STRUCTURAL DESIGN ANGUS J MACDONALDStructural Design for Architecture Angus |. Macdonald » Architectural Press [Architectural Press 225 Wildwood Avenue, Wobum, MA.01801-204 ‘An imprint of Butterworth-Heinemann Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP A division of Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd QA member ofthe Reed Elsevier ple group OXFORD BostON JoMaNesaLRG MELBOURNE NEW DELHI SINGAPORE First published 1997 Reprinted 1998 © Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd 1997 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic ‘means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Lid, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England WIP 9HE. Applications for the copyright holder's written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publi Macdonald, Angus J. Structural design for architecture 1, Architectural design 2. Structural design L Title m2 tion Data ISBN 0 7506 30906 Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data Macdonald, Angus, 1945- Structural design for architecture/Angus J. Macdonald. pcm. Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0 7506 3090 6 1, Buildings. 2. Structural Design. 3. Architectural design. 1. Title THB46.M33 97-27237 624.177 1-de21 cP Composition by Scribe Design, Gillingham, Kent Printed and bound in Great Britain LANT A REForeword vii Preface ix Acknowledgements xi Structure and architecture | 1.1 The role of structure in architecture 1 1.2 Structural requirements 4 1.3 Structure types 5 1.4 Structural materials 11 15 Structural design 17 Structural design for architecture 22 2.1 Introduction 22 2.2 The relationship between structural design and architectural design 24 2.3 Selection of the generic type of structure 34 2.4 Selection of the structural material 40 2.5. Determination of the form of the structure 41 2.6 Conclusion 47 Steel structures 49 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 The architecture of steel ~ the factors which affect the decision to select steel asa structural material 49 3.3: The properties and composition of steel 61 3.4 Structural steel products 63 3.5 Performance of steel in fire 72 3.6 Structural forms 73 Reinforced concrete structures 99 4.1 Introduction 99 4.2 The architecture of reinforced concrete the factors which affect the decision to select reinforced concrete as a structural material 100 a Contents 4.3 A brief introduction to concrete technology 118 44 Structural forms for reinforced concrete 130 5 Masonry structures 5.1 Introduction 147 5.2 The architecture of masonry — factors which affect the decision to use masonry as a structural material 147 5.3 The basic forms of masonry structures 147 164 6 Timber structures 179 6.1 Introduction 179 6.2 Timber and architecture 180 63 The material, its properties and characteristics 190 64 Properties of timber 192 65 Grading of timber 196 66 Timber components 198 6.7 Structural forms for timber 215 Selected bibliography 232 Appendix 1; The relationship between structural form and structural efficiency 235 Appendix 2: Approximate methods for allocating sizes to structural elements 239 A2.1 Introduction 239 A22 Structural analysis 239 A2.3 Element-sizing calculations A24 Steel structures 258 A25 Reinforced concrete structures A2.6 Masonry structures 263 A2.7 Timber structures 263 249 262 Index 265Angus Macdonald states that this book is primarily for architects. in my view it is also an extremely good reference book on architectural structures for students and practising structural engineers. He stresses that buildings are designed as a collaborative task between architects and engineers and that the earlier in the design. process this happens, the better the result Current teaching ideas in many universities are, at last, acknowledging the benefits of joint student working and it has certainly been my experience that close working produces the best product. The early part of the book covers the history, technology and structural philosophy of numerous buildings and building types and has a very comprehensive review of structural systems with excellent examples of seminal buildings and their structures. It also covers the history of structural material development. ‘The section on structure in relation to architecture: structure ignored, accepted, pa Foreword symbolised and high tech (i.e. celebrated or expressionist) is apt but contentious and could result in some lively discussion between architect and engineer The book then divides into sections on the major structural materials — steel, concrete, masonry and timber. Each of these sections follows a similar pattern and includes properties, advantages and disadvantages, common structural forms, ete. Structural Desig for Architecture is a comprehensive and up-to-date work on the relationship of structure to architecture and will form an extremely useful reference work for both students and practitioners of architecture and engineering. | highly recommend it and look forward to having a copy in our office library. Professor Tony Hunt Chairman Anthony Hunt Associates, June 1997 Previous page is blankThe architect who considers him or herself to be an artist, dealing through the medium of built form with the philosophical preoccupa- tions of the age in which he or she lives, is surely engaged in a titanic struggle. One aspect of that struggle is the need to deter- mine building forms which are structurally viable. All artists must acquire mastery of the technology of their chosen medium but few face difficulties which are as formidable as those who choose buildings as their means of expression, The sculptor has to contend with similar structural problems but his or her diffi- culties are trivial by comparison with those of the architect. The difference is one of scale ~ the size of a building, compared to that of a work of sculpture, means that the technical hurdle which must be surmounted by the architect is of a different order of magnitude to those which are faced by most other artists ‘The structure of a building is the armature which preserves its integrity in response to load. It is a bulky object which is difficult to conceal and which must somehow be incorp- orated into the aesthetic programme. It must therefore be given a form, by the building's designer, which is compatible with other aspects of the building's design. Several funda- mental issues connected with the appearance of a building including its overall form, the pattern of its fenestration, the general articula- tion of solid and void within it and even, pos- sibly, the range and juxtaposition of the textures of its visible surfaces are affected by the nature of its structure. The structure can also influence programmatic aspects of a build- ing’s design because the capability of the struc- ture determines the pattem of internal spaces which is possible. Its span potential will deter- Preface mine the maximum sizes of the internal spaces and its type affects the extent to which the sizes and shapes of the spaces can be varied both within an individual storey and between storeys, The relationship between structure and architecture is therefore a fundamental aspect of the art of building. it sets up conflicts between the technical and aesthetic agendas which the architect must resolve. The manner in which the resolution is carried out is one of the most testing criteria of the success of a work of architecture This book is concerned with structural design for architecture. It complements my previous volume, Structure and Architecture, and discusses the selection of structure type, the selection of structural material and the deter- mination of structural form. It deals primarily with the development of the idea of the struc- ture for a building - that first stage in the structural design process which is concerned with the determination of the elementary form and arrangement of the structure, before any structural design calculations are made. It is intended primarily for architects and it is hoped that it will enable students and members of the profession to gain a better understanding of the relationship between structural design and architectural design. The basic structural layouts and approximate element sizes which are given in Chapters 3 to 6 should, however, also allow building design- efs to use the book as an aid to the basic planning of structural forms. ‘Angus Macdonald Edinburgh Previous page July 1997 is blank