeiV. O nioV stratV kai h astunoa enai ta kuritera rgana thV kratikV exousaV : Qa porose wV na gnei alliV ; Sthn antlhyh thV eglhV pleioyhfaV twn Eurwpawn sto tloV tou 19ou ainoV, proV touV opoouV apeuqneto o ngkelV kai oi opooi ote zhsan ote edan ap kont kai spoudaa epanstash, den qa porose na gnei alliV. en porosan na katalboun ti saine aut h eleqerh noplh orgnwsh twn azn. Sto ertha pV gennqhke h angkh tou schatiso eidikn enplwn swtwn (astunoa kai nioV stratV) po epibllontai epnw sthn koinwna kai xecwrzontai ap autn oi upokritV thV utikV EurphV kai thV RwsaV apanton e erikV frseiV pou danezontai ap ton Spnser, per thV polplokou koinwnikV zwV, thV parallagV twn leitourgin kai otw kaqexV. Oi ekfrseiV autV fanontai episthonikV kai pragatik narknoun tiV aisqseiV enV etrou nqrwpou, suskotzontaV to pio shantik kai qeelideV gegonV, dhlad ton cwris thV koinwnaV se adillakteV ecqrikV txeiV. An den uprce autV o cwrisV, h eleqerh organwnh dnah twn azn qa difere bbaia ap thn prwtgonh orgnwsh enV kopadio piqkwn pou crhsiopoion wV pla ta kotsoura, ap ton prwtgono nqrwpo, ap tiV paliV geneV pou apotelosan thn fuletik orf thV koinwnaV, epeid qa tan perisstero polplokh kai teleiopoihnh tecnikV, all pntwV qa porose na 6 uprcei akh. Sera wV den pore na uprcei, giat h koinwna, sthn perodo tou politiso, cwrsthke se ecqrikV, kai lista adillakteV ecqrikV txeiV, twn opown h eleqerh noplh orgnwsh qa odhgose se aiathrV sugkroseiV etax twn. tsi loipn schatzetai to KrtoV, dhiourgetai ia na dnah e th orf eidikn noplwn swtwn, kai kqe epanstash, suntrbontaV ton kratik hcanis, aV decnei pwV h kurarch txh epidikei na apokatastsei pli ta eidik aut nopla sata gia thn uphresa thV kai pwV h katapiezenh txh prospaqe na dhiourgsei ia na paroia orgnwsh, katllhlh na exuphretsei ci thn eketalleutik all thn piezenh txh. Sthn suzthsh aut, o ngkelV exetzei qewrhtikV to dio ztha pou parousizetai tra se aV e ia praktik, yhlafht orf kai se eglh klaka stera ap kqe eglh epanstash, dhlad to ztha thV scsewV etax twn eidikn enplwn swtwn kai thV eleqerhV noplhV orgnwshV twn azn. Qa doe se lgo pwV to ztha, aut diafwtsthke telewV ap thn pera twn Eurwpakn kai Rwsikn epanastsewn. AV xanrqoue wV ston ngkelV. MerikV forV, suneczei o ngkelV (p. c. se difora rh tV Boreou AerikV), h dhosa aut exousa enai ikr (cei ed up' yei tou erikV spnieV exairseiV se kapitalistikV koinwneV kai rh thV Boreou AerikV sthn properialistik epoc touV tan kuriarcose o tpoV tou eleqrou apokou), genikV wV tenei na gnei dunatterh : H dhosa aut exousa pou anafrae parapnw, egalnei so epektenontai oi antagwniso twn txewn sa sto krtoV, kai so egalnoun sthn ktash kai ston plhqus ta geitonik krth. Arke na rxei kaneV ia ati sth sherin Eurph, sthn opoa h plh twn txewn kai oi katakthtikV antizhleV sterwsan aut th dhosa exousa se ttoio

baq pou apeile na katabrocqsei olklhrh thn Koinwna kai pollV forV kai aut to KrtoV? Aut grfthkan sthn arc thV teleutaaV dekaethrdaV tou perasnou aina, afo o teleutaoV PrlogoV tou ngkelV cei cronologa 16 Iounou 1891. To iperialistik rea, e th dipl orf tou thV teleaV kuriarcaV twn Trast kai twn pantodunwn eglwn Trapezn, kai iaV plateaV apoikiakV politikV, rcize liV tte sth Galla, kai tan pol asqenstero sthn Breio Aerik kai sth Gerana. Ap tte oi katakthtikV antizhleV kaan gigntia prodo propntwn tan, sthn arc thV deterhV dekaethrdaV tou 20ou aina, olklhroV o ksoV oirsthke tloV etax autn twn antizlwn katakthtn dhlad etax twn eglwn arpaktikn unewn. Oi stratiwtiko loipn kai oi nautiko exopliso axhsan se terstio baq, kai o lhstrikV pleoV tou1914-1917 gia thn kuriarca tou ksou ap thn Aggla th Gerana, gia to orasa thV leaV, frnei oirawV sthn katabrcqish lwn twn dunewn thV KoinwnaV ap th laargh Kratik exousa, kai odhge sthn telea katastrof. Blpoue ti sta 1891 o ngkelV prese na diakhrxei ti oi katakthtikV antizhleV enai na ap' ta shantiktera gnwrsata thV exwterikV politikV twn Meglwn unewn, all sta 1914-1917, pou autV oi antizhleV ftnontaV se baq pol egaltero gnnhsan nan iperialistik pleo, brskontai oi anqikoi sosial-patriteV pou prospaqon na dikaiologsoun thn tucodiwctik politik twn kapitalistn twn e diforeV frseiV per thV unaV thV CraV unaV tV hokrataV kai thV EpanastsewV kai otw kaqexV! 3. To KrtoV rgano gia thn eketlleush thV katapiezenhV txewV. Gia thn diatrhsh thV eidikV dhosaV exousaV epnw ap thn koinwna, enai aparathtoi oi froi kai ta kratik dneia. 7 ieuqnontaV thn dhsia exousa kai e to dikawa pou coun na epiblloun diforouV frouV, oi rconteV (grfei o ngkelV) epibllontai wV rgana thV koinwnaV pou stkoun pio yhl ap' autn. O eleqeroV kai abastoV sebasV pou apelbanan ta rgana thV paliV fuletikV koinwnaV, den enai pia arketV gi' autoV kai tan akh poron na ton apoktsoun. Eidiko noi efarzontai gia thn ierthta kai thn asula twn arcntwn. O teleutaoV astunoikV uphrthV cei sera egalterh exousa ap ton antiprswpo iaV paliV fulV, all kai o anteroV rcwn enV politisnou KrtouV qa zleue ton Gronta iaV fulV pou sthriztane se nan autato kai abasto sebas ek rouV thV KoinwnaV. Ed enai to ztha pou prokptei ap thn pronoioco qsh twn arcntwn wV orgnwn thV KratikV exousaV kai to qeelideV prblha sto opoo prpei na apantsoue enai to exV : - Ti enai ekeno pou touV epiblei epnw sthn koinwna; Qa doe pwV aut to qewrhtik prblha lqhke praktikV ap thn Koona tou Parisio sta 1871 kai pwV noqethke kat ton antidrastiktero trpo ap ton Koutsku sta 1912. Afo to KrtoV gennqhke ap thn angkh tou elgcou twn antagwnisn twn txewn afo sugcrnwV gennqhke wV apotlesa twn sugkrosewn autn twn txewn, enai kat genik kanna to KrtoV thV iscurterhV kai thV oikonoikV kurarchV txhV, h opoa dia sou tou KrtouV gnetai kai h politikV kurarch txh, apoktntaV tsi na sa gia thn katapesh kai thn eketlleush thV updoulhV txhV. en tan no ta pali feoudalik Krth rgana gia thn eketlleush twn dolwn kai twn douloproikwn, all kai to netero antiproswpeutik KrtoV, enai epshV son gia thn eketlleush thV isqwtV ergasaV ap to keflaio. Se exairetikV no peristseiV rcontai erikV epocV pou oi ecqrikV txeiV ftnoun se ia isorropa dunewV kai h Kratik exousa gnetai tte, wV na orisno sheo, anexrthth kai ap tiV do txeiV kai fanetai san diaithtV etax touV... Ttoia krth, paradegatoV crin, tan oi apluteV onarceV tou 17ou kai 18ou ainoV, o BonapartisV thV PrthV kai TrthV AutokratoraV sth Galla, kai to kaqestV tou Bsark sth Gerana. Ttoia, prpei na to prosqsoue, enai kai sera h Kubrnhsh tou Kernsku sth hokratik Rwsa, stera ap to rgo pou anlabe, na katadixei to epanastatik proletarito, se ia stig pou ta Sobit, dieuqunena ap touV dhokrteV thV ikroastikV txewV katnthsan telewV ankana, en ap to llo roV h kefalaiokratik txh den enai aka arket dunat gia na ta dialsei. Se ia hokratik Politea (exakolouqe ngkelV) o plotoV crhsiopoie th dnah tou eswV, all e trpo apotelesatik, prton e diforeV dwrodokeV twn arcntwn (pwV gnetai sthn Aerik), deteron dia sou iaV suacaV etax KubernsewV kai

Crhatisthrou (pwV sth Galla kai sthn Aerik). Sera, o 'IperialisV kai h kuriarca twn trapezn coun teleiopoisei kai tiV duo autV eqdouV pou uposthrzoun kai exuphreton praktikV thn pantodunaa tou plotou sa stiV dhokratikV politeeV lwn twn apocrsewn. tan, paradegatoV crin, stouV prtouV neV thV RwsikV hokrataV qa lege kaneV ston na tou litoV thV ensewV twn sosialepanastatn kai twn Mensebkwn e thn ploutokrata, sthn Kubrnhsh tou Sunaspiso o k. Paltsnski den eptrepe na lhfqe kanna prolhptik tro enanton twn aiscrokerdn kat thV lhsteaV tou dhosou taeou ap touV prohqeutV tou strato kai tan, stera ap th parathsh tou, o k. Paltsnski (antikatastaqeV ennoetai ap na oio Paltsnski) pairne ap touV kefalaiokrteV wV antaoib na ikr dro pou tou ferne eisdha 120.000 8 roblia (12.000 lreV) to crno, ti tca tan aut; esoV esoV dwrodoka tan ia suaca thV KubernsewV e ta kefalaiokratik sundikta, non filikV scseiV; PoioV enai o alhqinV rloV pou paixan oi Tsrnwf, Tseretlli, Afxntief kai Skoplief; Enai esoi non esoi sacoi twn ekatouriocwn lwpodutn pou lhsteoun to dhsio taeo; H pantodunaa tou plotou enai pol perisstero asfalV se ia dhokratik politea, giat den exarttai ap thn tucn kak politik orf tou kapitaliso. H hokratik politea enai h kalterh politik orf gia ton kapitalis kai tsi tan to keflaio exasfalsei ton legco (dia sou twn diafrwn Paltsnski, Tsrnwf, Tseretli kai SiaV) autV thV kalterhV orfV, epibllei thn exousa tou tso aklnhta, tso stere, ste kai allag, prospwn, qesn, kotwn sa sthn astik dhokrata den pore na to klonsei. Prpei epshV na prosqsoe ti o ngkelV qewre thn kaqolik yhfofora wV na son thV kefalaiokratikV kuriarcaV. H kaqolik yhfofora, -lei (contaV up' yei tou thn akrocrnio pera thV GeranikV SosialdhokrataV)- enai to sheo ti wrase h ergatik txh, den pore kai ote qa aV dsei pot, tpote perisstero sa sto sherin krtoV. Oi dhokrteV thV ikroastikV txewV, pwV enai oi sosialepanastteV aV kai oi ensebkoi, epshV kai oi dduoi adelfo touV, oi sosialpatriteV kai oi oportounistV thV utikV EurphV, loi perinoun na eglo krdoV ap aut th kaqolik yhfofora. Pisteoun oi dioi kai prospaqon na carxoun sto ual tou lao thn yetikh ida ti h kaqolik yhfofora sa sto sherin krtoV enai pragatik ikan na ekdhlsei thn qlhsh thV pleioyhfaV twn ergazenwn azn kai na exasfalsei thn pragatopohsh thV. Ed poroe na anafroe non thn yetikh aut ida kai na apodexoue ti to faner, kaqar kai sugkekrino aut apspasa ap ton ngkelV, paraorfnetai kqe ra sthn propagnda kai sth drsh twn episwn (dhlad twn oportounistikn) sosialistikn kotwn. LeptoerV qa anaptxoue lh th diastrof thV idaV autV, pou o ngkelV tso safV diatupnei paraktw, sthn eurterh anlush twn apyewn tou Marx kai tou ngkelV gia to netero KrtoV. Mia genik perlhyh twn apyewn tou dnei o ngkelV sto pio lak ap ta rga tou, e ta aklouqa lgia: To KrtoV den uprce pntote. Uprxan koinwneV pou zhsan cwrV aut, pou den ecan ote thn ida tou KrtouV thV KratikV exousaV. Se na orisno stdio oikonoikV exlixhV, pou prokuye anagkawV az e to cwris thV koinwnaV se txeiV, to KrtoV gine ia angkh wV apotlesa tou cwriso auto. Tra badzoue e tacthta astrapiaa se na stdio exlixhV thV paragwgV, sto opoo h parxh autn twn txewn ci no den enai pia anagkaa all gnetai eso epdio gia thn paragwg. Oi txeiV qa exafaniston oiraa, pwV oiraa gennqhkan sto parelqn. Maz e thn exafnish twn txewn, oiraa epshV qa exafanisqe kai to KrtoV. tan arcsei h na orgnwsh thV paragwgV epnw sth bsh thV eleqerhV thV dkaihV sunennhshV twn paragwgn, h koinwna den qa argsei na topoqetsei olklhrh thn kratik hcan sth qsh pou qa enai tte h katallhlterh gi autn, sto ouseo twn arcaiottwn, dpla ap ta ptrina ergalea kai ta clkina tsekoria. Pol spnia brskoue to koti aut na anafretai sthn propagandistik filologa thV sgcronhV sosialdhokrataV. All kai tan aut subanei to anafroun san na ier kai teletourgik tpo, dhlad llon gia na dexoun tupik sebas proV ton ngkelV, cwrV kai prospqeia na anaetrsoun to pltoV kai to bqoV thV epanastatikV prxewV pou propotqetai e aut thn topoqthsh oloklrou thV KratikV hcanV sto ouseo twn 9 arcaiottwn. Kai pollV forV fanontai san na hn katalabanoun kan ti onozei o ngkelV Kratik hcan.

4. O arasV tou KrtouV kai h baih Epanstash. Ta lgia tou ngkelV gia ton aras tou KrtouV coun tso eglh lakthta, anafrontai tso sucn kai apokalptoun tso kaqar to sunhqisno nqeua tou arxiso ap touV oportounistV, ste qa ta exetsoe leptoerV. AV paraqsoe olklhro to keeno ap to opoo ta parnoun. To proletarito analabnei ton legco thV KratikV hcanV kai prta ap' la, etatrpei ta sa tV paragwgV se idiokthsa tou KrtouV. M' aut wV thn dia prxh exafanzei ton eaut tou wV proletarito, exafanzontaV sugcrnwV leV tiV diaforV kai touV antagwnisoV twn txewn kai sunepV kai aut to KrtoV. H koinwna sto parelqn kai sto parn, epeid zose sa se antagwnisoV txewn, ece angkh na cei to KrtoV, dhlad ia orgnwsh thV eketalleutikV txhV gia thn upostrixh twn exwterikn rwn thV paragwgV thV kai peita idiaitrwV gia thn upocrewtik sugkrthsh thV piezenhV txewV sa se ttoiouV qesoV katapeshV (pwV enai h doulea, h douloparoika, h herosqioV ergasa) pou kaqorzontai ap tiV eqdouV thV paragwgV. To KrtoV tane o tupikV antiprswpoV tou sunlou thV koinwnaV, h ensrkwsh thV se nan orat organis, tan wV tsi no ensw tan to KrtoV thV txhV ekenhV pou se kqe epoc antiprospeue to snolo thV koinwnaV. StouV palioV kairoV tan to KrtoV twn arcntwn pou tan oi noi polteV tou KrtouV, ston esawna tan to KrtoV twn eugenn feoudarcn, sthn epoc aV enai to KrtoV twn kefalaiocwn. tan wV sto tloV, to KrtoV gnei pragatik o antiprswpoV tou sunlou tV koinwnaV, gnetai pia peritt. MliV ftsei o kairV pou az e thn kuriarc iaV txewV kai ton agna gia thn parxh tou atou, pou prokptei ap thn sherin anarca sthn paragwg qa pyoun leV autV oi sugkroseiV kai ta kak pou prorcontai ap autn ton agna -liV ftsei autV o kairV den qa uprcei pia kaneV katapiezenoV, den qa uprcei tte pia angkh kaiV eidikV perioristikV dnahV den qa uprcei angkh tou KrtouV. H prth prxh tou KrtouV, sthn opoa energe pragatik san antiprswpoV tou sunlou thV koinwnaV, dhlad h epibol lgcou sta sa thV paragwgV ex onatoV thV koinwnaV enai epshV kai h teleutaa tou anexrthth prxh wV KrtouV. H epbash thV KratikV exousaV stiV koinwnikV scseiV qa gnei tte peritt se leV tiV ekdhlseiV thV kai tloV qa ekleye nh thV. H exousa thV kubernsewV ep twn prospwn qa antikatastaqe ap thn diacerish twn pragtwn kai thn diequnsh twn paragwgikn swn. To KrtoV den qa kataluqe, qa araqe ap no tou. Ap autn thn poyh prpei na ektisoue thn frsh na eleqero lak KrtoV- frsh pou ia for porose na crhsiopoietai wV apl propagandistik snqha, h opoa wV sera den pore na sthricqe episthonik. EpshV ap autn thn poyh prpei na ektisoue to atha twn autokaloenwn anarcikn pou zhton gia to KrtoV na katarghqe se ia ra (Ap to rgo tou F. ngkelV AhI-uIiih. CwrV fbo na knoue lqoV poroe na poe ti to no sheo ap to parapnw keeno tou ngkelV to tso plosio se ideV, pou eine sth nh twn neterwn sosialistikn kotwn enai ti sfwna e ton Marx, to KrtoV aranetai en antiqsei proV thn anarcik qewra thV katrghshV tou KrtouV. Me ton eunoucis autn, o MarxisV etatrpetai se oportounis, giat ia ttoia erhnea afnei thn antlhyh iaV argV, kai lista sunecoV allagV, cwrV klonisoV kai trikueV, cwrV epanstash. H koin aut antlhyh per tou araso tou KrtouV anafbola shanei to sbsio, an ci thn rnhsh thV EpanstashV. Ttoia erhnea enai h cudaiterh diastrof tou Marxiso, eunok no sthn kefalaiokratik txh kai sthrzetai sthn parasiphsh twn 10 shantikterwn rwn kai apyewn pou anaptssei saut to dio koti o ngkelV, kai to opoo parapnw paraqsae olklhro. Kai prton, sthn arc tou keinou auto, o ngkelV, tonzei ti parnontaV thn Kratik exousa, to proletarito aut thn dia prxh katastrfei to KrtoV wV krtoV. Pol spnia sunhqzoun na exhgon ti pragatik shanei aut. GenikV enai entelV gnwsto, carakthrzetai san na roV EgelianV adunaaV tou ngkelV. Sthn prxh wV ta lgia aut ekfrzoun sunoptik thn pera iaV ap tiV egaltereV proletariakV epanastseiV- thV ParisinV KoonaV tou 1871, gia thn opoa qa ilsoue leptoerstera se xecwrist roV. Pragatik, o ngkelV ilei ed gia thn katastrof tou kapitalistiko KrtouV ap thn proletariak epanstash, en ta grafena tou per araso anafrontai sta upoleata enV proletariako KrtouV, stera ap thn sosialistik epanstash. To kapitalistik KrtoV den qa araqe, sfwna e ton ngkelV, all qa kataluqe ap to proletarito kat th dirkeia thV epanstashV. Mnon ton proletariak KrtoV edoV krtouV aranetai et thn epanstash. eteron, to KrtoV enai ia eidik perioristik dnah. O uprocoV autV kai

baqtatoV orisV tou ngkelV diatupnetai ed e tleia safneia. Prokptei ap autn ti h eidik dnah tou perioriso tou proletaritou ap thn kefalaiokratik txh, ekatourwn ergatn ap elcistouV plousouV prpei na antikatastaqe ap ia eidik dnah perioriso thV kefalaiokratikV txhV ap to proletarito (diktatora tou proletaritou). AkribV aut apotele thn katastrof tou KrtouV wV krtouV. AkribV aut apotele thn prxh thV katlhyhV twn swn thV paragwgV ex onatoV thV koinwnaV. Kai enai faner ti h antikatstash aut iaV (kefalaiokratikV) eidikV dnahV ap ian llh (proletariak) eidik dnah den qa porose pot na gnei e ton autato aras. Trton, crhsiopointaV ton ro arasV, o ngkelV, anafretai kaqar kai sugkekrina sthn perodo pou epakolouqe stera ap thn katlhyh twn paragwgikn swn ap to KrtoV ex onatoV tou sunlou thV koinwnaV, dhlad stera ap th sosialistik epanstash. Xroue loi ti h proletariak orf tou KrtouV enai h alhqin kai tleia dhokrata. KaneV wV ap touV oportounistV pou cwrV ntrop diastrfoun ton Marx, den pore na katalbei ti ennoe o ngkelV e ton aras thV dhokrataV. Ek prthV yewV aut fanetai pol parxeno. Qa enai wV akatlhpto no gia nan pou den cei antilhfqe to gegonV ti h dhokrata enai epshV KrtoV kai ti kat sunpeia h dhokrata qa exafanisqe epshV tan exafanisqe to KrtoV. Mno ia epanstash pore na katalsei to kapitalistik KrtoV. To KrtoV genik, dhlad h tleia dhokrata, no na araqe pore. Ttarton, diatupnontaV thn perfhh prtash tou ti to KrtoV aranetai, o ngkelV exhge sugkekrina ti h prtash aut apeuqnetai exsou enanton twn oportounistn so kai twn anarcikn kai lista prta prta tonzei o ngkelV to suprasa pou strfetai kat twn oportounistn. Mpore kaneV na stoichatsei ti ap dka cilideV prswpa pou dibasan kousan gia ton aras tou KrtouV, 9990 den xroun kaqlou den quontai ti o ngkelV den apeuqnei ta supersata tou ap aut thn prtash, no enanton twn anarcikn. Kai ap touV uploipouV dka, oi enna den xroun thn shasa enV eleqerou lako KrtouV, ote giat h epqesh tou ngkelV enanton auto tou sunqatoV enai epqesh enanton twn oportounistn. Aut decnei pwV grfetai h istora ! Aut decnei pwV ia eglh epanastatik didaskala noqeetai kai prosarzetai asunasqhta e thn koin upokrisa ! H epqesh kat twn anarcikn epanelfqei cilideV forV, eklakethke kat ton pio sklhr 11 trpo wV tou apkthse thn dnah iaV prolyewV, en h epqesh kat twn oportounistn aposiwpqhke kai lhsonqhke. Eleqero lak KrtoV tan to gnwst atha kai snqha sto prgraa twn Gerann sosialdhokratn stera ap to 1870. en uprcei kai politik nnoia sa sto snqha aut, ektV ap ia popdh ikroastik fraseologa grw ap thn ida thV dhokrataV. Epeid to snqha aut kane kai kpoia nxh kat thV astikV dhokrataV, o ngkelV tan diateqeinoV gia na orisno kair na to dikaiologsei ap propagandistikV apyewV. To snqha wV aut tan pragatik oportounistik giat ci non dine pol eglh shasa sthn elkustikthta thV astikV dhokrataV, all arturose epshV kai plrh lleiyh katanhshV tV sosialistikV kritikV enanton tou KrtouV genik. Eunooe bbaia ia dhokratik politea wV thn kalterh orf tou KrtouV gia to proletarito sa sto kefalaiokratik sstha, all den coue dikawa na xecne ti h isqodoulea diathretai kai sto pio dhokratik ikroastik polteua. Ex llou, kqe KrtoV enai ia eidik dnah perioriso thV updoulhV txhV. Kat sunpeia kanna KrtoV den enai ote eleqero, ote lak. O Marx kai o ngkelV to anptuxan aut pollV forV stouV suntrfouV touV sta 1870. Ppton, sto dio rgo tou ngkelV, ap to opoo qutai kaqnaV aV to epicerha tou gia ton aras tou KrtouV, uprcei epshV ia exghsh gia ton caraktra thV baihV epanstashV- kai h istorik ekthsh tou rlou thV ap ton ngkelV enai alhqinV panhgurikV thV baihV epanstashV. Aut wV kannaV den to qutai. Na ilon akh kai na skptontai gia th shasa autV thV idaV, den qewretai axioprepV ap ta netera sosialistik kata kai sthn kaqherin propagnda kai drsh sa stiV zeV den pazei kanna rlo. Kai wV prokptei anapspasta az e ton aras tou KrtouV se na aronik snolo. Ido to keeno tou ngkelV : H ba aut pazei epshV kai nan llo rlo sthn istora, ektV tou katastreptiko, dhlad na rlo epanastatik. pwV lei o Marx, enai oiraa se kqe pali koinwna tan

sa thV wrizei ia kainorgia, h dnah aut enai to rgano kai to son e to opoo ta koinwnik kinata anogoun to dro touV kai suntrboun tiV nekrV kai qaneV politikV orfV prga gia to opoo ote ia lxh den anafrei o k. Ntrigk. Me eglh lph kai e stenagoV paradcetai ti enai dunatn gia thn anatrop tou sustatoV thV eketlleushV, na crhsiopoihqe, swV, kai h ba. ti kra, giat h crsh thV baV knei anqiko a thn al autn pou thn crhsiopoie! Kai aut lgetai enanton thV eglhV hqikV kai pneuatikV prodou pou uprxe to apotlesa kqe nikhfrou epanstashV! Kai aut lgetai sth Gerana pou ia baih sgkroush -h opoa swV epiblhqe anagkastik sto la -qa ece sto ktw-ktw, to pleonktha ti qa katstrefe to pnea thV doulofrosnhV pou kureuse thn eqnik yuc stera ap thn katptwsh kai thn tapenwsh tou triakontaetoV polou. Kai autV o qolV, akaqristoV, anscuroV kai papadstikoV trpoV tou skptesqai, tol na apaite na gnei dektV sto pio epanastatik ka ap sa gnrise pot h istora! PwV pore o panhgurikV autV thV baihV epanstashV, pou o ngkelV apeuqnei stouV GeranoV sosialdhokrteV ap to 1878 wV to 1894, dhlad wV thn hra tou qantou tou, na subibasqe e thn qewra tou araso tou KrtouV kai na sunduasqe autn se ia qewra; SunqwV oi do apyeiV sunduzontai e trpo pol epitdeio, e acaraktristh, sofistik, auqareth eklog pollV forV perikopn ap dw ki ap kei -kai enennta enna forV stiV ekat (an ci pio pol aka) tonzetai idiaitrwV h ida tou araso tou KrtouV 12 H dialektik qodoV antikaqstatai ap thn eklektik -aut enai h pio sunhqisnh, h pio diadedonh tactik pou crhsiopoietai sthn epshh sosialdhokratik filologa sera, eiV ndeixh sebaso proV tiV didaskaleV tou Marx. Paroia antikatstash den enai kainoria, pore kaneV na thn dei akh kai sthn istora thV klassikV EllhnikV filosofaV. Gia thn etastrof tou arxiso se oportounis h antikatstash thV dialektikV eqdou ap thn eklektik enai o kalteroV trpoV thV exapthshV twn azn. nei ia yetikh ikanopohsh. Fanetai san na perilabnei leV tiV apyeiV tou kinatoV, leV tiV tseiV thV exlixhV, louV touV antqetouV pargonteV, en sthn pragatikthta den aV dnei kaqlou ia akraih epanastatik poyh thV poreaV thV koinwnikV exlixhV. Epae parapnw kai qa to apodexoue kaltera se lgo, ti h didaskala tou Marx kai tou ngkelV gia to anapfeukto thV baihV epanstashV, anafretai sto kapitalistik krtoV. To kapitalistik KrtoV den pore na antikatastaqe ap na proletariak krtoV (thn diktatora ton proletaritou) di tou araso sfwna e ton genik kanna, aut pore na gnei no e thn baih epanstash. O panhgurikV pou yalle proV tin thV o ngkelV sufwne telewV e tiV skyeiV tou Marx (p. c. sto teleutao roV tou rgou tou H AqlithV thV FilosofaV kai sto Koounistik Manifsto pou diakhrssei faner thn anapfeukth angkh thV baihV epanastsewV epshV sthn Kritik tou ProgratoV thV OoHa sta 1875 sthn opoa et trinta crnia astignei alphta ton oportounistik tou caraktra). O panhgurikV autV den enai kaqlou ia apl protrop, ia apl prokruxh, ia apl poleik. H angkh thV susthatikV didoshV sa stiV zeV, autV kai non autV thV poyhV gia thn epanstash, enai h bsh lhV thV didaskalaV tou Marx kai tou ngkelV. Kai akribV h paralhsh autV thV propagndaV kai thV drshV ap touV kuriarconteV sosialpatriteV kai touV opadoV tou Koutsku, apodeiknei thn prodosa twn carakthristiktata. H antikatstash tou kapitalistiko krtouV ap to proletariak enai adnath cwrV ia baih epanstash, en h katlush tou proletariako KrtouV, dhlad kqe krtouV genik, pore na gnei no e ton aras. O Marx kai o ngkelV dwsan ia tleia kai sugkekrinh anptuxh autn twn apyewn, eletntaV kqe epanastatik katstash cwrist, analontaV ta didgata tV peraV ap kqe eonwnh epanstash. Saut, to sobartato cwrV afibola, roV tou rgou touV, qa lqoue tra. 13 . H PEIRA TN ETN 1848-51 1. Oi paraonV thV EpanstashV Ta prta pronta tou riou arxiso, H AqlithV thV filosofaV kai to Koounistik Manifsto supptoun e tiV paraonV thV epanstashV tou 1848. tsi poroe na broe saut ta rga kont sthn anptuxh twn genikn arcn tou arxiso kai an apchsh, se orisno baq, thV sugkekrinhV epanastatikV katstashV ekenhV thV stigV. Kat sunpeia, qa enai protitero na exetsoue ti ecan gryei oi suggrafeV twn rgwn autn gia to KrtoV prin bgloun supersata ap thn pera twn etn 1848 - 51. H ergatik txh, grafe o Marx sthn Aqlithta thV FilosofaV, sto dro thV exlixhV

thV qa antikatastsei thn pali astik koinwna e ia koinwna pou qa apokleei tiV txeiV k touV antagwnisoV twn, den qa uprcei pia kai politik exousa, sthn kuriolexa thV lxewV, afo h politik exousa enai ekdlwsh tou antagwniso twn txewn sa sthn astik koinwna.. Enai wflio na paraqsoe dpla saut th genik diatpwsh thV idaV thV exafnishV tou KrtouV az e thn exafnish twn txewn, thn ida pou pericetai sto Koounistik Manifsto, grano ap ton Marx kai ton ngkelV lgouV neV argtera -dhlad akribV ton Nobrio ton 1847. iagrfontaV tsi tiV geniktereV fseiV thV proletariakV exlixhV parakolouqsae ton eflio pleo, perisstero ligtero kruf, sa sthn twrin koinwna wV to sheo pou xespei se ia faner epanstash kai pou e th baih suntrib thV astikV txhV, to proletari qa qeelisei thn kuriarca tou. Edae parapnw ti to prto ba thV ergatikV epanstashV enai na steresei to proletarito se kurarch txh, na kataktsei to dhokratik sstha. To proletarito qa etaceiriste thn politik tou kuriarca gia na afairsei sig- sig ap thn astik txh la thV ta keflaia, gia na sugkentrsei sta cria tou KrtouV, dhlad tou proletaritou anuywnou se kubernsa txh, ta rgana thV paragwgV, gia na egalsei so to dunat grhgortera to posn twn paragwgikn dunewn. coue ed thn diatpwsh iaV spoudaitathV kai shantiktathV idaV tou arxiso scetik e to KrtoV -dhlad thn ida thV diktatoraV tou proletaritou (pwV rcisan na thn onozoun o Marx kai o ngkelV stera ap thn Parisin Koona), coue epshV nan oris tou KrtouV, ap touV pio endiafronteV, o opooV olatata ankei sthn kathgora twn lhsonhnwn skyewn tou arxiso : To KrtoV, dhlad to proletarito anuywno se kubernsa txh. O orisV autV tou KrtouV, ant na exhghqe pot sthn koin propagandistik filologa twn episwn sosialdhokratikn kotwn lhsonqhke e eglh eukola, epeid enai telewV asubbastoV e ton etarruqis kai ktupei katkarda tiV sunhqisneV oportounistikV prolyeiV kai ikroastikV plneV per eirhnikV exlixhV thV dhokrataV. To proletarito cei angkh enV KrtouV, epanalabnoun loi oi oportounistV, sosialpatriteV kai opado tou Koutsku, pou aV bebainoun ti aut tan h skyh tou Marx. Lhsonon wV na prosqsoun prta-prta ti to proletarito, sfwna e ton Marx cei angkh no ap na araineno KrtoV na KrtoV kat ttoio trpo diaorfwno, pou arczei aswV na aranetai, kai den pore par na aranetai kai peita oi ergteV coun angkh ap na KrtoV, dhlad, ap to proletarito anuywno se kubernsa txh. 14 To KrtoV enai ia eidik orf organwnhV baV, enai h orgnwsh thV baV e to skop na upotxei kpoia txh. All poia enai h txh thn opoa to proletarito prpei na upotxei; Fusik den pore na enai llh ap thn eketalleutik txh, dhlad thn ploutokrata. Oi updouloi coun angkh ap to KrtoV no gia na kataniksoun thn antstash twn eketalleutn kai no to proletarito pore na dieuqnei kai na pragatopoisei aut to rgo -to proletarito pou enai h nh epanastatik cri tlouV txh, h nh txh pou pore na sunensei louV touV updoulouV kai touV adikoenouV, ston agna enanton thV kefalaiokratikV txhV e skop thn tleia kai baih anatrop thV. Oi eketalleutikV txeiV creizontai thn politik kuriarca gia na diathrsoun thn eketlleush, dhlad gia ta idiatera sufronta iaV ikrV eioyhfaV kai enanton thV terastaV pleioyhfaV tou lao. Oi adikoeneV txeiV creizontai thn politik kuriarca gia na katargsoun telewV kqe eketlleush, dhlad gia to sufron thV egsthV pleioyhfaV tou lao kai enanton thV ikrV eioyhfaV pou apoteletai ap touV hgeneV twn newtrwn crnwn -gaioktoneV kai kefalaiocouV. Oi ikroasto dhokrteV, oi yeutososialistV auto pou antikatsthsan thn plh twn txewn e difora neira per aronaV twn txewn, fantsqhkan kaq pnouV ti h etbash ston sosialis pore na gnei ci e thn anatrop thV kuriarcaV thV eketalleutikV txhV all e ia eirhnik upotag thV eioyhfaV sthn telewV orfwnh pleioyhfa. H ikroastik aut outopa, sundedenh adirrhkta e thn ida enV KrtouV pou stke epnw ap tiV txeiV, odhge pragatik sthn prodosa twn suferntwn twn agwnizonwn txewn, pwV apedecqh paradegatoV crin sthn istora twn epanastsewn tou 1848 kai 1871. 'EpshV cei wV sunpeia thn sosialistik suetoc se astikV kubernseiV, pwV gine sthn Aggla, Galla, 'Itala kai lleV creV sto tloV tou 19 kai sthn arc tou 20ou aina. Se lh tou th zw o Marx agwnsthke enanton auto tou ikroastiko sosialiso -pou

xanafanetai sera sth Rwsa e ta kata twn ensebkwn kai twn sosialepanastatn. O Marx efrose thn anlush ton gia thn plh twn txewn akh kai sth qewra thV politikV exousaV kai tou KrtouV. H anatrop thV kapitalistikV kuriarcaV pore na pragatopoihqe non ap to proletarito, pou san xecwrist txh proetoizetai giaut to rgo kai e touV oikonoikoV rouV thV uprxeV tou cei thn eukaira kai th dnah na to katorqsei. tan h kefalaiokratik txh suntrbei kai dialei thn txh twn cwrikn kai ta ikroastik strata, sugcrnwV sugkentrnei, ennei kai organnei to proletarito twn plewn. Mnon to proletarito-sfwna e ton oikonoik tou rlo sthn paragwg -enai ikan na odhgsei leV tiV pscouseV kai piezeneV zeV, pou adikontai, katapizontai, suntrbontai ap touV kefalaiocouV, pollV forV perisstero, ci ligtero, ap so to proletarito twn plewn, oi opoeV wV enai ankaneV na diexaggoun neV touV ton agna gia thn eleuqera touV. H qewra thV plhV twn txewn, pwV efarsqhke ap ton Marx sto ztha tou KrtouV kai thV sosialistikV epanstashV, odhge anapfeukta sthn anagnrish thV politikV kuriarcaV tou proletaritou, thV diktatoraV tou, dhlad iaV exousaV sthn opoa den etce kaneV lloV, all sthrzetai aswV epnw sthn noplh dnah twn azn. H anatrop thV kefalaiokratikV txewV pore na katorqwqe no e thn anywsh tou proletaritou se kubernsa txh, ikan na suntryei thn oiraa kai apegnwsnh antstash thV ploutokrataV kai na organsei gia thn na diarfwsh tou oikonoiko sustatoV leV tiV pscouseV tiV piezeneV zeV. To proletarito cei angkh ap to KrtoV, thn sugkentrwnh aut orgnwsh thV dnahV kai thV baV, gia ton dipl skop, na suntryei thn antdrash twn eketalleutn kai gia na 15 odhgsei thn eglh za tou plhquso -thn txh twn cwrikn, thn katterh ikroaastik txh, to hiproletarito -sto rgo thV oikonoikV sosialistikV anadiorgnwshV. iapaidagwgntaV na ergatik ka, o arxisV diapaidagwge epshV thn prwtopora tou proletaritou, ikan na analbei thn exousa kai na odhgsei to snolo thV koinwnaV ston sosialis, xia na dieuqnei kai na organsei to no sstha, na gnei o didskaloV, o odhgV, o hgthV lwn twn pascntwn kai twn piezenwn sto rgo thV anadhiourgaV thV koinwnikV zwV cwrV touV kefalaiocouV kai enanton twn kefalaiocwn. Enntia saut to axwa, o oportounisV gennei sa sto ergatik knha ia txh antiprswpwn ap touV kaltera aeibenouV ergteV, pou casan kqe epaf e thn txh touV, pou pernon kal sa sto kefalaiokratik kaqestV kai pwlon ta prwtotkia touV gia na pinkio fakV, dhlad aparniontai ton rlo twn epanastatn hgetn ton lao enanton thV kapitalistikV txhV. To KrtoV, dhl. to proletarito anuywno se kubernsa txh h qewra aut tou Marx enai adispasta sundedenh e lh tou th didaskala scetik e ton epanastatik rlo pou cei na paxei sthn istora to proletarito. 'H pragatopohsh tou rlou auto enai h diktatora tou proletaritou, h politik tou kuriarca. All an to proletarito cei angkh ap to KrtoV, san ia edik orf organwnhV dnahV enanton thV kapitalistikV txhV, gennitai autata to aklouqo ertha: Mpore kaneV na skefqe ti ia ttoia orgnwsh pore na dhiourghqe cwrV thn prokatarktik suntrib kai katastrof tou kubernhtiko hcaniso pou dhiourgqhke gia thn dia thn angkh ap thn kapitalistik txh; To Koounistik Manifsto aV frnei sia saut to suprasa kai akribV giaut to suprasa grafe o Marx exetzontaV ta praktik apotelsata thV epanastatikV peraV twn etn 1848 wV 1851. 2. Ta porsata thV EpanstashV Scetik e to ztha tou krtouV, pou aV endiafrei, o Marx sunoyzei ta porsata thV epanstashV tou 1848 - 1851 ston aklouqo sullogis tou rgou tou H 18h Mpruar tou Loudobkou Bonaprth: ... H epanstash wV enai rizik. Brsketai aka sto taxdi thV sa ap to kaqartrio pur. Ektele eqodik to rgo thV. V tiV 2 tou ekbrh 1851 (th ra pou o, LoudobkoV BonaprthV kane to praxikpha tou) ece teleisei th is proparaskeuastik thV dauli kai tra teleinei thn llh is. Oloklhrnei prta thn koinobouleutik exousa, gia na pore na thn anatryei. Kai tra pou to cei katorqsei aut, oloklhrnei thn ektelestik exousa, thn periorzei sthn pio kaqar thV kfrash, thn apoonnei, th bzei apnanti thV san onadik stco gia na sngkentrsei pnw thV leV tiV duneiV katastrofV (h upogrish enai dik aV). Ki tan qa cei ektelsei to detero is thV proparaskeuastikV thV douliaV, h Eurph q' anaphdsei ap th qsh thV kai q' alalxei: kal skayeV, gero - tuflopntika!

Aut h ektelestik exousa, e thn terstia grafeiokratik kai stratiwtik orgnwsh thV, e ton ektetano kai tecnht kratik thV hcanis, e ia strati ap is ekatorio upalllouV, dpla s' na strat ap llo is ekatorio, aut to troactik parasitik sa, pou tulgetai san dctu grw ap to kor thV gallikV koinwnaV kai frzei louV touV prouV thV, gennqhke stiV reV thV apluthV onarcaV, ton kair thV parakV tou feoudarciko kaqesttoV, kai sunetlese sthn epitcunsh thV parakV tou. H prth gallik epanstash anptuxe to sugkentrwtis, tautcrona wV anptuxe thn ktash, tiV arodithteV kai touV parastteV thV kubernhtikV exousaV. O Napolwn oloklrwse aut thn kratik hcan. H noifronh onarca kai h onarca tou Iolh den prosqsane tpota s' aut th hcan, ektV ap na egaltero kataeris thV ergasaV... 16 ... TloV, h koinobouleutik dhokrata sthn plh thV enntia sthn epanstash brqhke sthn angkh, az e ta katapiestik tra, na eniscsei touV prouV kai to sugkentrwtis thV kubernhtikV exousaV. leV oi anatropV teleiopoiosan aut th hcan ant na thn tsaksoun (h upogrish enai dik aV). Ta kata, pou agwnzontan diadocik gia thn exousa, qewrosan thn apcthsh auto tou terstiou kratiko oikodoatoV san thn kuriterh lea tou nikht (H 18h Mpruar tou Loudobkou Bonaprth, sel. 98 - 99, 4h kd., Aborgo, 1907). Me ton perfho aut sullogis o arxisV knei na terstio ba proV ta proV se sgkrish e to Koounistik Manifsto. Eke to ztha tou krtouV tqetai aka krwV afhrhna, e tiV pio genikV nnoieV kai ekfrseiV. Ed to ztha tqetai sugkekrina, kai suprasa pou bganei enai exairetik akribologhno, kaqorisno, practik ceiropiast: leV oi prohgoeneV epanastseiV teleiopoiosan thn kratik, hcan, en prpei na spsei, na tsakiste. To suprasa toto enai to krio, to basik sth didaskala tou arxiso gia to krtoV. Kai aut akribV to basik den cei no oltela lhsonhqe ap ta kurarca epsha sosialdhokratik kata, a kai cei esa diastreblwqe (pwV qa doe pio ktw) ap ton pio epifan qewrhtik thV II ieqnoV K. Koutski. Sto Koounistik Manifsto sunoyzontai ta genik porsata thV istoraV, pou aV upocrenoun na blpoue sto krtoV na rgano taxikV kuriarcaV kai pou odhgon upocrewtik sto suprasa, pwV to proletarito den pore n' anatryei thn astik txh, cwrV na katactsei prwttera thn politik exousa, cwrV n' apoctsei thn politik kuriarca kai na etatryei to krtoV sto organwno san kurarch txh, proletarito, kai pwV aut to proletariak krtoV aswV et th nkh tou q' arcsei n' aponekrnetai, giat se ia koi nwna dcwV taxikV antiqseiV to krtoV de creizetai kai den pore na uprcei. Ed den tqetai to ztha ti logV prpei - ap thn poyh thV istorikV exlixhV - na enai aut h an katstash tou astiko krtouV ap to proletariak. Aut to ztha o Marx to qtei kai to lnei no to 1852. PistV sth filosofa tou tou dialektiko uliso, o Marx parnei gia bsh thn istorik pera twn eglwn crnwn thV epanstashV tou 1848- 1851. Kai dw h didaskala tou Marx - pwV pnta - apotele sunyish peraV, fwtisnhV e baqi filosofik kosoqerhsh kai plosia gnsh thV IstoraV. To ztha tou krtouV tqetai sugkekrina : pV gennqhke istorik to astik krtoV, h aparathth gia thn kuriarca thV astikV taxhV kratik hcan; poieV enai oi allagV thV, po h exlixh thV sthn porea twn astikn epanastsewn kai prost stiV anexrthteV ekdhlseiV twn katapiezenwn taxewn; poia ta kaqkonta tou proletaritou se scsh ' aut thn kratik hcan; H sugkentrwtik kratik exousa, pou carakthrzei thn astik koinwna, efansthke thn epoc thV parakV tou apolutarciso. uo enai oi pio carakthristiko gi' aut thn kratik hcan qeso: h upallhlokrata kai o nioV stratV. Sta rga tou Marx kai tou ngkelV gnetai pollV forV lgoV gia to pV cilideV nata sundoun autoV touV qesoV akribV e thn astik txh. H pera tou kqe ergth diasafhnzei aut to des e exairetik parastatik kai epiblhtik trpo. H ergatikh txh aqanei pnw sto pets thV na diakrnei aut to des - na giat katanoe tso ekola kai afooinei tso ger thn episth gia to anapfeukto auto tou deso, thn episth, pou oi ikroasto dhokrteV ete thn arnontai ap aorfwsi kai epipolaithta, ete e aka egalterh epipolaithta thn paradcontai genik, xecnntaV na bgaloun t' antstoica practik supersata. H upallhlokrata kai o nioV stratV enai na parsito pnw sto kor thV astikV koinwnaV, parsito, pou gennqhke ap tiV eswterikV antifaseiV pou sparzoun aut thn koinwna, kai sugkekrina, parsito, pou frzei touV zwtikoV prouV. O kaoutskikV oportounisV, pou kuriarce sera sthn epshh sosialdhokrata, qewre san eidik kai

apokleistik gnrisa tou anarciso thn poyh ti to krtoV enai parasitikV organisV. Fusik aut h diastrblwsh tou arxiso sufrei exairetik stouV ikroastoV ekenouV, 17 pou feran to sosialis sto ankousto ascoV na dikaiologe kai na exwrazei ton iperialistik pleo, efarzontaV s' autn thn nnoia thV uperspishV thV patrdaV, wstso wV prkeitai gia anafisbthth diastrblwsh. Msa ap' leV tiV astikV epanastseiV, pou tso pollV gnrise h Eurph ap ton kair thV ptshV thV feoudarcaV, procwre h exlixh, h teleiopohsh, to dunwa auto tou upallhlokratiko kai stratiwtiko hcaniso. Idiatera, sa - sa h ikroastik txh enai ekenh pou trabitai proV to roV thV egaloastikV txhV kai se shantik baq upotssetai s' autn sw auto tou hcaniso, pou prosfrei st' antera strata thV agrotiV, twn ceirotecnn, twn porwn k.a. scetik bolikV, suceV kai tihtikV qesoleV, pou topoqtoun touV katcouV touV pnw ap to la. Prte aut pou gine sth Rwsa sa s' na exhno stera ap tiV 27 tou Flebrh 1917: oi dhosiopallhlikV qseiV, pou prta dnontan kat prothsh stouV auroekatontarcteV, ginan antikeeno leaV twn kanttwn, twn ensebkwn kai twn esrwn. Sthn ousa de skftontai na knoun kanenV edouV sobarV taruqseiV, pou pscizan na tiV anabloun sae th Suntaktik Sunleush - kai th Suntaktik Sunleush na thn anabloun lgo-lgo sae to tloV tou polou. en argosan wV kai den perenan kai Suntaktik Sunleush gia to orasa thV leaV, gia thn katlhyh twn qsewn twn upourgn, twn ufupourgn, twn genikn dioikhtn klp. klp.! To paicndi twn sunduasn gia th snqesh thV kubrnhshV sthn ousa den ekfraze par aut to orasa kai to xanaorasa thV leaV, pou gintan kai ap ta pnw kai ap ta ktw, s' lh th cra, s' olklhrh thn kentrik kai topik diokhsh. To apotlesa, to antikeienik apotlesa tou exanou 27 tou Flebrh - 27 tou Augostou 1917 enai anafisbthto: oi etaruqseiV anablqhkan, to orasa twn dhosiopallhlikn qsewn cei gnei, kai ta lqh tou oirsatoV coun diorqwqe e erik xanaoirsata. Ma so pio poll xanaoirsata gnontai ston upallhlokratik hcanis anesa sta difora astik kai ikroastik kata (anesa stouV kanttouV, touV esrouV kai touV ensebkouV, gia na proue to rwsik pardeiga), tso pio faner gnetai gia tiV katapiezeneV txeiV kai gia to proletarito, pou brsketai epikefalV touV, h asufilwth cqra touV proV lh thn astik kanwna. Ap dw phgzei h angkh gia la ta astik kata, aka kai gia ta pio dhokratik, az kai gia ta epanastatik - dhokratik, na duna noun tiV katapiseiV enanta sto epanastatik proletarito, na sterinoun ton katapiestik hcanis, dhlad thn dia thn kratik hcan. Aut h porea twn gegontwn upocrenei thn epanstash na sugkentrnei leV tiV duneiV thV katastrofV enntia sthn kratik exousa, thn upocrenei na blei kaqkon thV ci thn kalutreush thV kratikV hcanV, a th suntrib, thn katastrof thV. en enai oi logiko sullogiso, all h pragatik exlixh twn gegontwn, h zwntan pera tou 1848- 1851 po odghsan sthn ttoia topoqthsh tou problatoV. Pso austhr kratitai o Marx sthn pragatik bsh thV istorikV peraV - fanetai ap to gegonV ti to 1852 de qtei aka sugkekrina to ztha e ti prpei n' antikatastaqe aut h kratik hcan pou prkeitai na katastrafe. H pera den prsferne aka tte stoicea gia na ttoio prblha, pou h istora to qese sthn hersia ditaxh argtera, to 1871. To 1852 porose kaneV na diapistsei e thn akrbeia fusikostorkhV paratrhshV non ti h proletariak epanstash plhsase esa sto kaqkon na sugkentrsei leV tiV duneiV thV katastrofV enntia sthn kratik exousa, sto kaqkon na tsaksei thn kratik hcan. Ed pore na gennhqe to ertha: enai rage swst h genkeush thV peraV, twn parathrsewn kai twn superasatwn tou Marx, h etafor touV se pedo plattero ap thn istora thV GallaV sthn trieta 1848- 1851; Gia na exetsoue aut to ztha qa qusoue prta ia paratrhsh tou ngkelV kai katpi qa persoue sta pragatik dedona. ... H Galla - grafe o ngkelV ston prlogo thV 3hV kdoshV thV 18hV Mpruar - enai h cra pou perisstero ap opoudpote allo oi istoriko taxiko agneV ftanan kqe for wV thn apofasistik ch, pou sunepV diagrfontai e ton pio anglufo trpo oi e18 taballeneV politikV orfV, pou sa touV kinontai oi taxiko agneV kai pou sunoyzontai t' apotelsat touV. Kntro thV feoudarcaV sto esawna, upodeigatik cra thV eniaaV onarcaV twn pronoiocwn txewn stera ap thn Anagnnhsh, h Galla tskise sth eglh epanstash to feoudarcis kai egkaqdruse thn kaqar kuriarca thV astikV txhV e ttoia klasik orf pou den thn ftase kai llh eurwpaik cra. Kai o agnaV

tou proletaritou, pou shknei kefli enntia sthn kurarch astik txh, ekdhlnetai ed e tso oxea orf, pou enai gnwsth se lleV creV (sel. 4 thV kd. tou 1907). H teleutaa paratrhsh cei palisei, efson ap to 1871 kai dw sheiqhke ia diakop ston epanastatik agna tou galliko proletaritou, ' lo pou, so akrcronh ki an enai aut h diakop, den apokleei dilou thn piqanthta sthn epikeenh proletariak epanstash h Galla na dexei pwV enai h klasik cra thV plhV twn txewn sae to apofasistik tloV. AV rxoue wV ia genik ati sthn istora twn procwrhnwn cwrn sta tlh tou CIC kai tiV arcV tou CC aina. Qa doe ti suntelontan pio arg, pio poikilorfa, pnw se pol pio plati konstra to dio protseV: ap th ia eri, h suplrwsh thV koinobouleutikV exousaV tso stiV dhokratikV creV (Galla, Aerik, Elbeta), so kai stiV onarcikV (Aggla, Gerana wV na baq, Itala, SkandinabikV creV k..), ki ap thn llh, h plh gia thn exousa twn diforwn astikn kai ikroastikn kotwn, pou oirzontan kai xanaoirzontan th lea twn dhosioupallhlikn qsewn, cwrV n' allzoun ta qelia tou astiko kaqesttoV, tloV, h teleiopohsh kai to dunwa thV ektelestikV exousaV tou upallhlokratiko kai stratiwtiko hcaniso thV. e cwrei kai afibola pV la aut enai koin carakthristik lhV thV neterhV exlixhV twn kefalaiokratikn kratn genik. Sta tra crnia 1848 - 1851 h Galla parou sase e gorg, ntono sugkentrwtik trpo ta dia protsV exlixhV pou carakthrzoun lo ton kefalaiokratik kso. IdwV o iperialisV, h epoc tou trapezitiko kefalaou, h epoc twn gigntiwn kefalaiokratikn onopwlwn, h epoc thV etexlixhV tou onopwliako kapitaliso se kratik - onopwliak kapitalis, parousizei na asunqisto dunwa thV kratikV hcanV, ian ankousth axhsh tou upallhlokratiko kai stratiwtiko thV hcaniso se sunduas e thn ntash twn katapisewn enanta sto proletarito tso stiV onarcikV, so kai stiV pio eleqereV, dhokratikV creV. Enai anafisbthto ti h pagksia istora plhsizei tra, se asgkrita egalterh klaka ap to 1852, sth sugkntrwsh lwn twn dunewn thV proletariakV epanstashV gia thn katastrof thV kratikV hcanV. Me ti qa thn antikatastsei to proletarito, sto ztha aut dwse didactiktato ulik h Parisin Koona. 3. H topoqthsh tou zhtatoV ap ton Marx to 1852 To 1907 o Mringk dhoseye sto periodik Neiie ZeI (, 2, 164) apospsata ap gra tou Marx ston Baintegier e herohna 5 tou Mrth 1852. Sto gra aut pericetai, anesa st' lla, kai o aklouqoV axioshewtoV sullogisV: so gia na, de ou ankei ote h ti ti eg anakluya thn parxh twn txewn sth sgcronh koinwna, ote h ti ti eg anakluya thn plh anesa touV. Poln kair prin ap na asto istoriko ecan perigryei thn istorik exlixh autV thV plhV twn txewn kai asto oikonoolgoi - thn oikonoik anatoa twn txewn. To kainorgio po kaa eg tan pwV apdeixa: 1) ti h parxh twn txewn sundetai aplV e orisneV istorikV fseiV exlixhV thV paragwgV (IidoGdoIie Eh\nok1uhdrIi&deh eG RGoukoh), 2) ti h taxik p odhge anagkastik sth dictatora tou proletaritou, 3) ti aut h dia h diktatora apotele aplV to perasa proV thn katrghsh lwn twn txewn kai proV ia ataxik koinwna... Sta lgia tota o Marx katrqwse na ekfrsei e kataplhctik parastatikthta, prta, to krio kai to qeeliak pou xecwrzei th didaskala tou ap th didaskala twn prwtoprwn 19 kai pio baqin stocastn thV astikV txhV, kai detero, thn ousa thV didaskalaV tou gia to krtoV. To krio sth didaskala tou Marx enai h taxik plh. tsi lne kai grfoun pol sucn. Ma aut den enai swst. Kai to apotlesa ap' aut thn anakribeia enai scedn pnta ia oportounistik diastrblwsh tou arxiso, h nqeush tou, tsi pou na gnetai paradectV gia thn astik txh. Giat h didaskala gia thn taxik plh den dhiourgqhke ap ton Marx all ap thn astik txh prin ap ton Marx kai, ilntaV genik, enai paradect gia thn astik txh. poioV paradcetai no thn plh twn txewn, den enai aka arxistV, autV pore aka nanai nqrwpoV pou de bganei ap ta plasia thV astikV skyhV kai thV astikV politikV. To na periorzeiV to arxis sth didaskala gia thn plh twn txewn - shanei na koutsourbeiV to arxis, na ton diastreblneiV, na ton angeiV se ,ti enai paradekt gia thn astik txh. MarxistV enai no ekenoV pou epektenei thn anagnrish t hV plhV twn txewn wV thn anagnrish thV diktatoraV tou proletaritou. Auto brsketai h pio baqi diafor tou arxist ap to ikr (a kai eglo) ast thV ardaV. Aut enai h luda lqoV gia thn pragatik katanhsh kai paradoc tou arxiso. Kai den enai parxeno pwV, tan h

istora thV EurphV fere practik thn ergatik txh prost s' aut to ztha, ci no loi oi oportounistV kai reforistV, all kai loi oi kaoutskistV (oi nqrwpoi pou talanteontai anasa sto reforis kai to arxis) apodecthkan qlibero filistaoi kai ikroasto dhokrteV, pou aparniontai th dictatora tou proletaritou. H prosora tou Koutski ictatora tou proletaritou, pou bgke ton Agousto tou 1918, dhlad pol pio stera ap thn prth kdosh totou tou biblou, enai prtupo ikroastikV diastrblwshV tou arxiso kai poulhV aprnhsV tou sthn prxh, en ton anagnwrzei upokritik sta lgia (bl. th prosora ou: H proletariak epanstash ki o apostthV Koutski, Petropolh kai Msca 1918). O sherinV oportounisV sto prswpo tou kuriterou ekprospou tou, tou prhn arxist K. Koutski, upgetai oloklhrwtik sto carakthris thV astikV qshV pou dnetai ap ton Marx, giat o oportounisV autV periorzei thn perioc anagnrishV thV taxikV plhV sthn perioc twn astikn scsewn. (S' aut wV thn perioc, sa sta plasia thV, kannaV orfwnoV fileleqeroV de q' arnhqe katarcn na paradecte thn taxik plh!) O oportounisV den epektenei thn anagnrish thV taxikV plhV akribV sae to kuritero, wV thn perodo tou persatoV ap ton kapitalis ston koounis, wV thn perodo thV anatropd thV astikV txhV kai thV plriaV ekhdnishV thV. Sthn pragatikthta h perodoV aut enai anapfeukta perodoV iaV prwtkousta sklhrV taxikV plhV, prwtkousthV oxthtaV twn orfn thV, sunepV, kai to krtoV autV thV peridou prpei anapfeukta na enai krtoV e no trpo dhokratik (gia touV proletriouV kai touV ftwcoV genik) kai e no trpo diktatorik (enntia sthn astik txh). Paraktw. Thn ousa thV didaskalaV tou Marx gia to krtoV thn afoowse non poioV katlabe pwV h diktatora iaV txhV enai anagkaa ci no gia kqe taxik koinwna genik, ci no gia to proletarito, pou cei anatryei thn astik txh, a kai gia olklhrh thn istorik perodo, po cwrzei ton kapitalis ap thn cwriV txeiV koinwna, ap ton koounis. Oi orfV twn astikn kratn enai exairetik polupokileV, a h ousa touV enai ia: la aut ta krth tsi ete alliV, a se teleutaa anlush upocrewtik, enai diktatora thV astikV txhV. To prasa ap ton kapitalis ston koounis den pore fusik na h dsei ia terstia afqona kai poikila politikn orfn, a h ousa ed qa enai ia: diktatora tou proletaritou. 20 . H PEIRA THS PARISINHS KOMMOUNAS TOU 1871: H MARXIKH ANALUSH 1. Giat enai rweV oi opado thV KoonaV Enai gnwst ti to fqinpwro tou 1870, lgouV neV prin ap thn dhiourga thV KoonaV, o Marx proeidopoiose touV ergteV twn Pariswn, apodeiknontaV touV ti kqe appeira gia thn anatrop thV KubrnhshV qa tan apegnwsnh parafrosnh. tan wV ton Mrtio ton 1871 h apofasistik ch etqh pro twn ergatn kai auto thn dcqhkan, tan h exgersh tan pia tetelesno gegonV o Marx upodcthke thn proletariak epanstash e ton egaltero enqousias, par' louV touV kakoV oiwnoV. O Marx den pese sth scolastikthta na katadikzei na prwro knha, entelV antqeta ap ton pasgnwsto Rso prodth tou arxiso Plecnwf, o opooV ton Nobrio tou 1905, grafe enqarrnontaV ton agna twn ergatn kai cwrikn, all stera ap ton ekbrio 1905 proscrhse sto fileleqero snqha : den prepe na katafgete sta pla. Kai o Marx den deixe, no enqousias gia ton hrwis twn opadn thV KoonaV pou zhtosan na kataktsoun ton ouran pwV lege. Sto epanastatik knha twn azn, an kai den ptuce to skop tou, ede o Marx ia istorik appeira terstiaV shasaV, ia sugkekrinh prodo sthn pagksia proletariak epanstash, na praktik ba spoudaitero ap ekat prograta kai suzhtseiV. To prblha pou parousisthke ston Marx tan na analsei thn appeira aut, na bglei ap' autn aqata taktikV, na xanaexetsei th qewra tou e to no fwV po tou ferne. H nh dirqwsh pou o Marx skfqhke ti tan anagkao na knei sto Koounistik Manifsto sthrcqhke pnw sthn epanastatik pera thV ParisinV KoonaV. O teleutaoV prlogoV se ia na Geranik kdosh tou koounistiko Manifstou, upogegranh kai ap touV do suggrafeV tou, cronologetai ap tiV 24 Iounou 1872. Ston prlogo autn oi suggrafeV Karl Marx kai FreiderkoV ngkelV grfoun ti to prgraa tou Koounistiko Manifstou enai tra arket parkairo. IdiaitrwV, exakolouqon, h Koona apodeiknei ti h ergatik txh den pore aplV na katalbei ton toio Kratik hcanis kai na ton blei se enrgeia gia touV dikoV thV skopoV!.

Ta lgia pou tonzontai sto koti aut enai parna ap touV suggrafeV tou ap to biblo tou Marx O eflioV pleoV sthn Galla. Blpoue ti o Marx kai o ngkelV dinan tso eglh shasa se na qeelideV kai krio ddaga thV ParisinV KoonaV, ste to balan wV ousidh dirqwsh sto Koounistik Manifsto. Enai carakthristiktato ti akribV aut h dirqwsh paraorfqhke ap touV oportounistV, kai h shasa thV, profanV, enai akatlhpth, gia ta enna dkata, an ci gia ta enennta enna ekatost, twn anagnwstn tou Koounistiko Manifstou. Qa ilsoe perisstero, gi aut se eidik keflaio afierwno sautV tiV diastrofV. Arke ed na sheisoe, ti h sunhqisnh kai cudaa erhnea tou perfhou axiatoV tou Marx pou anafrae, enai ti o Marx, pwV lne, tonzei ed thn ida thV baqiaaV exlixhV, kat' antidiastol proV thn baih katlhyh thV exousaV! Sthn pragatikthta wV, alhqeei akribV to antqeto. O Marx qlei na pei ti h ergatik txh prpei na suntryei, na koatisei ton toio hcanis tou KrtouV kai ci aplV na prosarosqe autn parnontaV ton sthn katoc thV. 21 StiV 12 Aprilou 1871, -dhlad akribV sthn epoc thV KoonaV -o Marx grafe ston Kogkelan : An koitxete sto teleutao keflaio tou rgou ou H ekth Ogdh Mpruar qa dete ti diakhrssw pwV h prospqeia thV GallikV EpanstashV prpei na enai ci h katlhyh thV grafeiokratikV kai stratiwtikV hcanV -pwV gine wV sera all h suntrib thV (sta geranik o Marx grfei z^btIitboHbh) -kai aut akribV enai o prokatarktikV roV kqe pragatikV lakV epanstashV sthn Eurph. Kai akribV aut enai h prospqeia twn hrwikn Parisinn suntrfwn aV. Msa saut ta lgia: na suntryei ton grafeiokratik kai stratiwtik Kratik hcanis ekfrzetai e suntoa, h kuriterh didaskala tou Marxiso scetik e ta problata tou KrtouV, pou ia epanstash qa problei sto proletarito. Kai aut akribV h didaskala, ci non lhsonqhke, all kai paraorfqhke telewV ap thn epikratosa arxik erhnea tou Koutsku! son afor thn parapop tou Marx sthn ekth Ogdh Mpruar paraqsae parapnw olklhro to scetik keeno. Enai wV exairetik endiafron, na sheisoe duo shea ap to apspasa aut. Prton ti anafrei ta supersat tou sthn hpeirwtik Eurph. Aut tan fusik sta 1871, tan h Aggla tan aka to prtupo iaV kaqar kapitalistikV craV, cwrV thn stratiwtik hcan, kai se eglo baq, cwrV thn grafeiokrata. O Marx apkleie thn 'Aggla, sfwna e th gnh tou ti h pragatik lak epanstash enai adnath, cwrV ton proapaitoeno ro thV katastrofV tou toiou Kratiko hcaniso. Sera, sta 1917, sthn epoc tou prtou eglou iperialistiko polou, h dikrish aut tou Marx den efarzetai, kai h Aggla kai h Aerik, oi egalteroi kai oi teleutaoi antiprswpoi thV AgglosaxonikV eleuqeraV pou ennoetai e thn lleiyh tou ilitariso kai thV grafeiokrataV, klhsan sera telewV sa ston akqarto, atwno brboro twn stratiwtiko-grafeiokratikn qesn lhV thV EurphV, pou upotssoun kai suntrboun ta pnta. Sera, kai sthn Aggla kai sthn Aerik, o proapaitoenoV roV gia thn pragatik lak epanstash, enai h suntrib, to kotiasa tou toiou Kratiko hcaniso (o opooV teleiopoiqhke kai s autV tiV creV ap to 1914 wV to 1917, sfwna e ton Eurwpak genik iperialistik kanna). eteron, h baqtath aut paratrhsh tou Marx axzei idiaterh prosoc eke pou tonzei, ti h katastrof tou stratiwtiko kai grafeiokratiko Kratiko hcaniso enai o proapaitoenoV roV iaV pragatikV lakV epanstashV. H ida aut thV lakV epanstashV fanetai parxenh sta celh tou Marx. Kai oi Rsoi floi tou Plecnwf kai ensebkoi, oi opado auto tou Strobe, pou qloun na lgontai arxistV, poron na qewron thn kfrash aut wV paradro thV glssaV. coun efarsei ston Marxis ia tso cudaa. fileleqerh diastrof, ste den uprcei gi autoV tpote llo ektV ap thn dikrish thV proletariakV kai thV kapitalistikV epanstashV: kai tiV perisstereV forV h dikrish aut gnetai gi' autoV ia yuch qewra. An proue to pardeiga twn epanastsewn tou 20ou aina qa anagkastoe na paradecqoe ti h Portogalik kai h Tourkik epanstash tan ikroastikV. Kai ote pore na uprxei ia lak epanstash tan h za tou lao, h eglh pleioyhfa den efanzetai pragatik, anexrthta, e tiV dikV thV politikV kai, oikonoikV apaitseiV, prga pou den gine stiV duo autV epanastseiV. ApenantaV h Rwsik astik epanstash tou

1905-1907 cwrV na cei tso laprV epituceV san thn portogalik kai thn tourkik 22 epanstash, uprxe anantirrtwV ia pragatik lak epanstash. H lak za, h pleioyhfa tou lao, ta kattera koinwnik strwat pou suntrbontan up ton zug thV eketlleushV, exegrqhkan autata kai se lh thn dirkeia thV epanstashV dwsan thn sfragda twn dikn touV apaitsewn, twn dikn touV prospaqein gia thn dhiourga thV naV koinwnaV pou qa antikaqist thn palai pou katastreftan. Se kai cra thV EurwpakV hperou sta 1871, to proletarito den apotelose thn pleioyhfa tou lao. Lak epanstash, ikan na trabxei sto knha thV thn pleioyhfa, qa porose na enai no h epanstash pou qa perielbane to proletarito kai thn agrotik txh. Kai oi duo autV txeiV apotelosan tte ton la. Kai oi duo txeiV enai enwneV afo o stratiwtikV kai grafeiokratikV hcanisV tou KrtouV tiV katapizei, tiV suntrib kai ti eketalleetai. To kotiasa auto tou hcaniso, h suntrib tou -aut enai to pragatik sufron tou lao, thV pleioyhfaV tou -dhlad to sufron twn ergatn kai twn perissotrwn agrotn -autV enai o proapaitoenoV roV gia thn nwsh twn ftwcn cwrikn e to proletarito. CwrV autn thn nwsh h dhokrata den pore na krathqe kai h sosialistik anadhiourga enai adnath.. Autn thn nwsh prospqhse na pragatopoisei kai h Parisin Koona. en ptuce wV ton skop thV, ex aitaV twn eswterikn kai exwterikn peristsewn. Kat sunpeia, ilntaV o Marx gia ia pragatik lak epanstash den xecnose ta carakthristik -gnwrsata thV ikroastikV txewV (lhse giaut pol kai sucn) kai ece pol kal up' yh tou tiV scseiV twn txewn pou uprcan sta krth thV hpeirwtikV EurphV tou 1871. Epe epshV o Marx ti h suntrib tou Kratiko hcaniso, epiblletai ap ta sufronta twn ergatn kai twn cwrikn, pou prpei na enai enwnoi ston koin agna gia thn katastrof tou parastou auto kai thn antikatstash tou ap kti kainorgio. Ap ti wV akribV; 2. Ti qa antikatastsei ton hcanis tou KrtouV; Sta 1847, sto Koounistik Manifsto o Marx porose n' apantsei s' aut to ertha e entelV apluto trpo, diatupnontaV perisstero to prblha par thn lsh tou. H antikatstash auto tou hcaniso ap to proletarito anuywno se kubernsa txh, e thn katkthsh thV hokrataV -aut tan h apnthsh ton Koounistiko Manifstou. ApofegontaV thn outopa, o Marx perene ap thn pera enV kinatoV twn azn na dsei thn apnthsh tou problatoV kai na kaqorsei tiV orfV pou qa prei aut h orgnwsh tou proletaritou se kurarch txh, kai ton trpo e ton opoo qa porose aut orgnwsh na pragatopoisei teleitera kai steretera thn katkthsh thV hokrataV. O Marx exghse thn pera thV KoonaV, so ikr kai an tan, e lepttath anlush sto rgo tou O eflioV pleoV sth Galla. Qa parousisoue ston anagnsth ta spoudaitera rh auto ton rgou. Ston 19on aina rcise h gorg anptuxh thV sugkentrwnhV kratikV exousaV, pou prorcetai ap ton esawna e ta exuphretik thV rgana : nio strat, astunoa, grafeiokrata, klro kai dikastV. so procwre h exlixh tou antagwniso etax kefalaou kai ergasaV, nto krtoV parnei olona perisstero ton caraktra enV dhosou organiso gia. thn katapesh thV ergasaV, dhlad hcanV gia thn kuriarca iaV txewV. stera ap kqe epanstash pou sheinei kpoia prodo ston agna twn txewn, o kaqar katapiestikV caraktraV thV kratikV exousaV fanetai olona kaqartera. To krtoV 23 stera ap thn epanstash tou 1848-49, gnetai to eqnik plo tou kefalaou ston pleo ton enanton thV ergasaV. H eutra Autokratora to eniscei perisstero. H Koona tan h telea antqesh thV AutokratoraV. tan ia orisnh orf dhokrataV pou qa katargose ci no thn orf tou onarciko kaqesttoV all kai kqe kaqestV txewn. Poia tan aut h orisnh orf thV proletariakV SosialistikV hokrataV; Poio tan to KrtoV pou ece arcsei na dhiourgetai ; To prto ditaga thV KoonaV tan h katrghsh tou niou strato kai h antikatstash tou ap to noplo qnoV. H apathsh aut brsketai sera sto prgraa kqe katoV pou onozetai sosialistik. H axa wV autn twn progratwn fanetai kaltera e thn diagwg twn sosial-epanastatn aV kai twn Mensebkwn, pou arnqhkan na efarsoun tiV qewreV twn kai stera ap thn epanstash thV 12 Martou 1917.

To Subolio thV KoonaV apoteleto ap dhotikoV antiprospouV eklegenouV e kaqolik yhfofora sta difora diaersata tou Parisio. tan upequnoi kai porosan na anaklhqon se kqe stig. H pleioyhfa apoteleto fusik ap ergteV h anagnwrisnouV antiprospouV thV ergatikV txhV... .. H astunoa pou wV tte tan llon na rgano thV KubrnhshV aposterqhke aswV ap leV thV tiV politikV leitourgeV kai gine na upequno kai anakaloeno rgano thV KoonaV.. ..To dio efarsqhke kai gia touV axiwatocouV lwn twn llwn dioikhtikn kldwn. Ap ta lh tou Suboulou thV KoonaV, wV ton teleutao ergth, loi stiV dhsieV uphreseV plhrnontan e ton dio isq wV aplo ergteV. la ta pronia kai oi idiatereV epicorhgse pou prosfrontan stiV uyhlV qseiV tou KrtouV exhfansqhsan az e tiV qseiV autV ....Af kannise tsi ton nio strat kai thn astunoa, ta ulik aut pla thV paliV KubrnhshV, Koona streye thn prosoc thV cwrV anabol sthn katapolhsh twn plwn thV pneuatikV katapeshV, thV exousaV tou klrou... Oi dikastiko leitourgo casan thn yeutoanexarthsa touV? Sto llon prepe na eklgontai faner, na enai upequnoi kai na poron na anaklhqon? Kai tsi h Koona fanetai ti antikatsthse ton koatiasno kratik hcanis, non e ia teleiterh kuriarca tou lao : dhlad e thn katrghsh tou onou strato kai thn etabol lwn twn arcntwn se eklegenouV kai, anakaloenouV upllhlouV tou krtouV. All sthn pragatikthta aut to non antiproswpeei ia gigntia antikatstash enV tpou qesn ap llouV e qeelidh diafor. coue ed akribV ia perptwsh etatropV poso eiV poin. H hokrata, pou ftase sthn egalterh teleithta, etaorfnetai ap kapitalistik se proletariak; Ap KrtoV (dhlad ia eidik dnah gia thn katapesh iaV txewV) se kti pou pragatik den enai pia KrtoV, Aut to kti enai akh anagkao gia na exafansei thn kapitalistik txh kai na suntryei thn antstash thV. Kai tan exairetik anagkao gia thn Koona. naV de ap touV lgouV thV apotucaV thV enai ti den to kane aut e arket apofasistikthta. H diafor wV enai ti tra to rgano aut gia thn exafnish enai h pleioyhfa tou plhquso kai ci h eioyhfa, pwV sunbaine sthn epoc thV douleaV, thV douloparoikaV kai thV isqodouleaV. Kai tan h pleioyhfa tou qnouV nh thV exafanzei touV turnnouV thV, den creizetai pia ia eidik katapiestik dnah. tsi to KrtoV arczei 24 na cnetai. Ant twn eidikn qesn iaV pronoiocou eioyhfaV (pronoiocwn arcntwn kai axiwatikn tou onou strato), h pleioyhfa pore nh thV aswV na ekplhrsei leV autV tiV leitourgeV kai so perisstero oi kratikV leitourgeV anatqentai sthn za tou lao, tso ligtero enai anagkaa h parxh tou KrtouV. Sto sheo aut ta eidik tra, pou efrose h Koona kai tonzei o Marx, enai idiaitrwV axioshewta : katrghsh lwn twn epicorhgsewn kai lwn twn eidikn isqn gia touV anwtrouV upalllouV, exswsh thV plhrwV lwn twn dhoswn upalllwn sto eppedo tou ergatiko heroisqou. Ed fanetai pio kaqar ap kqe llh for to prasa ap thn astik dhokrata sthn proletariak, ap thn dhokrata twn katapiestn sthn dhokrata twn katapiezonwn, ap thn kuriarca iaV eidikV dnahV gia thn katapesh orisnhV txhV, sthn katrghsh twn katapiestn ap olklhrh thn dnah thV pleioyhfaV ton qnouV, to proletarito kai touV agrteV. Kai saut akribV to safstato sheo, to spoudaitato swV gia to prblha tou KrtouV, h didaskala tou Marx lhsonqhke. Paraeletai telewV se leV tiV anarqhteV lakV erhneeV den qewretai swst na ilei kaneV gia to ztha aut pou carakthrzetai san ia pali aplokthta. tsi akribV kai oi cristiano tan ptucan na epibloun thn qrhskea touV wV kratik, lhsnhsan thn aplokthta tou palaio cristianiso e to epanastatik dhokratik tou pnea. H elttwsh thV plhrwV twn anwttwn upalllwn tou KrtouV fanetai ti enai no na aplok, prwtgono dhokratik atha. naV ap touV idrutV tou newtrou oportouniso, o prhn sosialdhokrthV E. Mpernstin, exskhse pollV forV to talnto tou epanalabnontaV tiV koinV kapitalistikV asteithteV gia thn prwtgonh hokrata. pwV loi oi oportounistV, pwV kai oi sherino opado tou Koutsku, den prese na katalbei ti, prwtstwV, h etbash ap ton Kapitalis ston Sosialis, enai adnath cwrV thn epistrof, wV na orisno sheo, sthn prwtgonh hokrata. PV alliV poroe na persoue sthn anlhyh lwn twn Kubernhtikn leitourgin ap thn pleioyhfa tou plhquso kai ap kqe too tou plhquso ; Kai peita, lhsone ti h prwtgonh hokrata stera ap ton Kapitalis kai ap ton kapitalistik politis,

den enai san thn prwtgonh hokrata twn prostorikn twn prokapitalistikn crnwn. O kapitalistikV politisV dhiorghse thn eglh biohcana e th orf ergostaswn, sidhrodrwn, tacudroewn, thlefnwn ktl. kai pnw saut th bsh oi perisstereV leitourgeV tou palio KrtouV aplopoiontai kataplhktik, kai gnontai pragatik aplV leitourgeV diacerishV kai lgcou. tsi den apaiton thn parousa dianoounwn kai enai dunat na upoblhqon se na koin ergatik herosqio. To gegonV aut tiV apogunnei ap thn pali touV aglh wV kubernhtikn, kai eponwV, pronoiocwn uphresin. O legcoV lwn twn arcntwn, cwrV exaresh, e thn genik efarog thV arcV thV eklogV kai thV anklhshV se kqe stig, kaqV kai h elttwsh twn isqn touV sto koin ergatik herosqio, la aut enai apl kai epibeblhna dhokratik tra, pou enaronzoun telewV ta sufronta twn ergatn kai thV pleioyhfaV twn cwrikn, kai sugcrnwV crhsieoun wV gfura pou frnei ap ton Kapitalis ston Sosialis. Ta tra aut anafrontai sto KrtoV, dhlad sthn kaqar politik anadhiourga thV koinwnaV apokton wV thn tlia touV shasa kai spoudaitht, tte non tan sunodeontai ap thn apokrunsh thV astikV txhV toulciston ap ta proapaitoena bata proV aut thn apokrunsh, dhlad e to prasa ap thn kapitalistik atoik idiokthsa twn swn thV paragwgV, sthn koin idiokthsa. H Koona (grafe o Marx) pragatopohse to snqha aut lwn twn astikn epanastsewn, na apoktsei dhlad ia Kubrnhsh e ikr xoda katargntaV duo ap ta spoudaitera elattata thV-ton strat kai th grafeiokrata. 25 Ap thn txh twn cwrikn, kai ap ta lla strata tV ikroastikV txhV, no ia asanth erda epiplei kai panei sthn koinwna, knei ia karira pwV lne oi asto, dhlad phdei sthn astik txh kai katakt erikV asfaleV kai pronoiocouV qseiV. H eglh pleioyhfa twn agrotn se leV tiV kapitalistikV creV pou uprcei agrotik txiV (kai ttoieV enai oi perisstereV kapitalistikV creV) katapizetai ap' thn Kubrnhsh kai epique thn anatrop thV, e thn elpda iaV fqhnV kubernsewV. H elpda aut pore na pragatopoihqe no ap to proletarito kai e thn pragatopohsh thV, to proletarito knei na ba proV ta eprV, proV thn sosialistik anadhiourga tou KrtouV. 3. H katrghsh tou Koinobouleutiso. H Koona (grafe o Marx) den tan koinobouleutikV, all ergatikV organisV, nooqetikV kai ektelestikV sugcrnwV. En prta apefaszeto kqe tra kqe xi crnia poio ap ta lh thV kurarchV txhV qa antiprospeue kai qa katapeze ton la sa sto Koinobolio, h kaqolik yhfofora crhsieei tra ston la, pou tan organwnoV se kooneV, wV so gia thn exeresh twn apaitoenwn ergatn, elegktn kai leitourgn gia tiV angkeV tou, pwV akribV na too eklgei touV atoikoV upalllouV gia tiV dikV tou angkeV. H axioshewth aut kritik tou koinobouleutiso sta 1871 enai ap ta lgia ekena tou Marx pou lhsonqhkan criV sthn kuriarca tou sosialistiko swbiniso kai oportouniso. Upourgo kai ex epagglatoV politiko, hiaqeV sosialistV kai prodteV tou proletaritou, egkatleiyan sera kqe kritik tou koinobouleutiso stouV anarcikoV kai e to xupno aut tcnasa diakhrssoun ti kqe kritik tou koinobouleutiso enai anarcisV. Kai, tsi den enai kaqlou parxeno ti to proletarito twn pio procwrhnwn koinobouleutikn cwrn, apogohteuno ap ttoiouV sosialistV pwV enai oi k. k. Sntan abd, Lgkin, Sap, Renwntl, Cnterson, Banterblnte, Stounigk, Mprntigk, Mpissolti kai Sa, strfei th supqei tou olona perisstero proV ton Anarcosundikalis, an kai autV enai dduoV adelfV tou oportouniso. All sthn epanastatik skyh tou Marx den uprce pot h ken kai popdhV fraseologa, ta logopagnia, pwV thn ettreyan oi Plecnwf, Koutsku kai loipo. O Marx xere pol kal na astignei alphta ton Anarcis gia thn anikantht tou na eketalleuqe toulciston ton stblo tou kapitalistiko koinobouleutiso tan h katstash den tan epanastatik, all sugcrnwV xere pwV na upobllei ton koinobouleutis se ia pragatik epanastatik proletariak kritik. Na apofaszetai ia for kqe tsa crnia poio ap ta lh thV kurarchV txhV qa katapisei ton la dia sou tou koinoboulou -aut enai h pragatik ousa ton ikroastiko koinobouleutiso, ci no sa stiV koinobouleutikV kai suntagatikV MonarceV all kai sta pio dhokratik politeata. Afo wV sto ztha to krtouV o koinobouleutisV prpei na qewretai san naV ap touV qesoV tou, ti dro xw ap ton koinobouleutis cei na akolouqsei to proletarito antietwpzontaV tiV upocreseiV pou qa tou parousiasqon ; PV pore na dioikhqe ia

cra cwrV ton koinobouleutis; Epanalabnoue llh ia for : H didaskala tou, Marx, sthrizonh sth elth thV KoonaV, xecsthke se ttoio baq ste kqe kritik ton koinobouleutiso tan den enai anarcik antidrastik enai telewV akatlhpth stouV sherinoV sosial-dhokrteV (lge : prodteV to sosialiso). 26 O droV xw ap ton koinobouleutis qa breqe ci e thn katrghsh twn antiproswpeutikn qesn kai thV arcV thV eklogV, all e thn etatrop twn antiproswpeutikn autn qesn ap aerologikoV organisoV se organisoV qetikV ergasaV : H Koona den tan naV koinobouleutikV qesV, all naV qetikV organisV, nooqetikV kai ektelestikV sugcrnwV. ci koinobouleutikV, all qetikV organisV -aut anafretai kat' euqean stouV sherinoV koinobouleutikoV kai sosialdhokrteV pou ektelon crh uphretikn sklwn tou koinobouleutiso. Prte ia koinobouleutik cra, ap thn Aerik wV thn Elbeta, ap thn Galla wV thn 'Aggla, Norbhga k.t.l. h alhqin kratik leitourga gnetai sa sta parasknia kai exwterikeetai e tiV diforeV uphreseV, subolia kai epitelea. To koinobolio cei apokleistik tou skop na pargei lgia gia thn exapthsh tou koskh. Aut enai tso alhqin ste akh kai sthn prth Rwsik hokrata e to ikroastik dhokratik kaqestV, o koinobouleutisV fanrwse kaqar ton alhqin tou skop prin akh dhiourghqe na pragatik koinobolio. Oi reV thV diafqorV, pwV enai o Skoplief kai o Tseretlli, o Tsrnwf kai o Afxntief katrqwsan na olnoun kai ta Sobit akh e to pardeiga ton pio sicaero ikroastiko koinobouleutiso, etatrpontaV ta se aerologikoV organisoV. Msa sta Sobit oi axitioi exio SosialistV upourgo korodeoun touV eukolpistouV e frseiV kai ekfrseiV. Msa sthn dia thn Kubrnhsh na edoV kantrliaV pazetai sunecV, kai ap to na roV oi sosialepanastteV kai oi ensebkoi arpzoun tiV pio kalV kai wraeV qseiV, en ap to llo roV prospaqon na apascolsoun thn prosoc tou lao. Sto etax h pragatik leitourga tou krtouV gnetai ap tiV upodioikseiV kai ta difora epitelea. H Ntilo Narnta, to rgano ton kubernntoV katoV twn sosialepanastatn oologose teleutaa sna krio rqro thV e thn ahth afleia twn anqrpwn thV kalV koinwnaV, ti akh kai se ekena ta upourgea pou ankoun stouV sosialistV (suggnh gia th lxh) olklhroV o epshoV organisV nei kat' ousa o dioV e ton pali, leitourgntaV pwV prin kai polentaV kqe epanastatik prwtoboula cwrV exairseiV kai proscata. Kai pragatik, an akh den ecae aut thn oolog, h sherin istora thV suetocV twn sosialepanastatn kai twn ensebkwn sthn kubrnhsh den to apodeiknei aut; Enai no carakthristik ti sthn upourgik sunergasa touV e touV Kant, oi k. k. Tsrnwf, Roussnwf, Zenznwf kai lloi ap to epiteleo thV Ntilo Narnta casan telewV kqe ntrop ste diakhrssoun e anadeia san na tan ia asteithta, ti sta upourgea touV la noun pwV tan prin. EpanastatikV kai dhokratikV frseiV gia na exapaton touV aplokoV grafeiokrata kai diafqor stiV kubernhtikV uphreseV gia to feloV twn kapitalistn-aut enai h ousa tou sherino filnoou sunaspiso. Sth qsh tou argurwntou kai diefqarnou koinobouleutiso thV kapitalistikV koinwnaV, h Koona frnei qesoV stouV opoouV h eleuqria thV gnhV kai thV suzhtsewV den enai pia ia apth, giat oi antiprswpoi prpei na douleoun pragatik, prpei noi touV na ektelon touV dikoV touV nouV, prpei noi touV na elgcoun ta apotelsat touV sthn prxh, prpei na enai ap' euqeaV upequnoi prost stouV eklogeV touV. Oi antiproswpeutiko qeso noun, all o koinobouleutisV wV xecwrist sstha, san ia diaresh thV ergasaV se nooqetikV kai ektelestikV leitourgeV, wV qesV pou dhiourge ia pronoioco qsh gia touV bouleutV tou den uprcei pia. 27 CwrV touV antiproswpeutikoV qesoV den poroe na fantasqoe ia dhokrata, akh ote ia proletariak dhokrata. All poroe kai prpei na skefqoe gia ia dhokrata cwrV koinobouleutis, an h kritik aV kat thV kapitalistikV koinwnaV den enai aplV kofia lgia, an h anatrop thV kapitalistikV kuriarcaV enai sobarV kai eilikrinV skopV aV, kai ci apl eklogik snqha gia to yrea twn ergatikn yfwnpwV subanei e touV ensebkouV kai touV sosialepanastteV, e touV Sintan, touV Lgkin, touV Sap kai touV Banterblnte. Enai skpio na sheisoue ti, ilntaV o Marx gia tiV leitourgeV gia tiV opoeV oi

upllhloi creizontai kai sthn Koona kai sthn Proletariak hokrata, touV parabllei e touV ergteV opoioudpote ergodth, dhlad e thn sunhqisnh kapitalistik scsh tou proV touV epistteV kai touV upalllouV touV. en uprcei ed kanna cnoV outopaV sth skyh tou Marx, o opooV ote efeurskei, ote fantzetai thn na koinwna. ApenantaV o Marx elet se ia episthonik exlixh, thn gnnhsh thV naV koinwnaV ap thn pali, ton trpo thV etbashV ap to parelqn sto llon. Parnei thn qetik, pera enV proletariako kinatoV twn azn kai prospaqe na bglei ap' autn praktik didgata. iabzei sa sthn Koona, pwV loi oi egloi epanastteV filsofoi den fobqhkan na diabsoun sa sthn pera twn eglwn kinhtwn twn katapiezonwn txewn pot den diakruxe scolastikoV aforisoV (pwV o Plecnwf, den prepe na katafgete sta pla, o Tseretli, ia txh prpei na xrei wV pou pore na fqsei). Gia thn eso kai telea katastrof twn kratikn tpwn den pore na gennhqe ztha. Aut enai outopa. All h suntrib tou palio grafeiokratiko hcaniso kai h esh narxh thV anadhiourgaV tou nou, pou qa V kei sig-sig ikanoV na katargsoue telewV thn grafeiokrata - aut den enai outopa, enai h pera thV KoonaV enai to es kai anagkao kaqkon tou epanastatiko proletaritou. O kapitalisV aplopoie tiV kubernhtikV leitourgeV. MV epitrpei thn katrghsh twn turannikn eqdwn kai thn orgnwsh tou proletaritou (se kubernsa txh) pou diorzei ergteV kai upalllouV en onati tou sunlou thV koinwnaV. en easte outopistV, den xegeliaste e neira ti qa apallagoe aswV ap kqe turanna kai kqe upotag : aut enai neira twn anarcikn pou sthrzontai sthn gnoia tou rgon thV diktatoraV tou proletaritou. Enai xna ap thn arxik qewra, kai sthn pragatikthta den crhsieoun par gia na epibradnoun thn sosialistik epanstash wV tou n' allxei h fsh tou nqrpou: ci, eeV qloue thn sosialistik epanstash e thn anqrpinh fsh pwV enai tra : kai h anqrpinh fsh den pore na kei cwrV peiqarca, cwrV legco, cwrV diaceiristV kai leitourgoV. Upotag wV prpei na uprcei sthn oplisnh, prwtopora lwn twn piezenwn kai ergazenwn txewn -sto proletarito. Oi eidikV autarcikV qodoi twn arcntwn tou KrtouV poron kai prpei aswV n antikatastaqon e tiV aplV leitourgeV twn ektelestikn upalllwn -leitourgeV pou poron tra na ektelesqon pol kal ap kqe polth koinV ikanthtoV kai poron qausia na upoblhqon se na ergatik herosqio. Prpei na organsoue thn paragwg se eglh klaka, arczontaV ap' aut pou kae o KapitalisV. Mnoi aV, eeV oi ergteV, sthrizenoi sthn ergatik aV pera, prpei na dhiourgsoue ian aklnhth kai sidernia peiqarca pou qa uposthrzetai ap thn dnah twn oplisnwn ergatn -prpei na periorsoue ton rlo twn arcntwn tou KrtouV se rlo apln ektelestn twn dikn aV odhgin -prpei na gnoun upequnoi, anakaloenoi kai e tria plhrw ektelestiko upllhloi (fusik e kqe edouV, tpou kai baqo tecnikV gnseiV). Aut enai to dik aV proletariak kaqkon. Aut pore kai prpei na V odhge tan qa pragatopoisoue thn proletariak epanstash. H arc aut, epnw sth bsh thV 28 eglhV biohcanaV, qa frei nh thV thn baqiaa exafnish thV grafeiokrataV, thn baqiaa dhiourga enV nou sustatoV, pou den qa cei kai ooithta e thn isqodoulea, enV sustatoV sto opoo h aplopohsh twn leitourgin thV diaceirsewV kai tou lgcou qa tiV katantsei sto tloV ia sunqeia, kai tloV qa tiV exafansei wV eidikV leitourgeV iaV eidikV txewV. naV xupnoV GeranV sosialdhokrthV pou zhse sta ebdonta tou perasnou ainoV, lege ti h uphresa twn tacudroewn enai to prtupo tou Sosialistiko sustatoV. Aut enai pol alhqin. Sera h tacudroik uphresa enai organwnh ep th bsei enV Kratiko kapitalistiko onopwlou. O iperialisV etaorfnei sig-sig leV tiV epiceirseiV se organseiV auto tou tpou. Epnw stouV koinoV ergteV pou douleoun kai peinon, sthrzetai kai aut h astik grafeiokrata. All o hcanisV thV koinwnikV diokhshV enai ed eukoltatoV. den coue par na anatryoue touV kapitalistV, na suntryoue e to sidernio cri twn oplisnwn ergatn thn antstash autn twn eketalleutn, na koatisoue thn grafeiokratik hcan tou neterou krtouV kai coue prost aV ia teleitath hcan, eleqerh ap parsita, h opoa pore qausia na teqe se leitourga ap touV diouV enwnouV ergteV, pou qa diorzoun noi touV toV tecnikoV upalllouV, touV epiqewrhtV touV, kai qa touV plhrnoun louV san upalllouV tou krtouV e na koin herosqio. Aut enai na sugkekrino rgo pou pore na efarosqe kai na pragatopoihqe aswV se leV tiV epiceirseiV, pou qa apllase touV ergteV ap thn eketlleush kai qa tan ia praktik efarog thV peraV (eidik sto ztha

thV anadhiourgaV tou krtouV) pou V cei dsei h Koona. H orgnwsh olklhrhV thV eqnikV aV oikonoaV sfwna e to sstha twn tacudroewn, all se trpo pou oi tecniko upllhloi, oi eppteV, kai en gnei la ta crhsiopoioena prswpa den qa parnoun egaltero herosqio ap nan ergth kai lo aut ktw ap thn diequnsh tou oplisnou proletaritou -autV enai o esoV skopV aV. Aut enai h orf tou krtouV kai h oikonoik bsh tou pou aV creizetai. Aut qa frei thn katrghsh tou koinobouleutiso, en qa diathre touV antiproswpeutikoV qesoV. Aut qa eleuqersei tiV ergazeneV txeiV ap thn upodolwsh touV stouV qesoV thV kapitalistikV txhV. 4. H orgnwsh thV EnthtaV tou qnouV. Ap to ikr scdio thV eqnikV orgnwshV pou h Koona den prfqase na anaptxei, fanetai kaqar ti h Koona qa gintan h politik orf kai tou ikrterou cwrio Ap tiV KooneV autV qa eklegtan h Eqnik Antiproswpea sto Parsi? Oi lgeV all shantiktateV leitourgeV pou qa enan akh gia thn Kentrik Kubrnhsh, den qa katargontan h ida aut enai ek proelthV esfalnh -all qa ektelontan ap koinotikoV, dhlad, austhr upequnouV upalllouV? H enthta tou qnouV, den qa katastreftan, all apenantaV qa organwntan e to sstha thV koonaV. H enthta tou qnouV qa gintan pragatikthta e thn katastrof tou KrtouV, pou diakrusse ti tan h ensarksei thV enthtaV kai qele sugcrnwV na enai anexrthto kai uprtero ap to qnoV. Pragatik aut to KrtoV den tan par ia parasitik apfush sto kor tou qnouV.. O skopV, e ton akrwthrias twn kaqar piestikn orgnwn thV paliV exousaV thV KubrnhshV , tan na apospasqon oi kaqierwneV leitourgeV ap thn exousa aut pou cei th axwsh na enai kurarch sthn koinwna, kai na doqon stouV upequnouV upalllouV thV koinwnaV. 29 Ap to biblo tou prodth Mpernstin Ta qelia tou Sosialiso kai ta Problata thV SosialdhokrataV, pou enai tso diabhto san to rgo tou Hrstratou, fanetai kaqar wV poio baq oi oportounistV thV sgcronhV SosialdhokrataV enai ankanoi na katalboun, - swV enai pio swst na poe, den qloun na katalboun-ta lgia aut tou Marx. AkribV gia to parapnw roV tou Marx ilntaV o Mpernstin, grfei ti to prgraa aut sthn politik tou shasa, se la tou ta ousidh gnwrsata fanernei thn egalterh ooithta e ton Fenteralis tou Prountn ... Par' la ta lla diaforetik shea etax tou Marx kai tou ikrodioktth Prountn (o Mpernstn bzei thn lxh ikrodioktthV entV eisagwgikn, gia na thV dsei eirwnik tno) sta shea aut oi skyeiV tou enai oieV se afntasto baq. Kai exakolouqe o Mpernstn ti h shasa twn koinottwn auxnei kqe ra, all ou fanetai apqano ti to prto rgo thV hokrataV qa tan ia ttoia katlush (Au1qduh) twn newtrwn orfn tou krtouV, kai ia ttoia tleia etarfwsh (ih\n&h1uh) thV orgnwshV touV, pwV thn fantsqhkan o Marx kai o Prountn, dhlad o schatisV iaV eqnosunelesewV ap antiprospouV twn eparciakn topikn sunelesewn, oi opoeV pli qa apotelontan ap antiprospouV twn koinottwn, ste na exafanisqe telewV olklhro to prohgoeno sstha thV eqnikV antiproswpeaV! (Mpernstn, Ta Qelia). Enai pragatik teratdeV na sugcontai oi apyeiV tou Marx gia thn katastrof tou krtouV wV parastou, e ton Fenteralis tou Prountn. Aut wV den enai parxeno giat o oportounistV den pore na katalbei pot ti o Marx den ilei ed kaqlou gia ton Fenteralis en antiqsei proV ton Sugkentrwtis, all gia thn katastrof tou palio kapitalistiko hcaniso pou uprcei se leV tiV astikV creV. O oportounistV den pore na dei pio akri ap tiV dharceV pou brskei grw tou sa se ia koinwna ikroastikV upokrisaV kai ia etarruqistikV stasithtaV. Thn proletariak epanstash, o oportounistV lhsnhse kai na thn fantzetai akh. Aut enai kwik. All enai axioshewto ti to sheo aut tou Mpernstin den afisbhtqhke kaqlou. Gia ton Mpernstn lhsan sucn kai eidik o Plecnwf sth Rwsik filologa kai o Koutsku sthn Eurwpak, all kaneV touV den knei kai paratrhsh gia thn diastrof aut tou Marx ap ton Mpernstn. O oportounistV lhsnhse se ttoio baq pV na skptetai epanastatik kai pV na apoblpei sthn epanstash, ste apoddei ston Marx ton Fenteralis, sugcontaV ton e ton idrut tou anarciso Prountn. Kai an kai agwnzontai na fanon orqdoxoi arxistV, kai na uperaspsoun thn didaskala tou epanastatiko arxiso, o Koutsku kai o Plecnwf den bgzoun lxh giaut to sheo. Ed brsketai ia ata gia tiV cudaeV kai anhteV qewreV pou anaptssontai gia th diafor

etax arxiso kai anarciso, aita pou enai koin kai stouV opadoV tou Koutsku kai stouV oportounistV kai gia thn opoa qa ilsoue paraktw. Sthn anlush tou Marx gia thn pera thV KoonaV pou anafrae prohgounwV; den uprcei ote cnoV fenteraliso o Marx sufwne e ton Prountn akribV sto sheo ekeno pou difuge entelV ap ton oportounist Mpernstn, kai diafwne e ton Prountn sa-sa sto sheo pou o Mpernstn blpei thn sufwna touV. O Marx kai o Prountn enai sfwnoi gia thn katastrof tou sgcronou kubernhtiko hcaniso ote oi oportounistV, ote oi opado tou Koutsku qloun na doun to koin aut sheo Marxiso kai Anarciso, (pwV ton dietpwsan o Prountn kai o Mpakonin) giat sto sheo aut den enai ote oi dioi sfwnoi e ton arxis. O Marx diafwne kai e ton Prountn kai e ton Mpakonin sto sheo tou Fenteraliso (gia na h ilsoue gia th diktatora tou 30 proletaritou). O FenteralisV prokptei wV arc ap thn anarcik ikroastik poyh.. O Marx enai sugkentrwtikV kai sto apspasa pou anafrae parapnw ap thn elth tou, den bganei xw ap thn kentrik autn ida. Mnon nqrwpoi potisnoi ap tiV ikroastikV prolyeiV gia to krtoV, poron na nosoun ti th katastrof ton astiko krtouV enai katastrof tou sugkentrwtiko sustatoV. en qa enai sugkentrwtisV, tan to proletarito kai oi ptwco agrteV proun sta cria touV thn exousa tou KrtouV, tan organwqon eleqera se kooneV kai sundusoun thn drsh lwn twn koinottwn e to skop na ctupsoun to Keflaio, e to skop na suntryoun thn antstash twn kefalaiokratn gia na pragatopoisoun thn etabbash thV atoikV idiokthsaV twn sidhrodrwn, ergostaswn, thV ghV k.l.p., sta cria to qnouV, tou sunlou thV koinwnaV; Aut den qa enai o pio ousiastikV dhokratikV sugkentrwtisV ; Aut den qa enai proletariakV sugkentrwtisV; O Mpernstin bbaia den pore na katalbei ti enai dunatn na lqei autV o akosioV sugkentrwtisV, h ekosia nwsh twn koinottwn se na qnoV, h ekosia sugcneush twn proletariakn koinottwn sto rgo thV katastrofV thV kapitalistikV kuriarcaV kai tou kapitalistiko kubernhtiko hcaniso. pwV loi oi upokritV, tsi kai o Mpernstin, fantzetai ton sugkentrwtis san kti pou prorcetai ek twn nw, pou epiblletai kai diathretai no dia sou thV grafeiokrataV kai tou ilitariso. O Marx san na problepe thn piqan diastrof twn iden tou, idiaitrwV tonzei ti h kathgora kat thV KoonaV ti epedwke na katastryei thn enthta tou qnouV, na katargsei thn kentrik exousa, tan na proelethno ya. Giaut akribV crhsiopoie thn frsh na organsoun thn enthta tou qnouV antitssontaV tsi ton suneidht, dhokratik, proletariak sugkentrwtis ston kapitalistik, stratiwtik, grafeiokratik sugkentrwtis. en uprcei wV ceirteroV koufV ap ekenon pou den qlei nkousei. Kai oi oportounistV thV neterhV SosialdhokrataV, den qloun, e kanna lgo, nakosoun gia thn katastrof tou KrtouV, gia thn apokrunsh auto tou parastou. 5. H katastrof tou KrtouV - parastou. Anafrae parapnw ta lgia tou Marx giaut to ztha -den nei tra par na ta suplhrsoue. Enai oirao (grafe o Marx) leV oi neV dhiourgeV thV IstoraV na qewrontai san paliV kai lista nekrV orfV thV koinwnikV zwV, e tiV opoeV oi noi qeso decnoun k pli ooithta. tsi, h na Koona, pou suntrbei to netero KrtoV, qewrqhke san ia anstash twn esaiwnikn koinottwn, san ia oosponda ikrn kratn (Monteski, Girondnoi), san ia egalopoihnh orf tou palio agna enanton thV upersugkntrwshV. Oi qeso thV KoonaV qa apokaqistosan sto sa thV koinwnaV leV autV tiV duneiV pou wV tte ece katabrocqsei h parasitik apfush po lgetai KrtoV, po trfetai se broV thV koinwnaV kai thn epodzei na procwrsei eleqera. H anagnnhsh thV GallaV qa pragatopoiotan tsi. O qesV thV KoonaV qa ferne tiV agrotikV epiceirseiV up thn dianohtik archga thV prwteousaV kqe diaersatoV kai qa touV exasflize tsi, sto prswpo twn ergatn thV plhV, touV pragatikoV antiprospouV twn suferntwn touV. H parxh thV KoonaV qa prokalose bbaia ia topik autodiokhsh, wV antistqisa thV KratikV exousaV, h opoa katant pia peritt... 31 Ekhdnish thV KratikV exousaV, pou enai ia parasitik apfush, akrwthriasV, katastrof thV exousaV autV h Kratik exousa katant pia perittautV enai oi ekfrseiV tou Marx gia to KrtoV tan ekti kai analei ta didgata thV

KoonaV. Konteoun ekat crnia ap tte pou grfhkan aut kai sera den cei kaneV par na ta xeqyei, aV poe tsi, gia na parousisei stiV zeV ton agn arxis. Ta supersata pou bganoun ap thn paratrhsh thV teleutaaV eglhV epanstashV, sa sthn opoa zhse o Marx, lhsonqhkan akribV thn stig pou fqase o kairV gia tiV proseceV egleV proletariakV epanastseiV. Oi diforeV erhneeV pou dqhkan sthn Koona kai h poikila twn suferntwn pou ekdhlqhkan autn, apodeiknoun ti tan ia pol elastik politik orf, en leV oi prohgoeneV orfV thV KubrnhshV tan ousiastik katapiestikV. To pragatik thV ustik enai ti tan kat' ousa h kubrnhsh- thV ergatikV txhV, to apotlesa tou agna thV txhV pargei enanton thV txewV pou epwfeletai -tan politik orf, e thn opoa h Ergasa porose na pragatopoisei thn oikonoik thV apeleuqrwsh. CwrV ton teleutao autn ro, o qesV thV KoonaV qa tan apragatopohtoV kai yetikoV. Oi OutopistV ascolqhkan e thn eferesh twn politikn orfn e tiV opoeV qa porose na pragatopoihqe h Sosialistik anadhiourga. Oi Anarciko aprriyan to ztha opoiasdpote politikV orfV. Oi oportounistV thV neterhV SosialdhokrataV paradcontai ti oi kapitalistikV politikV orfV enV koinobouleutiko dhokratiko KrtouV enai to rio pou den pore na uperblhqe -spasan to kefli touV knontaV etnoieV prost saut to edwlo kai apokhrssoun wV 'Anarcis kqe prospqeia gia thn katastrof twn qesn autn. O Marx ap lh thn istora tou Sosialiso kai tou politiko agna, bgale to suprasa ti to KrtoV enai proorisno na exafanisqe kai ti h etabatik orf thV exafnishV tou (thV etbashV ap to KrtoV sto h - krtoV) qa enai to proletarito anuywno se kubernsa txh. O Marx wV den epicerhse na anakalyei touV politikoV tpouV sthn ellontik autn perodo. Periorsqhke se ia akrib paratrhsh thV GallikV istoraV, sthn anlush thV kai sto suprasa pou aV dnei to toV 1851, dhlad ti ta prgata odhgon proV thn katastrof tou kapitalistiko kratiko hcaniso. Kai tan to epanastatik knha twn proletariakn azn exerrgh, o Marx, par thn apotuca tou kinatoV auto, par thn eferh zw tou kai thn faner adunaa tou, rcise na elet touV politikoV tpouV pou aV apokluye. H Koona tan o tpoV pou apekalfqh ep tlouV ap thn proletariak epanstash e ton opoon porose na pragatopoihqe h oikonoik apeleuqrwsh thV ErgasaV. H Koona tan h prth prospqeia thV proletariakV epanstashV, na suntryei to astik KrtoV kai na egkatastsei ton politik tpo pou apekalfqh ep tlouV, pou pore kai prpei na antikatastsei thn koatiasnh hcan. Qa. doe paraktw ti oi RwsikV epanastseiV tou 1905 kai 1917, se poll shea kai se diforeV peristseiV, exakoloqhsan to rgo thV KoonaV kai bebawsan thn fwtein istorik anlush tou Marx. 32 . SUMPLHRMATIKES EXHGHSEIS TOU ENGKELS O Marx aV dwse tiV bseiV gia na katalboue thn shasa thV KoonaV. O ngkelV epaneilhnwV extase to dio ztha, fwtzontaV thn anlush kai ta supersata tou Marx, exhgntaV pollV forV tso kaqar kai lleV pleurV tou zhtatoV, ste prpei na staqoe gia na exetsoue autV tiV exhgseiV. 1. To prblha thV KatoikaV. AkribV sto rgo tou gia to Prblha thV KatoikaV (1872) o ngkelV efarzei ta didgata thV KoonaV, exetzontaV e leptoreia thn Epanstash n scsei e to KrtoV. Prpei na sheisoue ti sthn extash tou sugkekrinou auto zhtatoV blpoue kaqar, ap to na roV ta shea ekena tou proletariako KrtouV pou oizoun e ta shea tou sherino KrtouV-shea pou aV epitrpoun na iloe per KrtouV kai stiV do autV peridouV, kai ap' to llo roV, blpoue ta shea pou diafroun kai decnou thn etbash proV thn katastrof tou KrtouV. PwV pore na luqe to prblha thV katoikaV; Sth neterh koinwna to ztha aut letai, pwV kai kqe llo koinwnik ztha, e thn baqiaa oikonoik exswsh thV prosforV kai thV zthshV. AutV wV o trpoV lshV, dhiourge noV tou plin to prblha, dhlad den to lei. O trpoV e ton opoon h Koinwnik Epanstash qa lsei aut to ztha, exarttai ci no ap topikV peristseiV thV stigV, all sundetai e lla geniktera zhtata, ap ta opoa to sobartero enai h katrghsh thV diaforV etax plewn kai cwrin.

en ascoloaste e outopistikV fantaseV gia thn dhiourga thV ellontikV koinwnaV kai giaut qa cnae ton kair aV epinontaV saut to sheo. na non enai bbaio : akh ka sera uprcoun arket katoiksia sptia stiV egleV pleiV gia na ikanopoisoun tiV pragatikV angkeV, an crhsiopoihqon e katllhlo trpo. Aut bbaia qa porose na pragatopoihqe no e thn ekdwxh twn sherinn katokwn touV, kai thn egkatstash sa saut twn stegwn ergatn pou katoikon sera se uperplhrwna sptia. MliV oi ergteV kataktsoun thn politik exousa qa pragatopoihqe to tro aut pou upagoreetai ap ta sufronta thV koinwnaV, e tsh eukola, pwV kai leV o lleV apallotriseiV pou energe to netero KrtoV. en exetzetai ed h allag thV orfV tou KrtouV, par no o caraktraV thV energeaV tou. ApallotriseiV kai katalyeiV oikin, gnontai kai kat diatag tou sherino krtouV. To proletariak KrtoV, ap tupikV apyewV, qa diatsei kai aut thn katlhyh spitin kai thn apallotrwsh ktirwn. Enai wV faner ti o paliV ektelestikV organisV, h grafeiokrata pou sundetai e thn ploutokrata, qa tan telewV crhstoV gia thn efarog twn diatagn tou Proletariako KrtouV. Prpei na anafroue ti h katlhyh lwn twn swn thV ergasaV kai lhV tV biohcanaV ap tiV ergazeneV zeV tou qnouV, enai akribV to antqeto ap thn exagor pou proten o Prountn. Sfwna e to sstha tou Prountn kqe ergthV gnetai idioktthV enV spitio, enV ikro cwrafio kai twn anagkawn ergalewn. En, sthn llh perptwsh, o ergazenoV 33 laV gnetai o oadikV idioktthV twn spitin, twn ergostaswn kai twn hcann. H crsh autn twn spitin, ergostaswn k.l.p., qa paracwrhqe kat thn dirkeia thV etabatikV peridou se toa odeV, ci cwrV plhrw kpoiou isqatoV. EpshV h katrghsh thV atoikV idiokthsaV thV ghV den propoqtei thn katrghsh tou eisodatoV, ll thn etabba tou, bbaia e diaforetik orf, sto snolo tV koinwnaV. H katkthsh lwn twn swn thV ergasaV ap tiV ergazeneV zeV den apokleei bbaia kaqlou thn diatrhsh tou dikaiatoV tou eisodatoV kai tou enoikou. Sto epeno keflaio qa eletsoue to ztha pou anafretai ed, dhlad touV oikonoikoV lgouV tou araso tou KrtouV. O ngkelV ekfrzetai safstera ed lgontaV ti to proletariak KrtoV, qa paracwrsei ta sptia ci cwrV plhrw kpoiou isqatoV kat th dirkeia thV etabatikV peridou. To nokiasa twn spitin ap to snolo tou qnouV, stiV diforeV oikogneieV e orisno sqwa, propoqtei thn espraxh auto to enoikou, na edoV lgcou kai na orisno trpo gia. to nokiasa twn spitin. Aut la apaiton na edoV KrtouV, den creizontai wV kaqlou nan eidik stratiwtik kai grafeiokratik hcanis, e titlocouV pou katcoun pronoiocouV qseiV. H etbash wV sthn perodo pou qa poron na paracwrontai ta sptia cwrV noki, exarttai ap ton oloklhrwtik aras tou KrtouV. MilntaV gia touV opadoV tou Mplank, oi opooi stera ap thn Koona, kai e thn pera pou apkthsan ap' autn, proscrhsan sthn Marxik poyh, wV exV carakthrzei o ngkelV thn poyh aut: Angkh politikV drshV ap to proletarito kai proletariakV diktatoraV sthn perodo thV etbashV proV thn katrghsh twn txewn kai, az ' autV, tou KrtouV... Oi asto ecqro tou Marxiso qa nosoun swV ti brskoun ia antfash etax thV katrghshV tou KrtouV pou paradcetai ed o ngkelV, kai thV rnhshV thV qewraV twn anarcikn pou pericetai sto apspasa tou Anti-Ntrigk pou anafrae parapnw. en qa tan parxeno an oi oportounistV caraktrizan kai ton ngkelV wV anarcik, giat oi sosialpatriteV rcisan na kathgoron wV anarcikoV louV touV dieqnistV. H skyh tou Marxiso tan pntote ti az e thn katrghsh twn txewn qa katarghqe kai to KrtoV. To gnwst koti ap ton Anti-Ntrigk den kathgore touV anarcikoV giat enai upr thV katrghshV tou KrtouV, all giat iscurzontai ti pore na pragatopoihqe aut h katrghsh sa se ekosi tsseriV reV. Apnanti thV tleiaV diastrofV pou oi sherino sosialdhokrteV epferan sto ztha twn scsewn Marxiso kai Anarciso, gia to ztha thV katrghshV tou KrtouV, enai idiaitrwV skpio na upenqusoue ia eidik poleik tou Marx kai tou ngkelV proV touV AnarcikoV. 2. H poleik proV touV AnarcikoV. H poleik aut gine sta 1873. O Marx kai o ngkelV dhoseuan tte rqra enanton twn Autonoistn kai Antiexousiakn opadn tou Prountn, se ia Italik sosialistik epiqerhsh, kai liV sta 1913 fnhkan ta rqra aut sth Gerana sthn NQIIQ Zq (NoV CrnoV). An o politikV agnaV thV ergatikV txhV (grafe o Marx, geloiopointaV thn anarcik

antlhyh thV rnhshV thV politikV drshV) prei ia epanastatik orf, an oi ergteV, sth qsh tV astikV diktatoraV epiblloun thn dik touV diktatora, tte diaprttoun troer gklha kai prosblloun thn qewra (twn anarcikn) giat tsi oi ergteV, alqeia, gia na 34 antietwpsoun tiV qlieV kai tapeinV apaitseiV thV stigV, gia na suntryoun thn antstas kapitalistikV txhV, dnoun sto KrtoV ia epanastatik kai etabatik orf, ant na staursoun ta cria touV kai na katargsoun to KrtoV. Aut no enai to pnea thV katrghshV tou KrtouV, pou katapolhse o Marx, antikroontaV touV anarcikoV. Polhse ci thn qewra thV exafnishV tou KrtouV tan exafanisqon oi txeiV, thV katargseV tou tan katarghqon oi txeiV, par no thn gnh ti oi ergteV prpei na arnhqon thn crsh twn plwn, thn crsh thV organwnhV baV, dhlad, thn crsh tou KrtouV, e ton skop na suntryoun thn antstash thV kapitalistikV txhV. Kai sa- sa gia na h paraorfwqe h pragatik ousa thV poleikV tou kat twn anarcikn, o Marx tonzei thn epanastatik kai etabatik orf tou KrtouV pou creizetai sto proletarito. To proletarito cei angkh ap to KrtoV no proswrinV. en diafwnoe kaqlou e touV anarcikoV tan h katrghsh tou KrtouV enai telikV skopV. Pisteoue wV ti gia thn pragatopohsh auto tou skopo prpei na crhsiopoisoue proswrinV ta pla kai tiV eqdouV tou KrtouV enanton twn eketalleutn, kai ti epshV h proswrin diktatora thV katapiezenhV txhV enai anagkaa gia thn ekhdnish lwn twn txewn. O Marx brke ton suntotero kai safstero trpo gia na kaqorsei thn qsh tou apnanti twn anarcikn. Afo suntryoun ton zug twn kapitalistn prpe oi ergteV na kataqsoun ta pla, prpei na ta dieuqnoun kat twn kapitalistn gia na suntryoun thn antstash touV; Kai h susthatik crsh twn plwn ap ia txh enanton llhV, ti llo enai par ia etabatik orf tou KrtouV; AV exetsei kqe sosialdhokrthV, e poio trpo o Marx extaze to ztha tou KrtouV sthn poleik tou proV touV anarcikoV. tan o dioV trpoV pou crhsiopoie h eglh pleioyhfa twn sosialdhokratikn kotwn thV eutraV ieqnoV; O ngkelV anaptssei tiV dieV ideV e egalterh leptoreia kai aplthta. Prta-prta geloiopoie tiV sugkecuneV ideV twn opadn to Prountn, pou onozontai Antiexousiako, dhlad arnontai kqe orf exousaV, upotagV kai arcV. Prte na ergostsio, na sidhrdroo, na ploo ston wkean, lei o ngkelV, den enai faner ti kai ap' autV tiV polplokeV tecnikV leitourgeV pou baszontai sthn crsh twn hcann kai sthn epibeblhnh sunergasa polln anqrpwn, den pore na leitourgsei cwrV na baq upotagV kai sunepV exousaV; tan etaceirzoai aut ta epiceirata, grfei o ngkelV, enanton twn fanatikterwn Antiexousiakn poron na ou dsoun no thn aklouqh apnthsh: A, aut enai alqeia, den prkeitai wV per exousaV pou dnoue stouV antiprospouV aV, all per orisnhV entolV. Oi nqrwpoi auto nozoun ti na prga pore na etablhqe no e thn allag tou onatoV tou. ApodeiknontaV tsi ti exousa kai autonoa enai nnoieV scetikV, ti h sfara thV efarogV touV allzei az e tiV diforeV fseiV thV koinwnikV exlixhV, ti enai sfla na tiV qewroe wV apluteV nnoieV, prosqtontaV epshV ti to pedon thV efarogV twn hcann kai thV eglhV paragwgV eurnetai olona perisstero, o ngkelV ap thn genik suzthsh per exosiaV pernei sto ztha tou KrtouV. An oi AutonoistV, (grfei) qelan na poun ti h koinwnik orgnwsh tou llontoV qa paradcetai thn exousa no sa sta ria pou epiblloun anagkastik oi roi thV biohcanaV qa tan dunatn tte na sufwnsoue az touV. Auto wV enai tuflo prost se la ta gegonta pou kaqiston anagkaa thn exousa kai poleon fanatik ia lxh. Giat oi Antiexousiako den periorzontai na fwnzoun enanton thV politikV exousaV, enanton ton KrtouV; loi oi sosialistV paradcontai ti to KrtoV kai az ' aut kai h 35 politik exousa qa ekleyoun stera ap thn sosialistik epanstash, dhlad ti oi dhsieV leitourgeV qa csoun ton politik touV caraktra kai qa etaorfwqon se aplV diaceiristik leitourgeV, sfwna e ta koinwnik sufronta. All oi Antiexousiako zhton na katarghqe onoiV to KrtoV, prin lista katarghqon oi koinwnikV scseiV pou to gnnhsan. Prth prxh thV KoinwnikV EpanstashV qloun na enai h katrghsh kqe exousaV. Edan pot touV kai Epanstash auto oi krioi; H Epanstash cwrV afibola, enai to pio auqareto prga. Epanstash enai ia prxh sthn opoa na roV tou plhquso epibllei thn qlhsh tou sto llo roV e ta pla, tiV lgceV, ta kannia, dhlad e ta pio auqareta sa. Kai to ka pou epikrate enai oiraa upocrewno na diathrsei thn kuriarca tou e

ton tro ekeno pou ta pla tou epnoun stouV antidrastikoV. An h Parisin Koona den sthriztan sthn exousa tou oplisnou lao kat thV ploutokrataV, qa porose na krathqe perisstero ap ia ra; pwV prpei llon na epikrnoue thn Koona giat den crhsiopohse arket autn thn exousa; tsi, oi Antiexousiako den xroun kai oi dioi gia ilon, opte aplV sugczoun ta prgata xroun kal aut pou lne, opte enai prodteV tou proletaritou. Kai stiV duo periptseiV exuphreton ta sufronta non thV antdrashV. Sthn suzthsh aut, qgontai zhtata pou prpei na exetasqon se sunduas e thn aoibaa scsh twn politikn kai oikonoikn fainonwn kat thn dirkeia tou araso ton KrtouV. (To epeno keflaio exetzei aut to ztha). Ttoia enai ta problata thV etarfwshV twn dhoswn leitourgin, ap politikV se aplV diaceiristikV, kai thV etarfwshV thV fshV tou politiko KrtouV. O teleutaoV autV roV, pou pore pol ekola na parexhghqe, decnei thn porea tou araso tou KrtouV : To KrtoV pou peqanei, se na orisno stdio thV dsewV tou, pore na onoasqe KrtoV h-politik. To pio axioshewto roV ap thn perikop aut tou ngkelV, enai pli o trpoV e ton opoo qtei to ztha apnanti twn anarcikn. Oi sosialdhokrteV, pou qloun na enai aqhtV tou ngkelV, suzthsan e touV anarcikoV cilideV forV et to 1873, ci wV pwV poron kai prpei na suzhton oi arxistV. H Anarcik ida thV katrghshV tou KrtouV enai akaqristh kai h - epanastatik - tsi qtei to ztha o ngkelV. Oi anarciko den qloun na doun akribV thn Epanstash, sthn krhxh kai thn exlixh thV, e ta carakthristik thV problata thV baV, thV kubrnhshV, thV exousaV kai tou KrtouV. H sunhqisnh kritik kat twn anarcikn ap touV sgcronouV sosialdhokrteV katnthse se kaqarV ikroastikV cudaithteV : - EeV easte opado to KrtouV, en oi anarciko den enai. Fusik oi cudaithteV autV apoakrnoun kqe epanastatik ergth pou skptetai lgo. O ngkelV lei kti entelV diaforetik. Tonzei ti loi oi, sosialistV anagnwrzoun thn exafnish tou KrtouV wV apotlesa thV SosialistikV EpanstashV. Thn sundei loipn e to sugkekrino ztha thV EpanstashV e to dio aut ztha pou kat kanna oi sosialdhokrteV e ton oportounis touV egkatalepoun, afnontaV apokleistik stouV AnarcikoV ci no na ilon giaut, all kai na to ektelsoun. Kai diatupnontaV tsi to ztha o ngkelV fqnei sto kuritero sheo : en prepe h Koona na crhsiopoisei perisstero thn epanastatik exousa tou KrtouV, dhlad tou proletaritou oplisnou kai anuywnou se kubernsa txh; H netrh epshh Sosialdhokrata apkrouse ta sugkekrina problata pou parousizontai sto proletarito kat thn dirkeia thV epanstashV, e diforeV kenV upokriseV, , kat tiV peristseiV, e to epitdeio sfisa perinoue kai qa doe. Kai oi anarciko pran tsi to dikawa na kathgoron autoV touV sosialdhokrteV ti 36 prdwsan thn apostol pou ecan na orfsoun epanastatik thn ergatik txh. O ngkelV crhsiopoie thn pera thV teleutaaV proletariakV epanstashV, e ton eso skop na bglei ap autn sugkekrina supersata gia to ti kai pwV prpei na energsei to proletarito scetik e to KrtoV. 3. H Epistol proV ton Mppel naV ap touV pio axioshewtouV, an ci o pio axioshewtoV, sullogisV sta rga tou Marx kai tou ngkelV se scsh e to KrtoV, pericetai sto aklouqo apspasa thV epistolV tou ngkelV proV ton Mppel, pou egrfh stiV 18-23 Martou 1875. H epistol aut, to le en parenqsei, dhosieqhke gia prth for ap ton Mppel, an den knoue lqoV ston detero to twn aponhoneutwn tou, pou tupqhke sta 1911, dhlad et trinta ex crnia aftou egrfh kai estlh. O ngkelV grfontaV proV ton Mppel, katkrine to scdio tou ProgratoV thV Ooia, to opoo epshV katkrine kai o Marx sthn perfhh epistol tou proV ton B. Mprke. O ngkelV, exetzontaV idiaitrwV to ztha tou KrtouV, grfei : To Eleqero Lak KrtoV etatrphke se Eleqero KrtoV. Sfwna e thn graatik shasa twn lxewn, Eleqero KrtoV enai to KrtoV pou enai eleqero apnanti twn politn tou, dhlad KrtoV e despotik kubrnhsh. Qa prepe na h efanzontai leV autV oi anohseV per KrtouV, stera lista ap thn Koona, pou pore na poe ti den tan KrtoV sthn kura shasa thV lxewV. Oi anarciko ap pol kair aV bzoun sto sta aut to Lak KrtoV, an kai sto rgo tou Marx kat tou Prountn kai stera sto Koounistik Manifsto, diatupnetai safstata ti liV lqei to Sosialistik koinwnik kaqestV, to KrtoV qa dialuqe no tou (oH aiiboz) kai qa exafanisqe. Kai afo to KrtoV enai non naV etabatikV qesV pou

easte upocrewnoi na crhsiopoisoue ston epanastatik agna, gia na suntryoue biaa touV antiplouV aV, enai alhqin hliqithta na iloe gia na Eleqero Lak KrtoV. Sthn perodo pou to proletarito cei angkh akh ap to KrtoV den qa to crhsiopoisei gia thn eleuqera, lla gia na suntryei touV ecqroV tou -kai tan qa enai dunatn na ilsei kane pragatik per eleuqeraV, tte to krtoV wV krtoV paei na uprcei. Nozoue loipn ti panto h lxh krtoV prpei na antikatastaqe ap to Obihbh\nb$bh (Koinokthosnh, KointhV) ia wraa pali geranik lxh pou antapokrnetai sthn gallik Koona. Prpei na cei kaneV up' yh tou ti to gra aut anafretai sto prgraa tou KatoV pou o Marx katkrine sthn epistol tou lgeV ebdodeV argtera ap thn parapnw, (h epistol tou Marx cei herohna 5 Maou 1875) kai ti aut thn epoc o ngkelV zose az e ton Marx sto Londno. SunepV tan grfei eeV o ngkelV upodeiknei bbaia ston hgth thV geranikV ergatikV txewV, kai ex onatoV tou Marx, ti h lxh KrtoV prpei na afaireqe ap to prgraa touV kai na antikatastaqe ap thn Kointhta. Ti kraugV ep anarcis qa bgazan oi hgteV tou sherino arxiso pou coun xepsei se aploV oportounistV, an touV upedeknuan ia ttoia etabol sto prgraa touV. AV ourlizoun wV. H kapitalistik txh qa touV cadyei sthn plth giaut. EeV qa procwrsoue sto rgo aV. Sthn anaqerhsh to progratoV tou katoV aV prpei cwrV afibola na lboue up yh thn skyh aut tou ngkelV kai tou Marx, gia na proseggsoue perisstero sthn alqeia, gia na apokatastsoe ton arxis, na ton kaqarsoue ap tiV diastrofV kai na xanafroue ton agna gia thn apeleuqrwsh thV 37 ergatikV txhV sto swst tou dro. Ap touV MpolsebkouV den qa breqe bbaia kaneV antqetoV sthn gnh tou ngkelV kai tou Marx. swV parousiasqe duskola sthn graatik diatpwsh twn ennoin. En sta geranik uprcoun duo lxeiV pou ekfrzoun thn nnoia thV KointhtoV kai o ngkelV eklgei akribV ekenh pou ekfrzei ci ia onoer kointhta all to snolo, to sstha twn koinottwn, sta Rwsik den uprcei kai ttoia lxh. swV loipn breqoe sthn angkh na protisoue thn gallik lxh Koona, an kai aut cei tiV elleyeiV thV. H Koona den tan pia krtoV sthn kura shasa thV lxewV. Aut enai h shantikterh qewrhtik poyh tou ngkelV. stera ap' sa epae parapnw, h arc aut enai telewV safV. H Koona paye na enai krtoV tan den ece pia na upotxei thn pleioyhfa all thn eioyhfa tou plhquso (touV eketalleutV) ece suntryei pia ton astik kubernhtik hcanis, kai sth qsh thV eidikV perioristikV dnahV rcetai tra to snolo tou plhquso. Aut bbaia enai apokrunsh ap to krtoV sthn kura shasa thV lxhV. Kai liV qa sterewntan h Koona, ta leyana tou KrtouV qa aranontan na touV sa s' autn -den qa creiaztane krtoV gia na katargsei touV qesoV autoV, all qa pauan na leitourgon so ligtero dafoV touV apene olona. Oi anarciko aV bzoun sto sta to Lak KrtoV. LgontaV aut o ngkelV, cei up' yi tou eidik ton Mpakounn kai thn poleik pou kane autV kat twn gerann sosialdhokratn. O ngkelV paradcetai wV dikaiologhnh thn poleik at, giat to Lak KrtoV to Eleqero Lak KrtoV den coun kai nnoia kai apoakrnoun ap ton sosialis. O ngkelV prospaqe na allxei thn bsh thV suzthshV twn gerann sosialdhokratn e touV anarcikoV, na thn enaronsei e tiV qeelideiV arcV kai na thn kaqarsei ap tiV oportounistikV prolyeiV per krtouV. Alono! H epistol tou ngkelV eine qanh triantaxi olklhra crnia. Kai blpoue, kai stera akh ap th dhoseush thV epistolV tou ngkelV, ti o Koutsku exakolouqe e epion na epanalabnei aut ta dia sflata pou aV updeixe o ngkelV. O Mppel apnthse ston ngkelV e ia epistol tou ap tiV 21 Septebrou 1875, sthn opoa, etax llwn, grafe ti sufwne telewV e thn kritik tou ngkelV gia to scdio tou progratoV, kai ti katkrine ton Lpknect gia thn proqua pou deixe na knei paracwrseiV (Aponhoneata tou Mppel). An proue wV to bibliarki ton Mppel, Oi Skopo aV, qa broe telewV esfalneV apyeiV gia to KrtoV. To KrtoV prpei na etaorfwqe, ap krtoV basizeno sthn kuriarca iaV txhV se lak KrtoV. (pdqGq ZMQ, 1886). Aut pericetai sthn nath kdosh tou biblou tou Mppel. en enai loipn parxeno an h diarkV aut epanlhyh twn oportounistikn apyewn per krtouV, aporrofqhke telewV ap thn geranik Sosialdhokrata, afo lista oi epanastatikV exhgseiV tou ngkelV einan qaneV en asfalea, kai oi roi thV zwV suntlesan sthn apokrunsh ap thn Epanstash. 4. Kritik tou ProgratoV thV ErforthV.

Sthn anlush twn qewrin tou Marxiso per KrtouV, den prpei na paraleyoue thn kritik tou ProgratoV thV ErforthV pou steile o ngkelV ston Koutsku stiV 29 Iounou 1891, kai pou dhosieqhke liV dka crnia argtera sthn NQPQ ZQI. H kritik aut cei eglh scsh e tiV oportounistikV apyeiV thV SosialdhokrataV gia ta zhtata thV KratikV orgnwshV. En parenqsei prpei na sheisoue ti o ngkelV parathre epshV na oikonoik sheo exairetikV shasaV, po aV fanernei e ti prosoc kai skyh akolouqose tiV diforeV 38 fseiV thV teleutaaV exlixhV tou Kapitaliso, kai pV porose kat sunpeia na proide wV orisno sheo ta problata thV dikV aV, thV iperialistikV, epocV. To sheo aut enai to xV : MilntaV gia thn kfrash tou scedou tou progratoV lleiyhV eqdou pou carakthrzei ton Kapitalis, o ngkelV grfei. tan ap tiV etocikV etaireeV ftsoue sta trast, pou analabnoun kai onopwlon olklhrouV kldouV thV biohcanaV, exafanzetai ci non h idiwtik paragwg, all kai lleiyh eqdou. (Nbab Zb, toV 20, To.I, 1901-2 s. 8). Blpoue ed thn ousiwdsterh qewrhtik ekthsh thV teleutaaV fshV tou Kapitaliso, dhlad ton Iperialis, dedonou ti o KapitalisV gnetai pia onopwliakV kapitalisV. To gegonV aut prpei na tonisqe, giat h etarruqistik ikroastik poyh ti o onopwliakV kapitalisV, twn atwn tou KrtouV, den enai pia KapitalisV, all pore na onoasqe SosialisV tou KrtouV kti paroio enai ia ap tiV pio diadedoneV plneV. Ta trast den aV dwsan, kai pragatik den poron na aV dsoun, ia plrh kai tleia txh sto sstha thV paragwgV. All, afo opwsdpote frnoun ia scetik txh kai poron tsi oi kefalaiocoi na upologzoun ap prin thn apaitoenh paragwg eqnikV dieqnV, an ennoetai energon sfwna e kpoio eqodik sstha, qa exakolouqoe na easte ktw ap ton Kapitalis-na Kapitalis bbaia pou brsketai sthn teleutaa tou fsh, all pou akh enai KapitalisV. H paroowsh auto tou Kapitaliso proV ton Sosialis qa tan sto sta twn pragatikn antiprospwn tou proletaritou na epicerha gia thn prosggish, thn eukola kai thn angkh thV SosialistikV EpanstashV, kai ci bbaia epicerha gia na anecqon thn rnhsh thV epanstashV autV tiV prospqeieV pou dnoun elkustik efnish ston Kapitalis, prga pou sunhqzetai pol ap touV etarruqistV. AV xanrqoue wV sto ztha tou KrtouV. O ngkelV knei ed treiV shantikV parathrseiV : prta-prta gia to ztha thV hokrataV -detero gia thn scsh pou coun ta problata twn eqnottwn e thn orf tou KrtouV kai trto gia thn topik autodiokhsh. To ztha thV hokrataV enai gia ton ngkelV to kntro tou brouV sth kritik tou kat tou progratoV thV ErforthV kai tan analogisqoe ti shantik roV paixe to prgraa aut sthn ieqn Sosialdhokrata, pV gine to prtupo gia olklhrh thn eutra ieqn, prpei, cwrV uperbol, na poe ti o ngkelV katakrnei tsi ton oportounis olklhrhV thV eutraV ieqnoV. Ta politik aitata tou scedou, grfei o ngkelV, pericoun na eglo sfla. en anafroun ekeno akribV po prepe na tonisqe. Kai paraktw apodeiknei ti to Geranik Sntaga den enai par a antigraf twn antidrastikn qesn tou 1850, ti to Rcstag enai aplV, pwV epe o Blcel Lpknect, to fllo sukV thV ApolutarcaV kai ti to na qlei kaneV na gnoun dhsia idiokthsa la ta sa thV paragwgV ep th bsei enV suntgatoV pou noiopoie thn parxh ikrn Kratn kai thn oospondiak nwsh twn geranikn kratidwn, enai faner anohsa. Enai epiknduno na ascolhqe kaneV ' aut to qa, prosqtei o ngkelV, gnwrzontaV pol kal ti tan adnato, gia ton fbo twn katadixewn, na perilhfqe sto prgraa atha gia thn efarog thV hokrataV sth Gerana. O ngkelV den nei eucaristhnoV e thn apl aut skyh pou ikanopoie ton kaqna. Kai suneczei. Opwsdpote wV prpei na procwrsoue. To dafoV pou o oportounisV kerdzei ston Sosialdhokratik tpo decnei wV ti baq enai anagkao aut. Foboenoi pwV oi antisosialistiko noi ananewqon, enquoenoi erikV prwreV apeilV tan aka scuan auto oi Noi, skptontai eriko sera ti to Ka prpei na anagnwrsei ti to sherin 39 noik sstha sth Gerana enai arket gia thn eirhnik pragatopohsh lwn twn aithtwn tou. O ngkelV dnei qeelidh shasa sto gegonV ti h Geranik Sosialdhokrata energose e ton fbo thV ananwshV twn Apagoreutikn Nwn, kai cwrV distag, to onozei aut oportounis, diakhrssontaV ti akribV giat lepei h hokrata kai h

eleuqera sth Gerana, ta neira thV eirhnikV exlixhV tan telewV anhta. O ngkelV enai arket prosectikV ste den dnei noV tou ta cria tou. Paradcetai ti stiV dhokratikV eleqereV creV pore kaneV na fantasqe (no na fantasqe) ia eirhnik exlixh proV ton Sosialis, ll sth Gerana epanalabnei : Sth Gerana pou h Kubrnhsh enai pantodnah, kai to Rcstag kai loi oi lloi antiproswpeutiko qeso den coun pragatik exousa, to na diakhrssei kaneV kti paroio kai lista cwrV na uprcei kai angkh, enai san na afaire to fllo sukV thV apolutarc kai na skepzei th guntht thV e to dio tou sa ... H eglh pleioyhfa twn episwn hgetn thV GeranikV SosialdhokrataV, pou krthsan qano aut to axwa, apdeixan pragatik ti skepzoun thn Apolutarca. H politik aut den pore par na odhgsei sto tloV to ka ston strab dro. Genik kai afhrhna politik zhtata tqentai ep tphtoV, kai tsi la ta esa kai sugkekrina problata pou rcontai autata sthn hersia ditaxh e thn prth prosggish sobarn gegontwn kat thn dirkeia thV prthV politikV krshV, den gnontai antilhpt. Ti llo suprasa bganei ap' aut par ti to ka sthn prth krsih stig qa dexei adunaa, ti se la ta krsia zhtata qa prokyei sgcush kai diaresh, giat ta zhtata aut den ecan suzhthqe pot; H paralhsh aut twn eglwn qeeliwdn apyewn crin twn stigiawn suferntwn thV hraV, h katadwxh aut twn stigiawn epitucin cwrV na logarizontai ta katopin apotelsat twn, h qusa aut tou ellontiko kinatoV apnanti tou parntoV, enai swV apotlesa entwn aitwn, all pntote enai kai exakolouqe na enai oportounisV, kai o ntioV oportounisV enai swV pio epikndunoV ap kqe llon . . . An uprcei kti anafisbthto, enai ti to ka aV kai h ergatik txh poron na apoktsoun thn kuriarca no e na politik kaqestV san th dhokratik politea. Aut pragatik enai h carakthristik orf thV diktatoraV tou proletaritou pwV apedecqh ap thn Meglh Gallik Epanstash . . . O ngkelV epanalabnei ed e exairetik efantik trpo thn qeelidh ida pou san na kkkino na, aplnetai se olklhro to rgo tou Marx, dhlad ti h hokratik Politea enai o plhsisteroV staqV proV thn diktatora tou proletaritou. Bbaia h dhokrata aut den exafanzei thn kuriarca tou kefalaou kai sunepV ote thn katapesh twn azn kai thn plh twn txewn odhge wV oiraa se a epktash, ntash kai. anptuxh tou agna auto ste liV doqe h eukaira gia thn ikanopohsh twn qeeliwdn suferntwn twn katapiezonwn azn, h eukaira aut pragatopoietai oiraa kai apokleistik e thn orf thV diktatoraV tou proletaritou, thV kaqodghshV twn azn autn ap to proletarito. Aut gia olklhrh thn eterh ieqn tan xecasna lgia tou Marxiso, kai h paralhsh touV apodeiknetai faner ap thn istora tou Mensebikiko katoV stouV prtouV neV thV RwsikV epanstashV tou 1917. Gia to ztha thV OospondiakV hokrataV se sunduas e thn eqnik snqesh tou plhquso, o ngkelV grfei: 40 Ti qa prokyei sth qsh thV sherinV GeranaV e to antidrastik onarcik sntag thV kai e ton exsou antidrastik cwris se ikr krth pou diaiwnzei ton caraktra tou Prwsiso ant na ta sugcwnesei se a Gerana eniaa; Kat th gnh ou to proletarito pore na crhsiopoisei no ton tpo iaV kai adiarethV dhokrataV. H Oospondiak hokrata enai bbaia, wV snolo ia angkh gia thn terstia ktash twn Hnwnwn Politein, all gia ta Anatolik Krth gnetai epdio. Qa tan prodoV gia thn Aggla, pou tsseriV eqnthteV katoikon sta do nhsi kai pou an kai uprcei na Koinobolio, uprcoun wV tra nooqetik sustata. Ap pol kair wV gine epdio sthn ikr Elbeta, kai an eke h Oospondiak hokrata enai akh anekt, aut subanei no giat h Elbeta nei eucaristhnh e ton rlo enV telewV paqhtiko louV tou Eurwpako Kratiko sustatoV. Gia th Gerana a oospondiak diokhsh kat to Elbetik sstha qa tan na eglo ba proV ta psw. uo shea diakrnoun to Oospondiak KrtoV ap na KrtoV eniao : kqe idiatero krtoV sa sthn oosponda cei th dik tou astik kai poinik nooqesa, to dik tou idiatero dikastik sstha -kai detero ti dpla sth lak Boul, uprcei ia boul ap antiprospouV twn Kratn sthn opoa kqe diarisa yhfzei xecwrist cwrV na labnei up' yin tou ta geitonik tou diaersata. Sth Gerana to Oospondiak KrtoV enai na etabatik stdio proV to telewV eniao KrtoV kai h ek twn nw epanstash tou 1886 kai 1870 den prpei na katarghqe e ia opisqodrhsh, all prpei na suplhrwqe e na knha ek twn ktw. O ngkelV ci no den decnei adiafora gia to ztha thV orfV tou KrtouV, all

apenantaV analei e th egalterh prosoc leV tiV etabatikV orfV, gia na exakribsei ap touV sugkekrinouV istorikoV caraktreV thV kqe xecwristV perptwshV, ap pou kai po kqe etabatik orf exelssetai. O ngkelV kaqV kai o Marx, uperaspzei ap thn poyh tou proletaritou kai thV proletariakV epanstashV ton dhokratik sugkentrwtis, thn a kai adiareth dhokrata. H Oospondiak hokrata qewretai ap' autn ti enai h exaresh kai epdio sthn exlixh, h etabatik orf etax onarcaV kai sugkentrwtikV dhokrataV, na proodeutik ba up orisneV sunqkeV kai sa sautV tiV orisneV sunqkeV topoqete to prblha twn eqnottwn. O ngkelV kai o Marx par lh touV thn anhle kritik kat thV antdrashV twn ikrn Kratn, pou sucn, se orisneV sugkekrineV periptseiV enai krunh ktw ap ton pplo tou eqniko zhtatoV, den prospaqon kaqlou na agnosoun to eqnik ztha- lqoV to opoon diaprttoun pol sucn oi Ollando kai Polwno arxistV, an kai to sheo thV afethraV touV, h antipolteush touV ston sten, ikroastik eqnikis twn ikrn Kratn touV, enai pol orq. Akh kai sthn Aggla, pou oi gewgrafiko roi, h koin glssa kai h istora polln ainwn fanetai ti qa ece lsei to eqnik ztha twn topikn diairsewn-akh kai eke o ngkelV anagnwrzei wV faner gegonV ti to eqnik ztha den telewse akh kai paradcetai kat sunpeia, ti h egkaqdrush iaV oospondiakV dhokrataV qa tan na proodeutik ba. Pragatik den blpoue kaa prospqeia apofugV thV kritikV twn kakn iaV OospondiakV hokrataV, ote pli ia propagnda aproklupth upr thV eniaaV kai sugkentrwtikV hokrataV. H antlhyh wV tou ngkelV gia thn sugkentrwtik dhokrata den cei ton grafeiokratik ekeno caraktra pou thV apoddoun oi ikroasto ideolgoi (superilabanonwn kai twn anarcikn). 41 O SugkentrwtisV, kat ton ngkelV, den apokleei kaqlou ia eurea topik autonoa, pou enai san ekosia una thV enthtaV tou KrtouV ap tiV kointhteV kai ta diaersata, kai epitrpei thn telea katrghsh kqe grafeiokrataV kai kqe epibolV ek twn nw. Qloue loipn ia eniaa hokrata (grfei o ngkelV ekqtontaV tiV apyeiV tou Marxiso ga to ztha tou KrtouV) ci wV pwV enai h sherin Gallik hokrata, pou sto bqoV, den enai llo par h Autokratora tou 1798, cwrV Autokrtora. Ap to 1792 wV to 1798 kqe gallik diarisa, kqe kointhta, ece tleia autodiokhsh kat to Aerikanik sstha kai aut akribV zhtoe ki' eeV. H Aerik, h prth Gallik hokrata kai akh sera o KanadV, kai h Australa kai lleV AgglikV KtseiV, aV decnoun pwV prpei na organwqe h topik autodiokhsh kai pwV enai dunatn na leyei h grafeiokrata. H eparciak aut kai koinotik autodiokhsh enai qesV pol pio eleqeroV ap thn Elbetik Oosponda paradegatoV crin, sthn opoa, enai bbaia kqe Kantni arket anexrthto ap ton Sndeso (dhlad ap to Oospondiak KrtoV wV snolon), enai wV anexrthto kai ap to diarisa kai thn kointhta. H Kubrnhsh tou Kantonio diorzei touV rconteV twn diaeristwn, prga pou den gnetai stiV AgglikV cre kai pou eeV, sth cra aV prpei sto llon na to katargsoue telewV, kaqV kai ta Prwsik ahtab (Subolia Topik) kai Kbxbthhxtab (Subolia thV EpikrteiaV) dhlad louV touV rconteV pou diorzontai ek twn nw). Protenei loipn o ngkelV thn aklouqh diatpwsh tou rqrou tou progratoV scetik e thn autodiokhsh : Telea autodiokhsh gia tiV eparceV, diaersata kai kointhteV e rconteV eklegnouV e kaqolik yhfofora, katrghsh lwn twn topikn kai eparciakn arcn pou diorzontai ap to KrtoV. Sthn Prbda thV 28 Maou 1917, pou pathke ap thn Kubrnhsh tou Kernsku kai twn llwn sosialistn Upourgn, ou dqhke h eukaira na exhgsw pV sto sheo aut (ci bbaia no saut) oi yeuto-sosialistV antiprswpoi thV yeuto-epanastatikV yeutodhokratiV, prdwsan e skandaldh trpo thn dhokrata. Fusik oi nqrwpoi auto pou suchsan e thn iperialistik kapitalistik txh, einan koufo sthn kritik aut. cei xecwrist shasa na sheisoue pV o ngkelV, oplisnoV e akrib gegonta, apokroei e na zwntan pardeiga thn prlhyh pou enai pol diadedonh, propntwn stouV dhokrteV thV ikroastikV txhV, ti h Oospondiak hokrata frnei anagkastik egalterh eleuqera ap ia sugkentrwtik dhokrata. Aut den enai swst. Ta gegonta pou anafrei o ngkelV gia thn sugkentrwtik Gallik hokrata tou 1792-98 kai thn Oospondiak Elbeta apodeiknoun to antqeto. H pragatik dhokratik sugkentrwtik dhokrata dwse perissterh eleuqera ap thn oospondiak dhokrata -e apl lgia th

egalterh topik eleuqera, ap seV xroue ap' thn istora, thn dwse h sugkentrwtik dhokrata kai ci ia hokrata Oospondiak. wV tra sth filologa kai sth drsh ton katoV aV den dqhke arket prosoc s' aut to gegonV, kaqV kai s' olklhro to ztha thV oospondiakV kai sugkentrwtikV dhokrataV kai thV topikV autodiokhshV. 5. O PrlogoV tou 1891 sto biblo tou Marx O EflioV pleoV sth Galla Ston prlogo pou knei sthn trth kdosh tou Efulou Polou sth Galla (o prlogoV cronologetai ap tiV 18 Martou 1891, kai dhosieqhke prth for sth NQIIQ Zq), o ngkelV az e lla endiafronta zhtata scetikV e to KrtoV, aV dnei ia qauast perlhyh twn didagtwn thV KoonaV. H perlhyh aut epibebaiwnh ap lh thn pera thV peridou twn ekosi cronn pou cwrzoun ton suggrafa ap thn Koona kai strefenh 42 kurwV enanton thV prolhptikV pstewV proV to KrtoV pou tan tso aplwnh sth Gerana, pore pol swst na onoasqe h teleutaa lxh tou Marxiso gia to ztha pou exetzoue. Sth Galla, parathre o ngkelV, oi ergteV oplzontan stera ap kqe epanstash. SunepV to prto rgo ton kqe asto pou tan epikefalV tou KrtouV tan o afoplisV twn ergatn. tsi stera ap kqe epanstash pou krdizan oi ergteV ia na plh prokupte pou telewne kqe for e thn tta touV... Sunoyzetai ed h pera twn astikn epanastsewn, e trpo tso sntoo so kai ekfrastik. H ousa lou tou zhtatoV- kaqV kai tou zhtatoV tou KrtouV-dhlad an cei pla h katapiezenh txh, ektqetai ed e qausio trpo. Aut akribV enai to ousideV sheo pou tiV pio pollV forV agnoon kai oi kaqhghtV pou brskontai ktw ap thn epirro thV kapitalistikV ideologaV kai oi dhokrteV thV ikroastikV txhV. Sth Rwsik Epanstash tou 1917, h ti ti prdwse to ustik twn astikn epanastsewn ankei ston Mensebko kai autokaloeno Marxist Tseretli:. Ston istorik tou lgo thV 9hV (22aV) Iounou o Tseretlli anakonwse thn apfash thV ploutokrataV na afoplsei touV ergteV thV PetropolhV parousizontaV ennoetai thn apfash aut wV dik tou kai wV zwtik angkh tou KrtouV. O istorikV lgoV tou Tseretlli stiV 9 (22) Iounou qa enai gia kqe istorik thV EpanstashV tou 1917 a ap tiV fanertereV apodexeiV ti o sunaspisV twn sosialepanastatn kai twn ensebkwn up thn archga ton k. Tseretlli, etcqh e to roV thV kapitalistikV txhV, enanton tou epanastatiko proletaritou. Mia llh paratrhsh tou ngkelV, scetik e to ztha tou KrtouV, anafretai sth qrhskea. Enai gnwst ti Geranik Sosialdhokrata, anloga e ton baq thV katptwshV thV kai thV oportounistikV kateuqnseV thV, pefte olona perisstero sthn upokritik parerhnea thV perfhhV arcV ti h qrhskea enai idiwtik upqesh. hlad h arc aut katantose na shanei ti akh kai gia to Ka tou epanastatiko proletaritou to ztha thV qrhskeaV tan idiwtik upqesh. Kai akribV aut thn telea prodosa tou epanastatiko progratoV tou proletaritou, katapolhse o ngkelV. Sta 1891 ede no tiV prteV arcV to oportouniso sa sto ka tou kai gi aut ekfrzetai sto ztha toto e proflaxh. Me to gegonV ti sthn Koona ecan qsh, scedn apokleistik, no ergteV anagnwrisnoi antiprswpoi twn ergatn, oi apofseiV thV diakrnontan ap ton telewV proletariak touV caraktra. Oi apofseiV autV kaqirwnan etarruqseiV pou h dhokratik ploutokrata ece apokrosei no ap tapein deila, lla pou apotelosan to anagkao qelio gia thn eleqerh drsh thV ergatikV txhV. Ttoia, paradegatoV crh, tan h paradoc thV arcV ti se scsh e to KrtoV h qrhskea enai aplV idiwtik upqesh. h Koona qete se efarog diatgata apeuqeaV gia ta sufronta thV ergatikV txhV kai, tsi noige bbaia baqiV plhgV sto pali koinwnik sa. O ngkelV tonzei idiatera tiV lxeiV se scsh e to KrtoV, dnontaV tsi ci aplV nan upainig, all na faner ctpha ston geranik oportounis pou ece diakhrxei ti h qrhskea enai idiwtik upqesh se scsh e to ka, tapeinnontaV tsi to ka tou epanastatiko proletaritou sto, eppedo twn pio epiplaiwn ikroastn opadn thV eleqerhV skyhV pou enai prquoi na decton na h - qrhskeutik KrtoV, all 43 arnontai kqe agna tou katoV enanton tou qrhskeutiko dhlhthrou pou narknei ton la. O istorikV tou llontoV pou qa ereunsei tiV rizikV aiteV thV aiscrV creokopaV thV GeranikV SosialdhokrataV sta 1914, qa brei poll endiafronta sto sheo aut,

arczontaV ap ta rqra tou pneuatiko archgo tou KatoV, tou Koutsku, pou anogoun thn prta platei ston oportounis kai teleinontaV sthn stsh ton KatoV apnanti ton Ic>d-noh-KGqIq-Bq\nqhuh (to knha gia thn ektpish thV EkklhsaV) sta 1913. AV doe wV pV, ekosi crnia stera ap thn Koona, o ngkelV sunoyzei ta didgat thV proV to agwnizeno proletarito. Aut enai ta didgata sta opoa o ngkelV dnei qeelidh shasa. AkribV aut h katapiestik dnah thV paliV sugkentrwtikV KubrnhshV, o stratV, h politik astunoa, h grafeiokrata pou o Napolwn dhiorghse sta 1798, kai pou ap tte, kqe na Kubrnhsh crhsiopohse wV aparathto plo enanton twn antpalwn thV- akribV aut h dnah qa pefte se lh th Galla pwV pese sto Parsi. H Koona tan upocrewnh na anagnwrsei aswV ti h ergatik txh, afo katlabe thn exousa den porose na exakolouqsei tiV kubernhtikV leitourgeV e ton pali hcanis ti gia na h csei pli thn neoapokthnh kuriarca thV, h ergatik txh prepe, ap' to na ro sarsei olklhrh thn pali katapiestik hcan pou wV tte ece crhsiopoihqe enanton thV, kai ap to llo roV na exasfalisqe apnanti twn dikn thV antiprswpwn kai upalllwn, kaqiernontaV thn arc ti loi, cwrV exaresh, poron se kqe stig na anaklhqon. O ngkelV tonzei llh ia for ti ci no se a Monarca, all kai se ia dhokratik politea, to KrtoV nei KrtoV, dhlad diathre to qeelideV kai carakthristik stoiceo tou, pou enai h etarfwsh twn arcntwn -twn uphretn thV koinwnaV-kai twn orgnwn tou se kubernteV thV koinwnaV. Enanton thV oiraaV autV etarfwshV lwn twn kubernhtikn susthtwn pou ecan uprxei wV tte, dhlad thV etaorfshV tou KrtouV kai twn orgnwn tou ap uphrteV se kubernteV thV koinwnaV, h koona crhsiopohse do apotelesatik sa. Prton dirize se leV tiV qseiV, dioikhtikV, dikastikV, kai ekpaideutikV prswpa eklegena e kaqolik yhfofora, kaqiernontaV sugcrnwV to dikawa thV anklhshV se kqe stig twn eklegntwn ap touV eklogeV twn. eteron plrwne louV touV upalllouV, anterouV kai katterouV, e to dio herosqio pou pairnan kai oi lloi ergteV. O egalteroV isqV pou plrwne h Koona tan 6.000 frgka tsi dhiourgqhke naV apotelesatikV fragV kat thV qesiqhraV kai tou karieriso, cwrV na anafroue tiV upocrewtikV entolV pou epballe h Koona stouV eklegenouV se antiproswpeutikoV qesoV. O ngkelV kaqorzei ed ta ria etax iaV dhokrataV pou etaorfnetai se Sosialis kai tou Sosialiso. Gia thn katastrof tou KrtouV prpei na etatrapon oi leitourgeV thV dhsiaV uphresaV se aplV leitourgeV legcou kai logistikV pou qa pore hlad perpou 2.400 roblia to crno sfwna e tiV sherinV (1917) antallaktikV tiV s roblia. Oi Mpolsebkoi pou prteinan 9.000 roblia isq gia ta lh thV kqe TopikV oaV asugcrhto lqoV, en prepe na protenoun wV antato isq 6.000 roblia gia louV touV dho upalllouV -pos pou enai telewV arket gia ton kaqna. (O SuggrafaV) 44 na tiV ektele h eglh pleioyhfa tou plhquso kai kqe too. Kai gia na ekhdenisqon telewV oi politiko tucodicteV, prpei na gnei adnato, e ton ikr isq, oi dhsieV uphreseV na crhsiopoihqon wV bqro gia na phdon stiV epikerdeV qseiV twn trapezn kai twn Metocikn Etairein, pwV gnetai genik stiV pio eleuqerV kapitalistikV creV.. O ngkelV wV den knei to lqoV pou knoun eriko arxistV gia to ztha tou dikaiatoV thV autodiokhshV enV qnouV, ti dhlad aut enai adnato sa ston Kapitalis kai qa enai peritt sto Sosialis. H pneuatdhV swV, pragatik wV esfalnh, aut gnh qa porose na efarosqe gia kqe dhokratik qes, kaqV kai gia thn plhrw ikrn isqn stouV upalllouV giat so diarke h zw tou kapitaliso a telea dhokrata enai adnath, en ston Sosialis kqe politik dhokrata exafanzetai. Aut enai na sfisa anlogo e to pali xupno prblha pot naV nqrwpoV gnetai falakrV, tan tou bgzoun a-a trca ap' ta alli tou. H exlixh thV dhokrataV cri tlouV, h anazthsh twn tpwn, thV exlixhV autV, h praktik touV apdeixh-la aut perilabnontai ston agna gia thn Koinwnik Epanstash. An ta proue cwrist, o SosialisV den frnei kai hokrata. Sthn sherin wV zw h hokrata den prpei na parnetai nh thV prpei na parnetai az e lla prgata, prpei na epektenetai h epirro thV kai sto oikonoik roV tsi qa epitacunqe h etarfwsh thV oikonoikV zwV, h opoa qa uposte epshV thn epdrash thV oikonoikV exlixhV. Aut enai dialektik qodoV thV sherinV zwntanV istoraV. O ngkelV exakolouqe :

H suntrib (8rGb>) aut tou palio kubernhtiko hcaniso kai h antikatstash tou ap na no, pragatik dhokratik, perigrfetai leptoerV sto trto roV tou Efliou Polou. Qa tan anagkao na ascolhqoe llh a for e lga lgia giaut to sheo, dhlad, gia erik stoicea thV antikatstashV autV, giat sthn Gerana h prolhptik psth proV to KrtoV prase pia ta ria tV filosofaV kai pke sthn genik sunedhsh thV ploutokrataV kai akh kai polln ergatn. Sfwna e thn didaskala twn filsofwn, to KrtoV enai h pragatopohsh thV idaV kat etfrash sth Qeologik glssa to Basleio tou Qeo ep thV GhV to KrtoV enai o agrV, ston opoon karpofore ainia alqeia kai dikaiosnh. Kai tsi gennitai ia prolhptik upotag sto KrtoV-ia prolhptik upotag pou riznetai pol ekola giat o laV enai sunhqisnoV, ap thn konia tou, na skptetai ti o upoqseiV kai ta sufronta olklhrhV thV koinwnaV den poron na kubernhqon kai na prostateuqon alliV par no e ton trpo pou uprcei-dhlad dia sw tou KrtouV kai twn kaloplhrwnwn upalllwn tou. O ksoV nozei ti knei par pol eglo ba proV ta eprV, an apotinxei thn psth sthn klhronoik Monarca kai aspasqe ia dhokratik politea. Sthn pragatikthta, to KrtoV den enai tpote llo par hcanisV katapeshV thV iaV txhV ap thn llh, tso sthn Monarca, so kai sthn hokratik Politea, cwrV thn paraikr difora. kaltera to KrtoV enai ia arrstia pou klhronoei to proletarito tan bgei nikhfro ston agna gia thn kuriarca thV txhV tou. To nikhfro proletarito, akribV pwV Koona, qa upocrewqe aswV na kyei ta kak stoicea thV arrstiaV autV, wV tou ia na gene, egalsei sa se neV ki eleqereV koinwnikV sunqkeV, qa c thn ikanthta na suntryei la ta crhsta pali skoupdia thV KratikV orgnwshV. O ngkelV kaqist prosektikoV touV GeranoV, tan h Monarca antikatastaqe ap thn hokrata, na h xecnon tiV basikV sosialistikV arcV gia to ztha tou KrtouV genikV. 45 Ta lgia tou enai sera na eso qha gia touV k. k. Tseretlli kai Tsrnwf, pou e thn taktik tou subibaso touV apdeixan a prolhptik psth kai sebas apnanti ton KrtouV ! All do shea. 1) tan o ngkelV lei ti sto dhokratik polteua cwrV thn paraikr diafor ap a Monarca, to KrtoV exakolouqe na enai naV hcanisV katapeshV aV txhV ap thn llh, aut den shanei kaqlou ti h orf thV katapeshV enai kti adiforo gia to proletarito, pwV didskoun eriko anarciko. Mia platterh, pio eleqerh kai faner orf thV plhV twn txewn kai thV katapeshV iaV txhV ap thn llh, bohqei pra pol to proletarito ston agna tou gia thn ekhdnish lwn twn txewn. 2) To ztha giat no ia kainoria gene qa enai ikan na sarsei telewV ton pali skelet tou KrtouV, aut enai sundedeno e to ztha tV egkatleiyhV thV hokrataV, sto opoo ercaste tra. 6. PwV skptetai o ngkelV gia thn exafnish tou dhokratiko politeatoV. O ngkelV brke thn eukaira na ilsei gia to ztha aut, exetzontaV an enai episthonikV swstV o roV sosialdhokrthV. Sthn eisagwg pou grfei sthn kdosh twn rqrwn tou et to 70 gia difora zhtata, kai, kurwV gia zhtata dieqn (IhqGh&oh&Iqd aid qii no1kd&&1) pou cei herohna Ianouarou 1894, (dhlad enish crno prin peqnei), o ngkelV grafe ti se la tou ta rqra etaceirzetai thn lxh koounistV kai ci sosialdhokrthV, giat ekenh thn epoc sosialdhokrteV onozontan oi opado tou Prountn sth Galla kai tou Lassl sth Gerana. O Marx kai eg (exakolouqe o ngkelV) den porosae bbaia na etaceirisqoe autn ton ro gia na diatupsoue thn xecwrist poyh aV. Sera ta prgata llaxan kai h lxh aut (sosialdhokrthV) pore na sugcwreqe, an kai exakolouqe na enai anakribV (iihra$$bh, kat lxh, anaklouqoV) gia na ka pou to oikonoik tou prgraa den enai aplV kai genikV sosialistik (koinwnistik), lla sugkekrina koounistik-gia na ka pou o telikV tou politikV skopV enai h exafnish oloklrou tou KrtouV kai sunepV kai th hokrataV. All ta onata twn pragatikn politikn kotwn den antapokrnontai pot telewV sta gegonta : to ka exelssetai, to noa nei. O dialektikV ngkelV nei pistV sthn dialektik qodo wV thn teleutaa hra thV zwV tou. O Marx kai eg, lei, ecae na qausio, episthonik, swst noa tou katoV, all den uprce pragatik ka, dhlad, den uprce ka thV proletariakV zaV. Sera, sto tloV tou 19ou aina, uprcei na pragatik ka, ll to noa tou den enai swst. en peirzei wV, pore na sugcwrhqe, arke to ka na anaptucqe, arke na h sugkalufqe h episthonik anakrbeia tou onatoV tou, kai na h epodsei thn anptuxh tou proV thn orq katequnsh.

Mpore swV kaneV xupnoV eufuolgoV na qelsei na parhgorsei eV touV MpolsebkouV e ton trpo tou ngkelV : coue na pragatik ka pou anaptssetai axioqaasta, to anosio kai brbaro noa Mpolsebikik pore na sugcwrhqe an kai den ekfrzei tpote par to tucao gegonV ti sthn Sundiskeyh Bruxelln-Londnou sta 1903 ecae thn pleioyhfa (BoMhdno). swV sera pou oi katadixeiV tou katoV pou ginan ton Iolio kai Agousto ap touV dhokratikoV kai epanastatikoV ikroastoV, dwsan sth lxh polsebkoV na pagksio sebas, pwV epshV oi katadixeiV autV shewsan na tso eglo istorik ba proV ta eprV pou kane to ka aV sthn sherin tou exlixh-swV 46 sera qa dstaza na epanalbw thn prtash pou kana ton Aprlio, na allxoue to noa ton katoV aV. Qa protiosa na protenw na subibas stouV suntrfouV aV, na onoasqoe Koounistik Ka, all na kratsoue to Mpolsebikik entV parnqeshV All to ztha tou onatoV tou katoV cei asgkrita ikrterh shasa ap to ztha thV scshV tou epanastatiko proletaritou proV to KrtoV. StiV kaqherinV suzhtseiV gia to KrtoV gnetai diarkV to lqoV aut pou aV decnei o ngkelV, kai pou anafrae parapnw. hlad lhsonetai diarkV ti h katastrof tou KrtouV frnei epshV kai thn katastrof thV hokrataV, ti o arasV tou KrtouV shanei epshV kai aras thV hokrataV. Ek prthV yewV aut fanetai pol parxeno kai akatanhto. swV alqeia arcsei kaneV na fobtai pwV eeV perinoue ia ttoia koinwna, sthn opoa den qa enai sebast h arc thV diokhshV thV pleioyhfaV -giat ti llo enai dhokrata, par h anagnrish autV thV arcV ci, hokrata den enai h diokhsh thV pleioyhfaV. ci, h hokrata enai KrtoV pou anagnwrzei thn upodolwsh thV eioyhfaV sthn pleioyhfa, dhlad, ia orgnwsh gia thn susthatik crsh thV baV ap ia txh enanton llhV, ap na roV tou plhquso kat tou llou. TelikV aV skopV enai h katastrof tou KrtouV, dhlad, h katastrof kqe organwnhV kai susthatikV baV, kqe orfV thV baV en gnei enanton opoioudpote. en perinoue na lqei ia koinwna sthn opoa den qa labnetai up' yin h arc thV upotagV thV eioyhfaV sthn pleioyhfa. EpidikontaV wV ton Sosialis, coue thn pepoqhsh ti autV qa exelicqe peita se Koounis kai tte qa leyei kqe angkh baV gia thn upotag enV anqrpou se llon, iaV erdaV thV koinwnaV se llh, giat oi nqrwpoi qa sunhqsoun , sig-sig na dcontai touV stoiceideiV rouV tV koinwnikV zwV cwrV ba kai cwrV upotag Gia na tonsei thn shasa autV thV sunhqeaV, o ngkelV ilei gia ia na gene pou egalnei sa se nouV kai eleqerouV koinwnikoV rouV kai qa enai ikan na suntryei la ta crhsta skoupdia thV KratikV orgnwshV -kqe edouV KrtoV, eponwV kai to hokratik KrtoV. Gia na diafwtsoue to sheo aut, qa exetsoue to ztha twn oikonoikn bsewn tou araso tou KrtouV 47 . H OIKONOMIKH BASH KAI O MARASMOS TOU KRATOUS Leptoerstath anlush tou zhtatoV auto aV dnei o Marx sthn Kritik tou ProgratoV thV Ooia (epistol proV ton Mprke, stiV 15 Maou 1875 pou dhosieqhke liV sta 1891 sthn NQPQ ZQI). To poleik roV tou axioshewtou auto rgou, pou enai a kritik tou Lassaliso, cei episkisei, gia na poe tsi, to qetik tou roV, dhlad thn anlush thV scshV pou cei h anptuxh tou Koouniso e ton aras tou KrtouV. 1. iatpwsh tou zhtatoV ap ton Marx. tan kaneV sugkrnei e epipolaithta thn epistol tou Marx proV ton Mprke (15 Maou 1875) e thn epistol tou ngkelV proV ton Mppel (28 Martou 1875) gia thn opoa ilsae parapnw qa nosei ti o Marx tan pol perisstero uposthriktV tou KrtouV par o ngkelV, kai ti h diafor thV gnhV twn sto ztha tou KrtouV enai pol shantik. O ngkelV upodeiknei ston Mppel ti prpei na egkataleifqe lh h fluara per KrtouV ti h lxh "KrtoV" prpei na afaireqe ap to prgraa kai na antikatastaqe e thn lxh "Koinokthosnh" o ngkelV lista diakhrssei ti h Koona pragatik den tan pia KrtoV sthn kria shasa thV lxhV. ApenantaV o Marx ilei gia to "llon KrtoV sthn Koounistik koinwna", dhlad fainoenik anagnwrzei thn angkh tou KrtouV kai sto Koounistik sstha. H exghsh wV at enai pol esfalnh, ia baqterh extash decnei ti oi apyeiV tou Marx kai tou ngkelV gia to KrtoV kai th parak tou enai telewV oieV, kai ti h kfrash

tou Marx, pou anafrae parapnw, anafretai sto exafanizeno KrtoV. Enai faner ti den pore kaneV na orsei akribV thn stig tou ellontiko " araso" giat qa enai ia arket eglh seir exlixhV. H fainoenik diafor fanetai etax Marx kai ngkelV ofeletai sta diaforetik qata pou anluan, stouV diaforetikoV skopoV pou epedwke o kaqnaV touV. O ngkelV diatpwse to prblha kaqar, apofasistik kai plati gia na dexei ston Mppel lh thn hliqithta twn sunhqisnwn prolyewn scetik e to KrtoV, pollV ap tiV opoeV psteue ki autV o Lassl. O Marx pla qgei aut to ztha, giat endiafretai kurwV gia na llo qa-thn exlixh thV KoounistikV koinwnaV. lh h qewra tou Marx enai efarog thV qewraV thV exlixhV sthn pio sugkekrinh, tleia, elethnh kai karpofro orf thV ston netero kapitalis. Fusik ston Marx parousizetai tte to ztha tV efarogV autV thV qewraV kai sthn prosec anatrop tou kapitaliso kai sthn ellontik anptuxh ton ellontiko Koouniso. Poia gegonta poron na apotelsoun thn bsh thV ellontikV anptuxhV tou ellontiko Koouniso; H bsh aut enai to gegonV ti h ellontik aut anptuxh tou ellontiko Koouniso katgetai ap ton kapitalis, ti exelssetai istorikV ap ton kapitalis, ti enai to apotlesa thV enrgeiaV twn koinwnikn dunewn pou gnnhse o kapitalisV. en parasretai kaqlou o Marx ap thn outopa ote epiceire na epinosei kti pou den pore na enai gnwst. O Marx exetzei to ztha tou Koouniso pwV naV fusiodfhV qa 48 extaze to ztha thV anptuxhV iaV naV biologikV parallagV, tan xere thn katagwg thV kai thn katequnsh thV exlixhV thV. Prta-prta o Marx dialei lh th sgcush pou frnei to prgraa tV Ooia sto ztha twn aoibawn scsewn KrtouV kai KoinwnaV. "H sgcronh koinwna (grfei o Marx) enai koinwna kapitalistik, pou uprcei se leV tiV politisneV creV pou eleuqerqhkan se eglo ikr baq ap tiV esaiwnikV prosxeiV, pou parousizoun diforouV tpouV sfwna e touV xecwristoV istorikoV rouV thV exlixhV kqe craV kai anloga e thn anptuxh touV. ApenantaV to "sgcrono KrtoV" diafrei sth bsh kqe KrtouV. Sthn Prwsso Geranik Autokratora enai entelV diaforetik ap ti enai sthn Elbeta, sthn Aggla entelV diaforetik ap ti enai stiV HnwneV PoliteeV. Enai loipn to "sgcrono KrtoV" na prplasa. Molatata par' leV tiV diforeV orfV touV, loi oi tpoi tou KrtouV stiV diforeV politisneV creV coun toto to koin carakthristik baszontai leV epnw sthn sgcronh astik koinwna pou enai perisstero ligtero kefalaiokratik aneptugnh. coun loipn orisna koin carakthristik. tsi pore na ilei kaneV gia to "sgcrono KrtoV" en antiqsei proV to llon, tan h sherin tou bsh, dhlad h kapitalistik koinwna qa cei ekleyei. To ertha loipn tqetai wV exV: Ti etarfwsh qa uposton oi orfV thV kubrnhshV sthn koounistik koinwna; Me lla lgia, poieV koinwnikV leitourgeV qa noun tte, anlogeV e tiV sherinV leitourgeV tou KrtouV; Sto ertha aut poroe na apantsoue no e th boqeia thV episthonikV eqdou. Mporoe na sundusoue cilideV forV thn lxh "laV" e thn lxh "KrtoV" den proseggzoue wV ote kat na ciliostetro sthn lsh tou problatoV... " GeloiopointaV tsi o Marx lh thn fluara gia to "lak" KrtoV, diatupnei to ertha kai aV proeidopoie ti, gia na apantsoue episthonik s'aut prpei na sthricqoe no se apodedeigna episthonik gegonta. To prto gegonV pou apodecqhke e tleia akrbeia ap olklhrh thn qewra thV exlixhV kai lista ap olklhrh thn episth- gegonV pou ecan xecsei oi outopistV kai pou lhsonete kai sera ap touV sgcronouV oportounistV pou fobontai thn sosialistik epanstash- enai ti, istorik, cwrV afibola qa uprxei na xecwrist stdio epoc etabsewV ap ton Kapitalis ston Koounis. 2. H etbash ap ton Kapitalis ston Koounis. " Metax thV kapitalistikV kai thV koounistikV koinwnaV (exakolouqe o ngkelV) uprcei ia perodoV epanastatikV etarfwshV ap thn pali sthn na orf. na stdio politikV etbashV antapokrnetai s' autn thn perodo, kai to KrtoV kat th dirkeia autV thV peridou den pore na enai llo par h epanastatik diktatora tou proletaritou". To suprasa aut, o Marx to sthrzei epnw sthn anlush tou rlou pou pazei to

proletarito sthn neterh kapitalistik koinwna, sta gegonta thV exlixhV thV koinwnaV 49 autV kai sto adnato thV sundiallagV twn antagwnistikn suferntwn thV proletariakV kai thV kapitalistikV txhV. Prta to ztha parousizetai wV xV : Gia na pragatopoisei thn apeleuqrwsh tou to proletarito prpei na anatryei thn kapitalistik txh, na kataktsei thn politik exousa kai na epiblei thn dik tou epanastatik diktatora. Sera to ztha parousizetai kpwV diaforetik : etbash ap thn kapitalistik koinwna pou exelssetai, proV ton Koounis, se ia Koounistik Koinwna, den pore na gnei cwrV ia perodo politikV etbashV kai sthn perodo aut to KrtoV den pore na enai par h epanastatik diktatora tou proletaritou. Ti scsh cei loipn h diktatora aut e thn dhokrata ; Edae ti to Koounistik Manifsto aplV paraqtei az tiV duo autV ideV: anywsh tou proletaritou se kubernsa txh kai katkthsh thV hokrataV. Sthrizenoi se la aut pou epae parapnw, poroe na kaqorsoue akribV pwV h dhokrata allzei sthn etbash ap ton Kapitalis ston Koounis: Sthn kapitalistik koinwna, pou uprcoun oi eunokteroi roi gia thn anptuxh thV, coue thn dhokrata perisstero ligtero tleia, e thn orf thV hokratikV PoliteaV. All h dhokrata aut periorzetai pnta sto sten plasio tV kapitalistikV eketlleushV, kai sunepV nei pnta sthn pragatikthta, dhokrata no gia tiV kurarceV txeiV, no gia touV plosiouV. H eleuqria sthn kapitalistik koinwna oizei pnta scedn san thn eleuqria pou uprce stiV arcaeV EllhnikV hokrateV, dhlad eleuqria gia touV kurouV twn dolwn. Oi neteroi isqdouloi, e touV rouV thV kapitalistikV eketlleushV, brskontai se ia ttoia aqlithta kai dustuca, ste den poron na ascolontai e thn dhokrata, den coun kair gia thn politik kai tsi sthn kanonik eirhnik porea twn gegontwn, h pleioyhfa tou plhquso den pore na lbei roV sthn dhosa politik zw. H akrbeia tou gegontoV auto apodeiknetai swV kaltera ap thn Gerana, akribV giat s' aut to KrtoV h suntagatik noithta dirkese kai eine staqer ep na arket eglo distha -is perpou aina (1871-1914) kai h Sosialdhokrata s' aut to distha prese, kaltera par stiV lleV creV, na crhsiopoisei thn noithta gia na organsei se na politik ka egaltero roV thV ergatikV txhV, par pwV gine se kqe llo roV ton ksou. Poia enai loipn h egalterh analoga ap politikoV suneidhtoV kai agwnizenouV isqdoulouV, pou parathretai sa sthn kapitalistik koinwna; na ekatorio lh tou Sosialdhokratiko katoV sa se dekapnte ekatoria isqodolwn! Tra ekatoria biohcanikV organwnoi, sa se dekapnte ekatoria. hokrata gia ia asanth eioyhfa, dhokrata gia touV plosiouV -aut enai h dhokrata thV kapitalistikV koinwnaV. An koitxoue prosektiktera ton hcanis thV kapitalistikV dhokrataV, panto stiV ikrV, kaqV lne, leptoreieV thV yhfoforaV (sstha periferein, apokleisV twn gunaikn k.t.l.), ston tecnik organis twn antiproswpeutikn qesn, sta epdia pou uprcoun gia to dikawa twn sugkentrsewn (ta dhsia ktria den enai gia touV ftwcoV), sthn kaqarV kapitalistik orgnwsh tou kaqherino tpou k.t.l, k.t.l. se la ta shea qa doe periorisoV ep periorisn sthn hokrata. Auto oi perioriso, oi exairseiV, oi apokleiso kai ta epdia gia toV ftwcoV, fanontai asanta propntwn sta tia ekenwn pou den gnrisan pot touV thn strhsh kai 50 den zhsan pot se sten epaf e tiV katapiezeneV txeiV sthn qlia zw touV, ta enna dkata, an ci ta enennta enna ekatost twn astn politikn kai dhosiolgwn ankoun s' aut thn kathgora! All sunolik loi auto oi perioriso apokleoun kai apoakrnoun touV ftwcoV ap ta politik prgata kai ap thn suetoc touV sthn dhokrata. O Marx brke autn thn ousa thV kapitalistikV dhokrataV, tan, sthn anlush tou gia ta didgata thV KoonaV lei ti oi katapiezenoi kalontai, ia for kqe tsa crnia, na apofassoun poioi antiprswpoi tV katapiestikV txewV qa touV antiproswpesoun kai qa touV katapisoun sto Koinobolio ! All ap thn kapitalistik dhokrata pou oiraa enai sten, apoakrnei e dlo touV ftwcoV, kai sunepV kat' ousa enai upokritik kai dlia- prodoV den gnetai e ia apl, oal kai eso porea proV thn olona epekteinenh dhokrata, pwV qloun na V

pesoun oi fileleqeroi kaqhghtV kai oi oportounistV thV ikroastikV txhV. ci h proodeutik exlixh dhlad proV ton Koounis gnetai e thn diktatora tou proletaritou kai den pore na gnei alliV, giat prpei na suntribei h antstash twn eketalleutn kapitalistn, kai lloV droV den uprcei gi' aut. Kai h diktatora tou proletaritou dhlad orgnwsh tV prwtoporaV thV katapiezenhV txhV se kurarco txh, e skop thn suntrib twn katapiestn den pore na frei pla ia egalterh epktash thV dhokrataV. Maz e thn terstia epktash thV dhokrataV- giat sthn prth perodo gnetai dhokrata gia touV ftwcoV, dhokrata gia ton la, kai ci dhokrata gia touV plousouV- h diktatora tou proletaritou qa frei ia seir periorisn thV eleuqeraV twn katapiestn, twn eketalleutn kai kapitalistn. Prpei na touV suntryoue autoV gia na eleuqersoue thn anqrwpthta ap thn isqodoulea, h antstash touV prpei na exaleifqe dia tV baV. Enai faner ti eke pou uprcei katapesh, qa uprxei epshV kai ba, kai den pore na uprcei eleuqera dhokrata. . O ngkelV to dietpwse aut safstata sthn epistol tou proV ton Mppel tan lege, kaqV qa qutai o anagnsthV, ti to proletarito creizetai to KrtoV, ci gia to sufron thV eleuqeraV, all e ton skop na suntryei touV ecqroV tou, kai tan qa pore na gnei lgoV per eleuqeraV, to KrtoV qa cei pyei na uprcei. hokrata gia thn eglh pleioyhfa tou qnouV kai biaa katrghsh -dhlad apokleisV ap thn dhokrata- twn eketalleutn kai katapiestn tou qnouV : aut enai h etabol tV dhokrataV pou qa doe kat thn dirkeia thV etbashV ap ton Kapitalis ston Koounis. Mno sthn Koounistik Koinwna, tan h antstash twn kapitalistn qa cei pia suntribe, tan oi kefalaiocoi qa coun pia ekleyei, tan den qa uprcoun pia txeiV (dhlad tan den qa uprcei diafor etax twn eln tV koinwnaV apnanti twn koinwnikn paragwgikn swn), no tte to KrtoV exafanzetai kai pore na gnei lgoV per eleuqeraV. no tte enai dunat, kai qa pragatopoihqe ia dhokrata alhqin telea, i dhokrata cwrV exairseiV. Kai no tte h dhokrata qa arcsei ki' aut na aranetai, gia ton lgo kai no ti eleuqerwnoV ap thn kapitalistik doulea, ap tiV atrhteV frikalethteV, agrithteV, hliqithteV kai atieV thV kapitalistikV eketlleushV, o laV qa sunhqsei sig-sig na sbetai touV stoiceideiV nouV thV koinwnikV zwV, pou enai gnwsto ap aineV kai 51 pericontai se louV touV kdikeV. Qa sunhqsei na touV sbetai cwrV ba, cwrV exanagkas, cwrV upotag, cwrV ton eidik hcanis tou exanagkaso pou onozetai KrtoV. H kfrash to KrtoV aranetai enai dialegnh pol kal giat decnei ton baqiao kai anapfeukto caraktra tou fainonou auto. Mno h sunqeia pore na frei, kai qa frei cwrV afibola, aut to apotlesa : blpoue grw aV cilideV forV e psh eukola pore o ksoV na sunhqsei na sbetai touV anagkaouV kanneV thV koinwnikV zwV, tan den uprcei eketlleush, tan den uprcei kai ata pou prokale thn agankthsh, pou frnei thn diaartura kai thn exgersh kai dhiourge thn angkh thV katrghshV touV. tsi, sthn kapitalistik koinwna coe akrwthriasnh, qlia, yetikh dhokrata, no gia touV plosiouV, gia thn eioyhfa. H diktatora tou proletaritou, h perodoV thV etbashV proV ton Koounis, qa frei gia prth for thn dhokrata gia ton la, gia thn pleioyhfa, az e ton anagkastik perioris thV eioyhfaV pou apoteletai ap touV eketalleutV. Mno o KoounisV enai ikanV na frei ia pragatik kai telea hokrata, h opoa pli so pio telea enai, tso grhgortera qa gnei peritt kai qa araqe nh thV. Me lla lgia, sa sto Kapitalistik sstha coue to KrtoV e thn kria shasa tV lxhV: dhlad, na eidik rgano gia thn katapesh iaV txhV ap thn llh, thV pleioyhfaV ap thn eioyhfa. Enai fusik, ti gia thn ekplrwsh autV tV leitourgaV, pwV enai h susthatik katapesh ap thn eioyhfa twn eketalleutn, thV pleioyhfaV twn qutwn thV eketlleushV, apaitetai h pio sklhr kai gria katapesh, kai creizontai potao aitwn, pou sheinoun ton dro tV anqrwpthtaV stiV epocV thV douleaV, thV douloparoikaV kai thV isqodouleaV. EpshV, sthn epoc thV etbashV ap ton Kapitalis ston Koounis, h katapesh enai akh anagkaa, all sthn perptwsh aut enai katapesh thV eioyhfaV twn eketalleutn ap thn pleioyhfa twn qutwn thV eketlleushV. na eidik rgano, ia eidik hcan katapeshV -dhlad to KrtoV- enai anagkao, ll tra enai KrtoV etabatik, kai ci pia KrtoV sth sunhqisnh nnoia thV lxhV. Giat o periorisV thV

eioyhfaV twn eketalleutn, ap thn pleioyhfa autn pou wV cqeV tan isqdouloi, enai kti scetik eukoltero, aplostero kai fusiktero kai qa stocish pol ligtereV aiatocuseV par' so h katpnixh twn exegrsewn twn dolwn, twn douloproikwn kai twn heroisqwn ergatn. Kai enai fusik ti e thn epktash thV dhokrataV sthn egsth aut pleioyhfa tou qnouV, h angkh opoioudpote eidiko hcaniso katapeshV paei baqiaa na uprcei. Bbaia oi eketalleutV enai ankanoi na katapizoun to la cwrV ia polplokh hcan pou qa ektele aut to rgo, all o laV pore na periorsei touV eketalleutV akh kai e ia aplostath hcan- lista kai cwrV kai hcan cwrV kanna eidik organis- e thn apl orgnwsh twn enplwn azn (pwV enai ta Sobit twn antiprospwn ergatn kai Stratiwtn, aut to le prokatabolikV). TloV, no sto Koounistik kaqestV to KrtoV qa gnei telewV peritt giat den qa uprcei kaneV pou qa creizetai perioris- kaneV e thn nnoia txhV, e thn nnoia enV susthatiko agnoV enanton orisnhV erdaV tou plhquso. en easte outopistV, kai den arnoaste kaqlou ti diforeV parabseiV, ap eonwna toa enai dunatV kai anapfeukteV, kai ti epshV enai angkh na katastalon oi parabseiV autV. All, prtaprta, gi' aut den creizetai eidik hcan, eidik rgano katapeshV. Aut qa gnetai ap t dio to oplisno qnoV, tso apl kai tso ekola, pwV oi politisnoi nqrwpoi, aka kai sthn sherin koinwna, cwrzoun duo llouV pou filonikon den afnoun na prosbloun a gunaka: Kai detero, xroue ti h qeelidhV koinwnik aita pou prokale tiV parabseiV twn non tV koinwnikV zwV, enai h eketlleush twn azn, oi sterseiV kai h dustuca touV. tan apoakrnoue aut th basik aita, oi parabseiV qa arcsoun oiraa na 52 aranontai. en xroue se pso kair kai se poia stdia, all xroue ti qa araqon. Me ton aras autn twn adikhtwn, qa aranetai epshV kai to KrtoV. O Marx, cwrV na pftei se outopa, kaqrise telewV aut pou pore tra na kaqorisqe scetik e thn ellontik ekenh epoc : dhlad thn diafor etax thV anterhV kai thV katterhV fshV thV KoounistikV koinwnaV. 3. H prth fsh thV KoounistikV KoinwnaV. Sthn Kritik tou ProgratoV thV Ooia, o Marx antikroei leptoerV thn ida tou Lassl ti oi ergteV sto Sosialistik kaqestV qa pernon aewto olklhro to pron thV ergasaV touV. O Marx apodeiknei ti ap olklhro to rgo thV koinwnaV, qa enai angkh na xecwrsoue na apoqeatik pos, na pos gia thn anptuxh thV biohcanaV, gia thn antikatstash twn fqeirenwn hcann k.t.l. EpshV ap thn sunolik paragwg, na pso gia ta xoda tV diacerishV, gia scolea, nosokoea, ghrokoea k.t.l. Ant thV akaqorstou, skoteinV kai genikV frshV tou Lassl o ergthV qa parnei lo to pron thV ergasaV tou o Marx dnei ia logik exghsh pwV h Sosialistik koinwna qa diaceirzetai tiV upoqseiV thV. O Marx parnei ia sugkekrinh anlush twn rwn thV zwV iaV koinwnaV sthn opoa den qa uprcei kapitalisV kai lei : coue na exetsoue (ennoe ed to prgraa tou KatoV), ci ia koounistik koinwna, pou anaptcqhke pnw stiV dikV thV bseiV, all ia koinwna pou liV prolqe ap thn kapitalistik koinwna, kai h opoa kat sunpeia, se la ta shea -oikonoik, hqik kai dianohtik- cei akh thn sfragda thV paliV koinwnaV, ap' thn opoa prokuye. Kai aut thn koounistik koinwna -ia koinwna pou liV bgke ap touV klpouV tou Kapitaliso, kai pou se la ta shea diathre akh thn sfragda thV paliV koinwnaV, o Marx thn onozei prth, katterh fsh thV koounistikV koinwnaV. Ta sa thV paragwgV den enai pia atoik idiokthsa kanenV. Ta sa thV paragwgV ankoun sto snolo thV koinwnaV. Kqe loV tV koinwnaV pou ektele na roV koinwnik wflihV ergasaV, parnei ia bebawsh ap thn koinwna ti ektlese tso pso ergasaV. Sfwna e thn bebawsh aut, parnei ap ta dhsia katastata twn eidn thV katanlwshV ia anlogh posthta prontwn. stera ap to xecrisa to rouV ekenou thV ergasaV pou phganei sto dhsio taeo, kqe ergthV, parnei ap thn koinwna anloga e aut pou prosfere... H isthta basileei fainoenik. tan wV o Lassl, contaV up' yin tou ia ttoia koinwna (pou genik lgetai SosialisV, kai thn opoa o Marx onozei prth fsh tou Koouniso), lei ti uprcei dkaih diano kai so dikawa lwn se so erdio twn prontwn thV ergasaV, o Lassl knei eglo lqoV kai o Marx exhge thn plnh tou. so dikawa (lei o Marx) pragatik qa coue tte, lla qa enai akh astik dikawa to opoo pwV kqe dikawa, propoqtei thn anisthta. Kqe dkaio enai efarog tou diou trou se difora prswpa pou bebaa den enai oia kai sa etax touV.

Kai tsi to so dikawa enai pragatik parabash thV isthtaV kai adika. Pragatik, kqe nqrwpoV pou ektele tsh koinwnik ergasa pwV kai kqe lloV, parnei so roV ap' ta koinwnik pronta sfwna e touV parapnw sullogisoV). Molatata wV oi diforoi nqrwpoi den enai oioi etax touV. O naV enai dunatV, o lloV adnatoV. O na enai pantrenoV, o lloV ci. O naV cei poll paidi, o lloV ligtera, kai otw kaqexV. 53 Me thn sh ergasa, (superanei o Marx) kai sunepV e so erdio sta paragena edh katanlwshV, o naV qa parnei pragatik perisstero ap ton llo, qa gnetai plousiteroV, k.t.l. Sfwna e la aut, ta dikaiata ant na enai sa, enai nisa. H prth loipn fsh to Koouniso, den pore akh na frei dikaiosnh kai isthta, diaforV, kai lista dikeV diaforV, sthn periousa qa uprcoun akh, all h eketlleush anqrpou ap nqrwpo ,qa enai pia adnath giat qa enai adnato na krathqon wV atoik idiokthsa ta sa tV paragwgV, ta ergostsia, oi hcanV, ta cwrfia k.t.l. En anaire telewV thn ikroastik, sugkecunh frsh tou Lassl gia thn isthta kai thn dikaiosnh genik, o Marx decnei sugcrnwV thn gra thV exlixhV thV koounistikV koinwnaV, pou enai upocrewnh prta-prta na katastryei no thn adika ti ta sa thV paragwgV brskontai sta cria atwn. en pore na katastryei dia iaV thn genikterh adika pou sunstatai sthn diano twn eidn thV katanlwshV sfwna e thn prosferenh ergasa (kai ci sfwna e tiV angkeV tou kaqenV). Oi cudaoi oikonoolgoi kaqV kai oi asto kaqhghtV (san ton dik aV ToganMparanbsku) kathgoron pnta touV sosialistV ti xecnon thn uprcousa anisthta twn anqrpwn kai oneireontai thn katrghsh thV. H kathgora aut, pwV blpoue, apodeiknei no thn tleia gnoia twn astn ideolgwn. O Marx ci no labnei up' yh tou so prpei thn anapfeukth anisthta twn anqrpwn, all, anagnwrze kai to gegonV ti h etatrop twn swn thV paragwgV se koin idiokthsa tou sunlou thV koinwnaV -o sosialisV sth shasa tou pou enai genik dekt- den allzei ta epakolouqata thV dianoV kai thn anisthta thV astikV dikaiosnhV, pou exakolouqon na uprcoun ef' son ta pronta oirzontai sfwna e to pos tV pareconhV ergasaV. Oi adikeV wV autV (exakolouqe o Marx) enai oiraeV sthn prth fsh thV koounistikV koinwnaV, e thn orf pou aut efanzetai stera ap thn perodo thV egkuosnhV thV sa sthn kefalaiokratik koinwna. H dikaiosnh den pore pot na proporeuqe ap to antstoico stdio tV oikonoikV exlixhV kai thV anptuxhV tou politiso thV koinwnaV, pou kaqorzetai ap thn oikonoik aut exlixh. tsi, sthn prth fsh thV koounistikV koinwnaV (pou onozetai genik sosialisV) h astik dikaiosnh den katargetai telewV, all no en rei, no se analoga proV thn sunteloenh oikonoik etabol dhlad, no se scsh e ta sa thV paragwgV. O astikV noV anagnwrzei aut ta sa wV atoik idiokthsa orisnwn prospwn. O sosialisV ta etatrpei se koin idiokthsa kai wV proV aut, kai no aut, to sheo exafanzetai o astikV noV. Exakolouqe wV na zei ap tiV lleV tou apyeiV, kai leitourge akh wV ruqistV sthn diano tV ergasaV kai thn katano twn prontwn etax twn eln tV koinwnaV. poioV den douleei, den prpei na trei -h sosialistik aut arc efarzetai aswV. Se orisno pos ergasaV, orisno pos prontwn h sosialistik aut arc efarzetai epshV aswV. Molatata aut den enai akh koounisV, kai den katarge ton astik no, pou parcei se nisa toa apnanti nisou (pragatik) poso ergasaV, so pos prontwn. Aut enai adika, lei o Marx, all enai oiraa sthn prth fsh tou koouniso, giat no an briskaste sto nhs tV OutopaV poroe na fantasqoe ti anatrpontaV thn Kefalaiokrata, o ksoV qa qh aswV na ergzetai gia thn koinwna cwrV kanna 54 nooqetik kanonis, pragatik h katrghsh tou kapitaliso den parcei aswV tiV oikonoikV bseiV gia ia paroia allag. Kai den pore akh na uprcei lloV kanonisV par o astikV noV. Sto sheo loipn aut enai akh anagkaa ia kratik orf, h opoa en qa diathre thn koin katoc twn swn thV paragwgV, qa exasfalzei epshV thn isthta thV dianoV twn prontwn. To KrtoV aranetai ef' son den uprcoun pia kefalaiocoi kai diforeV txeiV, kai sunepV kai txh katapizousa. All to KrtoV den cei akh peqnei telewV giat exakolouqe na iscei o astikV noV pou kaqiernei thn sherin anisthta. Gia thn tleia exleiyh tou KrtouV creizetai tleioV koounisV.

4. H anterh fsh thV KoounistikV KoinwnaV O Marx exakolouqe : Sthn anterh fsh thV koounistikV koinwnaV, stera ap thn exafnish thV upodolwshV tou anqrpou pou dhiourgetai ap thn upotag tou sthn arc thV dianoV thV ergasaV, tan sugcrnwV qa cei exafanisqe h antqesh etax thV dianohtikV kai thV ceironaktikV ergasaV- tan ergasa den qa enai pia na so diatrhshV thV zwV, all qa gnei ia ap tiV prteV angkeV thV zwV, tan e thn genik anptuxh tou atou qa wrisoun epshV kai oi paragwgikV duneiV, kai leV oi duneiV tou koinwniko plotou qa kulon s' nan adikopo cearro no tte qa enai dunat na bgoe xw ap ton sten orzonta twn astikn nwn, kai no tte qa enai ikan h Koinwna na gryei sto lbaro thV KaqnaV kat thn ikanthta tou, ston kaqna kat tiV angkeV tou. Mno tra poroe na ektisoue pso swstV tan oi parathrseiV tou ngkelV tan geloiopoiose alphta lh thn anohsa tou sunduaso twn lxewn eleuqera kai krtoV. Ensw uprcei krtoV den pore na uprcei eleuqera. tan uprcei eleuqera den qa uprcei krtoV. Oikonoik bsh gia ton tleio aras tou KrtouV enai to antero aut stdio thV exlixhV tou koouniso, sto opoo h dikrish etax dianohtikV kai ceirwnaktikV ergasaV eklepei, sto opoo kat sunpeia ia ap tiV kuritereV phgV twn newtrwn koinwnikn anisottwn qa cei exafanisqe -ia phg wV, pou enai adnato na leyei aswV e thn apl etatrop twn swn thV paragwgV se dhosa idiokthsa, e thn apl ektpish twn kefalaiocwn. H ektpish aut qa epitryei ia gigntia anptuxh twn paragwgikn dunewn. Kai blpontaV se ti apsteuto baq akh kai tra, h Kefalaiokrata epibradnei thn anptuxh aut, pso eglh prodoV qa porose na gnei akh, kai epnw sthn bsh thV sgcronhV tecnikV sto eppedo pou ftase, coue dikawa e thn egalterh bebaithta na poe ti h ektpish twn kefalaiocwn qa katalxei oiraa se ia gigntia anptuxh twn paragwgikn dunewn thV anqrpinhV koinwnaV. All pso sntoa qa procwrsei h anptuxh aut, pso grgora qa ftsei to sheo na xefgei ap thn diano thV ergasaV, na katargsei ton antagwnis etax dianohtikV kai ceirwnaktikV ergasaV, na etatryei thn ergasa se prth angkh tV zwV aut den to xroue, ote poroe na to xroue. Gi' aut loipn den poroe na iloe par no gia ton oirao aras tou KrtouV, tonzontaV thn dirkeia thV poreaV, autV kai thn exrthsh thV ap thn tacthta thV anptuxhV tV anterhV fshV tou koouniso. Prpei wV na enei telewV anoict to ztha tou crnou twn sugkekrinwn orfn tou araso tou, efson ta dedona gia thn lsh ttoiwn zhthtwn den enai arket. 55 To KrtoV qa porsei na araqe telewV tan h Koinwna efarsei thn arc: kaqnaV kat thn ikanthta tou ston kaqna kat tiV angkeV tou, dhlad tan oi nqrwpoi sunhqsoun na sbontai tiV qeelideiV arcV thV koinwnikV zwV kai h ergasa touV enai ts paragwgik, ste qa ergzontai proairetik kat thn ikanthta pou coun. O stenV orzontaV tou astiko nou, pou upocrenei ton kaqna na etrei e thn asplacna tou Sulok, pwV o naV doleye is ra perisstero ap ton llon, pwV o naV plhrnetai ligtero ap ton llon o stenV autV orzontaV qa egkataleifqe tte. en qa cei tte angk h Koinwna na upologzei akribV to posn twn prontwn pou qa oirasqe se kqe loV thV, o kaqnaV qa parnei eleqera kat tiV angkeV tou. Me thn kefalaiokratik poyh, enai ekolo na carakthrsei kaneV to koinwnik aut sstha wV kaqar outopa kai na eirwneute touV sosialistV pou bebainoun ti qa apoktsei o kaqnaV to dikawa na parnei ap thn koinwna, cwrV kanna legco thV ergasaV twn diforwn politn, sa qlei trfia, autoknhta, pina ktl. Akh kai tra, pollo asto sofo katafegoun se ttoiou edouV eirwneeV, tsi wV decnoun no thn aqei touV kai to ulik sufron pou touV knei na uposthrzoun ton kapitalis. Aqei giat pot den prase ap to nou kanenV sosialist na profhtesei pte qa rqei h anterh fsh tou koouniso, oi egloi qewrhtiko tou sosialiso problpoun ti qa rqei, tan wV qa coun allxei oi sherinV paragwgikV duneiV kai o nqrwpoV qa gnei entelV diaforetikV ap ton sherin, pou enai ikanV na lehlatsei ta pnta cwrV na analogisqe tiV sunpeieV, na adeisei tiV apoqkeV tou koinwniko plotou kai na zhtsei ta adnata. Efson den fqase h anterh fsh tou koouniso, oi sosialistV zhton austhrtato legco ap thn koinwna kai to KrtoV ep tou poso thV pareconhV ergasaV kai to pos thV katanlwshV, no o legcoV autV prpei n' arcsei e thn ektpish twn kefalaiocwn, e thn epibol lgcou twn ergatn ep twn kapitalistn, kai prpei na ektelesqe ci ap to grafeiokratik,

all ap to ergatik krtoV. H suferontologik uperspish tou kapitaliso ap touV astoV ideolgouV (kai touV opadoV touV tou edouV Tseretlli, Tsrnwf kai SiaV), sunstatai sto gegonV ti e diforeV suzhtseiV kai frseiV gia to aptero llon, parakptoun to ousiastik kai sgcrono ztha tV sherinV politikV, dhlad thn ektpish twn kapitalistn, thn etarfwsh lwn twn politn se ergteV kai upalllouV enV eglou sundiktou, tou KrtouV, kai thn telea upagwg olklhrou tou rgou tou sundiktou auto se na pragatik dhokratik krtoV -sto krtoV pou apoteletai ap ta Subolia antiprospwn ergatn kai stratiwtn. Pragatik, tan kaneV sofV kaqhghtV kai az tou to noon koin kai oi k.k. Tseretlli kai Tsrnwf, ilon gia tiV parlogeV outopeV, gia tiV dhagwgikV uposcseiV twn polsebkwn, gia to adnato thV efarogV tou Sosialiso, coun sto nou touV to antero stdio fsh tou koouniso to opoon kaneV ci no den uposcqhke, ll ote kai skfqhke na dokisei na eisaggei, giat enai telewV adnato na eisacqe. Ercaste loipn tsi sto ztha thV episthonikV diaforV etax Sosialiso kai Koouniso, to opoo qixe o ngkelV sthn krsh tou pou anafrae parapnw gia thn anakrbeia tou onatoV sosialdhokrthV. H politik diafor etax tV prthV katterhV kai tV anterhV fshV tou koouniso qa gnei kpote pol eglh, qa tan wV asteo na epienoue s' aut ap tra, sa sto kapitalistik sstha, kai no swV eriko anarciko qa porosan na tou apodsoun prwteousa shas -an ennoetai uprcoun akh nqrwpoi etax twn anarcikn pou den didcqhkan tpote ap thn edouV Plecnwf etarfwsh twn Kroptkin, twn Gkrb, twn Kornelssen kai llwn astrwn tou anarciso proV ton Sosialswbinis proV ton anarco-escatis, pwV oolghse naV ap touV lgouV anarcikoV pou diathron akh thn ti touV (o Gkau). 56 H episthonik wV diafor etax sosialiso kai koouniso enai faner. Aut pou genik onozetai sosialisV carakthrzetai ap ton Marx wV h prth katterh fsh tV koounistikV koinwnaV. Kai afo ta sa thV paragwgV gnontai dhsia idiokthsa, h lxh koounisV pore na efarosqe kai ed, arke na hn xecnoe ti den uprcei aka tleioV koounisV. H eglh shasa thV exghshV tou Marx enai ti kai s' aut to ztha efarzei thn ulistik dialektik qodo, thn qewra thV exlixhV, exetzontaV ton koounis san kti pou prokptei ap ton kapitalis. Ant twn tecnhtn kai scolastikn orisn kai twn taiwn anazhtsewn thV shasaV twn lxewn (ti enai sosialisV, ti enai koounisV) o Marx analei ti prpei na onozontai stdia sthn oikonoik anptuxh tou koouniso. Sthn prth tou fsh sto prto stdio o KoounisV den pore akh na enai oikonoikV rioV kai telewV apallagnoV ap kqe pardosh kai epdrash tou kapitaliso. Blpoue loipn to endiafron faineno ti h prth fsh tou koouniso diathre ton sten orzonta tou astiko nou. O astikV noV, sthn diano twn eidn thV katanlwshV propoqtei oiraa to kefalaiokratik krtoV, giat o noV den enai tpote, cwrV ia orgnwsh ekbiaso tou lao gia na upotssetai s' autn. Kat sunpeia, gia orisno kair ci no o astikV noV all akh kai to kefalaiokratik krtoV qa diathrontai up ton koounis, cwrV thn kefalaiokratik txh. Aut pore na fane wV paradoxologa kai logopagnio, pwV kathgoron ton Marxis oi nqrwpoi pou den qloun na eletsoun tiV exairetik baqiV didaskaleV tou. Pragatik wV to Pali pou epize sa sto No brsketai antitwpo aV se kqe ba thV zwV, tso sth Fsh so kai sthn Koinwna. en enai no o eusebV pqoV tou Marx pou afnei na leyano astiko nou sa ston koounis. AutV aplV deixe ti enai oikonoikV kai politikV anapfeukto se ia koinwna pou prokptei ap ta splcna tou kapitaliso. H hokrata cei eglh shasa ston apeleuqerwtik agna thV ergatikV txhV kat twn kefalaiokratn. All h hokrata den enai rio pou den prpei na uperboe, enai llon na ap ta stdia ston dro thV exlixhV ap ton Feoudalis ston Kapitalis kai ap ton Kapitalis ston Koounis. H hokrata efarzei thn isthta. H terasta shasa tou agna tou proletaritou gia thn isthta kai h elkustik dnah auto tou sunqatoV enai faner, tan ennooe ti aut shanoun thn ekhdnish twn txewn. H dhokratik wV isthta enai apl tupik kai tpote perisstero : kai aswV et thn efarog thV isthtaV lwn twn eln tV koinwnaV se scsh e thn katoc twn swn tV paragwgV, dhlad tV isthtaV thV ergasaV kai thV

isthtaV twn heroisqwn, qa efanisqe oiraa prost sthn anqrwpthta to ztha na procwrsei ap thn tupik isthta proV thn isthta pou enai pragatik, kai na pragatopoisei sthn zw thn arc kaqnaV kat thn ikanthta tou ston kaqna kat tiV angkeV tou. Me poia praktik tra qa procwrsei h anqrwpthta ston antero aut skop -aut den to xroue ote poroe na to xroue. Prpei wV na dexoue pso esfalnh enai h sunhqisnh kefalaiokratik qodoV pou paristnei ton sosialis san kti yuco, apoliqwno, orisno ia gia pnta. ApenantaV no e ton sosialis q' arcsei ia grgorh, asfalV, pragatik prodoV thV zaV sthn opoa prta h pleioyhfa kai stera olklhroV o plhqusV qa lboun roV -prodoV se la ta eppeda thV koinwnikV kai atoikV zwV. 57 H dhokrata enai a orf tou KrtouV -a ap tiV parallagV tou KrtouV, pwV loipn kqe krtoV enai kai aut a organwnh, susthatik efarog thV baV kat twn politn. Aut enai h a yh thV. All ap to llo roV enai h tupik anagnrish thV isthtaV lwn twn politn, tou sou dikaiatoV lwn ston kaqoris thV snqeshV kai thV diokhshV tou krtouV. Kai ap thn tupik anagnrish prokptei na stdio sthn exlixh thV dhokrataV, h opoa prta-prta sugkentrnei to proletarito wV epanastatik txh kat thV ploutokrataV, kai tou parcei thn eukaira na suntryei, na koatisei, na sarsei ap to prswpo thV ghV thn kefalaiokratik kubernhtik hcan -akh kai thn dhokratik thV parallag, ton nio strat thn astunoa kai thn grafeiokrata. eteron, tou dnei thn dnah na antikatastsei la aut e na dhokratiktero, all pli kratik hcanis, up thn orf twn noplwn azn thV ergatikV txhV, kai na proetoisei thn suetoc oloklrou tou lao sthn eqnofulak. Ed h posthta etatrpetai se poithta. To dhokratik aut stdio bganei pia ap to plasio thV dhokratikV koinwnaV kai sheinei thn narxh thV sosialistikV thV diarfwshV. An o kaqnaV pragatik suetcei sthn diequnsh tou KrtouV h kefalaiokrata den pore na diathrhqe pia. Kai pragatik o kapitalisV pwV exelssetai, noV tou proetoizei to dafoV gia ton kaqna na enai ikanV na lbei roV sthn diequnsh tou krtouV. Ma ekdlwsh thV proparaskeuV autV tou edfouV enai kai genik ekpadeush tou plhquso pou cei dh pragatopoihqe se pollV ap tiV pio procwrhneV kefalaiokratikV creV epshV kai h rfwsh kai peiqarca pou epiblletai ep twn ekatourwn twn ergatn ap ton terstio, polploko kai koinwnikopoihno organis twn tacudroewn, sidhrodrwn, eglwn ergostaswn, tou eglou eporou, twn trapezn, k.t.l. k.t.l. Me to oikonoik aut dafoV enai apoltwV dunat aswV, sa se ekosi tssareV reV na proboe sthn anatrop twn kefalaiokratn kai grafeiokratn, kai na touV antikatastsoue ston legco thV paragwgV kai dianoV, sthn uphresa tou diakanoniso thV ergasaV kai twn prontwn, ap touV noplouV ergteV ton oplisno la. To ztha tou elgcou kai thV logistikV den prpei na sugcusqe e to ztha thV episthonik orfwnhV erdaV twn hcanikn, gewpnwn k.t.l. Oi krioi auto douleoun sera up tiV diatagV twn kefalaiocwn, qa douleoun swV kaltera ario, up tiV diatagV twn noplwn ergatn. Logistik kai legcoV -auto enai oi anagkaiteroi roi gia thn kanonik kai swst leitourg thV prthV fshV thV koounistikV koinwnaV. loi oi polteV etatrpontai se isqwtoV upllhlouV tou KrtouV, pou apoteletai ap touV noplouV ergteV. loi oi polteV gnontai upllhloi kai ergteV enV eqniko kratiko sundiktou. Prkeitai no na douleoun loi se so baq, na prosfroun loi kanonik to tro thV ergasaV pou touV analoge, kai loi na parnoun sh plhrw. H logistik kai o legcoV pou creizontai gi' aut aplopoiqhkan tso ap ton kapitalis, ste etetrphsan se exairetik aplostateV enrgeieV taxinosewV, paralabV kai kdoshV apodexewn pou pore na knei o kaqnaV pou xrei na diabzei kai na grfei kai xrei tiV tsseriV prteV ariqhtikV prxeiV2 . tan h pleioyhfa twn diwn twn politn arczei na tan oi perisstereV leitourgeV tou krtouV periorzontai se ia logistik kai nan legco ap touV diouV touV ergteV, aut paei na enai politik KrtoV. Tte oi dhsieV 58 kratei autoV touV logariasoV kai na epibllei autn ton legco ep twn kefalaiocwn pou etatrpontai tra se upalllouV, ep thV kathgoraV ekenhV twn dianoounwn pou diathron akh tiV kapitalistikV sunqeieV, o legcoV autV qa gnei prgati genikV, anapfeuktoV, fusikV, kai den qa uprcei trpoV na ton diafgei, kaneV. Olklhrh h koinwna qa cei gnei na grafeo kai na ergostsio, e sh doulei kai sh

plhrw. Aut wV h peiqarca ergostasou, pou to proletarito qa epektenei se lh thn koinwna et thn tta tou kapitaliso kai thn anatrop twn eketalleutn, den enai kaqlou to idanik aV, kai pol apcei ap ton telik aV skop. en enai par naV etabatikV staqV gia thn rizik ekkaqrish thV koinwnaV ap lh thn kthnwda kai thn atia thV kefalaiokratikV eketlleushV. SuneczontaV ton dro aV proV ta eprV, qa afsoe psw ton etabatik aut staq. tan to snolo, stw no to egaltero roV thV koinwnaV, qei pV kuberntai to KrtoV, analbei to rgo aut sta dik tou cria, egkatastsei nan legco epnw sthn asanth eioyhfa twn kapitalistn, epnw sth erda pou diathre kefalaiokratik qia kai stouV ergteV pou enai agitreuta diefqarnoi ap ton kapitalis -ap thn stig aut h angkh opoiasdpote kubrnhshV arczei na eklepei. so teleiterh enai h dhokrata, tso plhsisterh enai h stig pou paei na enai anagkaa. so pio dhokratik enai to krtoV, apoteloeno ap touV, noplouV ergteV, pou den enai pia krtoV e thn koin shasa tV lxhV, tso grhgortera arczei na xepftei kqe orf krtouV. Giat tan loi qoun na kubernon kai qa kubernon thn koinwnikopoihnh paragwg, tan loi pragatik qa kraton logarias kai qa elgcoun touV flakeV twn kefalaiokratikn paradsewn, qa enai bbaia tso apsteuta dskolo na diafgei kaneV ap thn genik aut diequnsh kai ton legco, qa enai tso spnio kai qa sunodeetai asfalV ap tso bari tiwra (giat oi noploi ergteV enai pol praktiko nqrwpoi kai ci aisqhatiko ideolgoi), ste pol grgora h angkh thV trhshV lwn twn apln kai basikn kannwn thV koinwnikV zwV, qa gnei a sunqeia. H prta tte qa enai orqnoicth gia thn etbash ap thn prth fsh tV KoounistikV KoinwnaV sthn anterh deterh fsh thV, kai sugcrnwV ston teleiwtik aras tou krtouV. leitourgeV etatrpontai ap politikV se aplV diaceiristikV leitourgeV (de anwtrw kef , paragr. 2 sthn Poleik tou ngkelV proV touV anarcikoV). (O SuggrafaV) 59 . EXEUTELISMOS TOU MARXISMOU APO TOUS OPORTOUNISTES To ztha thV scshV tou krtouV proV thn koinwnik epanstash, kai thV KoinwnikV epanstashV proV to krtoV, kaqV kai to ztha tV epanstashV genik, pol lgo apasclhse touV gnwstterouV qewrhtikoV thV eutraV ieqnoV (1889-1914). To carakthristiktero wV gegonV sthn exlixh aut thV baqiaaV anptuxhV tou oportouniso, pou fere sthn creokopa tV eutraV ieqnoV sta 1914, enai ti kai tan akh tucaa fqasan s' aut to ztha katbale leV touV tiV prospqeieV gia na to apofgoun h llon to pernosan aparatrhto. Mporoe genik na poe ti h apofug tou zhtatoV auto thV scshV thV proletariakV epanstashV proV to KrtoV, prga pou tan exairetik sufron gia touV oportounistV, anptuxe ton oportounis kai pararfwse ton Marxis, wV ton teleiwtik exeutelis tou. Gia na carakthrsoue no e lga lgia thn axioqrnhth aut exlixh, aV proue touV pio gnwstoV qewrhtikoV tou Marxiso, ton Plecnwf kai ton Koutsku. 1. Poleik tou Plecnwf proV touV AnarcikoV O Plecnwf afirwse na eidik bibliarki gia to ztha thV scshV tou Sosialiso proV ton Anarcis, e ton ttlo AnarcisV kai SosialisV pou tupqhke sta Geranik sta 1894. Prospqhse kpwV na ilsei gi' aut to ztha cwrV na qxei to zwtiktero, to epaco sheo, to ousiastik politik sheo sthn plh proV touV anarcikoV: thn scsh tV EpanstashV proV to KrtoV kai to ztha tou KrtouV en gnei. To bibliarki tou prpei na cwrisqe se do rh: to na, istorik-filologik, pou pericei axilogh lh gia thn istora twn iden tou Strner, tou Prountn kai llwn, to detero, aaqV kai sofistik, pericei ia condroeid epanlhyh tou qatoV ti naV anarcikV den pore na diakriqe ap nan kakorgo, enai geto ap diaskedastikoV sunduasoV sullogisn kai enai pol carakthristik gia lh th drsh tou Plecnwf stiV paraonV thV EpanstashV kai kat thn dirkeia thV epanastatikV peridou sth Rwsa. Prgati ap to 1908 wV to 1917, o Plecnwf fanerqhke san naV isoscolastikV kai iso-upokritV, denoV politik sto ra thV ploutokrataV. Edae pwV o Marx kai o ngkelV sthn poleik touV kat twn anarcikn, anptuxan safstata tiV apyeiV touV gia thn scsh thV EpanstashV proV to KrtoV. O ngkelV, dhosieontaV sta 1891 thn Kritik tou ProgratoV thV OoIi& tou Marx, grafe ti eeV - dhlad o ngkelV kai o Marx- easte tte sthn sklhrterh fsh thV poleikV

aV proV ton Mpakonin kai touV anarcikoV tou: liV duo crnia ecan persei tte ap to Sundrio thV PrthV ieqnoV sth Cgh. Oi anarciko ecan prospaqsei na efansoun thn Parisin Koona wV dik touV, wV epikrwsh twn didaskalin touV, decnontaV tsi ti den katlaban kaqlou ta didgata tV KoonaV kai thn anlush twn didagtwn thV ap ton Marx. O anarcisV den dwse kai swst lsh sta sugkekrina politik problata: poroe na suntryoue thn pali Kratik hcan, kai ti qa bloue sth qsh thV; Na ilei wV kaneV gia Anarcis kai Sosialis afnontaV xw olklhro to ztha tou KrtouV kai parablpontaV lh thn exlixh tou Marxiso prin kai et thn Koona60 aut saine ian anapfeukth ptsh ston oportounis. Giat aut akribV qlei o oportounisV- na afsei kat roV aut ta zhtata. Aut kai no apotele ia eglh nkh tou oportouniso. 2. Poleik tou Koutsku proV touV oportounistV. CwrV afibola naV asgkrita egalteroV ariqV rgwn tou Koutsku enai etafrasna sta Rwsik par se kqe llh glssa. Kai coun kpoio dkio oi Gerano sosialdhokrteV tan lne crin asteithtaV, ti o Koutsku diabzetai perisstero sth Rwsa par sth Gerana -kai prpei na poe, se parnqesh, ti uprcei ia baqterh istorik shasa sthn asteithta aut, par' so pisteetai sunqwV. Giat sta 1905 oi Rsoi ergteV ekdlwsan ia exairetik zwhr, ia prwtofan zthsh twn kalterwn rgwn thV kalterhV sosialdhokratikV filologaV tou ksou, kai oi etafrseiV kai ekdseiV twn rgwn autn ekddontan se apsteuto ariq, par stiV lleV creV. tsi loipn, h terstia pera tV geitonikV pio proodeunhV craV, etafutethke sto entelV parqno dafoV to proletariako aV kinatoV. O Koutsku ektV thV eklakeushV pou kae ston Marxis, enai idiatera gnwsttatoV sth cra aV e tiV suzhtseiV tou proV touV oportounistV pou coun epikefalV twn ton Mpernstin. na gegonV wV scedn gnwsto, po olatata den prpei na to parablyoue, an qloue na ereunsoue pwV o Koutsku expese se ttoio sheo sgcushV, ste na gnei dikhgroV tou Sosial-swbiniso, sthn epoc thV egalterhV krshV, sta 1914-15. To gegonV aut enai ti, prin ekstratesei enanton twn kuriotrwn antiprospwn ton oportouniso sth Galla (Millern, ZwrV) kai sth Gerana (Mpernstin), o Koutsku, ece dexei pol eglouV distagoV. H Rwsik arxik efherda, H Aug, po ekdidtan sth Stoutgrdh sta 1901-2, uposthrzontaV thn epanastatik proletariak taktik, apokluye ton Koutsku carakthrzontaV thn prtash tou sto ieqnV Sosialistik Sundrio twn Pariswn sta 1900, wV elastik, exaitaV tV akaqristhV, etriopaqoV kai subibastikV stshV tou apnanti twn oportounistn. Sta Geranik ecan dhosieuqe epistolV to Koutsku pou arturosan thn dia distaktikthta prin tacqe enanton tou Mpernstin. Asgkrita wV egalterh shasa cei to gegonV ti stiV suzhtseiV tou autV e touV oportounistV, sthn diatpwsh tou zhtatoV ap' autn, kai sthn qodo e thn opoa ,to exetzei, poroe na parathrsoue, tra pou ereunoe thn Istora tV teleutaaV prodosaV tou kat tou arxiso, ton susthatik prosanatolis tou proV ton oportounis kai propntwn sto ztha aut tou KrtouV. AV proue to prto eglo rgo tou Koutsku kat tou oportouniso : O Mpernstin kai to Sosialdhokratik prgraa. O Koutsku antikroei ton Mpernstin leptoerV, to carakthristik wV sheo enai to exV: O Mpernstin sto diabhto biblo tou, Sosialistik Qelia, kathgore ton arxis ep Mplankis, kathgora pou ap tte epanalabnetai cilideV forV ap touV oportounistV kai touV fileleuqrouV thV RwsaV kat twn antiprospwn tou epanastatiko arxiso, twn Mpolsebkwn. Sto sheo aut o Mpernstin epinei kurwV sto rgo tou Marx 0 eflioV pleoV sth Galla, kai prospaqe -pwV edae, entelV anepitucV na suntautsei thn poyh tou Marx gia ta didgata tV KoonaV e thn poyh tou Prountn. EpshV dnei xecwrist shasa sto suprasa tou Marx pou tonzetai ap ton dion ston prlogo tou Koounistiko Manifstou sta 1872, ti dhlad h ergatik txh den pore pla na prei sta cri thV thn toih kratik hcan kai na thn crhsiopoisei gia touV 61 dikoV thV skopoV. H kfrash aut rese tso pol ston Mpernstin, ste thn epanalabnei toulciston treiV forV sa sto biblo tou -exhgntaV thn e thn pio diastreblwnh oportounistik nnoia. Edae pV o Marx ennoe, ti h ergatik txh prpei na suntryei, na spsei, na anatinxei (drGqhqh, ekrhgnw enai h kfrash pou crhsiopoie o

ngkelV) olklhrh thn kratik hcan, en kat ton Mpernstin, fanetai ti o Marx e ta lgia aut suboleue thn ergatik txh enntia tou uperboliko epanastatiko zlou kat thn katlhyh tV exousaV en pore kaneV na fantasqe pio cudaa kai anaid diastrof twn iden tou Marx. Ti knei wV o Koutsku sthn leptoer tou katapolhsh tou Mpernstanisou; Apofegei thn extash olklhrhV thV ktashV thV diastrofV tou Marxiso s' aut to sheo. Anafrei to anwtrw apspasa ap ton prlogo tou ngkelV sto biblo tou Marx O eflioV pleoV sth Galla, lgontaV ti, kat ton Marx, h ergatik txh den pore pla na kataktsei thn toih kratik hcan, all, en gnei, pore na thn kataktsei kai aut enai lo... Gia to gegonV ti o Mpernstin apdwse ston Marx akribV tiV antqeteV ap tiV pragatikV tou apyeiV, kai ti to pragatik rgo thV proletariakV epanstashV, pwV to kaqrise o Marx ap ta 1852, tan h suntrib thV kratikV hcanV- ote ia lxh den brsketai gia la aut sto rgo tou Koutsku. To apotlesa tan ti h kuriterh dikrish etax Marxiso kai Oportouniso sto ztha thV proletariakV epanstashV aposiwpqhke ! Thn lsh tou problatoV thV proletariakV diktatoraV, grafe o Koutsku en antiqsei proV ton Mpernstin, poroe na thn afsoue gia to llon. Aut den enai ia poleik kat tou Mpernstin, all llon ia paracrhsh proV autn, ia upostrixh thV qshV tou oportouniso : giat sera oi oportounistV den zhton llo kaltero par apl na afsoun gia to llon la ta qeelidh problata thV proletariakV epanstashV. O Marx kai o ngkelV, ap ta 1852 wV ta 1891 ep sarnta crnia ddaxan to proletarito ti prpei na suntryei thn kratik hcan, all o Koutsku, sta 1899, antietwpzontaV sto sheo aut thn egalterh diastrof tou arxiso ap touV oportounistV, etastrfei dlia to ztha twn sugkekrinwn orfn thV katastrofV thV kratikV hcanV, sto geniktero ztha per tV angkhV tV katastrofV thV, kai tsi szei ton eaut tou psw ap to prscha thV anafisbthtou -kai steraV- alqeiaV, ti oi sugkekrineV orfV den poron na enai gnwstV ap prin Metax tou Marx kai tou Koutsku, etax thV stshV tou kaqenV se scsh e to prblha pou tqetai prost sto proletariak ka, pwV dhlad, qa proetoiasqe h ergatik txh gia thn Epanstash, uprcei ia platei bussoV. AV proue to epeno, writero rgo tou Koutsku afierwno epshV kat ga roV sthn antkroush twn oportounistikn sfaltwn. Enai to biblo tou gia thn Koinwnik Epanstash. O suggrafaV eklgei wV eidik qa tou to ztha thV proletariakV epanstashV kai tou proletariako kaqesttoV. MV parcei arket shantik lh, all akribV to ztha aut tou KrtouV agnoetai, Msa sto biblo tou o suggrafaV ilei gia thn katkthsh thV kratikV exousaV -kai aut enai lo. hlad, to ztha diatupnetai e ttoio trpo ste apotele ia paracrhsh ston oportounis, afo gnetai dekt ti h katlhyh thV exousaV pore na gnei cwrV thn katastrof tV kratikV hcanV. 62 To dio prga pou o Marx sta 1872, ece diakhrxei ti enai pia parkairo sto prgraa tou Koounistiko Manifstou, anastanetai ap ton Koutsku sta 1902. To biblo epshV pericei ia eidik pargrafo gia tiV orfV kai ta pla thV KoinwnikV EpanstashV. S' autn exetzei thn genik politik aperga, to ztha tou efliou polou, kai ta rgana thV baV pou diaqtoun ta netera egla krth, pwV enai h grafeiokrata kai o stratV, gia ekeno wV pou h Koona tsa ddaxe touV ergteV, ote ia sullab. Blpoue ti o ngkelV den dine taia suboulV, gia touV GeranoV sosialdhokrteV idiatera, enanton tou oirolatriko sebaso proV to KrtoV. O Koutsku qtei to ztha ti: to nikhfro proletarito qa pragatopoisei to dhokratik prgraa kai diatupnei ta rqra tou, ll gi' aut pou aV ddaxe to toV 1871, gia thn ikroastik dhokrata pou antikaqstatai ap ia proletariak -ote ia lxh. Metaceirzetai gi' aut to ztha diforeV eulogofaneV kai tetrineV frseiV, pwV: enai faner ti den poroe na epitcoue thn kuriarca up thn sherin txh twn pragtwn. Aut h epanstash propoqtei ia akr kai baqi plh pou kaqV procwre, qa allxei ton politik kai koinwnik organis aV. CwrV afibola aut enai fober tso so ta loga trne kriqri, o BlgaV cnetai sthn Kaspa qlassa. To no luphr enai ti creisthke na crhsiopoisei aut thn ken

kai popdh frsh gia thn baqi plh, gia na uperphdsei to ousiastik prblha tou epanastatiko proletaritou, dhlad pou akribV brsketai aut to bqoV thV epanstashV tou se scsh e to KrtoV kai thn hokrata, se antqesh, proV tiV h proletariakV epanastseiV tou parelqntoV. Ed enai na shantiktato sheo, to opoo agnontaV o Koutsku, paraddei pragatik olklhro, to pedo stouV oportounistV, en khrssei pleo enanton touV e foberV kai troerV lxeiV, tonzontaV thn shasa tV idaV thV epanstashV pso axzei aut h ida tan kaneV fobtai na thn diadsei etax, twn ergatn; - tou Epanastatiko idealiso upernw lwn..., kai diakhrssontaV ti oi ggloi ergteV liV diafroun ap thn ikroastik txh Se ia Sosialistik koinwna (grfei o Koutsku) poron kai sunuprcoun sugcrnwV oi pio poikleV orfV biohcanikn epiceirsewn -grafeiokratikV (;;), eporikV, sunetairistikV, atoikV. Enai paradegatoV crin erikV epiceirseiV pou den poron na uprxoun cwrV ia grafeiokratik (;;) orgnwsh: tsi enai oi sidhrdrooi. H dhokratik orgnwsh qa prei ed thn aklouqh orf: Oi ergteV eklgoun antiprswpouV pou apotelon na edoV Koinoboulou kai aut to koinobolio kaqorzei touV rouV thV ergasaV kai epistate sthn leitourga tou grafeiokratiko hcaniso. lleV epiceirseiV prpei na etabibasqon stiV ergatikV enseiV pou qa porosan pli na organwqon epnw se ia sunetairistik bsh. H poyh aut enai esfalnh kai opisqodroik se sgkrish e ta supersata tou Marx kai tou ngkelV stera ap to 1870, et ta didgata thV KoonaV. Gia thn dqen anagkaa grafeiokratik orgnwsh, den uprcei kai diafor etax twn sidhrodrwn kai opoiasdpote llhV orfV thV eglhV biohcanaV, twn ergostaswn, twn eglwn eporikn epiceirsewn twn eglwn kefalaiokratikn kthtwn. H leitourga lwn autn twn epiceirsewn apaite thn austhrterh peiqarca, thn egalterh tupikthta sthn ektlesh tV ergasaV, giat alliV uprcei kndunoV blbhV tou hcaniso tou 63 prontoV, kai sgcush statha olklhrhV thV ergasaV. Se leV autV tiV epiceirseiV, oi ergteV qa eklgoun antiprospouV pou qa apotelon na edoV koinoboulou. All ed enai to flgon ztha : aut to edoV Koinoboulou den qa enai koinobolio e thn astik nnoia. Aut to edoV koinoboulou den qa kaqorzei touV rouV tV ergasaV kai qa epiblpei th leitourga tou grafeiokratiko hcaniso pwV fantzetai o Koutsku, tou opoou oi skyeiV den xefegoun pol ap to plasio tou astiko koinobouleutiso. Se ia sosialistik koinwna, aut to edoV koinoboulou, pou apoteletai ap antiprospouV twn ergatn, qa kaqorzei touV rouV thV ergasaV, kai qa epiblpei thn leitourga tou hcaniso autV wV o hcanisV den qa enai grafeiokratikV. Oi ergteV kataktntaV thn politik exousa, qa suntryoun ton pali grafeiokratik hcanis, qa ton xerizsoun ap ta qeli tou, spou na h enei ote lqoV ep lqou, kai h na hcan pou qa knoun gia na bloun sth qsh thV qa dhiourghqe ap touV douV touV ergteV kai upalllouV. Gia na prolhfqe h etatrop touV se grafeiokrteV, qa lhfqon esa tra ta opoa leptoerV anlusan o Marx kai o ngkelV: 1) ci no qa eklgontai, all kai qa poron se kqe stig na anaklhqon. 2) en qa pernon anterh plhrw ap touV koinoV ergteV: 3) qa gnei esh proetoiasa gia na kaqestV, sto opoo loi qa ekplhrnoun to rgo tou elgcou kai thV epbleyhV, ste loi qa gnontai dhsioi upllhloi proswrin, kai kaneV den qa cei tsi thn eukaira na gnei grafeiokrthV. O Koutsku den skfqhke kaqlou touV lgouV tou Marx: H Koona den tan naV koinobouleutikV all naV ergatikV organisV, pou sugcrnwV exdide kai ektelose touV nouV. en katlabe kaqlou thn diafor etax enV ikroastiko koinoboulou pou sunduzei thn dhokrata (ci gia to la) e thn grafeiokrata (kat tou lao), kai thV proletariakV dhokrataV, h opoa qa lbei esa tra gia na xerizsei thn grafeiokrata kai h opoa qa enai ikan na frei ta tra aut sth logik touV katlhxh, sthn tleia katastrof thV grafeiokrataV kai thn telik egkatstash thV dhokrataV gia to la. O Koutsku fanernei tsi pli ton dio pali oirolatrik sebas proV to KrtoV, thn oirolatrik psth sthn grafeiokrata. AV rqoue sto teleutao kai kaltero ap ta rga tou Koutsku kat twn oportounistn, to bibliarki tou O roV proV thn exousa, pou dhosieqhke sta 1909. To bibliarki aut apotele na shantik ba proV ta eprV, giat den exetzei aplV to epanastatik prgraa en gnei (pwV sto biblo to 1899 kat tou Mpernstin) ote ta problata thV

koinwnikV epanstashV anexrthta tou crnou thV krhxhV thV (pwV sto biblo tou H Koinwnik Epanstash sta 1902), all touV sugkekrinouV rouV pou V anagkzoun na anagnwrsoue ti h epanastatik perodoV proseggzei. O suggrafaV ekqtei safstata thn ntash tou antagwniso twn txewn genik kai thn anptuxh tou iperialiso, pou pazei rlo exairetik shantik sto ztha toto. stera ap thn epanastatik perodo tou 1789-1871 sthn utik Eurph, ia anlogh perodoV arczei gia thn Anatol sta 1905. naV pagksioV pleoV rcetai e apeilhtik tacthta. To proletarito den pore na ilei pia gia ia prwrh epanstash. Mpkae se ia epanastatik perodo. H epanastatik epoc arczei. Oi oologeV autV enai telewV swstV. To bibliarki aV prosfrei na tro sgkrishV etax tou youV twn uposcsewn tV GeranikV SosialdhokrataV prin ap ton iperialistik pleo kai tou bqouV thV katptwshV sthn opoa katlhxe -parnontaV az thV ki' autn ton Koutsku- tan exerrgh o pleoV. 64 H parosa katstash grafe o Koutsku sto biblo tou aut, pericei na knduno, pwV eeV, h Geranik Sosialdhokrata, qewrhqoe ekola wV perisstero etriopaqeV ap ti easte pragatik. tan wV fqase sthn prxh to Geranik Sosialdhokratik Ka, gine akh pio etriopaqV kai oportounistik ap' ti ece fane. Kai to pio carakthristik enai ti en oologe tso kaqar ti h epanastatik perodoV rcise dh, o Koutsku, sto biblo aut pou o dioV lei ti afiernetai akribV sthn politik epanstash paralepei pli to ztha tou KrtouV. To snolo lwn autn twn upekfugn tou qatoV, twn paraleyewn kai twn parasiwpsewn, fere oiraa sthn oristik ptsh proV ton oportounis, gia thn opoa qa ilsoue aswV paraktw. H Geranik Sosialdhokrata, san na poe, sto prswpo ton Koutsku, diakruxe: Uposthrzw akh tiV epanastatikV apyeiV (1899), anagnwrzw idiatera ti h koinwnik epanstash tou proletaritou enai anapfeukth (1902) anagnwrzw ti ia na epanastatik perodoV rcise dh (1909), apokrow wV aut pou epe o Marx ap ta 1852 -tan problqhke oristik to ztha twn kaqhkntwn pou qa parousiasqon se ia proletariak epanstash se scsh e to KrtoV (1913). Kai akribV e ton trpo aut qese to ztha sth suzthsh tou e ton Pannkek. 3. H poleik etax Koutsku kai Pannkek. O Pannkek antkrouse ton Koutsku, antiproswpeontaV thn oda thV rizospastikV aristerV pou ariqose stiV txeiV thV thn Rza Loxepourgk, ton Krl Rntek kai llouV, oi opooi, uposthrzontaV thn epanastatik taktik, ecan loi thn pepoqhsh ti o Koutsku pernose proV thn taktik tou kntrou, kuainenoV cwrV arcV etax Marxiso kai Oportouniso. H poyh aut apodecqhke telewV orq ap ton pleo, tan to rea aut tou kntrou tou Kaoutskiso, pou kakV onoaztan arxik, apokalfqhke e lh tou thn oiktrthta. S' na rqro tou gia to ztha to KrtouV, titloforoeno, H drsh twn azn kai h Epanstash, (NQIIQ Zq 1912), o Pannkek caraktrize thn stsh tou Koutsku wV paqhtik rizospastis, wV qewra thV adranoV anaonV. O Koutsku den qlei na dei thn porea thV epanstashV. Sto sheo aut o Pannkek, qgei to prblha pou V endiafrei, gia ton rlo dhlad thV proletariakV epanstashV apnanti to KrtouV. O agnaV tou proletaritou (grafe) den enai apl agnaV kat thV kefalaiokrataV e skop ton legco tou KRtouV all strfetai kat tou KrtouV... Bsh thV proletariakV epanstashV enai h katastrof twn organwnwn dunewn tou KRtouV kai, baia exafnish twn (&Mqduh) dia twn organwnwn dunewn tou proletaritou. Kai o agnaV autV den qa teleisei prin katastrafe olklhroV o kratikV organisV AutV enai o skopV tou. H orgnwsh thV pleioyhfaV decnei thn uperoc thV katastrfontaV thn organwnh ba thV kubernosaV eioyhfaV. O Pannkek den ekfrzei tiV ideV tou e epto trpo, all oi ideV enai arket safeV, kai axzei ton kpo na doe pwV tiV antikroei o Koutsku. wV tra, grfei, h diafor etax Sosialdhokratn kai anarcikn tan h aklouqh : oi prtoi qelan na kataktsoun thn kratik exousa, en skopV twn anarcikn tan na thn katastryoun, o Pannkek zhtei kai to na kai to llo. 65 An h anptuxh tou Pannkek den cei lh thn akrbeia kai safneia den iloe gia tiV lleV elleyeiV pou enai sceteV e to zth aV -o Koutsku brskei akribV aut to

sheo ap to rqro tou Pannkek, pou enai h ousa lou tou zhtatoV, kai sto qeelideV aut ztha, pou enai ztha arcV, o Koutsku aparnetai telewV thn arxik poyh kai paraddetai cwrV rouV stouV oportounistV. O orisV tou gia thn diafor etax sosialdhokratn kai anarcikn enai apoltwV esfalnoV, kai o arxisV paraorfnetai kai tapeinnetai tsi oristik. H diafor etax arxistn kai anarcikn enai h exV: 1) Oi arxistV zhton thn telea katastrof tou KrtouV, all paradcontai ti o skopV touV pore na pragatopoihqe no et thn exafnish twn txewn pou qa prolqei ap ia sosialistik epanstash wV apotlesa thV efarogV tou sosialiso pou katalgei ston aras tou KrtouV. oi anarciko apenantaV qloun thn tleia katastrof tou KrtouV entV ekosi tessrwn wrn kai den antilabnontai touV rouV up touV opoouV pore na pragatopoihqe aut h katastrof. 2) Oi arxistV paradcontai ti liV to proletarito kataktsei thn politik exousa ofelei na suntryei oltela ton pali kratik hcanis kai na frei sth qsh tou nan no hcanis twn organwnwn noplwn ergatn, kat to prtupo thV KoonaV. Oi anarciko apenantaV en enai upr thV katastrofV tou KrtouV, den coun xekaqarisnh ida tou ti qa blei to proletarito sth qsh tou kai pV qa crhsiopoisei thn epanastatik tou dnah, epshV arnontai ti to epanastatik proletarito cei angkh na crhsiopoisei to KrtoV kai na egkatastsei thn epanastatik tou diktatora. 3) Oi arxistV qloun na crhsiopoisoun to netero krtoV wV son proetoiasaV twn ergatn gia thn epanstash oi anarciko ta apokrooun la aut. Sthn poleik aut o MarxisV antiproswpeetai ap ton Pannkek kai ci ap ton Koutsku, afo o dioV o Marx diakruxe ti h apl etabbash thV paliV kratikV hcanV se na cria den enai kaqlou katkthsh thV exousaV : To proletarito ofelei na suntryei autn ton hcanis kai na ton antikatastsei e kti entelV no. O Koutsku etaphd, ap ton arxis ston oportounis, giat gi' autn den uprcei to ztha thV katastrofV to KrtouV ztha pou enai entelV apardekto gia touV oportounistV. Kai afnei tsi s' autoV thn eleuqria na exhgsoun thn katkthsh thV exousaV wV proshltish thV pleioyhfaV. Gia na sugkalyei thn diastrof aut tou Marxiso, o Koutsku epideiknei poluqeia, prosfrontaV perikopV ap ton dio ton Marx. O Marx grafe sta 1850 gia thn angkh thV oristikV sugkntrwshV thV dnahV sta cria tou KrtouV kai o Koutsku rwtei qriabeutik: MpwV o Pannkek qlei na katastryei ton Sugkentrwtis; Na na asteo paignidki pou oizei e thn suntatish pou knei o Mpernstin stiV apyeiV tou Marx kai to Prountn gia to ztha tou oospondiako sustatoV kat to Sugkentrwtiko. H perikop aut tou Koutsku den cei kaqlou thn qsh thV. H na orf tou KrtouV dcetai to sugkentrwtik sstha pwV h pali, tan p.c. oi ergteV sunennoun ekosia tiV nopleV duneiV touV, aut enai sugkentrwtisV, o opooV wV qa baszetai sthn telea katastrof tou sugkentrwtiko kratiko hcaniso -Strtou, astunoaV, grafeiokrataV. H qodoV aut tou Koutsku bbaia den enai kaqlou ntih. Oi qauastV didaskaleV tou Marx kai tou ngkelV gia thn Koona paralepontai, kai anafretai no a perikop pou den cei kaa scsh e to ztha. swV o Pannkek qlei na katargsei tiV kratikV leitourgeV twn upalllwn; (exakolouqe o Koutsku). CwrV upalllouV wV den poroe na knoue ote stiV organseiV tou 66 katoV kai twn swatewn aV, kai pol ligtero sthn diokhsh tou KrtouV. Gia touV kratikoV upalllouV, to prgraa aV den zhtei na exafanisqon, lla na eklgontai ap ton la. To zth aV den enai poia akribV orf qa prei o dioikhtikV hcanisV sto krtoV tou llontoV, lla na kaqorsoue an o politikV agnaV aV qa katastryei (kat lxh: dialsei, auod) to KrtoV, prin to kataktsoue (tiV lxeiV autV tiV upograzei o Koutsku). Poio upourgeo p. c. e touV upalllouV tou qa porose na katarghqe; (Ed gnetai ia aparqhsh twn upourgewn tV PaideaV, ikaiosnhV, Oikonoikn kai Stratiwtikn). ci ote na ap ta twrin upourgea den pore na katarghqe ap ton politik aV agna kat thV KubrnhshV... Epanalabnw gia na prolhfqe kqe parexghsh, den prkeitai ed gia thn orf pou qa dsei sto KrtoV tou llontoV a nkh thV SosialdhokrataV, all pwV h antipolteush aV qa allxei to sgcrono krtoV. Aut enai swst tacudaktulourga. O Pannkek qese to ztha thV EpanstashV. Tso o ttloV tou rqrou tou so kai ta apospsata pou anafrae parapnw to decnoun arket kaqar. All o Koutsku phdntaV sto ztha thV antipolteushV etatrpei thn poyh ap epanastatik se oportounistik. Kat thn gnh tou prpei proV to parn na perioristoe se ia antipolteush kai et thn katkthsh thV exousaV qa poroe na

ilsoue gia lla prgata. H epanstash exafanzetai : aut akribV zhton kai oi oportounistV. To krio zth aV den enai h antipolteush ote o genikV politikV agnaV, all h Epanstash. Kai epanstash enai h katastrof tou dioikhtiko hcaniso, kai h antikatstash tou ap thn na proletariak exousa twn noplwn ergatn. O Koutsku decnei na oirolatrik sebas proV ta Upourgea: giat wV den poron na antikatastaqon, p.c. ap subolia eidikn pou qa leitourgon sa sto kaqestV twn kurircwn kai pantodunwn suboulwn twn antiprospwn ergatn kai stratiwtn; To ousiastik wV sheo den enai kaqlou an ta Upourgea qa enoun qa etatrapon se subolia eidikn se llou edouV qesoV, la aut den coun kai shasa. To krio ztha enai an qa diathrsoue thn pali kubernhtik hcan, potisnh ap thn routna kai thn skouri, kai denh e cliouV desoV proV thn ploutokrata, aut qa suntrifte kai qa antikatastaqe e kti entelV no; Epanstash den qa pei ti qa kubern h na txh e thn pali kubernhtik hcan, all ti qa sarsei ton hcanis aut kai, qa dioike e na hcan. Thn qeelidh aut ida tou Marxiso, o Koutsku thn paralepei den thn ennoe kaqlou. H erthsh tou scetik e touV upalllouV decnei kaqar ti pol lgo noiwse ta didgata thV KoonaV kai thn didaskala tou Marx. en poroe na knoue cwrV upalllouV ote stiV organseiV tou katoV kai twn swatewn aV den poroe na knoue cwrV upalllouV sa sto Kefalaiokratik kaqestV, sthn kuriarca tV ploutokrataV. To proletarito katapizetai, oi ergazeneV zeV katanton se katstash douleaV up ton kapitalis, h dhokrata pngetai, suntrbetai, diaelzetai, kolobnetai ap ton kapitalis, thn isqodoulea, thn dustuca ka thn aqlithta twn azn. AkribV oi roi thV zwV sa sto kefalaiokratik kaqestV enai ta na atia, pou oi upllhloi twn politikn kotwn kai twn epaggelatikn organsewn aV enai diefqarnoi- llon coun thn tsi na diafqaron, na gnoun grafeiokrteV, dhlad pronoioca prswpa apocwrisna ap thn za, pou stkoun pio yhl ap' autn. Aut enai akribV h ousa thV grafeiokrataV, kai prin apoakrunqon oi kefalaiocoi kai 67 anatrape h ploutokrata, kaneV den pore na epodsei akh kai touV upalllouV twn ergatn na enai wV na baq grafeiokratikopoihnoi. Me aut pou lei o Koutsku qa porose kaneV na fantasqe ti na sosialistik kaqestV e eklegenouV upalllouV qa porose na anecqe toV grafeiokrteV kai thn grafeiokrata. Aut enai to egaltero lqoV. O Marx pre to pardeiga thV KoonaV, gia na dexei ti sto sosialistik kaqestV oi upllhloi twn ergatn qa pyoun na enai grafeiokrteV kai propntwn tan h eklog twn sunodeetai kai e to dikawa thV antikatstashV perisstero akh tan o isqV touV elattwqe sto eppedo tV plhrwV twn koinn ergatn kai akh perisstero pli, tan oi koinobouleutiko qeso antikaqstantai ap ergatikoV organisoV po sugcrnwV ekddoun kai ektelon touV nouV. la ta epiceirata tou Koutsku kat tou Pannkek, kai kurwV to qriabeutik sheo tou ti den poroe na knoue cwrV upalllouV ote stiV organseiV tou katoV kai twn swatewn aV, den decnoun llo par ti o Koutsku uioqete ta pali epiceirata tou Mpernstin enanton auto to Marxiso. Ta Qelia tou Sosialiso, to biblo aut tou apostth Mpernstn antikroei thn ida thV prwtgonhV dhokrataV -thV scolastikV dhokrataV, pwV thn onozei- thn kaqorisnh entol, touV upalllouV pou den antaebontai, ta anscura kentrik antiproswpeutik sata, k.t.l. H pera twn agglikn epaggelatikn ensewn, pwV erhneetai ap to zegoV lUqbbd, decnei kat ton Mpernstn pso esfalnh enai h ida thV prwtgonhV dhokrataV. Ebdonta olklhra crnia exlixhV e apluth eleuqera peisan prgati tiV epaggelatikV enseiV ti h prwtgonh dhokrata enai peritt, kai tiV odghsan na thn antikatastsoun e ton sunqh koinobouleutis sunduazeno e thn grafeiokrata. All h apluth eleuqera e thn opoa anaptcqhkan oi epaggelatikV enseiV, tan sthn pragatikthta tleia kefalaiokratik upodolwsh, sthn opoa -ti fusiktero;- den pore kaneV na knei cwrV paracwrseiV sthn kurarch dnah thV baV kai thV yeutiV, pou apokleoun touV tapeinoV ap tiV upoqseiV thV anterhV diokhshV. Sto sosialistik kaqestV oiraa qa anazsei na eglo roV ap thn prwtgonh dhokrata. Gia prth for sthn istora twn politisnwn eqnn h za tou plhquso qa uywqe, apnw ap yhfoforeV kai eklogV, ston eso legco thV kaqherinV diequnshV twn

upoqsewn tou qnouV. Sto sosialistik kaqestV loi qa lboun roV sthn ida na hn uprcoun kaqlou kubernteV. To eur kritik-analutik pnea tou Marx niwse ti ta praktik tra thV KoonaV periecan thn epanastatik aut afethra pou trozei touV oportounistV, kai thn opoa auto den qloun na anagnwrsoun, ete ap deila, ete giat den qloun na cwrisqon oristik ap thn ploutokrata, thn opoa epshV oi anarciko den qloun na nisoun ete ap uperbolik ba ete ap ia genik adunaa katanhshV twn rwn twn eglwn koinwnikn etaboln. en pore kaneV ote na skefqe kan gia thn suntrib thV paliV kubernhtikV hcanV, giat pwV qa porosae na knoue cwrV upourgea, kai cwrV upalllouV; tsi skptetai o oportounistV, potisnoV ap upokrisa kai katafobisnoV pragatik ap thn epanstash, ap thn dhiourgik dnah thV epanstashV (pwV oi SosialepanastteV kai oi Mensebkoi aV). O kaqnaV prpei na skptetai no gia thn katastrof thV paliV kubernhtikV hcanV enai peritt na zhtsei sugkekrina didgata sta perasna proletariak epanastatik kinata na analei e ti kai pwV qa antikatastsei aut pou katastrfhke tsi skptetai o anarcikV, dhlad oi kalteroi ap touV anarcikoV kai ci auto pou akolouqon ton 68 Kroptkin kai Sa psw ap thn ploutokrata kai tsi o anarcikV katalgei se ia taktik apelpisaV kai ci se ia sugkekrinh ergasa, e aklnhto qrroV all sugcrnwV kai e ekthsh twn rwn e touV opoouV proodeoun oi zeV. O Marx V didskei na apofegoue kai ta duo aut sflata. MaV subouleei na katastryoue e tlh thn pali kubernhtik hcan, kai sugcrnwV aV decnei pwV na qsoue sugkekrina to ztha: H Koona prese, sa se erikV ebdodeV, na arcsei thn anoikodhsh iaV naV proletariakV kratikV hcanV efarzontaV ta tra pou dexae parapnw gia na exasfalsei thn epktash thV dhokrataV sthn opoa h grafeiokrata den qa uprcei. AV didacqoe to epanastatik qrroV ap touV opadoV thV KoonaV. Sta praktik touV tra poroe na broe ia updeixh twn praktikn kaqherinn trwn pou poron aswV na efarosqon, akolouqntaV ton dro aut qa fqsoue sthn tleia katastrof thV grafeiokrataV. H grafeiokrata pore na katarghqe. tan to sosialistik kaqestV elattsei tiV reV thV ergasaV, uysei tiV zeV se ia na zw, dhiourgsei ttoiouV rouV gia thn pleioyhfa to plhquso, ste na pore o kaqnaV cwrV exaresh na ekplhrsei tiV leitourgeV thV kubrnhshV, tte kqe orf krtouV aranetai telewV. H katastrof tou KrtouV (grafe o Koutsku) den pore pot na gnei e ia genik aperga, h opoa apoblpei no na apospsei paracwrseiV ap thn Kubrnhsh se na eidik ztha na antikatastsei ia ecqrik kubrnhsh e llh pou qa eunoe ta aitata tou proletaritou. Pot wV, se kai perptwsh, den pore ia nkh tou proletaritou enanton iaV KubrnhshV na fqsei sthn katastrof tou KrtouV. Mpore no na frei kpoia anadiorgnwsh (UqGdoIiqbuh^) twn dunewn entV tou KrtouV... O skopV loipn tou politiko agna aV nei o dioV, h katkthsh dhlad thV exousaV entV tou KrtouV e thn exasflish thV pleioyhfaV sto Koinobolio kai thn etatrop tou Koinoboulou se kurarco kubernhtik sa. la aut den enai par o cudaiteroV oportounisV: pragatik h epanstash apokhrssetai, en uposthrzetai e ta lgia. H fantasa tou Koutsku den fqnei pio pra ap ia Kubrnhsh eunok sto proletarito. Opisqodrhsh se sgkrish e to 1847, tan to Koounistik Manifsto diakruxe thn anywsh tou proletaritou se kubernsa txh. O Koutsku qa porsei na pragatopoisei thn agaphnh tou enthta e touV Sintan, Plecnwf kai Banterblnte: loi auto qa breqon sfwnoi na ergasqon gia ia kubrnhsh eunok proV to proletarito. All eeV qa cwrisqoe ap touV prodteV autoV tou Sosialiso. Ergazaste gia thn telea katastrof thV paliV kubernhtikV hcanV, e ton skop oi noploi ergteV na gnoun Kubrnhsh, prga pou enai entelV diaforetik. 0 Koutsku pore na caretai thn eucristh suntrofi twn Lgkin, Ntabnt, Plecnwf, Potrsswf, Tseretlli kai Tsrnwf, pou epiquon epshV na ergasqon gia thn anadiorgnwsh twn dunewn entV tou KrtouV... thn exasflish thV pleioyhfaV sto Koinobolio kai thn kuriarca tou Koinoboulou ep thV KubrnhshV. Pol eugenV skopV, ton opoo dcontai olyuca oi oportounistV, kai ston opoon la noun sa sto plasio iaV ikroastikV koinobouleutikV dhokrataV. EeV wV qa cwristoe ap touV oportounistV. Kai olklhro to suneidht proletarito qa enai az aV ci gia ia anadiorgnwsh twn dunewn, all gia thn anatrop thV kefalaiokrataV, thn katastrof tou astiko koinobouleutiso, thn egkaqdrush thV pragatikV dhokrataV kat ton tpo thV KoonaV, dhlad thV hokrataV twn Sobit

(Suboulwn) twn antiprospwn ergatn kai stratiwtn gia thn epanastatik diktatora tou proletaritou. 69 EktV thV dexiV tou Koutsku uprcoun ston dieqn sosialis, kai lleV tseiV, pwV enai h Sosialistik Mhniaa (doz&ddoq Moh&dqq) sth Gerana (Lgkin, abd, Kol kai pollo lloi, az e touV SkandinaboV Stounigk kai Mprntigk), oi opado tou ZwrV kai tou Banterblnte st Gallia kai sto Belgio, o Tourti, o TrbeV kai oi lloi antiprswpoi thV dexiV ptrugaV tou Italiko KatoV, oi Fabiano kai oi anexrthtoi (to Anexrthto Ergatik Ka, exarteno sthn pragatikthta pnta ap touV FileleqerouV) sthn Aggla kai lleV paroieV odeV. loi auto Oi krioi, en pazoun na eglo, pollV forV ton kuritero rlo sthn koinobouleutik ergasa kai sto ekdotik rgo tou katoV, apokrooun telewV thn diktatora tou proletaritou kai diexgoun politik aproklupta oportounistik. Sta tia twn kriwn autn, h diktatora tou proletaritou antibanei, proV thn dhokrata! Alqeia wV den uprcei tpote pou na toV xecwrzei ap touV ikroastoV dhokrteV. Oi periptseiV autV, aV dnoun to dikawa na supernoue ti h eutra ieqnV, sto prswpo thV terastaV pleioyhfaV twn epshwn antiprospwn expese telewV ston oportounis. Ta didgata thV KoonaV ci no lhsonqhkan all kai diestrfhsan. Ant na tonisqe efantik stouV ergteV h prosggish thV stigV pou qa sarsoun thn pali kratik hcan kai qa thn antikatastsoun e ia na crhsiopointaV tsi thn politik touV epikrthsh wV bsh thV SosialistikV anadiorgnwshV thV KoinwnaV, didskontai stouV ergteV akribV ta antqeta kai efanzetai h katlhyh thV exousaV e ttoio trpo ste noun anoictV cilideV prteV ston oportounis. H sgcush aut h parasiphsh tou zhtatoV thV scshV iaV proletariakV epanstashV proV to KrtoV, den porose par na cei eglh epdrash, thn stig aut pou ta Krth e ton stratiwtik organis touV, eniscuno ap ton iperialistik antagwnis, etatrphkan se fober stratiwtik trata pou katabrocqzoun cilideV uprxeiV, filonikntaV an h Aggla h Gerana -h a h llh oda twn crhatistn qa kuriarcsei ston kso. EPILOGOS To bibliarki aut grfthke ton Agousto kai Septbrio tou 1917. Eca dh etoisei to scdio tou epenou, bdoou kefalaou, gia ta didgata twn Rwsikn Epanastsewn tou 1905 kai 1917. All, ektV ap ton ttlo, den katrqwsa na gryw ote ia gra tou kefalaou, e epdise ia politik krsh -ta proanakrosata thV epanstashV tou Noebrou 1917. Ttoio epdio to dcetai kaneV pntote e eucarsthsh. En psh periptsei to teleutao aut roV tou biblou afierwno sta didgata twn Rwsikn epanastsewn tou 1905 kai 1917, cwrV afibola qa anablhqe gia pol kair: enai pol wfelitero na zei kaneV sa sthn pera iaV epanstashV, par na grfei gi' autn. Petropolh, 30 Noebrou 1917. LENIN 70