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    The document discusses how the brain works through neurotransmitters and receptors. There are excitatory neurotransmitters like glutamate that send signals and inhibitory neurotransmitters like GABA that block signals. Drugs can mimic neurotransmitters by binding to receptors as agonists to stimulate them or as antagonists to block them. Common neurotransmitters discussed include glutamate, GABA, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, histamine, and adenosine. Drugs are able to alter signaling of these neurotransmitters in the brain and body to produce various effects on functions like learning, memory, sleep, mood, movement and more.

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    The document discusses how the brain works through neurotransmitters and receptors. There are excitatory neurotransmitters like glutamate that send signals and inhibitory neurotransmitters like GABA that block signals. Drugs can mimic neurotransmitters by binding to receptors as agonists to stimulate them or as antagonists to block them. Common neurotransmitters discussed include glutamate, GABA, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, histamine, and adenosine. Drugs are able to alter signaling of these neurotransmitters in the brain and body to produce various effects on functions like learning, memory, sleep, mood, movement and more.

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    6 views27 pages

    MITES Drugs

    Uploaded by

    SM_Ing.
    The document discusses how the brain works through neurotransmitters and receptors. There are excitatory neurotransmitters like glutamate that send signals and inhibitory neurotransmitters like GABA that block signals. Drugs can mimic neurotransmitters by binding to receptors as agonists to stimulate them or as antagonists to block them. Common neurotransmitters discussed include glutamate, GABA, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, histamine, and adenosine. Drugs are able to alter signaling of these neurotransmitters in the brain and body to produce various effects on functions like learning, memory, sleep, mood, movement and more.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 27

    How the Brain Works

    Background: The Synapse

    Release
    Signal

    Receptor binding

    Receptors:
    Excitatory: Sends signals (action potentials) Inhibitory: Blocks signals

    Drugs, neurotransmitters, and other ligands:


    Agonists: Stimulate receptors, mimic the neurotransmitter Antagonists: Block receptors

    Agonists and Antagonists

    Neurotransmitter

    Agonist (drug)

    Antagonist (drug)
    6

    Little quiz
    What would each of the following do?:
    Excitatory receptor Agonist Antagonist Inhibitory receptor

    Little quiz
    What would each of the following do?:
    Excitatory receptor Agonist Antagonist +++ More signal --Less signal Inhibitory receptor --Less signal +++ More signal

    Example drugs
    What would each of the following do?:
    Excitatory receptor Agonist Antagonist +++ Nicotine --Benadryl, Dimetapp Inhibitory receptor --Alcohol +++ Caffeine

    Glutamate

    The most common excitatory neurotransmitter Glutamate is releasd by 80% of neurons Learning Memory
    10

    GABA

    The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain Sleep Muscle relaxation Anxiety relief Impairs memory
    11

    How drugs mimic neurotransmitters: Drugs look like chemicals normally found in your body

    12

    Norepinephrine

    Fight or Flight Increases heart rate Excitement Fear


    13

    Epinephrine and phenylephrine

    14

    Dopamine

    The Salience Neurotransmitter Rewards sex, eating Increases alertness, happiness


    15

    Addiction
    Do cocaine
    Do more cocaine

    Damage decision-making and reward-seeking parts of brain


    16

    Serotonin (5-HT)

    The Satiety Neurotransmitter Feelings of fullness, contentment Relieves depression


    17

    Serotonergic drugs I

    18

    Serotonergic drugs II

    19

    Cannabinoids

    Marijuana mimics these molecules in the brain


    20

    Opioids

    Morphine mimics these Relieve pain and worry Induce sleep Slow digestive tract
    21

    Acetylcholine (ACh)

    Nicotine mimics this Alertness Memory Moves muscles Causes secretions (saliva, sweat)
    22

    Dopaminergic and cholinergic drugs

    23

    Histamine

    Alertness Itchiness Rashes Causes stomach acid secretion


    24

    Other small neurotransmitters

    25

    Adenosine and caffeine

    26

    MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu

    ES.S10 Drugs and the Brain


    Spring 2013

    For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.

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