[A]

[]
[ 1.1]

D
C
A
B

[ 1.2] AB= (3, 1), CD= (2, 3)

[ 1.3] (1) OA= (2, 1) (2) OB= (3, 4) (3) 2 OA +3 OB= (13, 14)

(4) 2 OA 3 OB= (5, 10)

[ 1.4] (1) |a| = 1 + 4 = 5 (2) |b| = 9 + 1 = 10

5
= 12 = 45
(3) a b = 3 + 2 = 5 (4) cos = ab = 5
10
|a||b|

[ 1.5] (1) a a = |a||a| cos 0 = |a|2 |a| = a a

(2) |a b| = |a||b|| cos |
|a||b|
[ 1.6] (1) a = (a1 , a2), b = (b1, b2 )
|a + b|2 = (a1 + b1 )2 + (a2 + b2)2
|a|2 + 2a b + |b|2 = (a21 + a22) + 2(a1 b1 + a2b2 ) + (b21 + b22 )
= (a21 + 2a1b1 + b21) + (a22 + 2a2b2 + b22)
= (a1 + b1)2 + (a2 + b2 )2
|a + b|2 = |a|2 + 2a b + |b|2
(2)









a + b
2
a b
2









2
+
2

|a|2 + 2a b + |b|2 |a|2 2a b + |b|2

+
4
4
2
2
|a| + |b|
=
2
=

[ 1.7] P(x, y) x = 1 t, y = 2 + 3t

2
x2 + y 2 = (1 t)2 + (2 + 3t)2 = 10t2 + 10t + 5 = 10 t + 12 + 52


t = 12 OH = 52 = 210
I

m
n
m
1. OP=OA + AP=OA + m+n
AB= m+n
OA + m+n
OB
2. AP BC Q 0
s
1, 0
t
1

AP= s AQ, AQ= (1 t) AB +t AC

OP = OA + AP=OA +s AQ=OA +s((1 t) AB +t AC)

= (1 s(1 t) st) OA +s(1 t) OB +st OC

 = (1 s(1 t) st) = 1 s  0, m = s(1 t)  0, n = st  0
 + m + n = 1
3.

4. (1)

3 PA + AB + AC= 0

AQ= t AP, t  1,

AB + AC
AQ= t
3
2

t
3

t
3

= 1 t =

3
2

AB + AC
AQ=
2
Q BC BQ : QC = 1 : 1

(2) AP= 23 AQ AP : PQ = 2 : 1
5. (1) a + b = (5, 3 + t), a b = (1, 3 t)
3t
3+t
=
5
1
t = 92
(2)

(a + b) (a b) = 5 + (3 + t)(3 t) = 0

t = 2

6. AB, AC 12 AB AC sin

AB AC sin = AB AC 1 cos2 = AB2 AC2 (AB AC)2

= ()

AB= (p1 , p2 ), AC= (q1, q2 )


() =
(p21 + p22 )(q12 + q22) (p1 q1 + p2 q2)2

=
(p1 q2 p2 q1)2 = |p1 q2 p2 q1|
= |(x2 x1)(y3 y1) (x3 x1 )(y2 y1)|
[ 2 ]

[ 2.1] (1) 3 AB= (3, 6, 9) (2) 2 CD= (4, 6, 8)

(3) 3 AB +2 CD= (7, 12, 17) (4) 3 AB 2 CD= (1, 0, 1)

[ 2.2] (1) |a| = 2 (2) |b| = 9 = 3 (3) a b = 1 + 0 + 2 = 3

(4) cos = ab = 12 = 45
|a||b|

[ 2.3] (1) a a = |a||a| cos 0 = |a|2 |a| = a a

(2) |a b| = |a||b|| cos |
|a||b|
[ 2.4] 3 A, B, C ax + by + cz + d = 0

A(1, 1, 0), B(1, 0, 1), C(0, 1, 1)

a+b+d=0
a+c+d=0

b+c+d=0
a = b = c = 12 d

x+y+z2=0
[ 2.5] P(x, y, z) H(a, b, c)
ax + by + cz = a2 + b2 + c2

a2

1
1
1
b
c
a
= , 2
= , 2
=
2
2
2
2
2
2
+b +c
2 a +b +c
2 a +b +c
2

a = b = c = 23 H( 23 , 23 , 23 )
(2) OH = 23
[ 2.6] (1) e = (1, 2, 3)

y1
z1
x1
=
=
1
2
3
(2) H
t
x = 1 + t, y = 1 + 2t, z = 1 + 3t
5
(1 + t) + 2(1 + 2t) + 3(1 + 3t) = 1 t = 14

9 2
1
1

H( 14 , 7 , 14 ) OH = 2

[ 2.7] (1) | OA | = 3 (2) | OB | = 29 (3) OA OB= (1, 2, 1)

(4) O, A, B | OA OB | = 6

[ 2.8] (1) OA OB= (1, 2, 1)

(2) O, A, B, C

|(OA OB) OC | = |3 8 + 6| = 1
II
4

1. (1) (ab)(a+b) = a(a+b)b(a+b) = abba = 2(ab)

(2) a + b + c = 0
a b = (b c) b = c b = b c
b c = (a c) c = a c = c a
(3) a b + b c + c a = 0
(b a) (c a) = b (c a) a (c a)
= bc+ab+ca =0
a, b, c
2. ([A, 4.7, p.90])
3. ax+by+cz +d1 = 0 (p, q, r) ax+by+cz +d2 = 0

| d1 + d2 |
|d2 d1 |
|ap + bq + cr + d2 |

=
=
2
2
2
2
2
2
a +b +c
a +b +c
a 2 + b 2 + c2
4. OP ABC Q

OQ= p OA +q OB +r OC, p  0, q  0, r  0, p + q + r = 1

OP= t OQ (0
t
1)

OP= tp OA +tq OB +tr OC

 = tp, m = tq, n = tr

5.

3
2

OP= (OA OP) + (OB OP) + (OC OP)


2

2 OA + OB + OC
OP=
OA + OB + OC =
9
3
3

OC
OQ= OA+OB+

3
(2) OP : PQ = 2 : 1
6. (1)

|x0 + sa + tb|2 = (s + t + 1)2 + (s t)2 + (s + 2t)2

5

= 3s2 + 4st + 6t2 + 2s + 2t + 1


2

2
14
9
2t + 1
1
+
+
= 3 s+
t+
3
3
14
14
1
9
t = 14
, s = 27 14

2
1
9
3
3
(2) x0 7 a 14 b = ( 14 , 14 , 7 )
1
1
a (x0 27 a 14
b) = 0, b (x0 27 a 14
b) = 0

[ 3 ]
[ 3.1] (1) a = 1, b = 1 (2) a = 2, b = 1

1 3i
[ 3.2] (1) 5 + i (2) 1 + 5i (3) 13 (4) 12 + 5i (5) i (6)
3

[ 3.3] (1) 2 (cos 45 + i sin 45 ) (2) (1+i)10 = 25 (cos 450 + i sin 450 ) =
32i
[ 3.4] (1) z = r(cos + i sin ) r2 = 1, 2 = 2 + 2n
, z = 1 (cos 5 + i sin 5 ) = 1i

z = 1 (cos 4 + i sin 4 ) = 1+i

4
4
2
2
(2) z = i 1
(3) z = r(cos + i sin ) r4 = 1, 4 = + 2n
, z = 1 (cos 3 + i sin 3 ) = 1+i

z = 1 (cos 4 + i sin 4 ) = 1+i

4
4
2
2
5
5
1i
7
7

z = 1 (cos 4 + i sin 4 ) = 2 , z = 1 (cos 4 + i sin 4 ) = 1i

2
III
1. , z 2 + z + 1 = 0
(1) 1 (2) 1 (3) 1 (4) 1
2. (2(cos 30 + i sin 30 ))n = 2n (cos n 30 + i sin n 30 )
n = 6 26
3. (1) |z + w|2 = (z + w)(z + w) = |z|2 + |w|2 + (zw + zw)
(2) (|z| + |w|)2 = |z|2 + |w|2 + 2|z||w| z = r1(cos 1 +
i sin 1), w = r2 (cos 2 + i sin 2)
(zw + zw) = 2r1 r2 cos(2 1 )
2r1 r2 = 2|z||w|
|z + w|2
(|z| + |w|)2
(3) (2) 2 1 = 2n (n : )
z w
(4) |(1 t)z + tw|
(1 t)|z| + t|w| < 1
4. |z|
|z i| + |i| = 4, |z i|
|z| + | i|

2
|z|
4 z = 2i, 4i |z| 2,

4
5. (1) a, b
0 = z 3 + az 2 + bz 4 = z 3 + az 2 + bz 4
1 + i
(2) z = 1 + i, 1 i z 2 2z + 2 = 0
z 3 + az 2 + bz 4 = (z c)(z 2 2z + 2)
c = 2, a = c 2 = 4, b = 2c + 2 = 6
6. |z |2 = (z )(z ) = zz z z + = 1 z z + ||2
|1 z|2 = (1 z)(1 z) = 1 z z + ||2|z|2 = 1 z z + ||2
|z | = |1 z|
7. (x + yi)2 = x2 y 2 + 2xyi
(1) x y
(2) y = x, y = x
8. (1) ( )( ) = ( )( + ) = ( )( ) + (
)( )
( )( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( )( )

(2) (1) ( )( ) = ( )( ) ( )( )

|( )( )| = | ( )( ) ( )( )|

|( )||( )| + |( )||( )|
[ 4 ] 

1 1
1
1
1 1

1 0 0

[ 4.2] 0 2 0
0 0 3

[ 4.1]


24 15 2

12 16 0
[ 4.3]

21 8 1
8 14 4
[ 4.4] a = b = c = d = e = f = 1
[ 4.5] a = 3, b = 1, c = 3, d = 10
[ 4.6] A m n t A n m

m = n
A






0 3 2 5
1 7 3 11
1 4 1 6
[ 4.7] (1)
(2)
(3)
3 2 5 4
7 3 11 7
4 1 6 3

1 3 5
0 1 2

[ 4.8] X = 3 5 7 , Y = 1 0 1
5 7 9
2 1
0




0 1
5 4
(2) BA =
[ 4.9] (1) AB =
4 5
1
0

a21 a1a2 a1 a3


[ 4.10] (1) t AA = a2a1 a22 a2 a3 (2) At A = a21 + a22 + a23

a3a1 a3a2 a23
[ 4.11]

a11 a12 a13

x1
a11 x1 + a12 x2 + a13 x3

a21 a22 a23 x2 = a21 x1 + a22 x2 + a23 x3

a31 a32 a33
x3
a31 x1 + a32 x2 + a33 x3

a11 x1 + a12 x2 + a13 x3

x1a1 + x2a2 + x3 a3 = a21 x1 + a22 x2 + a23 x3

a31 x1 + a32 x2 + a33 x3



14 18
[ 4.12] (1) (A + B)C =
,
38 50

 
 

4 5
10 13
14 18
AC + BC =
+
=
16 21
22 29
38 50


 

3 4
2 3
22 29
(AB)C =
=
11 16
4 5
86 113



 

10 13
22 29
A(BC) =
=
22 29
86 113




2
1
1
0
[ 4.13] (1) A2 =
, A3 =
3 1
0 1


1 1
(2) A10 = (A3)3 A = A =
3 2
[ 4.14] (A + B)(A B) = A(A B) + B(A B) = A2 AB +
BA B 2A2 B 2 AB + BA = O
AB = BA

0 0 4

[ 4.15] (1) A2 = 0 0 0 , A3 = O, A4 = O
0 0 0

1 10 55

(2) B 5 = (E + A)5 = E + 5A + 54
A2 = 0 1 10
2
0 0 1




2
3
A
A
O
O
11
11
[ 4.16] A2 =
, A3 =
O A22 2
O A22 3
0 1
2 3

VI
1. (1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)

A i
A i
A i
A i
A i
A

i

j
c
j c
j
c
j

2. A = aij , B = bij

A + B (i, j)

i > j

aij + bij = 0 + 0 = 0

AB (i, j) , i > j
n

k=1

aik bkj =

i1

k=1

aik bkj +

n

k=i

aik bkj =

i1

k=1

0 bkj +

n

k=i

aik 0 = 0

3. ([A, 1.18, p.18])

[ 5 ]
, y = 1i
[ 5.1] (1) x = 2, y = 0 (2) x = 1, y = 2 (3) x = 1i
2
2
ad+bc
(4) x = aacbd
,
y
=
2 +b2

a2 +b2



k+1
1




[ 5.2] =


= (k + 1)2 1 = k(k + 2)

1
k+1

(1) k = 0, 2 (2) k = 0 (3) k = 2
[ 5.3] (1) 2

4i

2 (4)







(2) 2 (3)

a







a a


1 a2



1
2

2
a1 a2

[ 5.4] (1)


=


=




a3 a4


a3 a4


a3 a4



















a






a a

a1
a2




1 a2

a1 a2


1 2

(2)


=


+


= x


+

a3 x + a3 y a4 x + a4 y

a3 x a4 x

a3 y a4 y


a3 a4






a a


1 2

y




a3 a4














2 3


1 3


1 2













[ 5.5] a b =


e1


e2 +


e3 = e1 + 2e2

3 4


2 4


2 3

e3 = (1, 2, 1)
[ 5.6] a, b (a1, a2, 0), (b1 , b2, 0)

1
1

a1 a2


|


e3 | = |a1b2 a2 b1|
2
b1 b2

2
[ 5.7] (1) D = 20 (2) x = 15
[ 5.8] (1) a1b3 c2 (2) a1b2 c3 (3) 0 (4) 12
[ 5.9] (1) x = 12 , y = 12 , z = 1 (2) x = 1, y = 1, z = 2
V
1. z = 1 0 ; z =

3 3i
2. (1)

1+ 3i
2

3 3iz =

1 3i
2

b b


b b


b b


2 3


1 3


1 2

a (b c) = a1


a2


+ a3




c2 c3


c1 c3


c1 c2

10






a a a

1
2
3








=
b1 b2 b3






c1 c2 c3







b b b

a

1 2 3

1





(2) b (c a) =
c1 c2 c3
=
b1






a 1 a 2 a 3

c1






c c c

a a

1 2 3

1 2





c (a b) =
a1 a2 a3
=
b1 b2






b 1 b 2 b 3

c1 c2
3.

a 1 x + b 1 y + c1 z = 0
a 2 x + b 2 y + c2 z = 0

a x+b y+c z =0
3
3
3

a2 a3




b2 b3



c2 c3



a3




b3



c3

(x, y, z) = (x0 , y0, 1)

(x0, y0)



a b c


1 1 1





D =
a2 b2 c2
= 0





a 3 b 3 c3






a b 0


1 1







a 2 b2 0






a 3 b3 0

=0
z=
D

= 1








a d c


a
c1



1 1 1


1








c2
:
a2 d2 c2
:
a2









a3 d3 c3


a3
c3












b 2 c2

a 1 c1
5. A = a1 + b2 + c3 , B =


+


b 3 c3

a 3 c3





a b c


1 1 1





C =
a 2 b 2 c2






a 3 b 3 c3

z



d b

1 1


4.
d2 b2



d3 b3

11

b1 d1



a1 b1 c1







b2 d2
:
a2 b2 c2






b3 d3

a3 b3 c3













a 1 b1


+





a 2 b2

6.

1 a b

1









2
2

(1)
b
1
a



=
0







1 a 3 b3

0





1
= (a2 a)(b2 b)


a

a
b




a 2 a b2 b



a 3 a 2 b3 b2





1


= ab(a 1)(b 1)(b a)
b

1 1 1

1


0
0














(2)
ca


a b c
=
a ba

2 2 2

2 2



a b c

a b a 2 c2 a 2






1
1




= (b a)(c a)


= (b a)(c a)(c b)

b+a c+a

= (a b)(b c)(c a)








a+b
a
b



2(a + b) 2(a + b) 2(a + b)











(3)
b
a+b
a
a+b
a
=




b








a
a
b
a+b

b
a+b











1



1


1
1
0
0
















= 2(a + b)
b a + b
a
= 2(a + b)
b
a
ab










a

a ba
b
a+b

b








a
a

b




= 2(a + b)


= 2(a + b)(a2 + b2 ab)

ba
b









1 a + b ab

1 a + b


ab














(4)

1 b + c bc
=
0 c a b(c a)









1 c + a ca

0 c b a(c b)






1 b





= (c a)(c b)


= (c a)(c b)(a b)

1 a

= (a b)(b c)(c a)

12

7. x3 1 = 0





a b c










c a b
= (a + b + c)(a + b + c 2 )(a + b 2 + c)





b c a

x = 1 ax2 + bx + c = 0 a + b + c = 0
x = ax2 + bx + c = 0 a + b 2 + c = 0
x = 2 ax2 + bx + c = 0 a + b + c 2 = 0

[ 6 ]

0 0 1 0




1 0 0






1 0 0 0









[ 6.1] (1)


=
0 0 1
= 1

0 0 0 1






0 1 0




0 1 0 0

















1 1 1 1




1 1 1

0 1 1

0 1 1

0 1 1















0 1 1 1


















(2)


=
0 1 1

0 1 1
+
0 0 1

0 0 1
=












0 0 1 1




0 0 1

0 0 1

0 0 1

0 0 0




0 0 0 1

10+

00= 1







0 1 0 1




2 0 2

2 0 0











2 0 0 2














(3)


=
0 3 0

0 3 3
= 2(0 12) 2(12



0 3 3 0







4 4 0

4 0 4






4 0 4 0

0) = 0
[ 6.2] (1) 0 (2) 0 (3) 160
[ 6.3] (1)












x a a

x + 2a x + 2a x + 2a


1 1 1























a
x
a

a x a
=


= (x + 2a)
a x a
= ()












a a x





a a x

a
a
x

1
0
0




() = (x + 2a)
a x a
0



a
0
xa

13

= (x + 2a)(x a)2

(2)










a a a a

a
a
a
a








a b b b

0 ba ba ba









= (b a)(c a)(d a)

=




a a c c

0
0
ca ca









a a a d

0
0
0
da

(3)







a b b b


a + 3b a + 3b a + 3b a + 3b







b a b b



b
a
b
b









=


b b a b



b
b
a
b







b b b a



b
b
b
a





1 1 1 1






b a b b





= (a + 3b)


= ()

b b a b






b b b a

1
0
0
0





b ab
0
0




() = (a + 3b)


= (a + 3b)(a b)3

b
0
ab
0






b
0
0
ab

[ 6.4] (1) N = 2 + 1 = 3, (1)N = 1 (2) 1

[ 6.5] (1) N = 3 + 2 + 1 = 6, (1)N = +1 (2) 1
[ 6.6] (1) N = 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 10, (1)N = 1
(2) 1





a



11 a12 a13





[ 6.7] (1) a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13 =
a21 a22 a23
= D





a31 a32 a33






a



21 a22 a23





(2) a21 A11 + a22A12 + a23 A13 =
a21 a22 a23
= 0





a31 a32 a33






a


a
a

31 32 33





(3) a31 A11 + a32A12 + a33 A13 =
a21 a22 a23
= 0





a31 a32 a33

14






a


a
a
11
12
13








(4) a11 A11 + a21A21 + a31 A31 =
a21 a22 a23
= D





a31 a32 a33






a



12 a12 a13





(5) a12 A11 + a22A21 + a32 A31 =
a22 a22 a23
= 0





a32 a32 a33






a



13 a12 a13





(6) a13 A11 + a23A21 + a33 A31 =
a23 a22 a23
= 0





a33 a32 a33

[ 6.8] |AB| = |A||B| = |B||A| = |BA|
[ 6.9] (1) (P AB)n = (P AB)(P AB)(P AB) (P AB)
= P A(BP )A(BP )A (BP )AB = P AA AB = P An B
(2) |(P AB)n| = |P An B| = |P ||An||B| = |BP ||An | = |An | = |A|n
[ 6.10] (1) a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3 (2) 0



cos sin 0
cos sin

[ 6.11] (1)
(2) sin cos 0
sin cos
0
0
1

0
0 0 1
1 12

1
[ 6.12] (1) 0 1 0 (2) 0
13
2
1
0
0
1 0 0
3
[ 6.13] (ABC)1 = C 1B 1 A1
VI
1. (1) (i) = j i < k < j k (j) = i
{(i j) + 1} i < k < j k
(j) = i k (j i)

N = {(j i) + 1} + (j i) = 2(j i) + 1
( ) = (1)N = 1
(2) (i) < (j) i < k < j
(i) (i) < (k) < (j) (i) = (j) > (k) = (k)
(k) = (k) > (j) = (i)
(ii) (i) < (j) < (k) (k) < (i) < (j)

15

 (i) = (j) > (j) = (i) (i)



( ) = ()









a

a c

0








2. (1) D = a


= a(bc) + b(ac) = 0

+ b


b c


b 0

(2) f (c) b





0 af bf cf





1

a
0
d e


G =




f
b d
0 f






c e f 0






0 af be + cd 0 0







1
a
0
d e


=

= ()


f
b
d
0 f






c
e
f 0

(e) d







0
af

be
+
cd
0
0






1
af
0
df ef


() =




f 2
b
d
0 f






c
e
f 0









0
af

be
+
cd
0
0






1

af + be cd
0
0 0

=




f2

b
d
0 f







c
e
f 0

= (af be + cd)2
(3) K , (1)5 K = K , K = K,
K = 0

16

3. (n + 1)







a


a

a
x
1n
1


11 12

a21 a22







a21 a22 a2n x2

..

..



.
.
.
.
.

..
.. . . . ..
..
= (1)n+2 x1

.





an1 an2







an1 an2 ann xn


y




y2
1

y1 y2 yn 0






a11 a12 a1n





.. . .
..


..
.

.
.
.

+ (1)n+3 x2




an1 an2 ann






y
y2 yn

1





a11 a12 a1n






a


a

a

21 22
2n

+ + (1)n+1+n xn











y1 y2 yn

(1)n+2 x1

a21 a22
..
..
.
.
an1 an2
y1 y2

a2n


.

..
. ..



ann


yn

= (1)n+2 x1 (1)n1 (y1A11 + y2 A12 + + yn A1n )

= x1y1A11 x1 y2A12 x1yn A1n

x2 1 x1 x2
x1 x3
x1 x4

1


2
x2 x4

x2 x1 x2 1 x2 x3
4.


2

x3 x1
x3 x2 x3 1 x3 x4



x4 x1
x4 x2
x4x3 x24 1

2

x1 1

x1



x1
= x1x2 x3x4



x1



x1

x2

x3

x2

x3
x23 1
x3

x2

x3

x22 1
x2

17

x4




x4


x4


x24 1


x4

a2n


.

..
. ..



ann


yn




x2 1
x22
x23
x24

1


x22 1
x23
x24

x21
=


x21
x22
x23 1
x24



x21
x22
x23
x24 1

= ()

x21 + x22 + x23 + x24 = 1

2
2
2



0
x
x
x
2
3
4








x23
x24


0 x22 1
() =


=0

0
x22
x23 1
x24






0
x2
x2
x2 1

2

5. (1)

a2
b2
c2
d2

a3
b3
c3
d3

=

1
0
0
0








= (b a)(c a)(d a)













= (b a)(c a)(d a)





1
1
1
1

a
b
c
d

a
a2
a3
b a b2 a 2 b3 a 3
c a c2 a 2 c3 a 3
d a d2 a2 d3 a3


1 b + a b2 + ba + a2




1 c + a c2 + ca + a2



1 d + a d2 + da + a2

1 b+a
b2 + ba + a2
0 c b c2 + ca (b2 + ba)
0 d b d2 + da (b2 + ba)





1 c+b+a





= (b a)(c a)(d a)(c b)(d b)




1 d+b+a

= (b a)(c a)(d a)(c b)(d b)(d c)

(2)










1





1
6. 16


1



1

= (a b)(a c)(a d)(b c)(b d)(c d)

1 2 22 23




1 3 32 33


= (2 3)(2 4)(2 5)(3 4)(3 5)(4 5) = 12
1 4 42 43



1 5 52 53








1


x1 y1 z1


x
y
z
1
1
1









x2 y2 z 2
1
0 x2 x1 y2 y1 z 2 z 1


= 6




0 x3 x1 y3 y1 z 3 z 1

x3 y3 z 3








0 x4 x1 y4 y1 z 4 z 1

x4 y4 z 4

18






x x y y z z

2
1
2
1
2
1








= 16
x3 x1 y3 y1 z3 z1






x4 x1 y4 y1 z 4 z 1

7.





1 x1 y1 z 1






1 x y z



2
2
2




=0

1 x3 y3 z 3






1 x y z

ax + by + cz + d = 0

8.








1
1
1
1








x
x
x
x




1
2
3



=0




y
y1
y2
y3

2


2
2
2
2
2
2
2

x +y x +y x +y x +y

1

a(x2 + y 2) + cx + dy + e = 0



1
A
O
11
9. A1 =
O
A22 1
= |A|E
10. AA

= |A|n
|AA|
= |A|n1
|A| = 0 |A|

[ 7 ]

19

2 1 1
x1

[ 7.1] (1) 1 2 1 x2 =
x
1 1 2
3

1
1
1 0 0
x1

(2) 0 2 0 x2 = 1 , 0
x3
1
0
0 0 3

x1 2x2 + x3

[ 7.2] (1)
x1 + x2 2x3

2x + x + x
1
2
3

x3 + x4 = 1

(2)
x1 + x2 x3 x4 = 1

x x
= 1
1
2
[ 7.3] (1)

2
1
1
0
1
0
e1


A
b
1
1
2
1
2
1
=
3
3
= 2
0
1
= 2
1
1
= (3)
e2

E
 

x1
1
=
x2
1

20

1
2 1 1 1

2 , 1 2 1 2
3
1 1 2 3

0 0 1

2 0 1
0 3 1
= 3
= 2
= 1

(2)
A
b
2
1
1
4
1
2
1
4
1
1
2
4
1
2
1
4
=
0 3 1 4
= 2
0 1
1
0
=
1
0
3
4
= + 2
0
1
1
0
=
0
0
4 4
= 3
1
0
0
1
= 3
0
1
0
1
= +
0
0
1
1
= (4)
e1 e2
e3

x1
1

x2 = 1
x3
1
[ 7.4] (1) x1 = 1, x2 = 1, x3 = 1 (2) x1 = 1, x2 = 2, x3 = 3, x4 = 4
[ 7.5] z = t x = 3t1, y = t+2, z = t

y2
z
x+1
=
=
3
1
1

  


1
x1
12
2
+
=t
[ 7.6] (1)
x2
1
0

1
13
x1

1 31

(2) x2 = t 3 + 3
x
1
0

3
2
1
1
x1

(3) x2 = s 1 + t 0 + 0
x3
0
1
0

21

1
1
x1

1 2
x2
(4)

+
= t
1 1
x3
0
1
x4
[ 7.7] a = 4
[ 7.8] ab11 = ab22





a b


1 1




= a 1 b2 a 2 b1 = 0

a 2 b2

a, b
[ 7.9]








a 1 1

a+2 a+2 a+2















|A| =
1 a 1
=
1
a
1









1 1 a

1
1
a








1

1 1 1

1
1












= (a + 2)
1 a 1
= (a + 2)
0 a 1
0







0

1 1 a

0
a1

= (a + 2)(a 1)2
|A| = 0 a = 2, 1
[

7.10] (1)

1

a 1 1









(2)
1 a 1
= (a + 2)(a 1)2





1 1 a

a = 1, 2 3 ; a = 1 , 1 ; a = 2 2
[ 7.11] (1) 1 (2) B b1 , b2 , b3 , b4

b3 = (1)b1 + 2b2 , b4 = (2)b1 + 3b2 , b5 = (3)b1 + 4b2

b1, b2

rank
B = 2
1
1
0
0 0 1
2
2

[ 7.12] (1) 0 1 0 (2) 12 0 12

0 12 21
1 0 0

VII
22

1. x1a1 + x2a2 + x3 a3 = b
x1a1 + x2a2 + x3 a3 + (1)b = 0
a1 , a2 , a3 , b

2. (1)

2
1
4
1
0
0
1
0
0
e1

A
1
2
5
2
3
3
0
1
0
e2

1
1
3
1
1
1
1/3
1/3
0

b
1
2
3
2
=
3
= 2
5
= 4
0
= 2
1
= (3)
2
=

A b
(2) (1)

+ 13 x3 = 0
x1
x2 + 13 x3 = 1

0 = 2
rank A = 2, rank


= 3

23

3.
2
1
4
1
0
0
1
0
0
e1

A
1
2
5
2
3
3
0
1
0
e2

1
1
3
1
1
1
1/3
1/3
0

1
2
a
2
=
3
= 2
a8
= 4
0
= 2
1
= (3)
a5
=

+ 13 x3 =
0
x1
1
1
x2 + 3 x3 =

0 = a5
a = 5

0
x1
13 x3
13

1
1
x2 = 1 3 x3 = x3 3 + 1
x3
x3
1
0
x3 = t

0
x1
13

1
x2 = t 3 + 1
x3
1
0





1 1 1









4. (1) D =
a b c
= (a b)(a c)(b c) = 0

2 2 2


a b c






1 1 1


(d b)(d c)


1



x1 =
d b c
=
D
2 2 2
(a b)(a c)

d b c

24






1 1 1


(a d)(d c)
1




x2 =
a d c
=
D
2 2 2

(a b)(b c)

a d c






1 1 1


(a d)(b d)


1



x3 =
a b d
=
D
2 2 2
(a c)(b c)

a b d

(2) x1 = 1, x2 = 3, x3 = 3
5. P (2, 1 : 1)
P (3,
1; 1)

1 0 0

P (3, 1; 1)P (2, 1; 1)A = 0 0 1

0 0 0

P (2, 3)
1 0 0

P (3, 1; 1)P (2, 1 : 1)AP (2, 3) = 0 1 0

0 0 0

1 0 0

P = P (3, 1; 1)P (2, 1 : 1) = 1 1 0 ,

1 0 1

1 0 0

Q = P (2, 3) = 0 0 1
0 1 0
6. a1 , a2, ..., am , am+1 e1 , e2 , ..., em
ai = ai1e1 + ai2e2 + + aim em

x1a1 + + xm am + xm+1 am+1 = 0

a11 am1 a(m+1)1

..
.
..
..
.
. ..
.
a1m amm a(m+1)m

25

x1
..
.

xm
xm+1

..
= .

 m + 1 m
0 a1 , a2, ..., am , am+1 K

7. x1Aa1 + x2 Aa2 + + xm Aam = 0

A(x1a1 + x2 a2 + + xm am ) = 0
A
x1a1 + x2a2 + + xm am = 0
a1 , a2, ..., am K
x1 = 0, x2 = 0, ..., xm = 0
Aa1, Aa2 , ..., Aam K
8. rank B = m B e1 , e2 , ..., em K

Ae1 , Ae2 , ..., Aem AB K

rank AB m = rank B
A A1
rank A1 (AB) rank AB

  rank B
 rank
 AB
 rank
 B
1
i
0
9. (1) x1
x1, x2
+ x2
=
i
1
0
x1 = 
x2 =0
R


 
1
i
0
(2) i
+ (1)
=
C
i
1
0

[ 8 ]

[ 8.1] (1) |i| = 1 i  A|i 1| = 2 < 2 i B

(2) |z| < 1 |z 1| |z| + | 1| < 2A B

[ 8.2] (1) a 2 + (1) = 1a V

b (2) + 3 = 1b V
26

(2) ta + (1 t)b
{2t + (2)(1 t)} + {(1)t + 3(1 t)} = 1
ta + (1 t)b V
[ 8.3] f(1) = D, f(2) = B, f(3) = E, f(4) = C, f(5) = A
[ 8.4] f(5) = e, f(10) = c, f(15) = h, f(20) = i, f(25) = t
[ 8.5]
y
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
-2

-1

-0.2

x
2
3

[ 8.6] (1) y = y 1 + z 0 = ya + zb
z
0
1

2
3

(a = 1 , b = 0 )
0
1

x
3
3

(2) y = z 1 = zc (c = 1 )
1
z
1
[ 8.7]

2
3

(1) V { 1 , 0 }, dim V = 2
0
1

(2) W { 1 }, dim W = 1
1
[ 8.8] (1) a1, a2 a3 = 2a1 + a2
V 2 {a1, a2} V
(2) a1, a2 a3 = 2a1 + a2, a4 = a1 a2
W 2 {a1 , a2 } W
[ 8.9] T (x) = x + c
T (x + y) = (x + y) + c

27

T (x) + T (y) = (x + c) + (y + c) = (x + y) + 2c
c = 0
T
(x + y) = T (x) + T (y)
1 2 3

[ 8.10] 2 3 4
3 4 5

 
 
 
x
1
1
1

+y
+z

[ 8.11] (1) T ( y ) = x
0
2
4
z
     
1
1
1
Im T =<
,
,
>=< a, b, c >
0
2
4
a, b

c = (1)a + 2b
{a, b} Im
dim Im T = 2
T

Ker T =< 2 >, dim Ker T = 1

1
(2)

a1
2
1
3
1
0
0
1
0
0
e1

a2
1
2
3
2
3
3
0
1
0
e2

a3
1
1
2
1
=
1
= 2
1
= 3
1/3
= 2
1/3
= (3)
0
=

a1 , a2

a3 = (1/3)a1 + (1/3)a2

28

2
1
1
2
1


Im T =< 1 , 2 , 1 >=< 1 , 2 >
3
3
2
3
3
,
dim ImT = 2

x1

x2 Ker T
x3
x1a1 + x2a2 + x3 a3 = 0
x1 + (1/3)x3 = 0, x2 + (1/3)x3 = 0

x1
1/3

x2 = x3 1/3
x3
1

13

Ker T 13 , dim Ker T = 1

1

VIII
1. (1) (I) Ker F = {0} F
F (x1 ) = F (x2 ) F (x1 x2 ) = 0
x1 x2 Ker F x1 x2 = 0 x1 = x2
F
(II) F Ker F = {0}
x Ker F F (x) = 0 F
F (0) = 0 F (x) = F (0) F x = 0
Ker F = {0}
(2) 1 F (x1 ) + 2 F (x2 ) + + m F (xm ) = 0
F (1x1 + 2x2 + + m xm ) = 0 = F (0)
F
1 x1 + 2 x2 + + m xm = 0
x1, x2 , ..., xm 1 = 2 = = m = 0
F (x1), F (x2 ), ..., F (xm )
29

(3) dim V = m, V =< x1 , x2 , ..., xm >

Im F =< F (x1 ), F (x2 ), ..., F (xm ) >
F (x1 ), F (x2 ), ..., F (xm ) Im F =
m
2. (1)








a 1 1 1

a+3 a+3 a+3 a+3















a
1
1


1 a 1 1

1



=




1 1 a 1

1
1
a
1









1 1 1 a

1
1
1
a










1 1 1 1


1


1
1
1









1 a 1 1


0 a1


0
0








= (a + 3)


= (a + 3)




1 1 a 1


0
0
a1
0










1 1 1 a


0
0
0
a1

= (a + 3)(a 1)3 = 0
a = 3, 1
(2) a = 3

1
Im F =<
1
1

1
3
1
1

1
1
3
1

1
1
1
3

>=< a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 >

a1, a2, a3

a4 = (1)a1 + (1)a2 + (1)a3

Im F 3 {a1, a2 , a3 }

x1a1 + x2a2 + x3 a3 + x4 a4 = 0

x1
x2
x3
x4

= x4

1
1
1
1

30


1

1
Ker F , dim Ker F = 1
1
1

1
1
1
1

1 1 1 1
a = 1 Im F =< , , , >
1 1 1 1
1
1
1
1

1

1
Im F 1 { }
1
1

x1a1 + x2a2 + x3 a3 + x4 a4 = 0

1
1

0
0

+
x
+
x
=
x

2
3
4

1
0
0
1

1
1
1

1 0 0
Ker F {
,
,
} ,
0 1 0
0
0
1
dim Ker F = 3
3. p(x) = ax2 + bx + cq(x) = a1x2 + b1x + c1

a + a1

T (p + q) = b + b1 = T (p) + T (q)
c + c1
x1
x2
x3
x4

1
1
0
0

ka

T (kp) = kb = kT (p)
kc

31

(3) p (x) = 2ax + b

T (p) = 2a
b

2
a
+
2c

3
(4) T (q) = 43 b
2
a + 23 c
5
[ 9 ]
[ 9.1] (1) = 2 (2) = 2


1
1

[ 9.2] (1) = 2 t
(t = 0)


1
= 2 t
(t = 0)
3

1

(2) = 1 t 0 (t = 0)
0

0

= 2 t 1 (t = 0)
0

0

= 3 t 0 (t = 0)
1
 
1
(t = 0)
(3) = 1 + 2i t
i


1
= 1 2i t
(t = 0)
i

1

(4) = 1 t 0 (t = 0)
0


1
[ 9.3] (1) = 0 t
(t = 0)
1

32


1
1

= 2 t
(t = 0)




1 1
0
0
P =
P 1 AP =
1 1
0 2

(2) = 0 t 1 (t = 0)
0


1
0


= 3 s 1 + t 0 = 0
0
1

2 1 0
0 0 0

P = 1 1 0 P 1 AP = 0 3 0
0 0 1
0 0 3


[ 9.4] (1) = 1 + 2i t
(t = 0)


1
i

1
= 2 t
(t = 0)
i




1 1
1
+
2i
0
P =
P 1 AP =
i i
0
1 2i

0

(2) = 1 t 0 (t = 0)
1

1

= 1 + i t i (t = 0)
0

= 1 i t i (t = 0)
0

0 1 1
1
0
0

P = 0 i i P 1 AP = 0 1 + i
0
1 0 0
0
0
1i

33


1
(3) = 1 t
(t = 0)
0
dim V (1) = 1 A 9.3

1

(4) = 1 t 0 (t = 0)
0

1

= 2 t 1 (t = 0)
0
dim V (1)+ dim V (2) = 2 A
9.3




1
1

2
2
[ 9.5] (1) e1 =
, e2 =
1
1
2
2

1
1

(2) e1 =

2
1
2

e2 =

1 ,
6
2
6

1 b c

[ 9.6] (1) A = a c a
b 1 b
(2) a = b = c = 1

e3 =

3
1

3
1
3

1
1

(t = 0)
[ 9.7] (1) = 1 t
 
1
= 3 t
(t = 0)
1

  
1
1

,
1
1





1/ 2 1/ 2
1 0

P =
t P AP = P 1 AP =
1/ 2 1/ 2
0 3

1
0


(2) = 1 s 0 + t 1 = 0
1
0

34

= 1 t 0 (t = 0)
1

1
0
1

p1 = 0 , p2 = 1 , p3 = 0
1
0
1

0
1
0
0
2

P = 0 1
0 tP AP = P 1 AP = 0 1
0
1
0 12
0 0 1
2
2
5
2
3
[ 9.8] (1) A 2A+2E = O (2) x = (x 2x+2)(x +2x2 +2x)4x



4
4
5
2
3
2
A = (A 2A + 2E)(A + 2A + 2A) 4A = 4A =
4 4
E = A(E 12 A)


1
1
1
2
2
A1 = E A =
2
12 21

IX
1.
m

(I) m = 1
(II) m = k m = k + 1
k + 1 1 , ..., k , k+1
p1, ..., pk , pk+1
Ap1 = 1 p1, ..., Apk = k pk , Apk+1 = k+1 pk+1

x1p1 + + xk pk + xk+1 pk+1 = 0

A

x1Ap1 + + xk Apk + xk+1 Apk+1 = 0

35

x11 p1 + + xk pk + xk+1 k+1 pk+1 = 0

k+1

x1(k+1 1 )p1 + + xk (k+1 k )pk = 0

p1, ..., pk

x1(k+1 1 ) = 0, , xk (k+1 k ) = 0
x1 = 0, ..., xk = 0

xk+1 pk+1 = 0
xk+1 = 0 p1, ..., pk , pk+1
(I), (II) m
2. Ap1 = 1 p1 , Ap2 = 2 p2 , 1 = 2 t A = A

(Ap1 ) p2 =

(Ap1 )p2 = t p1t Ap2 = t p1(Ap2 )

p1 (2 p2 ) = 2 tp1 p2 = 2 (p1 p2 )

(Ap1 ) p2 = 1 (p1 p2 )

(1 2 )(p1 p2) = 0
1 = 2 p1 p2 = 0 p1 p2
3. (1) t P P = E
(P x) (P y) = t (P x)P y = txt P P y = t xy = x y = 0
P x, P y
(2) |x| = 1

(P x) (P x) = t (P x)P x = t xt P P x = t xx = x x = 1
|P x| = 1

36

1

4. (1) = 0 t 0 , = 1
1

0

t 1 , = 2
0

t 0 (t = 0)
1

1
0
1

p1 = 0 , p2 = 1 , p3 = 0
1
0
1

1
1

0
2

2
P = 0 1
0 t P AP = P 1 AP =
1
0 12

2
1 0 0

0 1 0
0 0 2

1
1

(2) = 4 t ,
1
1

1
1
1
1
0
0

= 0 t1
+t2
+t3
=
0
1
0
0
0
1
0

1
1
1
1

1
1
0
0
p1 = , p2 =
,p =
,p =

1
0 3 1 4 0
1
0
0
1

37

P =

1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2

4 0 0

0 0 0
t P AP = P 1 AP =
0 0 0
0 0 0

1 5 15

5
5. A = 0 1 5
0 0 1
3
6. (1) A E = O
(2) x5 = (x3 1)x2 + x2

2
1
2

6
1

6
2
6

0
0 0

0
0

2 3
1

2 3
1

2 3
3

2 3

2 3 0

A5 = (A3 E)A2 + A2 = A2 = 1 1 0
0 0 1

E = A A2

2 3 0

A1 = A2 = 1 1 0
0 0 1

[ 10 ]
[ 10.1] (1) tan 2 =

2
X 2 + Y2 = 1

2
,
33

, =

-1

-1

(2) tan 2 =

10 3
111

3, , =
38

X4 + Y 2 = 1

y
6

4
2
-6 -4 -2 O
-2

6 x

-4

0
1
1
x

[ 10.2] (1) 2yz + 2zx + 2xy = x y z 1 0 1 y
1 1 0
z

1
1

= 1 p2 = 1 , p3 = 0 ,
0
1

1

= 2 p1 = 1
1

1
2 16 13

P = 12 16 13
2
1
0
6
3

-6

2yz + 2zx + 2xy = (1)X 2 + (1)Y 2 + 2Z 2

0
0
1
x

2
(2) y + 2zx = x y z 0 1 0 y
1 0 0
z


0
1


= 1 p1 = 1 , p2 = 0 ,
0
1

= 1 p3 = 0
1

39

P = 1
0

1
2

0
1
2

12

0 ()
1
2

y 2 + 2zx = 1 X 2 + 1 Y 2 + (1)Z 2 = X 2 + Y 2 Z 2
[ 10.3] (1) 10.2 ,
2yz + 2zx + 2xy = (1)X 2 + (1)Y 2 + 2Z 2

(2) x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 X 2 + Y 2 + Z 2 = 1

X 2 Y 2 Z 2
(1)X 2 + (1)Y 2 + 2Z 2
2(X 2 + Y 2 + Z 2)

2 1

X
2
1. (1) tan 2 = 11
2 = 2

  

X
x
1/ 2 1/ 2

=
1/ 2
Y
1/ 2
y

x2 + 2xy + y 2 = 2X 2

(2) x2 + 2xy + y 2 + 8x + 4 = 2(X + 2)2 4 2Y

y
6

2
-10-7.5 -5 -2.5 O 2.5 5
-2

-4

2. (1) (2x 4y +2)(2x + y 3) = 4x2 6xy 4y 2 2x + 14y 6

4 3
A =
P
3 4
 


x
X
= 5

=P
y
Y
4x2 6xy 4y 2 = 5X 2 5Y 2
40


(2)
y
5
2xy
30
4
3 2x
4y20
2
1
-4

-2

-1 O
-2
-3

6 x

3. (1) 2x1 x2 + 2x3 x4 =

x1 x2 x3

x4

0
1
0
0

1
0
0
0

0
0
0
1

0
0
1
0

x1
x2
x3
x4

(2)





1
0
0

0
0


1

= (2 1)2 = ( 1)2 ( + 1)2 = 0



0
0
1






0
0 1


= 1

1
= 1 p1 =
0
0

,
p
=
2

1
1

1
0
1
0

= 1 p3 =
, p4 =

0
1
0
1
p1 , p2 , p3 , p4

1
1
0

0
2
12

0
0
2
2

P =
0 1
1
0

2
2
1
0 12
0
2

41

2x1 x2 + 2x3 x4 =


X1 X2 X3 X4

P AP

X1 X2 X3 X4

1
0
0
0

X1
X2
X3
X4

0
0
0
1
0
0
0 1
0
0
0 1

= X12 + X22 + (1)X32 + (1)X42

(3) x21 + x22 + x23 + x24 = 1 X12 + X22 + X32 + X42 = 1

X12 + X22 + (1)X32 + (1)X42  X12 X22 X32 X42 = 1

X12 + X22 + (1)X32 + (1)X42
X12 + X22 + X32 + X42 = 1
1 1

x1
x2

4. A P . = P
.
.

xn

x1 x2 xn

x1
x2
..
.
xn

X1 X2 Xn

P AP

X1
X2
..
.
Xn

42

Xn

X1
X2
..
.

X1
X2
X3
X4

X1 X2

Xn

0
.
.
2 . . ..
.. ..
.
. 0
0 n

0
..
.
0

1 X12

2 X22

+ +

X1
X2
..
.

Xn

n Xn2

x1, x2, ..., xn

1 > 0, 2 > 0, ..., n > 0

(2) x21 + x22 + + x2n = 1

1 =

x1 x2

xn

x1
x2
..
.
xn

X1 X2 Xn

X1 X2

PP

Xn

X1
X2
..
.

X1
X2
..
.

Xn

Xn
= X12 + X22 + + Xn2

1 X12 + 2 X22 + + n Xn2  (X12 + X22 + + Xn2 ) =

1 X12 + 2 X22 + + n Xn2
(X12 + X22 + + Xn2 ) =

43