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(Universal Music Group, Sony Music Entertainment, EMI, and Warner Music Group)
;
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:Marilyn Hall Patel := = 3C 0 (,)
Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of
California granted the
:3@ 46 5 K
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26M_Records,_Inc._v._Napster,_Inc .
.,** , :46 :G 2$ )
(43)
She issued an injunction which preliminarily enjoined Napster from engaging

in, or facilitating others in copying, downloading, uploading, transmitting, or
distributing plaintiffs' copyrighted musical compositions and sound
recordings, protected by either federal or state law, without express
permission of the rights owner.
:5 K
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26M_Records,_Inc._v._Napster,_IncF
.,** , :46 :G 2$ ) ./ 4"
For this purpose, see also: Sara Base: Social Legal ,and ethical issues for computers
and the Internet, A Gift of Fire, Second Edition, prentice Hall, 2003,, p 235- 236.
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(44)
(45)
A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc.: Implications for the Digital Music Library-,
239 F.3d 1004 (9th Cir. 2001), affirming, 114 F.Supp.2d 896 (N.D. Cal. 2000).
Prepared in furtherance of the Digital Music Library Project - National Science
Foundation - NSF Award No. 9909068 - By Kenneth D. Crews Professor - Indiana
University School of Law-Indianapolis and IU School of Library and Information
Science - Draft: 18 September 2001. P. 2-3.
Published on: http://variations2.indiana.edu/pdf/AnalysisOfNapsterDecision.pdf
The essence of a copyright infringement is the use of a work in violation of one or
more of the rights of the copyright owner.4 In the Napster case, the most significant
rights at issue were the owners rights to make reproductions of the work and to
distribute copies of the work to the public. The concept of file sharing builds on
exactly those activities. Kenneth D.: A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc.:
Implications for the Digital Music Library, OP Cit. p.3.
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(47)
The determination of whether or not an activity is within fair use depends on an

application and balancing of four factors outlined in Section 107 of the Copyright
Act:
1. the purpose of the use
2. the nature of the work being used
3. the amount of the work used
4. The effect of the use on the market for or value of the original work 17 U.S.C.
107.:_ A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc.:op.cit. p.5
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"This examination of fair use is of course superficial, and it is a reflection of the

weak analysis in this one court ruling. While the Napster ruling is an unavoidable
feature on the legal landscape of the DML, it does not inform the issues with any
thoroughness.
A future study will examine the issue of fair use more thoroughly and will examine
its potential implications for the DML".Op Cit, p. 9.
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_Circuit
:= M0 3C V " O0 .,** , :46 :G 2$ )
*Background of the case
"In the 1970s, Sony developed Betamax, a video tape recording format (VHS would
later overtake Betamax). Universal Studios and the Walt Disney Company were
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among the film industry members who were wary of this development, but were also
aware that the U.S. Congress was in the final stages of a major revision of U.S.
copyright law, and would likely be hesitant to undertake any new protections for the
film industry. The companies therefore opted to sue Sony and its distributors in the
U.S. District Court for the Central District of California in 1976, alleging that
because Sony was manufacturing a device that could potentially be used for
copyright infringement, they were thus liable for any infringement that was
committed by its purchasers. The complaint additionally included an unfair
competition claim under the Lanham Act, but this was dismissed early in the course
of the lawsuit.
Two years later, the District Court ruled for Sony, on the basis that non commercial
home use recording was considered fair use, that access to free public information is
a First Amendment public interest served by this use. However, this ruling was
reversed in part by the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, which
held Sony liable for contributory infringement. The court also held that the Betamax
was not a staple article because its main purpose was copying. It went on to suggest
damages, injunctive relief and compulsory licenses in lieu of other relief.
The case centered around Sony's manufacture of the Betamax VCR, which used
cassettes like this to store potentially copyrighted information.:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Corp._of_America_v._Universal_City_Studios,_I
nc. Op Cit.
XQ
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(51) CHERPILLOD(1):Le droit dautr en Suisse,CEDIDAC, Lausanne,1986,p.57
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In March 2008, the students' case had been dismissed by US District
Judge Claude Hilton when he issued a summary judgment stating that Turnitin's use
of archived student works without their permission to assess originality of newlysubmitted papers constitutes a fair use under US copyright law and is therefore not
copyright infringement. In addition, Judge Hilton stated that such use, "has a
protective effect" on the future marketability of the students' works and "provides a
substantial public benefit through the network of institutions using Turnitin." The
plaintiffs appealed Judge Hilton's decision and, after conducting its own independent
analysis of plaintiffs' claims, the court of appeals concluded that, "iParadigms' use of
the student works was 'fair use' under the Copyright Act." Like the lower court, the
appeals court recognized that iParadigms' use of the student papers for purposes of
plagiarism detection is a "highly transformative" use that adds something new in
purpose and character and does notharm the future marketability of the students'
works. The appeals court also reiterated that, "ifanything, iParadigms' use of
students' works fostered the development of original and creative works 'by
detecting any efforts at plagiarism by other students.'"
US Court of Appeals Unanimously Affirms Finding of "Fair Use" for Turnitin - 4th
Circuit Court Publishes Decision in Copyright Infringement Case. Published on:
http://turnitin.com/resources/documentation/turnitin/company/US_Court_of_Appeal
s_Opinion_ 041609.pdf
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U.S. District Judge Marilyn Hall Patels ruling came in a decision in which
she declared Real Networks? DVD copying software was illegal. She barred
it from being distributed. Patel said the Real DVD software violates the
Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 that prohibits the circumvention
of encryption technology.
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So while it may well be fair use for an individual consumer to store a backup copy
of a personally owned DVD on that individuals computer, a federal law has
nonetheless made it illegal to manufacture or traffic in a device or tool that permits a
consumer to make such copies,? Patel said. She added, ?fair use can never be an
affirmative defense to the act of gaining unauthorized access? ? a simple way of
saying it was illegal to hack into the encryption to make a copy
/http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2009/08/judge-copying-dvds-is-illegal
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.%D' 381 :
-*Jan.17-1984. Sony_Corp._of_America_v._Universal_City_Studios,_Inc
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki
*A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc2001.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wik
http://turnitin.com/resources
*http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2009/08/judge-copying-dvds-is-illegal/
.71 X( G7 *
Kenneth D. Crews Professor Indiana University School of Law:
,
[

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A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc.: Implications for the Digital Music Library -,
239 F.3d 1004 (9th Cir. 2001), affirming, 114 F.Supp.2d 896 (N.D. Cal. 2000)
National Science Foundation NSF Award No. 9909068 - Draft: 18 September
2001. Published on:
http://variations2.indiana.edu/pdf/AnalysisOfNapsterDecision.pdf
*- Sara Base: Social Legal ,and ethical issues for computers and the Internet, A
Gift of Fire, Second Edition, prentice Hall, 2003.
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الحق في استنساخ المصنفات المحمية للاستعمال الشخصي بين الواقع والقانون دراسة مقانة

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