Prog

.
1


Hardware Software
.
:
.1 .
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7

:
.1 Machine Language
.
.2 Assembly Language add,
. sub
.3

....basic, c, c+ Cobol, simula, prolog
.......

:
.

.
: .
:
.
.
.
.
.
:
.1 " "procedural languages
...........fortoran,basic,cobol
.2 " "structural languages

...........prolog,C,pascal
.3 " "object oriented languages



.Java,C++

.

:

:
.1 .
.2
, use-case state diagram .
2

.3

.4
.5

.6

:
flow charts algorithms

.
: .
:
:
. syntax error


.

.
.

flow charts

:

)(1.1
:


:
:
.1 3
.2
.3
:

=++
=)++(3/

"" .

=0
=0

= +
=1+

>

= /

C++

.
C++ main


Header Files
math
.
C++
)(Void main
}{
4

void
{ } .

.....
.....

.....
.....

cout cin
iostream
cout
;"cout<<" text

.
cin
;cin>>variable
variable .
:
>#include<file_name
file_name

C++

Prog1

welcome to C++

>#include<iostream.h
)(void main

{
;"cout<<"welcome to C++ world
}

iostream h
:

\n \t .

:

//
*/. */
Prog2
:

Welcome
to C++ world

>#include<iostream.h
)(void main
{ //start of main function
;"cout<<"\twelcome\n to C++ world
} /*end of main function
this a multi_line comment */

1
.1
.2 C++ :
This is my first program in
C++ language

Variables & Constants

:C++

-32768 32767 4
2 95 NT
int
-21474836482147483647

short
-3276832767
2

int

long
-21474836482147483647
4

int

-1.2e-383.4e38
4
float

-2.2e-308 1.8e308
8
double

256 " "

1
char

.....
.....

signed unsigned
unsigned
signed
.signed
unsigned short int 0. 65535

signed short int short int -32768.32767
int, short int, long int .
float, double .

Char
.
:

;variable_type variable_name

; int x x ; float area .area

1
; char a,b,c a,b,c .

.1
.2
.3

.4

.
............@#./*-+
.
for,
........................ if, else, int, float, long,

.
.
.AREA
area

:
=
:
;x=5 5 x .x

Mathematical Operators

:

/
23%7=2

%

C++
.
.
.

)(2.1 x :
X=4+2*5 .
X=5%3*7+2 .
X=5+(4%3) .
:
X=4+10=14 .
X=2*7+2=14+2=16 .
X=5+1=6 .

=
:

x+=3
x=x+3
a*=2
a=a*2
) (2.2 C++
: length width, area
. perimeter int
float
. :
Prog3
= *
=)*2 +(


" "++ pre_ incrimination
post_ incrimination
.
" "-- pre_ decrimintation
post_ decrimintation
.
Prog4
" "++" ":

a=6
b=8
after incrimination b=9

Constants

.
const
.
Prog5

.
.int

2
.1 y int :
y=10*7%(5+8-3) .
y=18/5+4 .
.2 total_income
bs %5" t " e
total_income=bs+t+e :
.3
:

Control Structures

:C++
" " .
.....
.....

)if(condition
{
statements if true
....................

}
else
{
statements if false
.

if
"
. else
.

} {
.
.
.

Relational Operators

>
=>
<
=<
==
=!

= ==
=
. ==
.if

10

) (1.3 .C++
.1 x y .d=5
.2 d 60 pass .fail
.3 sr 0 "."imaginary number
.4 a 5 b=2a+3 c=3a-4b b=2a-11.c=3a+b

:
)1. if(x>y
;d=5
)2. if(d>=60
;cout<<pass
else
;cout<<fail
)3. if(sr<0
;cout<< imaginary number
)4. if(a!=5
{
;b=2a+3
;c=3a-4b
}
else
{
;b=2a-11
;c=3a+b
}

Logical Operators

&&
||
!

" and"
" or"
not

.
Truth Tables
true or false

discrete mathematics truth tables
" . A,B T "F

&&

Result

T
F
F
F

T
F
T
F

T
T
F
F

11

 ||

Result

T
T
T
F

T
F
T
F

T
T
F
F

!B

F
T

T
F

) (2.3 .C++
.1 x y y 0 .d=5
.2 d 80 d 90 .B
.3 ) x y y (0 x 3 d 10 d .20

:
)1. if(x>y&&y==0
;d=5
)2. if(d>=80||d<90
;cout<<B
)3. if(!(x>y&&y==10)||x==3
;d=10
else
;d=20

Carno Maps

.
)(3.3
L :

X
X

X
X

12

X
.
nx
ny
) (x,y
:
A- nx==1
nx==2
B- ny==1
C- ny==2
D- x+ nx<=8
E- x- nx>=1
F- y+ ny<=8
G- y- ny>=1
H,G,F,E

&& D,C,B,A L
D,C,B,A
24 4 2
:
!A !B
0
0
0
0

!A B
0
1
0
0

A !B
0
0
1
0

AB
0
0
0
0

CD
C !D
!C D
!C !D

0 1
D,C,B,A:

)(A &&!B&&!C&&D)||(!A&&B&&C&&!D
:

])(E&&F&&G&&H)&&[ (A &&!B&&!C&&D)||(!A&&B&&C&&!D
A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H :
])if[(x+nx<=8&&x-nx>=1&&y+ny<=8&&y-ny>=1)]&&[(nx==1&&ny==2)||(nx==2&&ny==1
.
:
if-else " "
.switch-case
)switch(variable
.....
.....
{
case value1:
statement/statements
;break
case value2:
statement/statements
;break
case value3:
statement/statements
;break
.
.
default:
statement/statements
;break
}
value3 value2 value1 variable switch
case " "
default break
.
)(3.4
C++ , total_income grade
:
total_income=bsaic_salary+bonus+fees
bsaic_salary bonus fees
:

13

grade
1
2
3
4
Other grades

bsaic_salary
6000
5200
5000
3000
2000

bonus
=.04*bsaic_salary
=.04*bsaic_salary
=.03*bsaic_salary
=.02*bsaic_salary
=.01*bsaic_salary

fees
700
700
500
400
200

:


Grade
fees bonus bsaic_salary
: . total_income

grade
yes
bsaic_salary=6000;
bonus=.04*bsaic_salary;
fees=700;

grade=1
No
yes

grade=2
No
yes

grade=3
No
yes

grade=4
No

bsaic_salary=5200;
bonus=.04*bsaic_salary;
fees=700;
bsaic_salary=5000;
bonus=.03*bsaic_salary;
fees=500;
bsaic_salary=3000;
bonus=.02*bsaic_salary;
fees=400;

No
bsaic_salary=2000;
bonus=.01*bsaic_salary;
fees=200;
total_income=bsaic_salary+bonus+fees
total_income

14

Prog6

#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
int grade;
float bonus, total_income,bsaic_salary,fees;
cout<<"\n enter the employee grade: ";
cin>>grade;
switch(grade)
{
case 1:
bsaic_salary=6000;
bonus=.04*bsaic_salary;
fees=700;
break;
case 2:
bsaic_salary=5200;
bonus=.04*bsaic_salary;
fees=700;
break;
case 3:
bsaic_salary=5000;
bonus=.03*bsaic_salary;
fees=500;
break;
case 4:
bsaic_salary=3000;
bonus=.02*bsaic_salary;
fees=400;
break;
default:
bsaic_salary=2000;
bonus=.01*bsaic_salary;
fees=200;
break;
}
total_income=bsaic_salary+bonus+fees;
cout<<" the total income for this employee is "<<total_income;
}

switch
. case

15

.....
.....

Loops

" "
. :
.
int
.
-1 for

)for(counter_initial_value;condition;counter_incrementation/decrementation
{
.
"statements " loop body
.
}
:
for :
counter_initial_value counter

.
condition
.
counter_incrimintation/decrimintation incrimination
decrimintation
:
x++
x=x+1
x-x=x-1
"x=variable "mathematical_operator" " value
"x"mathematical_operator"= " value

for(int i=3;i<=8;i++) {.} for
;int i=3
for
}for( ;i<=8;i--) {.
}for(int i=3;i<=8;) { i*=3;.

;int i=3
}for( ;i<=8;) { i/=3;.

}for(int i=3,int j=9;i<=8||j>0;i=i+2,j--) {.

) (3.5 C++ odd number 2 20
: " "
3 " 20 " :
Prog7

16

.....
.....

-2 while

)while(condition
{
.
"statements " loop body
.
}

:while
Prog8

.....
.....

-3 do-while

do
{
.
"statements " loop body
.
}
;)while(condition

while
do-while
:do-while
Prog9

Nested Loops

.
.

17

) (3.6 :

18

Prog10

3
.1 :
)a. for(i=1;i<15;i=i+3
)b. for(int i=0,int j=9;i<=16&&j>6;i++,j-=2
;c. int t=4
)while(t<=17
{.
};t+=3
;d. int t=4
do
{.
;)t+=3;} while(t>17
)e. for(i=9;i>5;i++
)f. while(6>3
}{.
.2 prog5 n
.3 C++ " "primary numbers 10100
.4 C++ :
""degree
95
-90 95
-85 90
-80 85
-75 80
-70 75
-65 70
-60 65
60

""grade
A+
A
B+
B
C+
C
D+
D
F

.5 C++ " n! "factorial

n!=n*(n-1)*n-2)*..3*2*1
.6 for do-while
;int x=4
{)while(x<10
;"cout<<"\n C++
};x++
.7 :
-
-

19

int

float

20

.....
.....

Arrays

.
.0
:
;]array_type array_name[elements_number
;] int x[5

.x[0],x[1],x[2],x[3],x[4]:
"="
:
;}array_type array_name[elements_number]={values
][0
0 .

.
Prog11
)(1.4

.char

Multiple Subscripts Array

.

. :
]float w[4][5
20 " "5*4
.

21

) (2.4
:

Prog12

.
) (3.4 6 :

34
67
45
89
45
47

78
90
23
78
78
58

56
89
78
56
63
78

38
90
76
34
54
63

.
:

22

Prog13

degree first_name
.last_name
:

bubble sort

n-1 n .
=
:x,y
1

SWAP
:
:
)]If(x[i]<x[i-1

X
2

)Loop(i=0 toi<n-1
)Loop(j=0 toj<n-1
)]If(x[i]>x[i-1
]Swap=x[i
]x[i]=x[i-1
x[i-1]=swap

)(4
.1
.2

C++ n
12 n m

23

return

.
Function D
return

Main( )
{
statements
Function A
statements
Function B
statements
}

return

24

Function

) (Main
{
statements
Function A
statements
Function B
statements
}

Function A

.
Function D
return

Function D

return

Function B

return

sqrt

math.h
math

tan
sin
cos
abs
ceil
floor
pow
sqrt
fmod
log
Log10

)tan(x
)sin(x
)cos(x
)abs(y
)ceil(t
)floor(t
)pow(x,y
)sqrt(w
)fmod(t,y
)log(x
)Log10(x

tan(0)=0
sin(0)=0
cos(0)=1
abs(-7)=7
ceil(4.2)=5, ceil(-4.2)=-4
floor(4.2)=4, floor(-4.2)=-5
pow(2,3)=8, pow(.16,.5)=.4
sqrt(9)=3, sqrt(.01)=.1
fmod(5,3)=2,fmod(3,.7)=.2
Log(4)=1.38629
Log10(100)=2

string.h

strcpy
strcat
Strlen

)strcpy(s1,s2
)strcat(s1,s2
)strlen(s1

s2s1
s1

0 1 s1
-1 s2 s1 s2
carrac

strcmp
strrev

)strcmp(s1,s2
)strrev(s1

25

)(2.5 strrev
C++ programming language is an object oriented language
Prog15

Function Creation

arguments sqrt
pow .
:
.
.
.

.....
.....

Function Declaration

returned type
arguments type .function name
:
;)Returned type function name(arg1 type name,arg2 type name,.
arg1 type,arg2 type " "
name .
:

.
)(3.5 :
. swap
. invert
. print
:
float swap(int, int) .
long int invert(long int) .
Void print() .

.....
.....

.
:
)Returned type function name(arg1 type name,arg2 type name,.
{
function body
}

27

return .
.

void .

) (4.5
max, min
:
" " int
max min ?:
:
Prog16

:
C++

.

.
prog 16 :

28

Prog17

Recursive Function

:)(=))((
)(=)(+)(1+

:
) (5.5
)int xx(int a
{

.
)return xx(a
}
;) float ww( int b
{
.
.
;)return ww(b)+ww(b-1

29

Hanoi Tower

A, B, C
A
C B
.

:
:
A .B
A .C
B .C
3 3 A B
" 3" A B
B C 3" 7
:
n-1 A B
A C
n-1 B C
.
n-1
)(=*2)1+(1-
= 5

)*2=(5) 1+(4 )(4
)*2=(4)1+(3
)*2=(3)1+(2
)*2=(2)1+(1
)1=(1
) 31=(5 :

30

Prog18

)(6.5 n Fibonacci Series

0,1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,
)( :
)(= ) +(1-) (2+ )0=(0)1=(1
: golden ratio

" "
Fibonacci 01
.n
Prog19

31

Function Overloading

dd
int double :
Prog20

Inline Function

inline inline .

inline
inline
.

Global & Local Variables

y
. a
.
Prog21

32

Header Files
h
"#includefile_name
)(5
.1 :
cout<<strlen("I love C++ programming") .
cout<<strrev("I love C++ programming") .
strcat("death to ","israil") .
pow(4,2) .
sqrt(.36) .
ceil(2.05) .
floor(3.99) .
ceil(-8.2) .
floor(-.99) .
.2 :
. aa .
. bb .
.3

33