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Edited by: Mitchel B. Wallerstein , Mary Ellen Mogee , Roberta A. Schoen. GLOBAL
DIMENSIONS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN SCIENCE
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TECHNOLOGY. Office of International Affairs. National Research Council NATIONAL
ACADEMY PRESS . Washington, D.C. 1993. p, 284.
(Gottschalk v. Benson U.S. 63, 175 U.S.P.Q. (BNA) 673 (1972
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Kretschmer M, D, 'Software as Text and Machine: The Legal Capture of Digital

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http://elj.warwick.ac.uk/jilt/03-1/kretschmer.html.
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"Invention" in this Law means the highly advanced creation of technical ideas by
which a law of nature is utilized. Art. 2 of the Japanese Patent Act7. Law No. 121 of
April 13,1959 as amended by Law No. 220 of December 22, 1999. Entry info force:
January 6, 2001, with updates entering into force on October 1, 2001.
<http://www.jpo.jo.jp>.
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Article 27.1 that 'patents shall be available for any inventions, whether products or processes, in all
fields of technology, provided that they are new, involve an inventive step and are capable of
industrial application'.
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Art. L. 611-10.- 1. Inventions which are susceptible of industrial application, which are new and
which(20)
involve an inventive step shall be patentable. Law No. 92-597 of July 1, 1992, on the Intellectual
Property Code.
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Whoever invents or discovers any new and useful process, machine, manufacture, or composition of
matter,(21)
or any new and useful improvement thereof, may obtain a patent therefore, subject to the conditions
and requirements of this title. ( 35 U. S. C. 101).U! .K
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(24)
Christopher L. Ogden. Patentability of Algorithms After State Street Bank:

The Death of the Physicality Requirement. Journal of the Patent and Trademark
Office Society. 83. July 2001. 491- 522.p.493.
Ibid.p.494.
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(27)
Pamela Samuelson.BENSON REVISITED:THE CASE AGAINST PATENT PROTECTION

FOR ALGORITHMS AND OTHER COMPUTERPROGRAM-RELATED INVENTIONS.
Emory Law Journal.39.FALL,1990.1025-1154.p.1129.
Ibid.p.1130.
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Martin Kretschmer. Software as Text and Machine: The Legal Capture of Digital Innovation.
The Journal of Information, Law and Technology (JILT). July 2003.
http://elj.warwick.ac.uk/jilt/03-1/kretschmer.html.
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Patrick Edward Beck. THE PATENTABILITY OF MATHEMATICAL ALGORITHMS.
Dayton Law Review. FALL,1991.181-206.p.185.
Pamela Samuelson.Op.cit.p.1073.
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CELEBRATED TRANSFORMATION OR STATUS QUO?. The Wayne Law Review.
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re Musgrave, 431 F.2d 882.C.C.P.A. 1970. Pamela Samuelson.Ibid.p.,p.1046.
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Re Walter, 618 F.2d 758.C.C.P.A. 1980. Patrick Edward Beck.op.cit.p.193

Parker v.Flook.437 U.S. 584 .1977.
Re Alappat. 33 F.3d 1526, 31 U.S.P.Q.2d (BNA) 1545 (Fed.Cir.1994).
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We have held that such programming creates a new machine, because a general
purpose computer in effect becomes a special purpose computer once it is
programmed to perform particular functions pursuant to instructions from program
software.... Consequently, a computer operating pursuant to software may represent
patentable subject matter, provided, of course, that the claimed subject matter
meets all the other requirements of Title 35.
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State Street Bank & Trust Co. v. Signature Financial Group, Inc.,149 F.3d 1368.
47 U.S.P.Q.2d (BNA) 1596 (Fed. Cir. 1998).
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William T. Ellis & Aaron Chatterjee. "State Street" Sets Seismic Precedent.13 NAT'L
L.J.Sept.1998.p.21
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The transformation of data is patentable because it produces a useful, concrete
and tangible result."
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result".
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Since the process of manipulation of numbers is a fundamental part of
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patentability of such technology.
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physical transformation=
28 *X !
VINCENT CHIAPPETTA. Patentability of Computer Software Instruction as an " Article of

Manufacture" : Software as Such as the Right Stuff. The John Marshall Journal of Computer
& Information Law. Volume 17, Issue 1. 17 J. Marshall J. Computer & Info. L. 89 1998.
AT&T Corp. v. Excel Communications, Inc.,172 F.3d 1352, 1356 (Fed.Cir. 1999
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(47)
(48)
even if the idea underlying an invention may be considered to reside in a mathematical

method, a claim directed to a technical process in which the method is used does not seek
protection for the mathematical method as such."
In re Vicom Sys., Inc., 1987 O.J.E.P.O. 14, 19 (Tech. Bd. App. 1986),
http://legal.european-patent-office.org/dg3/biblio/t840208ep1.htm
unnecessary to weigh up the technical and non-technical features" and that "if the invention . .
uses technical means, its patentability is not ruled out." in Siemens A.G. v. och & Sterzel
GKmbH& Co.47
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In the view of the Board, a computer program claimed by itself is not excluded
from patentability if the program, when running on a computer or loaded into a
computer, brings about, or is capable of bringing about, a technical effect which
goes beyond the normal physical interactions between the program (software)
and the computer (hardware) on which it is run.
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(50)
Ibid
Michael Guntersdorfer. SOFTWARE PA-TENT LAW: UNITED STATES AND EUROPE
COMPARED Duke L. & Tech. Rev. 0006.2003.p. 29.
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(52)Ibid.
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http://www.bitlaw.com/source/soft_pats/final.html.
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Ruben Bains. A Comparison of the PTOs Computer-Implemented Guidelines with the

Current Case Law. The University of Texas School of Law, May 1997. 795- 840.
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:
1- Books:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Bill Gates Challenges and Strategy (May 16 1991)

http://discuss.sarahsbookstores.com/Bill_Gates_Challenges_And_Strategy_
Memo.
Christopher L. Ogden. Patentability of Algorithms After State Street Bank:
The Death of the Physicality Requirement. Journal of the Patent and
Trademark Office Society. 83. July 2001. 491- 522.
David S.Bir.THE PATENTABILITY OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE
AFTER ALAPPATCELEBRATED TRANSFORMATION OR STATUS
QUO? The Wayne Law Review. Spring1995.41 Wayne L.Rev.1531-1561.
Donald Chisum. The Patentability of Algorithms.47 U.PITT.L.
REV.1986.959-971.
Martin Kretschmer. Software as Text and Machine: The Legal Capture of
Digital Innovation. The Journal of Information Law and Technology (JILT).
July 2003.
[

]
[ ]
b&
[
.]
6)
Michael Guntersdorfer. SOFTWARE PATENT LAW: UNITED STATES

AND EUROPE COMPARED. Duke L. & Tech.Rev. 0006.2003.
7)
Pamela Samuelson.BENSON REVISITED:THE CASE AGAINST
PATENT PROTECTION FOR ALGORITHMS AND OTHER
COMPUTERPROGRAM-RELATED
INVENTIONS.
Emory
Law
Journal.39.FALL 1990.1025-1154.
8)
Mitchel B. Wallerstein Mary Ellen Mogee Roberta A. Schoen. GLOBAL
DIMENSIONS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY. Office of International Affairs. National Research
Council NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS. Washington D.C. 1993.
9)
Randall Davis. Pamela Samuelson. Mitchell Kapor. Jerome Reichman.A
New View of COMMUNICATIONS OF THE Intellectual Property and
Software. March 1996/Vol. 39 No. 3. ACM.
10) Patrick Edward Beck. THE PATENTABILITY OF MATHEMATICAL
ALGORITHMS. Dayton Law Review. FALL 1991.17 Dayton L. Rev.181206.
11) Ruben Bains. A Comparison of the PTOs Computer-Implemented
Guidelines with the Current Case Law. The University of Texas School of
Law May 1997.
12) VINCENT CHIAPPETTA. Patentability of Computer Software Instruction as an
" Article of Manufacture" : Software as Such as the Right Stuff. The
JohnMarshall Journal of Computer & Information Law. Volume 17 Issue 1.
1998.
13) William T. Ellis & Aaron Chatterjee. "State Street" Sets Seismic
Precedent.13 NAT'L L.J.Sept.1998.
Laws:
1)
United States Code Title 35 (USC) Patents.1990.
2)
Law on the Intellectual Property Code.(Legislative Part).(No. 92-597 of

July 1 1992 as last amended by Laws Nos. 94-361 of May 10 1994 and
95-4 of January 3 1995)( France).
Japanese Patent Act7. Law No. 121 of April 13 1959 as amended by Law
No. 220 of December 22 1999. Entry info force: January 6 2001 with
updates entering into force on October 1 2001.
3)
Treaties:
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights.
bV [

]
[ ]
[". ( &* @ ) (%* !

, -
]
Reports:
H.R. Rep. No. 94-1476.
http://digital-law-online.info/lpdi1.0/treatise17.htm.
Guidelines:
Final Computer Related Examination Patent Guidelines
http://www.bitlaw.com/source/soft_pats/final.html.
Case Law:
1Diamond v. Chakra arty; 447 U.S.303; 1980.
2re Musgrave 431 F.2d 882.C.C.P.A. 1970.
3Re Walter 618 F.2d 758.C.C.P.A. 1980.
4Mazer.v.Stein 347 U.S.1954.
5Parker v.Flook.437 U.S. 584 .1977
1Re Alappat. 33 F.3d 1526 31 U.S.P.Q.2d (BNA) 1545
(Fed.Cir.1994).
7State Street Bank & Trust Co. v. Signature Financial Group Inc.149
F.3d 1368. 47 U.S.P.Q.2d (BNA) 1596 (Fed. Cir. 1998).
8AT&T Corp. v. Excel Communications Inc.172 F.3d 1352 1356
Fed.Cir. 1999.
9In re Vicom Sys. Inc. 1987 O.J.E.P.O. 14 19 (Tech. Bd. App. 1986).
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