of his instrumentalist contemporaries, although he did find solidarity in composer Edgard Varse, another Paris-based pioneer (with whom

he jointly founded the International Composers Guild).25 Salzedos techniques and studies are integral to modern harpists repertoire, his etudes are widely used by harp students and his influence on contemporary composers is strong. Certain similarities between Salzedos notation and that of Helmut Lachenmann, Pierre Boulez and George Crumb suggest that they were influenced by him. Luciano Berio also acknowledges Salzedo as a strong influence on his Sequenza II for harp (written in 1962).26

Another pioneering figure in writing handbooks on instrumental technique is Bruno Bartolozzi, whose influential New Sounds for Woodwind was first published in 1967.27 Bartolozzi was the first to write in detail about multiphonics and microtonal playing in woodwind instruments. In addition to the originality of the content, another significant aspect of Bartolozzis handbook is his approach. Bartolozzi carries out research on the instruments in a systematic and rigorous way and is the first to mention the importance of acoustical understanding in developing technique. Writing about the contemporary state of research concerning multiphonic and microtonal possibilities, Bartolozzi comments:

Results of investigations have been arrived at only by practical experiment and not through scientific research. This is inevitable [because] scientific research lags very much behind the practice which this thesis proposesIt is to be hoped that science will furnish explanations for many perplexing phenomena.28

By the time Bartolozzi printed a second edition of New Sounds for Woodwind in 1982, his call for scientific research had been answered. Acoustician Arthur
25

Shelley Batt Archambo Wiest, Salzdo, Carlos in Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online, http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/24438, accessed August 30, 2009. 26 Rosanna Dalmonte and Blint Andreas Varga, Luciano Berio: Two Interviews (London: Boyars, 1985), 99. 27 Bruno Bartolozzi, New Sounds for Woodwind, trans. Reginald Smith Brindle (London: Oxford University Press, 1967). 28 Bartolozzi, New Sounds for Woodwind, 6.