CHNG 1

KHI NIM CHUNG V MY IN

1. nh ngha v phn lo!"
1.1. nh ngha"
May in la thit b in t, nguyn ly hot ng da vao hin tng cam ung in
t.
V cu to gm mch t (loi thep) va mch in (cun dy), dung bin i dng
nng lng nh co nng thanh in nng ( may phat in ) hoc ngc li bin i in
nng thanh co nng (ng co in ), hoc dung bin i cac thng s cua mch in nh
bin i in ap, dong in , tn s, s pha..
May in la loi may ph bin trong cng nghip va trong oi sng .
1.#. $hn lo!"
May in co nhiu loi va co nhiu cach phn loi vi du nh phn loi theo cng xut,
theo cu to, theo chuc nng dong in ( xoay chiu, mt chiu ), theo nguyn ly lam vic va
phn loi theo nguyn ly bin i in nng.
a. M%& '!(n )nh"
May in tinh lam vic da vao hin tng cam ung in t do s bin thin t thng
giua cac cun dy khng co chuyn ng tong i voi nhau.
*. M%& '!(n +,a&"
Nguyn ly lam vic da vao hin tng cam ung in t, lc in t, do t trong va
dong in cua cac cun dy co chuyn ng tong i voi nhau gy ra.
1
Hinh 1-2
U
1
,I
e

U
2
,I BA
U
1
,I

Hinh 1-1
Loi may in nay dung bin i nng lng, vi du bin i in nng sang co
nng ( ng co in ) hoc bin i co nng sang in nng ( may phat in ) qua trinh bin
i co tinh thun nghch, nghia la may in co th lam vic o ch may phat in hoc
ng co in.
#. C%- 'nh l,.) -/ *0n )1ong 2%& '!(n.
Nguyn ly lam vic cua tt ca cac loi may in da vao co so hai nh lut cam ung
in t va lut in t.
#.1. nh l,.) -02 3ng '!(n )4.
a. 5167ng h8p )4 )h9ng : *!;n )h!<n =,&<n +,a v>ng ?&"
Khi t thng bin thin xuyn qua vong dy dn. Trong vong dy s cam ung mt suc
in ng. Nu chon chiu suc in ng cam ung phu hp voi chiu cua t thng theo quy
tc vn nut chai, thi suc in ng cam ung:
e
dt
d

Du (): chi chiu 4 i t ngoi oc vao trang giy .

- Nu cun dy co W vong :
2
Hinh 1-3. So phn loai may in
MAY DI N
May in tinh
May bin ap
May in quay
May in xoay chiu May mt chiu
May
phat 1
chiu
Dng
co mt
chiu
May
in
ng b
May in
khng
ng b
Dng
co
khng
ng
b
May
phat
khng
ng
b
Dng
co
in
ng
b
May
phat
in
ng
b
e
u
Hinh 1-4
e-w.
dt
d
dt
d
=
Trong o: 1 W4 goi la t thng moc vong cua cun dy.
*. 5167ng h8p )hanh ?@n -h,&An 'Bng )1ong )4 )167ng.
Khi thanh dn chuyn ng thng goc voi ong suc t trong, thanh dn s cam ung
suc in ng co tr s la: eBlV.
B cong t cam o bng Tesla (T)
L chiu dai hiu dung cua thanh dn (m)
V vn tc thanh dn o bng m/s
Chiu suc in ng cam ung xac nh
bng quy tc ban tay phai.
#. nh l,.) lC- '!(n )4"
Khi thanh dn chuyn ng mang dong in t thng goc voi ong suc cua t
trong ( trong hp ng co in ).
Thanh dn s chu mt lc in t tac dung co tr s la:
F B.l.I (N) .
B cong t cam o bng Tesla(T)
I cong dong in (A)
L chiu dai tac dung thanh dn o bng m
- Chiu lc t xac nh bng quy tc ban tay trai.
D. nh l,.) 2-h )4 )Enh )o%n 2-h )4.
a. nh l,.) 2-h )4"
Loi thep may in la mch t. Mch t la mch khep kin dung dn t thng. Dnh lut
dong in toan phn

= i dl H.
H.l w.i
H: cong t trong trong mch t o bng A/m
L: chiu dai trung binh cua mch t (m
W: s vong dy cua cun dy
I: to ra t thng trong mch t goi la dong in t hoa.
w.i: goi la suc t ng.
3
Hinh 1-5
Hinh 1-6
Hinh 1-7
l
\
l
i
w
H.l: goi la t ap roi.
- Di voi mch t gm nhiu cun dy va nhiu on khac nhau
H
1
.l
1
H
2
.l
2
W
1
i
1
-W
2
I
2
H
1
,H
2
: tong ung la cong t trong trong on 1,2
L
1
, L
2
: chiu dai trung binh on 1,2
W
1
.i
1
, W
2
.i
2
: suc t ng dy qun 1,2
Du troc w
2
.i
2
vi chiu i
2
khng phu hp
voi chiu t thng chon theo quy tc vn nut chai


= =
=
n
l
l l
n
k
k K
i W l H
1 1
. .
.
Trong o dong in i
l
co chiu phu hp voi chiu 4 chon theo quy tc vn nut chai
s mang du dong, khng phu hp mang du m.
D. V.) l!(, -h; )o 2%& '!(n"
Vt liu dn in, vt liu dn t, vt liu cach in va vt liu kt cu.
D.1. V.) l!(, ?@n '!(n
Vt liu dn in dung ch to b phn dn in. Vt liu dn in dung trong may
in la ng va nhm. Dy ng va dy nhm c ch to theo tit din tron hoc chu
nht, co boc cach in khac nhau nh si vai, si thuy tinh, giy, nha hoa hoc, si emay.
D.#. V.) l!(, ?@n )4
Vt liu dn t dung ch to cac b phn cua mch t dung cac vt liu st t
lam mch t: Thep la k thut in, thep la thong, thep uc, thep rn.
Thep la k thut in day ,35- ,5mm, trong thanh phn thep co 2-5 si( tng
in tro cua thep, giam dong in xoay )
Thep k thut in c ch to bng phong phap can nong va can ngui. Thep can
ngui co t thm cao hon thep can nong, dn t tt hon.
D.D. V.) l!(, -%-h '!(n
Lam nhim vu cach ly b phn dn in va b phn khng dn in hoc cach ly cac
b phn dn in voi nhau.
Trong may in, vt liu cach in phai co cong cach in cao, chu nhit tt tan
nhit tt. Chng m va bn v co hoc.
4
Hinh 1-
l
2
, S
2
i
2 W
2
l
1
, S
1
i
W
1
Cht cach in cua may in chu yu o th rn gm 4 nhom:
Cht huu co thin nhin nh giy, vai lua.
Cht v co nh aming, mica, si thuy tinh.
Cac cht tng hp nh VC, .
Cac loi men son cach in
Cp cach in Y A B F H C
Nhit lam vic

C 15

C 12

C 13

C 155

C 1

C 1

C
D.F.V.) l!(, G;) -H,
Vt liu kt cu la vt liu ch to cac chi tit chu cac tac ng co hoc nh truc,
truc, vo may, np may. Vt liu kt cu thong la gan, thep la, thep rn, kim loi mau va hp
kim cua chung.
F.Ng,&<n lI 2%& ph%) '!(n v 'Bng -/ '!(n J )Enh )h,.n ngh-h -Ka 2%& '!(n
F.1.Ng,&<n lI l2 v!(- -Ka 2%& '!(n 2B) -h!L,

May in gm khung dy abcd u ni voi 2 phin gop. Khung dy va phin gop
quay quanh truc voi tc khng i trong t trong cua nam chm N S. Cac chi than A
va B t c nh va tu sat vao phin gop
Khi khung dy quay, theo nh lut cam ung in t trong khung dy xut hin suc
in ng cam ung e B.l.v (v)
Trong o:
B: t cam noi dy qun quet qua (T)
l: chiu dai thanh dn nm trong t trong (m)
v: vn tc quet cua thanh dn (m/s)
Chiu cua suc in ng xac nh bng quy tc ban tay phai. Suc in ng cua
thanh dn ab nm doi cc t N co chiu i t b n a, con cua thanh dn cd nm doi cc
5
Hinh 1-
t nam (S) co chiu i t dc. Nu mch ngoai khep kin s trong khung co chiu i t
chi than A n chi than B.
Khi khung dy quay, nu t cam thng goc voi hong quay cua thanh dn phn b
hinh sins cng co dng xoay chiu hinh sin do chi than A lun tip xuc voi thanh dn
nm doi cc (N), chi than B tip xuc thanh dn nm doi cc (S)dong in mch ngoai
chy t AB.
Noi cach khac s va dong in xoay chiu c chinh lu thanh dong in suc in
ng 1 chiu, nho h thng vanh gop va chi than.
D co suc in ng lon ghep nhiu khung dy t lch nhau mt goc trong khng
giangoi la dy qun phn ung, vi th co nhiu phin i chiu ghep cach in voi nhau
c gop in ( con goi la vanh gop ).
Ngc li khi a dong in mt chiu vao chi than Ava ra o chi than B doi tac
dung cua t trong ln thanh dn to ra momen quay co chiu khng io la nguyn ly
lam vic cua ng co in mt chiu.
F.#. Ng,&<n lI l2 v!(- -Ka 2%& '!(n 'Mng *B
Trong hinh v trn nu thay hai vanh i chiu thanh hai vanh trt. Hai chi than A
va B lun ti sat, khi khung dy abcd quay voi tc n, trn hai vanh trt va mch ngoai
khep kin suc in ng va dong in xoay chiu co tn s I p.n/6.
51ong 'N" n tc quay vong/ phut
s i cc cua may
o la nguyn ly llam vic cua may in ng b 1 pha.
6
Hinh 1-1
Hinh a. Du hinh sao
Hinh b. Du hinh tam giac
Thong trong may in ng b, cc t t trong roto con dy qun phn ung (khung
dy)t trong phn tinh (stato) gm 3 cun dy t lch nhau trong khng gian 12

u
hinh sao() hoc hinh tam giac().
uay voi tc n, dy qun phn ung ni voi mt tai ngoai ba pha i xung thi trong
dy qun phn ung s cam ung nn mt suc in ng va dong in 3 pha lch nhau mt goc
12

v thoi gian va do o s to ra mt t trong quay voi tc n

1

p
f 6
, nghia la tc
quay cua roto chinh vi vy ma ta goi la may in ng b ba pha.
O. Ng,&<n lI ph%) nNng v l2 2%) 2%& '!(n .
Trong qua trinh lam vic co tn hao cng xut. Tn hao trong may in gm tn hao
st t (do hin tng t tr va dong in xoay) trong thep, tn hao ng trong in tro dy
qun va tn hao do ma sat (o may in quay). Tt ca tn hao nng lng u bin thanh
nhit nng lam nong may in.
D lam mat may in, phai co bin phap tan nhit ra mi trong xung quanh. S tan
nhit khng nhung phu thuc vao b mt lam mat cua may in ma con phu thuc vao s
i lu cua khng khi xung quanh hoc cua mi lam mat nh du may bin ap v..v Thong
vo may in c ch to co rnh tan nhit va may in co h thng qut gio lam mat.
Kich thoc cua may, phong phap lam mat, phai c tinh toan va la chon cho
tng nhit cua vt liu cach in trong may, khng vt qua tng nhit cho phep, am
bao cho vt liu cach in lam vic lu dai khoang 2 nm.
Khi may in lam vic o ch nh muc, tng nhit cua cac phn t khng vt
qua tng nhit cho phep. Khi may qua tai, tng nhit s vt qua nhit cho phep, vi
th khng cho phep qua tai lu dai.
C, hP!"
1. Dnh nghia may in. Cng dung cua may in.
2. Tinh thun nghch cua may in la gi.
3. Trinh bay cac nh lut dung trong may in. Cng dung cua tng nh lut vao tng loi
may in.
4. Nu cac loi vt liu dung trong may in, c im tng loi.
7
5. Ti sao phai lam mat ng co in.
5QI RIU 5HSM KHTU"
- iao Trinh May Din Tac gia V ia Hanh (NB-KHA HC K THUT)
- iao Trinh K Thut Din Tac gia L Vn Dao (NB-KHA HC K THUT)
- iao Trinh May Din Tac gia Nguyn Hng Thanh (NB-I DC)
CHNG #


MY VIWN $
1. Kh%! n!(2 -h,ng
1.1. nh ngha
May bin ap la mt thit b in t tinh, lam vic trn nguyn ly cam ung in t, bin
i mt h thng dong in xoay chiu o in ap nay thanh mt h thng dong in xoay
chiu o in ap khac, voi tn s khng i.
May bin ap co hai dy qun goi la may bin ap co hai dy qun. Dy qun ni voi
ngun in thu nng lng goi la dy qun so cp. Dy qun ni voi tai a nng
lng goi la dy qun thu cp.
Cac thng s cua dy qun so cp c ky hiu bng chu in hoa va co thm chi s 1,
tong t dy qun thu cp ky hiu va co thm chi s 2 ( vi du dong in so cp I
1
, in ap
thu cp U
2
).
1.#. C%- '! l68ng 'nh 23-
Cac ai lng nh muc do nha ch to quy nh va thong ghi trn may.
Dung lng hay cng sut nh muc S
m
la cng sut toan phn (hay cng sut biu
kin) a ra o dy qun thu cp cua mba KVA, VA.
Din ap dy so cp nh muc U
1m
la in ap cua dy qun so cp tinh bng KV hay
V.
Dong in dy nh muc so cp I
1m
ung voi cng sut nh muc A, KA.
S vong dy so cp nh muc W
1
.
Din ap dy thu cp nh muc U
2m
la in ap dy cua dy qun thu cp khi mba
khng tai va in ap t vao dy qun so cp la nh muc, on v la KV hoc V.
Dong in dy nh muc thu cp I
2m
ung voi cng sut nh muc, on v la A, KA.
Di voi mba 1 pha:
I
1m

m
m
U
S
1
, I
2m

m
m
U
S
2
,
Di voi mba 3 pha:

I
1m

m
m
U
S
1
3
, I
2m

m
m
U
S
2
3
Tn s nh muc I
m
tinh bng H (I 5 H).
Ngoai ra trn nhn may cua mba con ghi cac s liu nh: s pha m, so va t ni
dy qun, in ap ngn mch U
n
, ch lam vic va phong phap lam lnh.
1.D.C%- lo! 2*a -hEnh
Theo cng dung mba gm nhung loi chinh sau y:
M.b.a in lc dung truyn tai va phn phi cng sut trong h thng in lc.
Mba chuyn dung cho cac lo luyn kim, cho cac thit b cinh lu mba han in.
Mba t ngu bin i in ap trong phm vi khng lon lmdung mo may cac ng
co in xoay chiu.
Mba o long dung giam cac in ap va dong in lon a vao cac ng h o.
Mba thi nghim dung thi nghim cac in ap cao.
#.CH, )o



#.1.RX! )hYp"
1
S cao ap S ha ap
Canh tan
nhit
Np thung
Thung
Binh gian du
ng an
toan
D
Hinh 2-1. Hinh dang chung cua may bin ap
Li thep dung lam mch t, ng thoi lam khung qun dy qun.
M*a G!A, lX! ha& G!A, )1Z: dy qun bao quanh tru thep, loi nay rt thng dung cho
cac mba 1 pha va 3 pha, dung lng nho va trung binh.
M*a G!A, *[-: mch t c phn nhanh ra 2 bn va boc ly mt phn dy qun, loi
nay dung cho mba co cng sut nho. Cac mba hin i dung lng lon va cc lon (t
n 1 MVA cho 1 pha) giam chiu cao cua tru thep, d dang cho vic vn
chuyn, mch t c phn nhanh sang 2 bn, nn va co kiu boc, va co kiu tru.
M*a -N lX! h\nh =,&;n: s dung trong may bin ap o long, may bin ap iu chinh
v cp.
RX! )hYp 2*a gM2 # ph]n: phn tru ky hiu chu T va phn gng ky hiu chu . Tru
la phn li thep co qun dy qun, gng la phn li thep ni cac tru voi nhau thanh
mch kin va khng co dy qun.
Li thep c ghep boi cac la thep k thut in day t ,35 ,5mm, co phu son
cach in trn b mt (giam dong in xoay). Tru va gng co th ghep ni hoc ghep xen k,
ghep ni thi tru va gng ghep ring, sau o dung sa ep va bu lng vit sit cht li. hep xen
k thi toan b li thep phai ghep ng thoi va cac la thep c ghep xen k voi nhau.
hong phap nay tuy phuc tp nhng gian c dong in xoay va bn v phong din co
hoc, do vy hu ht cac may bin hin nay u dung kiu ghep nay.
11
T
T
T
T

T
T

u
T

Hinh 2-3. Loi thep kiu boc, 1 pha, 3 pha

1 2
T

u
1 2
T

T
T

u
Hinh 2-2.Loi thep kiu tru: 1 pha va 3 pha
#.#. ^& +,Hn
Dy qun la b phn dn in cua mba lam nhim vu thu nng lng va truyn nng
lng ra. Kim loi lam dy qun thong la ng, cng co th bng nhm nhng khng ph
bin.
Dy qun h ap thong qun phia trong gn tru thep, con dy qun cao ap qun phia
ngoai boc ly dy qun h ap.
Voi cach qun dy nay co th giam bot c iu kin cach in dy qun cao ap (kich
thoc rnh du cach in, vt liu cach in dy qun cao ap) boi vi dy qun cao ap va tru
co cach in cua dy qun h ap.
Di khi ngoi ta thc hin qun xen k giua dy qun h ap va cao ap.
#.D. VP 2%&
Vo may gm 2 phn: thung va np thung.
a.5h_ng 2*a"
Thung lam bng thep, thong la hinh bu duc, luc mba lam vic mt phn nng lng
b tiu hao, thoat ra doi dng nhit t nong li thep, dy qun va cac b phn khac lam
cho nhit tng ln. Do o, giua mba va mi trong xung quanh co mt hiu s nhit
goi la chnh nhit. Nu chnh nhit o vt qua muc quy nh s lam giam tui tho
cach in va co th gy s c i voi mba, am bao vn hanh voi tai lin tuc trong thoi
gian quy nh (t 15 2 nm) va khng b s c tng cong lam lnh bng cach ngm mba
trong thung du.
12
Hinh 2-4. ghep roi loi thep Hinh 2-5. ghep xen ke loi thep

*. N`p )h_ng"
Dung y thung va trn o t cac chi tit quan trong cua may nh su CA va HA:
lam nhim vu cach in giua dy dn ra voi vo may.
Binh gin du: la mt thung hinh tru bng thep t trn np va ni voi thung bng mt
ng dn du.
ng bao him: lam bng thep, thong la hinh tru nghing, mt u ni voi thung, mt
u bt bng mt ia thuy tinh.
D. Ng,&<n lI ho) 'Bng -Ka 2*a
Khao sat nguyn ly hot ng cua mba 1 pha co 2 dy qun

W
1
, W
2
. Khi ni dy
qun W
1
vao ngun in xoay chiu co in ap U
1
s co dong in so cp i
1
chy trong dy
qun so cp W
1
. Dong in i
1
sinh ra t thng phi


13
Hinh 2-6
Hinh 2-7
bin thin chy trong li thep, t thng nay moc vong (xuyn qua), ng thoi voi ca 2 dy
qun W
1
va

thu cp W
2
, c goi la t thng chinh.
Theo nh lut cam ung in t, s bin thin cua t thng lam cam ung vao dy qun
so cp mt sut in ng:
e
1
-W
1
dt
d
(1), va dy qun thu cp e
2
-W
2
dt
d
(2)
Trong o W
1
va W
2
la s vong dy qun so cp va thu cp. Khi mba khng tai, dy qun thu
cp ho mch (i
2
) t thng chinh trong li thep chi do dong in so cp i

to ra (i

goi la
dong in khng tai.
Khi mba co tai, dy qun thu cp ni voi tai co tng tro
t
doi tac dung cua dong e
2
,
co dong in thu cp i
2
cung cp in cho tai. Khi y t thng chinh do ng thoi ca 2 dong
in so cp i
1
va thu cp i
2
sinh ra.
Vi in ap U
1
hinh sin nn t thng cng bin thin hinh sin

t sin .
max
Ta co: e
1
-W
1

) )(
2
sin( . . . 2 . . 44 , 4
) sin . (
1 max
max
v t W f
dt
t d


=
(3)

1
.
) )(
2
sin( . 2 v t


e
2
W
2
.
) )(
2
sin( . . . 2 . . 44 , 4
) sin . (
2 max
max
v t W f
dt
t d


=


2
.
) )(
2
sin( . 2 v t


Trong o:
1
4,44..I.4
max
.W
1

2
4,44..I.4
max
.W
2

1,

2:
Tr s hiu dung suc in ng so cp, thu cp. Suc in ng so cp va thu cp cung
tng s nhng tr hiu dung khac nhau.
Nu chia
1
cho
2
:
K
2
1
2
1
W
W
E
E
=
K: goi la h s bin ap
Nu bo qua in tro dy qun va t thng tan ra ngoai khng khi, co th coi gn ung
U
1

1
, U
2

2
, ta co:
14

K
W
W
E
E
U
U
= =
2
1
2
1
2
1
Di voi may tng ap co: U
2
U
1
, W
2
W
1

Di voi may giam ap co: U
2
U
1
, W
2
W
1

Nh vy dy qun so cp va thu cp khng trc tip lin h voi nhau v in nhng
nho co t thng chinh, nng lng c truyn t dy qun so cp sang thu cp.
Nu bo qua tn hao trong may, co th coi gn ung quan h giua cac i lng so cp
va thu cp nh sau:
U
1
.I
1

U
2
.I
2
K
I
I
U
U

1
2
2
1
F. C%- ph6/ng )1\nh -n *ang '!(n v )4 -Ka 2*a
Khi vit h phong trinh, troc ht ta chon chiu i
1
nh hinh v. Theo quy tc vn nut
chai, chiu

phu hp voi chiu i

1
, chiu e
1
, e
2
phu hp voi chiu

nghia la e
1
, i
1
trung
chiu. Chiu i
2
c chon ngoc chiu voi e
2
nghia la chiu i
2
khng phu hp voi chiu

theo quy tc trn.
Ngoai t thng chinh con co t thng tan, t thng tan khng chy trong li thep ma
chy tan ra trong khng khi, cac vt liu cach in.
T thng chi moc vong ring r o mi dy qun. T thng tan moc vong so cp, ky
hiu 1 t

do dong in so cp i
1
gy ra, 2 t

do dong in thu cp i
2
gy ra. T thng tan c
trng bng in cam tan.
Din cam tan dy qun so cp L
1

1
1
i
t

Din cam tan dy qun thu cp L

2

2
2
i
t

F.1. $h6/ng )1\nh -n *ang '!(n b/ -Hp

et mch in so cp gm in ap U
1
, suc in ng e
1
, in tro dy qun R
1
, in
cam tan L
1
. p dung nh lut K2 ta co phong trinh cn bng in so cp doi dng tr s
tuc thoi la:
R
1
.i
1
L
1
1
1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1
. e
dt
di
L i R U e U
dt
di
+ = + =
Nu vit doi dng phuc:
15
Tng tro phuc dy qun so cp:
1 1 1 1 1
jX R L j R Z + = + =

hong trinh cn bng in so cp:

= + =
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
. . . . E I Z E I X j I R U
F.#. $h6/ng )1\nh -n *ang '!(n )h3 -Hp
Mch thu cp gm e
2
, in tro dy qun thu cp R
2
, in cam tan L
2
, tng tro

t
Z
R
2
.i
2
L
2
.
2 2
2
e u
dt
di
= +
dt
di
L i R e u
2
2 2 2 2 2
. . =
Nu vit doi dng phuc:
Tng tro phuc dy qun thu cp:
2 2 2 2 2
. . . X j R L j R Z + = + =

hong trinh cn bng in thu cp

Din ap thu cp u
2
chinh la in ap t ln tai do o:

=
2 2 2
. I Z U

F.D. $h6/ng )1\nh -n *ang b3- )4 'Bng
Trong phong trinh cn bng in so cp;

=
1 1 1 1
. E Z I U
, in ap roi

1 1
.Z I
thong
rt nho vi th co th ly gn ung U
1
1
E
.
Vi in ap loi t vao may bin ap U
1
khng i
1
khng it thng chinh
4
max
s khng i o ch khng tai, t thng chinh do suc t ng cua dy qun so cp
i

.W
1
sinh ra, con o ch co tai thng chinh do suc t ng ca hai dy qun so cp va thu
cp sinh ra. Suc t ng luc co tai la i
1
.w
1
-i
2
.w
2
( du - troc i
2
vi chiu i
2
ngc chiu 4 )- Vi
4
max
khng i, cho nn suc t ng khng tai bng suc t ng luc co tai do o phong
trinh cn bng t vit doi dng tuc thoi:
i
.
w
1
i
1
.w
1
i
2
.w
2
, chia ca hai v cho w
1
i

i
1
i
2
.
,
2 1
2
1
2
1
2 1
1
2
1
. i i
K
i
i
w
w
i i
w
w
+ = + = + =
hoc i
1
i

(- )
,
2
i ,
) (
2 ,
2
K
i
i =

,
2
i : dong in thu cp quy i v so cp.
hong trinh cn bng t vit doi dng phuc:
. ), (
1
2
2
'
2
'
2 1
W
W
I I I I I



= + =
hong trinh cn bng t cho ta thy quan h giua mch in so cp va thu cp.
16
Luc mba co tai, dong in trong dy qun so cp

1
I
gm 2 thanh phn: mt thanh
phn la

I dung to ra t thng chinh trong li thep va mt phn la (-

'
2
I
) dung bu li
tac dung cua dong in thu cp. Do o khi tai tng ln, nghia la dong in so cp

1
I
cng
tng ln giu sao cho dong in

I am sinh ra t thng trong may hu nh khng i.

Chinh vi th dy qun so cp nhn thm nng lng t loi truyn sang dy qun thu cp,
cung cp cho tai.
O. M-h '!(n )ha& )h; -Ka 2*a
Khi nghin cuu ch lam vic cua mba da vao s tinh toan phi hp cua mch in
va mch t ung voi ch bao hoa khac nhau cua li thep gp nhiu kho khn. D on gian
trong tinh toan, ngoi ta thay mch in va mch t cua mba bng mt mch in tong
ong gm in tro, in khang c trng cho mba goi la mch in thay th cua mba.
D co th ni trc tip mch so cp va thu cp voi nhau thanh mt mch in, cac dy
qun so cp va thu cp phai co cung in ap. Thc t, (U
1
U
2
) vi vy phai quy i mt
trong hai dy qun v dy qun kia, thng thong la quy i dy qun thu cp v so cp.
Vic quy i sao cho khng lam thay i cac qua trinh vt ly va nng lng xay ra trong
mba.
Tt ca cac lng quy i t thu cp v so cp goi la nhung lng quy i va thm
du phy () trn u (vd: s quy i
'
2
E , dong in I
'
2
).
O.1. cd '.' v '!(n %p )h3 -Hp +,& 'e!
'
2
E v U
'
2
Ta co: 2 2
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
. . E K E
W
W
E
W
W
E
E
= = =
Mc khac khi thay i dy qun thu cp v dy qun so cp W
2
W
1
nn s thu cp
quy i luc nay bng s so cp:
2
'
2 1
'
2
.E K E E E = = , (K
)
2
1
W
W
goi la h s quy i thu cp v so cp.
Tong t ta co: U
'
2
K.U
2

O.#.^>ng '!(n )h3 -Hp +,& 'e! I
'
2
17
Vic quy i phai am bao sao cho cng sut thu cp cua mba troc va sau khi quy
i khng thay i, nghia la:
2
.I
2

'
2
'
2
.I E
Do o dong in thu cp quy i: I 2 '
2
2
2
'
2
.
1
. I
K E
E
I = =
Diu nay co nghia la am bao cho cng sut trong mch thu cp khng i, thi nu
2

tng ln K ln, I
2
giam xung K ln va ngc li.
O.D. !(n )1fg '!(n Gh%ng v )eng )1f )h3 -Hp +,& 'e!
Khi quy i, vi cng sut khng thay i nn tn hao ng o dy qun thu cp troc
va sau khi quy i phai bng nhau: I
'
2
2 '
2 2
2
2
. . r I r =
Do o, in tro thu cp quy i: r 2
2
2
2
'
2
2 '
2
. ) ( r K r
I
I
= =
V mt vt ly, iu nay co nghia la khi quy i nu dong in I
2
giam K ln giu cho
tng hao trong dy qun khng i, vi tn hao ng ty l voi binh phong dong in thi in
tro tng ln K
2
ln.
Tong t in khang thu cp quy i:
2
'
2
.X K =
Tng tro thu cp quy i:
2
2
2 2
'
2
'
2
'
2
. ) ( Z K jX r K jX K = + = + =
Di voi tai o mch thu cp ta cng co:
t t
Z K .
2 '
=
(
t
r
t
j
t
tng tro tai luc cha
quy i).
O.F.C%- ph6/ng )1\nh +,& 'e!
Thay cac i lng quy i vao cac phong trinh cn bng suc in ng va suc t
ng o trn ta c h thng cac phong trinh o vit doi dng quy i nh sau:


+ =
1 1 1 1
. Z I E U


+ =
2 2 2 2
. Z I E U

=
'
2
'
1
I I I
Sau nay vic nghin cuu mba chu yu da vao cac phong trinh quy i
O.O.M-h '!(n )ha& )h; -Ka 2*a
Da vao cac phong trinh s.t.d doi dng quy i, ta co th suy ra mt mch in
tong ong goi la mch in thay th cua mba.
1
Nh vy, ta thay th mba thc gm cac mch in so cp, thu cp ring bit va
mch t cua no bng mt mch in thng nht gm nhanh hai nhanh so cp va thu cp co
tng tro:
1 1 1
jX r Z + =

va
'
2
'
2
'
2
jX r Z + =

va nhanh thu ba con li la nhanh t hoa co tng tro

m
r
m
j
m
.
O.h.M-h '!(n )ha& )h; '/n g!0n
Trn thc t
m

1
va
'
2
Z (nu biu th theo on v tong i thong

m
Z
1
5, con
) 1 , 25 ,
'
2 1

= Z Z
nn trong nhiu trong hp co th xem
m
nghia la coi

I , do o

=
'
2 1
I I

Nh vy, mba co th thay bng mch in on gian
n n n
jX r Z + =

r
n
r
1

'
2
r

'
2

h. M )h vi-)/ -Ka 2*a
D th c v da vao suc in ng va suc t ng. Dt m

theo chiu dong truc

hoanh, dong in

I sinh ra m

vt troc mt goc

. Cac suc in ng
1
va
1
'
2
E E =
do m

sinh ra chm sau no mt goc

, vi tai co tinh cht in cam nn dong in

,
2
I
chm
sau suc in ng
,
2
E goc
2

.
1
,
t Z

,
2
X
,
2
R
R
1

1
U
~
,
t Z

,
2

U
~
1

I
R
th

th
,
2
I
,
2
R
,
2
X
1
R
1

1
U
Hinh 2-
Hinh 2-

,
2
U
,
2 1

= I I
,
t Z

R
n

1
U
~

,
2
,
,
2
,
2
r r
x x
arctg
t
t
+
+
=

Ta co:
) (
,
2 1

+ = I I I

,
2
U
la tng hinh hoc cua cac vecto

,
2
E
voi suc in ng tan
,
2
,
2
,
2
. . X I j E
t

=
va in ap roi
-

,
2
,
2
,
2
. . I r I
chm sau

2
U
goc
2

va

<
,
2
,
2
E U
.
j. C%- )ha2 bd -Ka 2%& *!;n %p
D xac nh cac tham s cua may bin ap ta dung hai thi nghim khng tai va thi
nghm ngn mch.
j.1. 5hE ngh!(2 Gh9ng )0!
Dt in ap hinh sin vao cun so cp UU
1m
, ho mch thu cp nho Vnmet,
Ampemet va oatmet o in ap U
1
, U
2
, I

va

.
T cac tham s thi nghim ta xac nh oc tng tro, in tro va in khang mba luc
khng tai.

2
2

1
, , R Z X
I

r
I
U
= =
. Thong
, 5 , 1 , 5 1


= = = r X Z
Ngoai ra ta xac nh c ti s bin i cua mba: K
2
1
2
1
U
U
W
W
= =
2
Hinh 2-1. D thi vecto
Tai mang tinh cht in
cam
2

u
,
2
,
2
! I

,
2 2
r I

-j

,
2
U

=
,
2
1 E E
j
1 1
! I

1
U
1 1
r I

,
1
E

,
2
I

,
2
I

1
I
I

u
m
j
n
r I 1

n
! I 1

U
,
2

U
,
2 1

= I I
2

Hinh 2-11. D thi vecto

ng voi so thay th on
gian, luc tai in cam
Va h s cng xut luc khng tai: cos
1

.I U

=
Luc may bin ap co tai (
)
,
2
=

I
, mch in thay th nh hinh v, nh vy cac thng s
khng tai

, r

,

chinh la:

m
Z Z
1
, r

r
1
r
m
,

m
( r
1
, x
1
rt nho ).

m m m
X X r r Z

, ,
Vi cng xut

thc t co th xem la tn hao st

Fe
do t tr va dong in xoay to
nn:

Fe
Khi khng tai ta co h phong trinh:
) ( .
1 1 1 1 1 1
jX r I E Z I E U + + = + =

=
=
1
,
2 2
I I
E U
T th vecto goc lch giua u
1
va I

la

nghia la h s cng xut luc khng tai
rt thp. Thong cos
1 ,

khng nn mba lam vic khng tai hoc non tai s lam xu
h s cos

cua loi in.

j.#. 5hE ngh!(2 ng`n 2-h
Dy qun thu cp b ni ngn mch, in ap t vao dy qun so cp phai h thp sao
cho dong in trong o bng dong in nh muc, cng nh thi nghim khng tai cac s liu
ngn mch U
n
, I
n
va
n
o c, ta xac nh cac tham s ngn mch cua mba:

2 2
2
, ,
n n n
n
n
n
n
n
n
r Z X
I

r
I
U
Z = = =
21
I

U
2
V V
W A
U
1

I
1

E
x
m
r
m
R
1

1
U
~
Hinh 2-12. So thi nghim
khng tai cua m.b.a
Hinh 2-13. Mach in thay th
m.b.a luc khng tai
I
n

n
V
W A
U
n
,
2
x
,
2
r
r
1
x
1

1
U
~
Hinh 2-14. So thi nghim
ngn mach m.b.a
Hinh 2-15. Mach in thay th
cua m.b.a luc ngn mach
Luc ngn mch, in ap t vao rt be,
nn t thng chinh rt be. Do o mch
in thay th cua mba co th xem nh
ho mch t hoa va con li mch ni tip
cua hai tng tro so cp va thu cp, co th thay th bng tng tro ng tr goi la tng tro ngn
mch cua mba.

,
2 1
,
2 1
,
2 1
, , X X X r r r Z Z Z
n n n
+ = + = + =
(
) 1 , 25 ,
,
2 1

= Z Z
Vi i

rt nho cng xut luc ngn mch la cng xut dung bu vao tn hao ng
trong dy qun so cp va thu cp cua mba.

n

cu1

cu2

n n n n n
r I r r I r I r I . ) ( . .
2
1
,
2 1
2
1
,
2
2
2 1
2
,
= + = +
Din ap ngn mch cn bng in ap roi trong may bin ap, gm hai thanh phn:
Thanh phn tac dung: U
nr
I
n
.r
n
Thanh phn phan khang: U
n
I
1
.
n
Tam gia AB goi tam giac in ap ngn mch:
U
nr
U
n
.cos nX n
U ,
U
n
.sin n

, n

la goc giua U
n
va I
n
.
22
n I

n
r
n
x
n

n
U
~
Hinh 2-16. Mach in thay
th on gian
U
nx

n
U
nR
U
n

n
R
n
x
n

n
Hinh 2-17. Tam giac in ap
ngn mach
Hinh 2-1. Tam giac tng tro
ngn mach
Trong cac mba in lc in ap ngn mch c ghi trn nhn cua may va thong
c biu din bng ty l phn trm.
1 .
.
1 .
m
n m
m
n
n
U
Z I
U
U
U = =
) ( . 1
) (
1 .
.
1 . .
.
1 .
.
1 .
2
K"# S
W
S
r I
I
I
r
U
I
U
r I
U
U
U
m
n n m
m
m
n
m
m
m
n m
m
nr
nr
= = = = =
1 .
.
1 .
m
n m
m
nX
nX
U
X I
U
U
U = =
U
n
5,5-15 s u U
m
K" 35

s sau U
m
5KV
Chu y: Ngn mch trn goi la ngn mch thi nghim voi in ap t vao rt nho I
n
I
m
.
Khi mba ang lam vic voi in ap so cp nh muc nu xay ra ngn mch goi la ngn
mch vn hanh.

1 .

1 .
1 .
.
1 .
1 . .
n
m
m
m n
m
m
m
n
m
n
m
n
U
I
U
I Z
I
I
I
Z
U
Z
U
I = = = =
VE ?Z"
Mt may bin ap co U
n
1 thi dong ngn mch s c I
n

m
m
I
I
1 1 .
1
=
Vd: cho mt may bin ap ba pha co cac s liu sau y: S
m
56KVA;
U
1
/U
2
35/66
V
; I
1
/I
2
2,5/42A;

1,5KW; I

4,5; U
n
7,5;
n
57KW; I5H;
Y/-11.
a. xac nh cac tham s luc khng tai

, r

.
b. ac nh cac tham s
n,
r
n,

n
va cac thanh phn in ap ngn mch.
G!0!
a. Din ap pha so cp:
U
1I

22
3
35
3
1
= =
f
U
(v)
Dong in pha khng tai:
I
t
,45I,45.2,54,16(A)
Cac tham s khng tai:
23

) ( 45
16 , 4
22

1
= =
f
f
I
U

) ( 47 356 45
) ( 356
16 . 4 . 3
15
3
2 2 2

2

2

= = =
= = =
r Z X
I

r
f
b. Din ap ngn mch tinh t phia so cp:
U
1n
U
1I
.U
n
22.,75152(v)
Cac tham s ngn mch:

) ( 3 , 16 , 1 4 , 16
) ( , 1
5 , 2 . 3
57
. 3
) ( 4 , 16
5 , 2
152
2 2 2 2
2 2
1
1
1
= = =
= = =
= = =
n n n
f
n
n
f
n
n
r Z X
I

r
I
U
Z
Cac thanh phn cua in ap ngn mch:
U
nr

25 ,
22
, 1 . 5 , 2
1 .
.
1
1
= =
f
n f
U
r I
U
n

45 , 7 1 .
22
3 , 16 . 5 , 2
1 .
.
1
1
= =
f
n f
U
r I
k. Ch; 'B -N )0! -Ka 2*a"
Ch co tai la ch trong o dy qun so cp ni vao ngun in ap inh mc, dy
qun th cp ni voi tai. D anh gia mc cu a tai, ngoi ta dung h s tai k
t
.
k
t

dm dm
I
I
I
I
1
1
2
2

k
t
1 tai inh mc.
k
t
1 non tai
k
t
1 qua tai
k.1. B )ha& 'e! '!(n %p"
Khi mba lam vic in ap u ra U
2
thay i theo tr s va tinh cht in cam hoc
in dung cua tai (dong I
2
), do co in ap roi trn dy qun so cp va thu cp. Hiu s hoc
giua cac tr s cua in ap thu cp luc khng tai U
2
va luc co tai U
2
trong iu kin U
1m
goi
la thay i in ap:
2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
).
1

1 ( U
U
U U U U U U

= = =
24
(Voi
) 1 .
2
2 2
2
U
U U
U

=
Tai in dung I
2
tng thi U
2
tng. Khi tai in cam hoc in tro I
2
tng thi U
2
giam (tai
in cam U
2
giam nhiu hon).
k.#. C%-h '!L, -hlnh '!(n %p"
Trong thc t mun giu in ap U
2
khng i khi mba lam vic voi cac tai khac nhau
thi phai iu chinh in ap bng cach thay i li s vong dy, nghia la thay i ti s bin
i K
2
1
W
W
Thng thong vic iu chinh in ap c thc hin o phia (CA) vi o dy qun
(CA) dong in nho hon so voi dy qun h ap.
Nu cng sut nho thi o mi pha co 3 u phn nhanh cua mi pha iu chinh in
ap trong phm vi 5U
m
, nu may co cng sut lon thi mi pha co 5 u dy ra va phm
vi iu chinh 2,5 U
m
va 5 (hinh v).
k.D. H!(, b,H) -Ka 2*a"
Hiu sut

cua mba la ty s giua cng sut u ra

2
va cng sut u vao
1
.
1 ). 1 ( 1 ). ( 1 .
2 1
1
1
2
fe cu
fe cu

+ +
+
=

= =

n t t m t
t m t
K S K
S K
. cos . .
cos . .

+ +
=

2
S
2
.cos t m t t
S K cos . . =
K
t

m m
S
S
I
I
2
2
2
2

Nu cos t

khng i, hiu sut cc i khi

=
t
dK
d
25
L
R
C
U
2
1 ,5
L
C
R
4

Au
2

U
2

Hinh 2-1. Dong c tinh ngoai cua may

bin ap
Sau khi tinh toan ta co K
t

n t
n
K $a%

.
2

=
Di voi mba co cng sut trung binh va lon, hiu sut cc i khi h s tai K
t
,5
,7 mun vy cu to mba am bao sao cho
5 . 25 ,

=
n

.
m. G!0n '9n nong l68ng -Ka 2*a"
Trong luc truyn tai nng lng qua mba mt phn cng sut tac dung va cng sut
phan khang b tiu hao trong may.
oi
1
U
1
I
1
cos
1

la cng sut a vao mt pha cua mba. Mt phn cng sut nay b
tiu hao trn in tro cua dy qun so cp
cu1
r
1.
2
1
I

va trong thep
Ie

.I r
m
, phn con li
la cng sut in t truyn qua thu cp:

1
-
cu1
-
Ie

2
'
2
'
2
cos . . I E
Cng sut u ra
2

t
-
cu2
U
2
.I
2
.cos
2

Tong t ta co cng sut phan khang u vao:

1
U
1
I
1.
sin
1

t

1
- q
1
- q
m

2
'
2
'
2
sin . . I
Cng sut phan khang u ra:

2

t
- q
2
U
2
.I
2
.sin
2

Trong o:
q
1
I
1
2
1
.X
q
m

m
.I
2
m
q
2
I
2
2
2
.X
26

1
+j
1

cu1
+jq
1

Fe
+jq
m

cu2
+jq
2

t
+j
t

2
+j
2
Hinh 2-2. ian nng long m.b.a
Nu tai mang tinh cht cam khang(
2

),
2
, luc o
1
cng sut phan khang
c truyn t phia so cp sang phia thu cp.
Khi tai co tinh cht in dung (
2

),
2
. Trong trong hp nay cng sut phan
khang c truyn ngc li t phia thu cp sang phi so cp nu
1
, hoc toan b cng
sut phan khang t 2 phia thu cp va so cp u dung in t hoa mba nu
1
dong.
1p. MVS *a pha
1p.1. Kh%! +,%)
D bin i in ap cua h thng dong in xoay chiu 3 pha ta dung mba 3 pha, ta
cng co th dung 3 mba mt pha ghep li.
V cu to li thep gm 3 tru, dy qun so cp ky hiu bng chu in hoa: pha A ky hiu
la A, pha B ky hiu la BY, pha C ky hiu la C. Dy qun thu cp ky hiu bng chu in
thong: pha a ky hiu bng ax, pha b ky hiu bng by, pha c ky hiu bng c. Dy qun so
cp va thu cp co th u (Y) hoc ( ), ngoai 2 kiu u dy trn dy qun mba co th u
theo kiu ic c ky hiu la (hinh 21d).
Nu so cp u hinh tam giac, th cp u hinh sao ta ky hiu la A/Y. Nu so cp ni
hinh sao, th cp u sao co dy trung tinh ta ky hiu la Y/Y

.
oi s vong dy mt pha so cp la w
1
, s vong dy mt pha th cp la w
2
, ty s in
ap pha gia so cp va th cp la:
=
2
1
p
p
U
U
2
1
w
w
27
a
x

A b
y Y
B c

C
Hinh 2- 21. May bin ap 3 pha mach
t ring (ghep bng 3 may 1 pha)
Y
B
y
b

c
x
a

A
Hinh 2-22. May bin ap 3
pha mach t chung
Ty s in ap dy khng nhng chi phu thuc vao ty s vong dy ma con phu thu c
vao ca ch u sao hay tam giac.
Khi ni A/Y(hinh 6-22c), ta co U
d1
U
p1
, con th c p ni sao U
d2
3 U
p2
. V y ty s
in a p dy la:

2
1
2
1
2
1
3 3 w
w
U
U
U
U
p
p
d
d

=
Khi ni A/A(hinh 6-22b), so cp U
d1
U
p1
va th cp U
d2
U
p2
cho nn:

2
1
2
1
2
1
w
w
U
U
U
U
p
p
d
d
= =
Khi ni Y/Y(hinh 6-22a):
2
1
2
1
2
1
3
3
w
w
U
U
U
U
p
p
d
d
=

=
Khi ni Y/A thi so c p U
d1
3 U
p1
va th c p U
d2
U
p2
cho nn:

2
1
2
1
2
1
3
3
w
w
U
U
U
U
p
p
d
d
=

=
1p.#. 5e nd! ?& -Ka 2*a
T ni dy cua mba c hinh thanh do s phi hp kiu u dy so cp so voi kiu
u dy thu cp. No biu th goc lch pha giua cac sut in ng dy so cp va dy thu cp
cua mba. oc lch pha nay phu thuc vao cac yu t sau:
Chiu qun dy
Cach ky hiu cac u dy
Kiu u dy qun o so cp va thu cp
2
C
B
A
Y

C B
A
Hinh b
Hinh c
x
y

Y
a b c
B C
A
A
x
y

Y
a b c
B C
A
A
x
y

a b c
Y
B C
A
A
Hinh a
Hinh d
Hinh 2-23
et mba 1 pha co 2 dy qun so cp A va thu cp ax. Nu co 2 day qun c qun
cung chiu trn tru thep thi sut in ng cam ung trong chung khi co t thng bin thin i
qua s hoan toan trung pha nhau. Khi i chiu qun dy cua mt trong 2 dy qun hoc i
ky hiu u dy (vd: dy qun thu cp ax) thi sut in ng trong chung s hoan toan
ngc pha nhau.
Trong hp thu nht goc lh pha giua cac sut in ng k t vecto sut in ng so
cp n vecto sut in ng thu cp theo chiu kim ng h la 36

hai trong hp sau la

1

o mba con li do cach u dy qun Y hay voi nhung thu t khac nhau ma goc lch
pha giua cac sut in ng dy so cp va thu cp co th la 3

, 6

. 36

.
Trn thc t ngoi ta khng dung ma dung
phong phap kim ng h biu th
va goi tn t ni dy cua mba.
Cach biu th nh sau:
Kim dai chi sut in ng dy
so cp t c inh o con s 12.
Kim ngn chi sut in ng
dy thu cp t tong ung o
cac s 1, 2, . 12. Tu theo goc lch pha giua
chung la 3

, 6

, . 36

.
2
Hi nh a hinh b hinh c hi nh d hinh e hinh g
a

x
a
A
A

a
x

x
a
A

a
x
A
x
a
A
36

x
A
1

Hinh 2-24. T ni dy cua may bin ap 1 pha

Hinh 2-25. ac inh t ni
dy bng phong phap
Kim ng h
11

7
6
5
4
3
2
1
12
a& E

a
y
b

x
c
#' E

A B C
x y
a& E

#' E

#' E

Y

C
B
A
x
y

Y
a b c
B C
A
A
x
y

a b c
Hinh 2-26. T ni dy Y/Y-12
a& E

Y

c
b
a
36

Y

C
B
a& E

#' E

33

Hinh 2-27. T ni dy Y/A-11

11. cC l2 v!(- bong bong -Ka 2*a
Trong cac trm bin ap, am bao cac iu kin kinh t va k thut nh tn hao vn
hanh ti thiu, lin tuc truyn tai cng sut khi xay ra s c hay khi phai sa chua mba,
ngoi ta thong cho 2 hoc nhiu mba lam vic song song. Mun vy, chung phai thoa mn
cac iu kin sau y.
1. !(n %p b/ -Hp 'nh 23- v )h3 -Hp -Ka -%- 2*a ph0! *ang nha,
U
1I
U
1II
3
May phat Din
May I May II
A
B
C
Hinh 2-2
U
2I
U
2II

nghia la K
I
K
II
Trn thc t cho phep h s bin ap K cua cac may khac nhau khng qua ,5.
#. !L, G!(n )1 bd '!(n %p ng`n 2-h *ang nha,
U
nI
U
nII
.
Cn am bao iu kin nay, tai phn b trn cac may ty l voi cng xut nh muc
cua chung. Nu khng am bao iu kin nay, vi du U
nI
U
nII
thi khi may I nhn tai nh
muc, may II con non tai. Trong thc t U
n
sai khac nhau 1.
D. M%& *!;n %p -_ng )e nd! ?&
Vi du khng cho phep hai may co t ni dy Y/ 11 va Y/Y-12 lam vic // voi nhau
vi in ap thu cp cua hai may nay khng trung pha nhau, s co dong in cn bng lon chy
qun trong cac may do s chnh lch in ap thu cp cua chung.
1#. M%& *!;n %p 'q- *!()
1#.1. M%& *!;n %p 'o l67ng
m hai loi la may bin in ap va may bin dong in
a. M%& *!;n ?>ng '!(n
May bin dong in co dy qun so cp it vong dy va ni tip voi mch cn o dong
in, con dy qun thu cp gm nhiu vong dy c ni voi ampe-met thong la 5A. Tng
tro cua nhung dung cu o nay rt nho va trng thai lam vic cua may bin dong in la trng
thai ngn mch, loi thep khng bao hoa ( ,-1Wb) va I

do o sai s o long v tr
s:

1 .
.

1
1 2
1
2
I
I I
W
W
I

=

Theo muc sai s, mba dong in co cac cp chinh xac ,2; ,5; 1; 3; 1 nghia la
I tong ung bng ,2,
... , 5 ,
. Khi s dung chu y khng c dy qun
thu cp ho mchvi nh vy dong in t hoa rt lon (I

I
1
), li theo bao hoa t nghim
trong (

1,4 1,Wb) s nong ln lam chay dy qun, khi bao hoa t thng bng u s
sinh ra sut in ng nhon u, do o o u dy qun thu cp co th xut hin in ap cao
hang nghin vn, khng an toan cho ngoi s dung.
31

*. M%& *!;n '!(n %p
Dung bin i in ap cao xung in ap thp a vao dung cu o tiu chun
thong la 1v. May bin ap co dy qun so cp ni song song voi loi in va dy qun
thu cp ni voi vnmet. Tng tro cua dung cu nay rt lon nn may bin ap lam vic o
trng thai gn nh khng tai, in ap roi trong may nho, do o


1 .
.

1
1 2
2
1
U
U U
W
W
U

=
Theo muc sai s may bin in ap co cac cp chinh xac: ,5;1;3, nghia la U
tong ung voi ni tt mch so cp, nghia la gy ra s c ngn mch o loi in.
1#.#. M%& *!;n %p )C ng@,
- Co kha nng iu chinh c in ap u ra theo yu cu.
- May bin ap t ngu mt pha thong co cng sut nho, dung trong thi nghim va cac thit
b.
May 3 pha thong dung iu chinh in ap
32
I
2
I
1
A
Hinh 2-2. May bin dong in
x
a
A

V
Hinh 2-3. May bin in ap

2
I

t
c
b
a
W
1
W
2

1
U

2
U
Hinh 2-31
khi mo may cac ng co xoay chiu 3 pha.
Cun so cp va thu cp cung chung mt cun,
in ap u ra d dang c thay i
bng cach thay i v tri im a.
Vi so cp va thu cp cung mt cun dy nn
hiu sut cua may rt cao, tit kim c vt t.
Nhc im la khng an toan v in vi dy
qun so cp va thu cp qun chung trn mt cun dy.
1#.D. M%& *!;n %p hn
La loi mba c bit dung han bng phong phap h quang in, cun dy thu cp
mc ni tip voi cun khang thay i dong in han, khi khng tai in ap thu cp
khoang 6 7v, khi han giam xung con 3v. c tinh ngoai cua may rt dc phu hp yu
cu han.
C, hP!"
1.Dnh nghia va phn loi may bin ap.
2.Trinh bay cu to va cng dung cua cac phn chinh.
3.Trinh bay nguyn ly lam vic cua may bin ap.
4.Nu cac iu kin ghep hai may bin ap lam vic song song nhau.
5.T ni dy cua may bin ap la gi? Ti sao phai xac nh t ni dy.
33
: khe
ho
K
U
1
Hinh 2- 32
U
2
I(I
2
)
6
V
-7
V

U
2
I
2
Hinh 2-33. Dc tinh V-A cua may han
6.Ti sao khi tng dong in thu cp thi dong in so cp li tng ln? Luc o t thng trong
may co thay i khng.
7.Lam th nao xac nh tham s t hoa cua may bin ap? Thc cht dong in khng tai
va tn hao khng tai la gi? Ti sao dung lng may bin ap nho thi dong in khng tai li
lon? Khi khng tai tng in ap t vao may bin ap thi cos cua may nh th nao.
.Tn hao ngn mch la tn hao gi? Khi thi nghim ngn mch ti sao phai h in ap
xung? Tr s in ap ngn mch co y nghia gi.
.Cho mt may bin ap co dung lng S
m
2KVA, U
1
126,KV, U
2
11KV, I 5h,
din tich tit din li thep S 35,5cm
2
, mt t thng B 1,35T. Tinh s vong dy cua
dy qun so cp va thu cp.
1.Cho mt may bin ap mt pha co cac s liu S
m
6637KVA, U
1
/U
2
35/1KV,
n

535W, u
n
.
a.Tinh
n
, r
n
.
b.ia s r
1
r
2
`
. Tinh in tro khng quy i cua dy qun thu cp.
5QI RIU 5HSM KHTU"
- iao Trinh May Din Tac gia V ia Hanh (NB-KHA HC K THUT)
- iao Trinh K Thut Din Tac gia L Vn Dao (NB-KHA HC K THUT)
- iao Trinh May Din Tac gia Nguyn Hng Thanh (NB-I DC)
CHNG D

MY IN KHrNG sNG Vt
34
1. Kh%! n!(2 -h,ng vL 2%& '!(n Gh9ng 'Mng *B
May in khng ng b la may in xoay chiu, lam vic theo nguyn ly cam ung in
t, co tc quay cua r to n (tc cua may) khac voi tc quay cua t trong n
1
. Cng
nh cac may in khac, may in khng ng b co tinh thun nghch, nghia la co th lam
vic o ch ng co in cng nh ch may phat in.
May phat in khng ng b co c tinh lam vic khng tt lm so voi may phat in
ng b nn it c dung.
Dng co in khng ng b co cu to va vn hanh khng phuc tp, gia thanh r lam
vic tin cy nn c s dung nhiu trong san xut va trong sinh hot.
Ngoi ta chia ng co in khng ng b ra lam cac loi sau:
Theo kt cu cua vo ng co in khng ng b co th chia la cac kiu sau: kiu ho,
kiu kin, kiu bao v, kiu phong n .
Theo kt cu cua r to may in khng ng b chia lam 2 loi: loi rto kiu dy
qun va loi rto kiu lng soc.
Theo s pha trn dy qun stato co tgh chia lam cac loi: 1 pha, 2 pha va 3 pha.
# .Cau- ?av! l6/vng '!vnh 26u-
Cung ging nh cac loai ng co in khac, may in kng ng b co cac tri s inh
mc c trng cho iu kin ky thut cua may. Cac iu kin na y do nha ma y thit k, ch
tao quy inh va ghi trn nhan may. Vi ma y in khng ng b chu y u lam vi c o ch
ng co in nn trn nhan ma y ghi cac tri s inh mc cu a ng co in khi may co tai
inh mc. Ca c tri s na y bao gm: cng sut inh mc o u truc
m
(KW hay W ); dong
in dy inh mc I
m
(A); in a p dy inh mc U
m
(V); cach u dy (Y hay A); tc
quay inh mc n
m
(vg/ph); hiu sut inh mc q
m
va h s cng sut inh mc cos
m
.
T cac tri s inh mc ghi trn nhan ma y co th tim oc ca c tri s quan trong khac
nh:
Cng sut inh mc ma ng co tiu thu:

1m

3 =
m
m

U
m
I
m
cos
m
Momen quay inh mc o u truc:
35
M
m

m
m m
n

75 ,
1 ,
1
=

(km)
Trong o
6
2
m
n
=
la tc quay tinh bng rad/s.
D. CH, )o -Ka 2%& '!(n Gh9ng 'Mng *B
m 2 phn chinh: phn tinh (stato), phn quay (r to), ngoai ra con co vo may.
D.1. $h]n )nh wb)a)ox " gm li thep va dy qun
a. RX! )hYp"
Li thep stato hinh tru do cac la thep k thut in c dp rnh bn trong ghep li voi
nhau to thanh cac rnh theo hong truc, loi thep c ep vao trong vo may.

36
Hinh 3-1
Hinh 3-2
*. ^& +,Hn"
Dy qun stato bng dy dn boc cach in (dy in t) c t trong cac rnh cua
li thep.

-. VP 2%&"
Vo may lam bng nhm hoc bng gang, dung giu cht li thep va c nh may trn
b. Hai u vo co np may, truc. Vo may va np may con dung bao v may.
D.#. y9 )o" gm li thep, dy qun va truc may.

a. RX! )hYp :
m cac la thep k thut in c dp rnh o mt ngoai ghep li to thanh cac rnh
theo hong truc, giua la thep co l ghep truc.
*. ^& +,Hn"
Dy qun rto cua may in khng ng b co 2 kiu: r to ngn mch (con goi r to
lng soc) va r to dy qun. Loi r to lng soc cng sut trn 1KW trong cac rnh cua li
thep r to t cac thanh ng, hai u ni ngn mch bng 2.

37
Hinh 3-3
Hinh 3-4. Roto lng soc
Hinh 3-4
vong ng to thanh lng soc. Di voi ng co cng sut nho, lng soc c ch to bng
cac thanh nhm, hai u uc vong ngn mch va canh qut lam mat (hinh v).
Loi r to dy qun trong cac rnh cua li thep r to, ta t dy qun 3 pha dy qun r
to thong ni sao, 3 u ni ra ngoai voi 3 vong tip xuc bng ng c t c nh trn
truc va c cach in voi truc. Ba choi than t sat ln 3 vong tip xuc noi voi 3 in tro,
dung mo may hoc iu chinh tc . Dng co co kiu r to nay goi la ng co khng
ng b r to dy qun.
Dng co lng soc la loi rt ph bin, ng co r to dy qun co u im la mo may
va iu chinh tc , song gia thanh t va vn hanh kem tin cy, nn no chi c dung khi
ng co r to lng soc khng ap ung c cac yu cu v truyn ng.
F. 54 )167ng -Ka 2%& '!(n Gh9ng 'Mng *B
F.1. 54 )167ng -Ka ?& +,Hn 1 pha
T trong cua dy qun 1 pha la t trong co phong khng i, song tr s va chiu
bin i theo thoi gian goi la t trong p mch. oi la s i cc ta co th cu to dy
qun to ra t trong 1, 2 hoc i cc.
et dy qun 1 pha t trong 4 rnh cua stato. Dong in i vao dy qun la dong in
1 pha i I
m
.sin
t
, quy oc chiu dong in i t u n cui ky hiu , t cui n u la
du chm.
Cn cu vao chiu dong in ta xac nh c chiu t trong theo quy tc vn nut
chai. Dy qun (hinh a) to ra t trong 1 i cc 1, hinh b to ra t trong 2 i cc.
3
Hinh 3-5. Roto dy qun
F.#. 54 )167ng +,a& -Ka ?& +,Hn D pha
Dong in xoay chiu 3 pha co u im lon to ra t trong quay trong cac may in.
a. cC )o )hnh )4 )167ng +,a&
Cho dong in xoay chiu 3 pha i xung vao dy qun stato.
i
a
I
max
sin
t
i
b
I
max
.sin(
) 12

t
i
c
I
max
.sin(
) 12

+ t
D thy r s hinh thanh cua t trong, khi v t trong ta quy oc chiu dong in
nh sau:
Dong in pha nao dong co chiu i t u n cui pha, u ky hiu bng du ,
con cui ky hiu bng du , dong in pha nao m ky hiu ngc li, u ky hiu bng
du cui ky hiu bng du .
et ti cac thoi im nh sau:
z 5h7! '!A2 pha

= t " dong in pha A cc i dong, dong in pha B va C m, theo

quy oc trn dong in pha A dong nn u A ky hiu , u cui ky hiu du ,
dong in pha B va pha C m nn u B va C ky hiu du cui Y va ky hiu du .
Dung quy tc vn nut chai xac nh chiu t trong do dong in sinh ra: Ta thy t trong
tng co 1 cc S va 1 cc N ta goi la t trong mt i cc (1). Truc t trong tng trung
voi truc dy qun pha A pha la pha co dong in cc i.
3
Hinh 3-6. T trong 2p2
Hinh 3-7. T trong 2p4
z 5h7! '!A2 pha

12 + = t " Dong in pha B cc i dong, cac dong in pha A va
C m, dung quy tc vn nut chai ta xac nh chiu ong suc t trong. Ta thy t trong
tng quay i mt goc la 12

voi thoi im troc. Truc cua t trong tng trung voi truc dy
qun pha B la pha co dong in cc i.
z 5h7! '!A2 pha

24 + = t " luc nay dong in pha C cc i dong, dong in pha A
va B m, ta thy t trong tng luc nay quay i mt goc 24

so voi thoi im ban u. Truc

cua t trong tng trung voi truc dy qun pha C.
ua s phn tich trn, ta thy t trong tng cua dong in 3 pha la t trong quay
4
T trong quay moc vong moc vong qua ca dy qun stato va dy qun roto, la t trong
chinh cua may in, tham gia vao qua trinh bin i nng lng.
Voi cach cu to dy qun nh trn ta c t trong quay mt i cc, nu thay i
cach cu to dy qun, ta c t trong 2,3 hay 4.i cc.
*. q- '!A2 -Ka )4 )167ng +,a&
T trong quay cua h thng dong in 3 pha co 3 c im quan trong
Tc cua t trong quay: phu thuc vao tn s dong in (I) va s i cc khi
dong in bin thin mt chu k, t trong quay c mt vong, do o trong mt phut dong
in stato bin thin 6I chu k. Vy khi t trong co mt i cc, tc cua t trong
quay la n
1
6I (vong/phut). Khi t trong co hai i cc, dong in bin thin mt chu k,
t trong quay vong (t cc N qua cc S n N la vong), do o tc trong quay la
n
1
6I/2, mt cach tng quat khi t trong quay co i cc, tc t trong quay(con goi
la tc ng b) la n
1
6I/ (vong/phut).
Chiu quay cua t trong: chiu quay cua t trong
phu thuc vao thu t pha cua dong in.
Mun i chiu quay cua t trong
ta hay i thu t hai trong ba pha voi nhau.
Khi thu t ln lt cua pha la A, B, C
mt cach chu k thi t trong quay t
truc dy qun pha A n pha B ri truc
pha C tong ung.
Nu i thu t hai pha voi nhau,
vi du dong in i
B
vao dy qun C,
i
C
vao dy qun BY t trong s quay
t truc dy qun A n C (co dong i
B
)
ri n truc dy qun BY(co dong in i
C
)
nghia la t trong quay theo chiu ngc li.
Bin cua t trong quay: t trong quay sinh ra t thng

xuyn qua mi dy
qun. Dy qun 3 pha lch v khng gian voi pha A mt goc ln lt la 12

, 24

.

) (
2
1
) 24 cos( ) 12 cos(

( ' # ( ' #
+ = + + =
41
Hinh 3-
Hinh 3-
A B C
x
y

A
B
C
H thng dong in ba pha i xung nu
= + +
( ' #

hay # ( '
= +

#
#
#

2
3
2
= + =
Dong in i
A
I
max
.sin
t t t
#
sin . .
2
3
sin .
max max
= =
Vy t thng cua t trong quay xuyn qua dy qun bin thin hinh sin va co bin
bng 3/2 t thng cc i cua mt pha
max max
2
3
p
=
nu dy qun co m pha:
max max
.
2

m
=
.
F.D. 54 )167ng -Ka ?& +,Hn ha! pha
Khi dy qun hai pha (m2) t lch nhau trong khng gian goc

in, dong in
trong hai dy qun lch nhau v thoi gian

, cng phn tich tong t nh trn, t trong

cua dy qun 2 pha la t trong quay va co bin la:
max max max
2
p p
m
= =
.
F.4. 54 )h9ng )0n
B phn t thng chi moc vong ring r voi mi dy qun goi la t thng tan, ta co t
thng tan stato, chi moc vong voi dy qun stato, t thng tan roto chi moc vong voi dy
qun roto. T thng tan c c trng bng in khang tan.
O. Ng,&<n lI l2 v!(- -Ka 2%& '!(n KV.
O.1. Ng,&<n lI l2 v!(- -Ka 'Bng -/ '!(n KV.
khi ta cho dong in ba pha tn s I vao dy stato, s to ra t trong quay i cc,
quay voi tc la n
1
6I/, t trong nay ct cac thanh dn cua dy qun roto, cam ung cac
suc in ng. Vi dy qun roto ni ngn mch, nn suc in ng cam ung s sinh ra dong
in trong cac thanh dn roto. Lc t tac dung tong h giua t trong quay cua may voi
thanh dn mang dong in roto, keo roto quay cung chiu t trong voi tc n.
Khi xac nh chiu suc in ng cam ung theo quy tc ban tay phai, ta cn cu vao
chiu chuyn ng tong i cua thanh dn i voi t trong, nu coi t trong ung yn,
thi chiu chuyn ng tong i cua thanh dn ngc chiu voi n
1
, t o ta ap dung quy tc
ban tay phai, xac nh chiu suc in ng cam ung nh hinh v (du chi chiu i t
ngoai vao trong).
Chiu cua lc t xac nh bng quy tc ban tay trai, trung voi chiu n
1
.
42
Tc n cua may nho hon tc t trong quay n
1
vi nu tc bng nhau thi khng
co s chuyn ng tong i, trong dy qun roto khng co suc in ng va dong in cam
ung, lc t bng khng.
D chnh lch giua tc t trong quay va tc may goi la tc trt n
2
: n
2
n
1
-n
H s trt cua tc la: S
1
1
1
2
n
n n
n
n
=
Khi roto ung yn (n), h s trt s1; khi roto quay nh muc s,2-,6. Tc
ng co la: n n
1
(1-S)
) 1 .(
6
S

.

O.#. Ng,&<n lI l2 v!(- -Ka 2%& ph%) '!(n Gh9ng 'Mng *B
Nu stato vn ni voi loi in nhng truc roto khng ni voi tai, ma ni voi mt ng
co so cp. Dung ng co so cp keo roto quay cung chiu voi n
1
va voi tc n lon hon tc
t trong quay n
1
. Luc nay, chiu dong in roto I
2
ngc li voi chiu ch ng co va
lc in t i chiu. Lc in t tac dung ln roto ngc chiu voi chiu quay, gy ram
omen hm cn bng voi momen quay cua ng co. May in lam vic o ch may phat
in. H s trt la:
S

1
1
<

n
n n

Nho t trong quay, co nng ng co so cp a vao roto c bin thanh in nng o
stato. D to t trong quay, loi in phai cung cp cho may phat in khng ng b cng
xut phan khang , vi th lam cho h s cng xut cua loi in thp i. Nu khi may lam
43
Hinh 3-1
vic ring r, ta phai dung tu in ni vao u cc may kich t cho may. Do la nhc
im cua may sphat in khng ng b, vi th ngoi ta it s dung may phat in khng
ng b.
h. $h6/ng )1\nh -n *ang '!(n v )4 )1ong 'Bng -/ '!(n Gh9ng 'Mng *B.
h.1. $h6/ng )1\nh -n *ang '!(n )1ong ?& +,Hn b)a)o
Dy qun stato ng co in tong t nh may bin ap, ta co phong trinh cn bng
in ap la:


=
1 1 1 1
. E Z I U
1 1 1
.X j R Z + =

: tng tro dy qun stato

R
1
: in tro dy qun stato

1
: 2.

.I.L
1
in khang dy qun stato (I: tn s stato, L
1
:in cam tan stato)

1
4,44.I.K
dq1
.4
max
.W
1
: suc in ng pha stato do t thng cua t trong quay sinh ra.
K
dq
1: h s dy qun cua mt pha stato
W
1
: s vong dy 1 pha cua stato
4
max
: bin t thng t trong quay
h.#. $h6/ng )1\nh -n *ang '!(n ?& +,Hn 1o)o
Dy qun roto xem nh dy qun thu cp
cua may bin ap, song o y dy qun roto
chuyn ng tong i voi t trong quay
tc trt n
2
n
1
-ns.n
1
. Nh vy suc in
ng va dong in trong dy qun roto
co tn s la: I
2

f )
n ) n
.
6
. .
6
.
1 2
= =
suc in ng pha dy qun roto luc quay:
2s
4,44.I
2
.W
2
.K
dq
.4
max
4,44.s.I.W
2
.K
dq
.4
max
(a)
W
2
, K
dq
: s vong dy va h s dy qun cua dy qun stato.
Khi roto ung yn s1I
2
I.
Suc in ng dy qun roto luc khng quay la:
2
4,44.I.W
2
.K
dq2
.4
max
(b)
So sanh pt (a) va (b)
2s
s.
2
Tong t in khang tan dy qun roto luc quay la:
2s
s.
2
44
Hinh 3-11

2s
I
2
s
2
R
2
Ty s suc in ng pha xtato va roto la: k
e

2 2
1 1
2
1
.
.
d*
d*
k W
k W
E
E
=
goi la h s quy i suc in
ng.
Vi dy qun roto ngn mch, nn pt cn bng in luc roto quay la:
) . . (
2 2
2
2 ) )
X ) j R I E + =

hoc s.
2
2
2
2
2
2 2 2 2
2
) . (
.
) . . (
X ) R
E )
I X ) j R I E
+
=

h.D. $h6/ng )1\nh -n *ang )4 -Ka 'Bng -/ Gh9ng 'Mng *B .
Ta ly lun tong t nh cua may bin ap, t thng 4
max
co tr s hu nh khng i
tong ung voi ch co tai va khng tai. Do o ta vit c phong trinh cn bng t cua
ng co in:
m
1
.w
1
.k
dq
.

1
I
- m
2
.w
2
.k
dq
.

2
I
m
1
.w
1
.k
dq
.

I
Trong o: I

la dong in stato luc khng tai

2 1,

I I
la dong in stato va roto khi ng co keo tai
m
1,
m
2
la s pha cua dy qun stato va roto
Cac h s m
1
.w
1
.k
dq1
, m
2
.w
2
.k
dq2
noi ln t trong quay do ng thoi m
1
pha stato va m
2
pha
roto sinh ra va co xet n s vong dy, cu to cac dy qun.
Du tr troc I
2
vi chon chiu I
2
khng phu hp chiu t thng theo quy tc vn nut
chai. Chia hai v phong trinh cho m
1
.w
1
.k
dq1

=
2 2
1 1 1
2 2 2
1
.
. .
. .
I I
k w m
k w m
I
d*
d*
Dt

+ = = =
,
2 1
,
2
2
2 2 2
1 1 1
2
. .
. .
I I I I
k
I
k w m
k w m
I
i
d*
d*
, trong o

,
2
I
la dong in
roto quy i v stato
k
i

2 2 2
1 1 1
. .
. .
d*
d*
k w m
k w m
h s quy i dong in .
h.F. c/ 'M )ha& )h; 'Bng -/ '!(n Gh9ng 'Mng *B.
Cn cu vao h phong trinh cn bng in va t cua ng co in


+ =
1 1 1 1
) . ( E X j R I U
(1)
45
-s.
) . . (
2 2 2 2
X ) j R I E +

(2)

+ =
,
2 1
I I I
(3)
Chia pt (2) cho s -
) . (
2
2
2 2
X j
)
R
I E +

(4), cac thng s
2
,
2
ung voi roto
khng quay va tn s dong in roto bng I. Nhn pt (4) voi k
e
, chia va nhn voi k
i
ta co:
-k
e
. ) . . . . . (
2
2 2
2 i e e i
i
k k X j k k
)
R
k
I
E +

(5)
K
e
, k
i
: h s quy i suc in ng va dong in.
oi
'
2
E k
e
.
2

1
la suc in ng pha r to quy i v stato
I
i
k
I
2 '
2
=
dong in r to quy i v stato.
R
e i
k k R . .
2
'
2
=
la in tro dy qun rto quy i v stato

e i
k k X .
2
'
2
=
la in khang dy qun rto quy i v stato
k
e
.k
i
k
2
h s quy i tng tro
t (5)

- ) (
'
2
'
2 '
2
'
2
jX
S
R
I E +

ing nh mba, -1 va -
'
2
la in ap roi trn tng tro t hoa -
) (

'
2 1 t$ t$
jX R I E E + = =

Cui cung ta co h phong trinh ng co in nh sau:

+ =
+ + =
+ + + =
,
2
1
,
2
,
2
,
2

1 1 1 1
) . ( ) . (
) . ( ) . (
I I I
X j
)
R
I X j R I
X j R I X j R I U
t$ t$
t$ t$
So (b) c s dung nhiu trong tinh toan ng co in khng ng b.
R

R
1
R
th

th
Ta co th lam phep bin i on gian
)
) R
R
)
R ) 1 (
,
2 ,
2
,
2

+ =
46

I
~
1

I
R
th

th
,
2
I
)
R
,
2
,
2
X
1
R
1

1
U
~

=
,
2
1 I I
R
th

th
)
R
,
2
,
2
X
1
R
1

1
U
Hinh 3-12a Hinh 3-12b

)
R
,
2
c trng cho cng xut in t:

t
m
1
.
)
R
I m
)
R
I
2 2
2 2
,
2 2 ,
2
. . . =

,
2
R c trng cho tn hao ng trong roto:

2
2 ,
2 1 2
. . R I m

=
) 1 (
,
2
)
)
R
c trng cho cng xut co trn truc

co

)
)
R I m
)
)
R I m
) 1 (
. . .
) 1 (
. .
2
2
2 2
,
2
2 ,
2 1

=

So thay th ng co KDB co th ve li nh hinh 3-13

j. Mo2in +,a& 'Bng -/ '!(n Gh9ng 'Mng *B *a pha.
O ch ng co in momen in t ong vai tro momen quay, c tinh la:
M M
t

1

,
t
3.
)
R
I
,
2 2 ,
2
.
Trong o:
1

tn s goc cua t trong quay

=
1

: tn s goc dong in stato

: s i cc t
Da vao so (b), ta tinh c dong
2 ,
2 1
2
,
2
1
1 ,
2
) ( ) ( X X
)
R
R
U
I
+ + +
=

+ + +
=
2 ,
2 1
2
,
2
1
,
2
2
1
) ( ) ( . .
. . . 3
X X
)
R
R )
R U p
+

Vy momen va h s trt co quan h la mt ham s MI(s).

47
Hinh 3-13
,
2

Z
1

Z
t$ Z

)
)
R
1
,
2 ~
1

I
R
t
h

th
,
2
I
,
2
R
,
2
X

1
R
1

1
U
Nu thay s
1
1
n
n n
, ta co quan h n I(M) o la c tinh co ng co in khng
ng b. Dng co s lam vic o im momen quay bng momen can (MM
C
).
Dc im cua momen quay ng co khng ng b.
Momen quay ty l binh phong in ap, nu in ap t vao ng co thay i momen
ng co thay i rt nhiu.
Momen co gia tr cc i M
max
gia tr toi hn s
th
lam cho o ham
=

S
+
sau khi
tinh o ham ta tinh c tr s s
th
va M
max
la:
S
th

,
2 1
,
2
,
2 1 1
,
2
X X
R
X X R
R
+
=
+ +
M
max

[ ]
) .( . 2
. . 3
) ( . . 2
. . 3
,
2 1 1
2
1
2 ,
2 1
,
1 1
2
1
X X R
U
X X R R
U p
+ +

+ + +

Ta nhn thy s
th
ty l thun voi in tro roto, con M
max
khng phu thuc vao in tro
roto, khi cho thm in tro phu R
p
vao roto, c tinh M I(s) thay i nh hinh (3-15) Tinh
cht nay c s dung iu chinh tc va mo may ng co roto dy qun.
uan h giua M, M
max
, s
th
co th vit gn ung nh sau:
M
)
)
)
)
+
t$
t$
+
max
. 2
4
s
1
s
2
s
3
s
4
1 2 3 4
M
S
R
2
R
2
R
p1
R
2
R
p2
R
2
R
p3
M
U
m
U
1
Hinh 3-15
M
c
Hinh 3-14a
M
max
M
M
c
M
,2 ,4 ,6 , 1
M
mm
S
M
mm
M
n
n
1

Hinh 3-14b
Thay s1 vao biu thuc, momen mo may ng co la:
M
mo

[ ]
2 ,
2 1
2 ,
2 1
,
2
2
1
) ( ) ( .
. . . 3
X X R R
R U p
+ + +
Di voi ng co lng soc thong cho cac ty s sau:

7 , 1 1 , 1 =
m
m,
+
+
;
5 , 2 6 , 1
max
=
m
+
+
k. Mf 2%& 'Bng -/ Gh9ng 'Mng *B *a pha.
Khi bt u mo may thi roto ng yn, h s trot s1 nn tri s dong in mo ma y co
th tinh oc theo ma ch in thay th.
I
mm

2 ,
2 1
2 ,
2 1
1
) ( ) ( X X R R
U
+ + +
(A)
Trn thc t, do mach t bao ho a rt nhanh, in khang giam xung nn dong in mo
may thong vao khoang(57)I
m
. Dong in qua lon khng nhng lam cho ban thn may bi
nong ma con lam cho in ap loi giam sut nhiu, nht la i voi nhng loi in cng sut
nho.
D han ch dong in mo may ta cn co bin phap mo ma y, bin phap mo ma y cn
n nhng yu cu co ban sau y:
1. hai co momen mo may u lon thich ng voi c tinh co cu a tai;
2. Dong in mo may cang nho cang tt;
3. hong phap mo ma y va thit bi cang dung on gian, re tin, chc chn;
4. Tn hao trong qua trinh mo may cang thp cang tt;
Nhng yu cu trn thong mu thun voi nhau nh khi oi hoi dong in mo may
nho thi lam momen mo may giam theo hoc c n thit bi t tin. Vi v y phai cn c vao iu
kin lam vi c cu th ma chon phong phap mo ma y thich hop.
k.1. Mf 2%& 'Bng -/ 1o)o ?& +,Hn
4
Khi mo may, dy qun roto c ni voi bin tro mo may, u tin bin tro nho
nht sau o giam dn v khng. (hinh 3-16)
Mun momen mo may cc i, s
th
1, s
th

1
,
2 1
, ,
2
=
+
+
X X
R R
m,
t o ta xac nh c R
mo
cn thit.
Khi co R
mo
may dong in pha mo may la: I
pmo

2 ,
2 1
2 , ,
2 1
1
) ( ) ( X X R R R
U
m,
+ + + +
Nho co R
mo
ma I
mo
giam xung. Nh vy co R
mo
momen mo may tng, dong in mo may
giam, o la u im cua ng co roto dy qun.
k.#. Mf 2%& 'Bng -/ lMng bN-
a. Mf 2%& )1C- )!;p
Dy la phong phap on gian nht, chi vic ong
trc tip ng co in vao loi in. Khuyt im
cua phong phap nay la dong in mo may lon,
lam tut in ap mng in rt nhiu, nu quan
tinh mo may lon thoi gian mo may keo dai, co th lam chay cu chi bao v vi th phong
phap nay c dung khi cng xut ngun in lon hon cng xut ng co in rt nhiu,
vic mo may rt nhanh va on gian.
*. Mf 2%& *ang -%-h g!02 '!(n %p 'q) vo b)a)o
5
roto
stato
R
mm
A B C
M
max
R
mm
lon
nht
M

n
1
6
4
5
2
M
c
M
3
M
2
M
1
3
R
mm

Hinh 3-16
Hinh 3-17
CD
A B C
DC
Khi mo may ta giam in ap t vao ng co, cng lam giam dong in mo may,
khuyt im cua phong phap nay la momen mo may giam i rt nhiu, vi th no c dung
i voi trong hp khng yu cu momen mo may lon, co cac bin phap giam in ap nh
sau:
z ^_ng '!(n Gh%ng nd! )!;p 2-h b)a)o"
Din ap ngun t vao ng co qua cun khang.
Luc mo may cu dao D
2
mo, cu dao D
1
ong.
Khi ng co quay n nh thi ong cu dao D
2

ngn mch in khang. Nho co in ap roi
trn in khang, in ap trc tip t vao ng
co giam i k ln, dong in giam k ln, song momen
giam i k
2
ln (vi momen ty l binh phong in ap).
z ^_ng 2%& *!;n %p )C ng@,"
Din ap mng in t vao cun dy so cp
cua may bin ap, in ap thu cp a vao
ng co in. Thay i v tri con trt khi mo may
in ap a vao ng co nho, sau o dn tng ln nh muc,
goi k la h s bin ap t ngu, U
1
in ap pha cua loi in,

n
tng tro ng co luc mo may, in ap pha t
vao ng co luc mo may: U
c

k
U
1
Dong in mo may: I
mo

n n
c
Z k
U
Z
U
.
1
=
Dong in I
1
loi in cung cp cho ng co luc
co may bin ap la dong in so cp cua may bin ap.
I
1

n
c
Z k
U
k
I
.
2
1
=
(1)
Khi mo may trc tip: I
1

n
Z
U
1
(2)
51
K
CD
A B C
DC
Hinh 3-1
BATN
K K
1
K
2
CD
A B C
DC
Hinh 3-1
So sanh (1) va (2) ta thy, luc co may bin ap dong in cua loi giam i k
2
ln. Dy la u
im so voi phong phap dung in khang ( I giam i k ln ). Vi th p
2
nay dung nhiu i
voi ng co co cng xut lon.
z $h6/ng ph%p 2f 2%& Y{ |"
hong phap nay chi ap dung voi ng co
khi lam vic binh thong dy qun stato ni tam giac.
Khi mo may ta ni hinh sao in ap
t vao mi pha giam 3 ln, sau khi mo may
ta i ni li thanh tam giac nh ung quy nh cua may.
Dong in dy khi ni tam giac:
I
d

n
Z
U
1
. 3
(1)
Dong in dy khi ni hinh sao:
I
dY

n
Z
U
. 3
1
(2)
So sanh (1) va (2) ta thy luc mo may Y-, dong in dy cua mng in giam 3 ln.
ua cac phong phap chung ta u thy momen mo may giam xung nhiu. D khc
phuc iu nay, ngoi ta ch to loi ng co lng soc kep va loi ng co rnh su co c
tinh mo may tt.
k.D. Bng -/ '!(n lMng bN- -N 'q- )Enh 2f 2%& )d).
Dng co in lng soc co u im la cu to va s dung on gian, co c tinh lam vic
tt, nhng c tinh mo may khng bng ng co dy qun. D cai thin c tinh mo may
ng co lng soc, ngoi ta ch to loi ng co lng soc rnh su hoc hai lng soc(lng soc
kep).
a. Bng -/ '!(n lMng bN- 1}nh b,.
Loi ng co nay, rnh roto hep va su (chiu su bng 1-12 ln chiu rng rnh).
Khi co dong in cam ung trong thanh dn roto, t thng tan roto
t2
phn b nh hinh
(3-21). T thng tan moc vong voi on doi thanh dn nhiu hon on trn. Khi mo may,
roto cha quay, dong in roto co tn s lon bng tn s dong in stato I.
52
K
Y
K
A

B
C
A
CD
A B C
DC
Hinh 3-2

Din khang tan cua roto s lon hon cua in tro, co tac dung quyt nh n s phn
b dong in roto. Do luc mo may, in khang tan cua roto o phia doi lon, dong in tp
trung phia trn thanh dn gn ming rnh, lam s phn b dong in tp trung nhiu phia
ming rnh, tit din dn in cua thanh dn coi nh b nho i, in tro roto R
2
tng ln lam
tng momen mo may. Khi mo may xong, tn s dong in roto nho, tac dung trn b yu i
in tro roto giam xung nh binh thong.
*. Bng -/ '!(n lMng bN- GYp.
Roto cua ng co co hai lng soc, cac thanh dn cua long soc ngoai (con goi lng soc
mo may) co tit din nho va in tro xut lon. Lng soc trong co tit din lon nn in tro
nho. Khi mo may dong in tp trung o lng soc ngoai co in tro R
2
lon, momen mo may
lon. khi lam vic binh thong, dong in phn b u ca hai lng soc, in tro R
2
giam
xung. (hinh 3-23)
Dng co in rnh su va lng soc kep co c tinh mo may tt, nhng vi t thng tan
lon, nn cos

thp hon ng co lng soc binh thong.

m. !L, -hlnh )d- 'B 'Bng -/ '!(n Gh9ng 'Mng *B.
Tc cua ng co in khng ng b: nn
1
(1-s)6I/p(vong/phut), nhin vao biu
thuc:
Voi ng co in khng ng b roto lng soc co th iu chinh tc bng cach thay
i tn s dong in stato, thay i s i cc t p bng cach thay i dy qun stato, hoc
thay i in ap U thay i h s trt s. Di voi ng co roto dy qun iu chinh tc
53
Hinh 3-22 Hinh 3-23
bng cach thay i in tro roto thay i h s trt s, vic iu chinh thc hin phia
roto.
m.1. !L, -hlnh *ang -%-h )ha& 'e! )]n bd
Vic thay i tn s I cua dong in xtato thc hin bng b bin tn s. T thng

max
ty l thun voi ty s U
1
/I khi thay i I ngoi ta mun giu cho t thng
max
khng i
mch t may o trng thai nh muc. Mun vy phai iu chinh ng thoi tn s va in
ap, giu cho ty s U
1
/I khng i.


m.#. !L, -hlnh )d- 'B *ang -%-h )ha& 'e! bd '9! -C-
S i cc cua t trong quay stato phu thuc vao cu to dy qun. Dng co khng
ng b co cu to dy qun thay i tc goi la ng co khng ng b nhiu cp tc
.
54
Hinh 3-24. B bin tn gian tip

Hinh 3-25. Dc tinh co

M
n
I
1
I
m
I
m
I
2
I
1
Du ni tip tc thp
A
1
A
2

1
A
2
A
1
S N N S
A
2
A
1
A
2

2
A
1
N S N S
Du ni tip tc cao
A
1
A
2

1
A
2
A
1
S N S N
Du // tc thp
A
1
A
2

1
A
2
A
1
S N S N
Du // tc cao
Hinh 3-26. so i ni thay i s cc t
Hinh 3-24. B bin tn trc tip
e
2
hs
~ U
2
,I
2
var
e
1
D/co MF D/co
~ U
1
,I
1
hong phap nay chi ap dung ng co roto lng soc vi ng co roto lng soc co th
thich ng voi bt c s i c c nao cu a dy qun stato.
Dng co roto dy qun co s i cc bng s i cc cua dy qun stato, do o khi
u lai dy qun stato co s i cc khac nhau thi dy qun roto cung phai u lai, nh
v y khng tin loi, do o ngoi ta khng dung loai ng co na y iu chinh tc bng
ca ch thay i s i cc. Mc du iu chinh nhay cp, nhng co u im la giu nguyn
cung c tinh co.
m.D. !L, -hlnh )d- 'B *ang -%-h )ha& 'e! '!(n %p -,ng -Hp -ho b)a)o.
hong phap nay chi thc hin vic giam in ap. Khi giam in ap, ong c tinh
co M I(s) s thay i, do o h s trt thay i, tc ng co thay i.
m.F. !L, -hlnh )d- 'B *ang -%-h )ha& 'e! '!(n )1f 2-h 1o)o -Ka 'Bng -/ 1o)o ?&
+,Hn.
Bin tro iu chinh tc phai lam vic lu dai nn co kich thoc lon hon so voi bin
tro mo may. Ho c tinh co cua ng co khng ng b roto dy qun khi co bin tro iu
chinh (hinh 3.16). khi tng in tro tc ng co giam.
Nhc im cua phong phap nay la tn hao cng xut trong bin tro, do vy p
2
nay
khng kinh t, tuy nhin la p
2
on gian, iu chinh tron va khoang iu chinh tong i
rng, c s dung iu chinh tc quay cua ng co cng xut c trung binh.
55
1p. q- )Enh l2 v!(- -Ka 'Bng -/ '!(n Gh9ng 'Mng *B
O ch lam vic nh muc ng co in khng ng b co cac ch nh muc sau:
Cng xut co huu ich trn truc
m
, in ap dy nh muc U
m
, dong in dy nh muc I
m
,
n
m
, cos m

, m

. Song cac i lng nay cha cho y u cac c tinh khi co tai khac nh
muc, do vy cn bit cac c tinh lam vic cua ng co KDB, o la cac quan h giua tc
quay roto n, h s cos

, M, I
1
voi cng xut co huu ich trn trn truc
2
, khi U va I
khng i.
1p.1. 5d- 'B +,a& n~w$
#
x.
n6I/p(1-s)
Khi tai tng, cng xut
2
trn truc ng co tng, momen can tng ln, h s trt s tng ln,
tc ng co giam xung.
1p.#. H!(, =,H)
=
w$
#
x
Hiu xut ng co c xac nh:

+
= =
2
2
1
2

2
: cng xut co huu ich trn truc

1
: cng xut in ng co tiu thu t loi
1
3.U
1
.I
1
.cos
1

: tng cac tn hao trong may. cf )t

+ + + =
2 1 1
1 )t

: tn hao st t trong stato do dong in xoay va t tr gy ra.
1

:tn hao trong dy qun trn stato
2
1 1 1
. . 3 I R

=
2

: tn hao ng trn dy qun roto
2
2 2 2
2 ,
2
,
2 2
. . . . 3 I R m I R

= =
cf

: tn hao co do ma sat o truc qut gio va phu
Thng thong ngoi ta xac nh gn ung hiu xut nh sau:

n t
k

.
2
2
2
+ +
=

k
t

m
I
I
1
1
h s tai
cf )t
+ =
: tn hao khng tai

n
: tng tn hao trn dy qun stato va dy qun roto (
5 , 75 , =
m

)
56
1p.D. H( bd -9ng =,H) -ob
) (
2
f =
cos
2
1
2
1
1 1
-

S

+
= =

1
:cng xut tac dung (cng xut in) ng co tiu thu bin i sang cng xut co

2

1
: cng xut phan khang, ng co tiu thu to ra t trong cho may. Khi may
quay khng tai (khng keo tai), cng xut
1
nho, do o cos

thp, bng t ,2-,3.

Tai tng
1
, cos

t n nh muc cos
, , =
m

.
Khi qua tai dong in vt nh muc, t thng tan tng,
1
, cos

. Vy khng nn cho
may lam vic khng tai hoc non tai.
11. Bng -/ '!(n Gh9ng 'Mng *B 2B) pha.
V cu to stato chi co dy qun 1pha roto thong la loi lng soc, dy qun stato ni
voi loi in xoay chiu mt pha.
Dong in xoay chiu 1 pha i vao dy qun khng to t trong quay. Ma to ra t
trong co phong va lon khng i con chiu thay i goi la t trong p mch.
Vi vy khi cho dong in vao stato ng co khng t quay c. Mun ng co quay
ta phai quay roto theo chiu nao o va roto quay theo chiu y va ng co lam vic.
D giai thich hin tng trn ta phn t trong p mch thanh hai t trong quay, quay
ngc chiu nhau voi cung n
1
va bin bng t trong p mch.
n
1

f 6
, B
maxI
B
maxII

2
max
'

I
'
: goi la t trong quay thun

II
'
goi la t trong quay nghch,

'

I
'

II
'
57
ian bin i nng lng ng co KDB

cI

st

1
Roto stato

1
oi n la tc roto, h s trt tong i khi quay thun:
S
I

S
n
n n
=

1
1
H s trt S
II
ung voi t trong quay ngc
S
II

S S
n
n S n
n
n n
I
I
= =
+
=
+
2 2
) 1 (
1
1 1
1
1
SS
I
1 2
S
II
2 1
M
I
la momen do t trong quay thun sinh ra, M
II
la momen do t trong quay nghch sinh
ra. Momen quay cua ng co la tng i s M
I
va M
II
. MM
I
-M
II.
T ong c tinh momen, ta thy luc mo may, SS
I
S
II
1, M
I
M
II

M
mo
(ng
co khng t mo may c), nu ta tac ng cho ng co quay, h s trt S1, luc o ng
co co momen va tip tuc quay. Vi th ta phai co bin phap mo may nghia la phai to cho
ng co mt pha momen mo may. Ta co cac phong phap mo may sau:
11.1. ^_ng ?& +,Hn phZ 2f 2%&
Loi ng co nay ngoai dy qun chinh, con co dy qun phu, dy qun phu co th
thit k lam vic khi mo may hoc lam vic luc dai (ng co 2 pha). Dy qun phu t trong
mt s rnh stato, sao cho sinh ra t thng lch voi t thng chinh goc

khng gian va
dong in trong dy qun phu lch pha so voi dong in trong dy qun chinh goc

, dong
in o dy qun phu va dy qun chinh sinh ra t trong quay to ram omen mo may. D
dong in trong dy qun chinh va dy qun phu lch pha goc

, ta mc ni tip dy qun
phu tu in co in dung C. (hinh v)
11.#. Bng -/ 2B) pha -N v>ng ng`n 2-h f -C- )4
Stato la loi cc t li, trn cc t ngoi ta xe rnh t vong ngn mch, vong ngn
mch c coi nh la dy qun phu, trong o co dong cam ung. Tng hp hai t trong cua
dy qun chinh va phu s sinh ra t trong quay to ra momen mo may. Loi ng co nay
ch to voi cng sut nho t ,5 3w thong dung lam qut gio (hinh v)
Nhc im cua ng co 1

la cos

thp, hiu sut thp vi tn hao roto lon, momen

nho lam vic kem n nh, kha nng qua tai kem.
5
Uu im la cu to on gian, s dung loi in 1

nn s dung nhiu trong t ng

va dn dung.
S dung ng co 3

o ngun in 1

(hinh v)
1#. ^& +,Hn 'Bng -/ '!(n Gh9ng 'Mng *B D pha
1#.1. Kh%! +,%)
Dy qun may in khng ng b xoay chiu 3 pha bao gm cac dng dy qun b
tri trn stato ng co khng ng b 3 pha, i khi bao gm ca dng dy qun roto cua ng
co KDB 3 pha (dng roto dy qun).
Khi phn loi cac dng dy qun ta co th da theo mt trong nhiu tiu chun sau y:
Cn cu vao s cnh tac dung b tri trong mi rnh ta co dy qun 1 lop, 2 lop.
Cn cu theo hinh dng mt nhom bi dy ta co kiu dy qun ng khun hay dy
qun ng tm.
Ngoai ra, cn cu theo kiu lin kt u ni cua nhom bi dy ta chia thanh cac dng
dy qun tp trung hay phn tan.
Cn cu theo s rnh phn b cho mt pha trn mi khoang boc cc ( thong ky hiu
la q) ta co c dng dy qun q nguyn hay q phn s.
V thut ngu, thng nht tn goi cho cac i lng va cac ky hiu, ta quy oc cac ky hiu
va nh nghia cac thut ngu nh sau:
I: tn s ngun in (h)
2p: s cc cua ng co (p s i cc)
n
b
: tc ng b cua t trong quay (vong/phut)

: boc cc t, khoang khng gian giua hai cc t k cn nhau
: tng s rnh cua stato
q: s rnh phn b cho mi pha trn mi khoang boc cc ( s bi dy trong mt
nhom )

: goc lch giua hai rnh lin tip (tinh theo on v o goc in)
Cng thuc co ban lin lc giua cac i lng nh sau:

p
Z
2
=
(khoang), q
p
Z
2 . 3 3
=

(bi/nhom)
5

Z
p

1 . 2 1
= =

, I
6
.
&
n p
(h)
Bi dy (phn t): la mt cun dy qun c to nn do nhiu vong dy ni tip
nhau va c qun theo mt hinh dng nht nh (hinh v).
Cnh tac dung la phn cua bi dy c lng vao rnh
Boc bi dy (boc dy qun), thong ky hiu Y, la khoang cach giua hai cnh tac
dung cua cung mt bi dy.
Nhom bi dy la tp hp nhiu bi dy cua cung mt pha bng cach u ni tip
(hinh v).
1#.#. ^& +,Hn 'Mng Gh,9n 2B) lp w+ ng,&<nx
Dy qun kiu ng khun la cac bi dy c qun trn cac khun co kich thoc nh
nhau (co cung boc dy Y).(hinh v)
Trinh t xy dng so dy qun mt lop gm cac boc sau:
V6- 1"
cn cu vao , 2p ta xac nh cac gia tr: Y,
Z , ,
, B, q.
V6- #"
hn b rnh stato cho tng pha dy qun, cn cu vao

va q va xac nh o boc 1.
Trong boc nay ta v ln lt cac on thng song song bng nhau va cach u nhau, tng
s on thng cn v bng tng s rnh, anh s cho cac on thng nay. Mi on thng
va v c trng cho mt rnh trn stato.
Theo tr s cua

, ta xac nh cac khoang boc cc, tng s khoang boc cc lun bng 2p.
V6- D"
y dng so khai trin cho mi pha dy qun.
V va xy dng tng nhom bi dy cho mt pha tiu biu troc tin
Du ni tip cac nhom bi dy cua pha dy qun nay li. Khi u ni tip cac nhom
bi dy cho mt pha o trong hp q nguyn, dy qun mt lop hay hai lop ta cn ap dung
quy tc sau:
Mi nhom dy co th to thanh mt hoc hai cc t tu theo cach u, nu 1 nhom bi
dy to thanh 1cc t goi la u cc tht, nu 1 nhom bi dy to ra hai cc t goi la u
cc gia ( cc ao ).
6
Khi tng s nhom dy mt pha bng s cc t ta ap dung cach u cc ao.
Khi tng s nhom dy mt pha bng s cc t 2p ta ap dung cach u cc tht.
Khi hoan chinh mt pha ta nh u va cui cho pha nay (u cho mi pha ky hiu
bng A, B, C, cui ky hiu , Y, , nh vy 3 pha co c A-, B-Y, C-).
VE ?Z"
Cho stato cua ng co khng ng b xoay chiu 3 pha co 24, 2p 4. V so
khai trin kiu ng khun 1 lop( so dy qun trai ), cho ra 6 u dy.
G!0!
S bi dy trong mt nhom:
q
3 4
24
2
=
m p
Z
2( bi/nhom )
oc in giua 2 rnh lin tip:

15
24
1 . 4 1 . 2 1
= = = =
Z
p

(in)
Boc dy:
Y 3q 1 3.2 1 7( ranh )
Boc cc:
6
4
24
2
= = =
p
Z

( khoang )
Khoang cach pha cach pha:

4
2q 1 2.3 1 5( ranh )
S bi dy cua 3 pha:
B
= =
2
24
2
Z
12( bi)
S nhom dy cua 3 pha:
N
3pha

6
6
12
= =
*
'
( nhom )
S nhom dy cua mt pha:
N
1pha
2
3
3
=
p$a
.
( nhom )
61

1#.D. ^& +,Hn 'Mng Gh,9n # lp *6- 'K
Trong 1 ranh co chua 2 cnh tac dung cua hai nhom khac nhau thng thong cua cung
mt pha. Cnh dy nm trn v bng net lin, cnh dy nm doi v bng net ut.(hinh v)
VE ?Z"
1#.F. ^& +,Hn *6- ng`n
) 1 (
3
2
/
D kh song iu hoa bc cao, ta co th chon gia tr cho Y nh sau:
Kh song iu hoa bc 3: Y2/3

Kh song iu hoa bc 5: Y4/5

Kh song iu hoa bc 7: Y6/7

VE ?Z"
V so khai trin dy qun ng khun24, 2p4, cho ra 6 u dy
O. ^& +,Hn 'Mng )2.
- Cac bi dy c qun trn cac khun co kich thoc khac nhau, cung tm voi nhau. Nhom
dy ng tm phai t hai bi tro ln (hinh v), cac bi dy trong mt nhom co kich thoc
khac nhau.
Boc dy nho nht: Y2q2 (rnh)
Y
1
Y2 (rnh)
Y
n
Y
n-1
2 (rnh)
VE ?Z" v so dy qun ng tm 24, 2p4.
h. ^& +,Hn ?ng + phn bd.
62
VE ?Z" 3, 2p4
5 , 7 =
; q2,5.
- Co 2 phong phap b tri dy qun (q la phn s), phong phap b tri theo clement va
phong phap b tri theo pyo.
hong phap b tri theo clement co th b tri cho dy qun 1 lop hoc hai lop.
phong phap pyo chi thich hp cho dy qun hai lop.
a. 51\nh )C =& ?Cng b/ 'M )hio -li2in)
zV6- 1: T , 2p
,
, q.
Vit q doi dng sau: q b c/d (b, c, d la cac s nguyn, c/d ti gian).
zV6- #: lp ban xac nh phn b rnh cho 3 pha.
Bang gm co 3 ct (tong ung A, B, C), s hang cua bang lun bng 2p.
Din cac gia tr vao cac chua trong bang (tng s la 6p).
Cac gia tr mi xac nh nh sau:
Nu (c/d) ,5: ta ghi gia tr b cho mi trong bang.
Nu (c/d) ,5: ta ghi gia tr (b1) cho mi trong bang.
Nu (c/d) ,5: ta ghi gia tr b hoc (b1) cho mi trong bang.
zV6- D: Diu chinh cac gia tr trong bang.
Bang thanh lp o boc 2 la bang phn b rnh cho mi pha trn mi khoang boc cc.
Nu cng tng cac gia tr ghi cho cac , gia tr nay co th:
. Nho hon tng s rnh , nu ghi gia tr b.
. Lon hon tng s rnh , nu ghi gia tr (b1)
Hiu chinh nh sau:
. T u tin anh , sau o bt u t trai sang phai, t trn xung doi mt khoang cach
bng ung 2p, dng li o nao anh du ti o, tip tuc cho n khi hi ung v mo
u.
. Danh du k tip k tip o bn doi cua va anh du
. Ti cac co anh du ta hiu chinh nh sau:
Nu gia tr trong la b ta hiu chinh thanh b1
Nu gia tr trong la b1 ta hiu chinh thanh b
zV6- F: cn cu theo gia tr trong bang phn b theo clement va hiu chinh ta xac nh s
rnh trn mi boc cc.
63
VE ?Z" ap dung p
2
clement v so dy qun 1 lop, 3, 2p4.

) 2 , 1 , 2 (
2
1
2
4
1
5 . 2
3 . 4
3
. 2
5 , 7
4
3
2
= = = + = =
= = =
= = =
d c & *
m p
Z
*
p
Z

(bi/nhom)
A C B A C B A C B A C B
2 2 2 2

2 2 2

2 2 3 2 2
2 2 2 2 2

2 2

2 3 3 2
2 2 2 2 2 2

2 2

2 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

2 2 3
S thu t rnh 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
pha A A A C C B B
S thu t rnh 1 11 12 13 14 15
pha A A A C C C B B
S thu t rnh 16 17 1 1 2 21 22 23
pha A A C C C B B B
S thu t rnh 24 25 26 27 2 2 3
pha A A C C B B B
*. 51\nh )C =& ?Cng b/ 'M )hio p&o .
zV6- 1" T , 2p xac nh
,
,s li q. vit li q doi dng phn s qbc/d.
zV6- #" Cn cu vao cac gia th b, c, d ta lp nhom s thu t theo quy tc sau:
Vit con s co gia tr bng (b1) thanh c ln.
Vit con s co gia tr bng b thanh (d-c) ln.
Lp ty s M
d
p 2 . 3
, theo pyo M chinh la s ln vit lp li nhom s thu t va chui s
tun hoan tim c bng cach vit M ln nhom s thu t xac nh phn b rnh cho mi pha
dy qun trn stato.
zV6- D" Chon Y va theo phn b rnh c xac nh boc 2 ta v so dy qun hai lop.
64
Boc cc 1
Boc cc 2
Boc cc 4
Boc cc 3
VE ?Z" 27, 24.
- ac nh boc cc:
4
27
2
= =
p
Z

q
4
1
2
4

+ =
(b2, c1, d4)
- Lp nhom s thu t b, c, d nh sau:
. Nhom s thu t: 3222
. S ln lp nhom s thu t M
3
2 . 3
=
d
p
(ln)
. Chui tun hoan xac nh phn b rnh cho 3 pha la:
3 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 2
ACB ACB ACB ACB


S thu t rnh 1 11 12 13 14
ha A A C C C B B
S thu t rnh 15 16 17 1 1 2 21
ha A A C C B B B
65
A C B
3 2 2
2 3 2
2 2 3
2 2 2
S thu t rnh 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
ha A A A C C B B
Boc cc 2
Boc cc 3
Boc cc 1
S thu t rnh 22 23 24 25 26 27
ha A A A C C B
j. ^& +,Hn 'Bng -/ 1 pha
1. Kh%! n!(2
Dy qun ng co 1pha hoc hai pha, thong b tri hai dy qun lch pha khng gian

va to dong in qua hai b dy nay lch pha v thoi gian

(hay gn

), to ra t
trong quay tron khoi ng cho ng co.
Nu pha phu c ct khoi ngun in khi tc ng co t 75 tc ng b ta
co ng co 1 pha.
Nu pha phu u // pha chinh khi ng co lam vic ta co ng co hai pha.
- Tong t dy qun ng co 3 pha, dy qun ng co 1 pha cng c phn loi:
Dy qun 1 lop ng khun hay ng tm.
Dy qun 2 lop.
Dy qun sin.
Dy qun 1 pha thong khng co dng q phn s. Do o tng s rnh stato phai phn
b theo ty l nh troc cho pha chinh va pha phu.
Nu goi
A
tng s rnh phn b cho pha chinh,
B
tng s rnh phn b cho pha phu
ta co ty l phn b nh sau:

A
3
B

A
2
B

B
- q
A
va q
B
s rnh phn b cho pha chinh va pha phu trn mt boc cc t.

A

B


p
-
*
#
#
2
=
, q
B

p
-
'
2
, q
A
q
B

Diu kin s dung phn b

A

B

2
Z
, ta cn co q
A
va q
B
la cac s nguyn q
A
q
B

nguyn

bi s cua 2.
66
Boc cc 4
Diu kin s dung phn b
A
2
B
,
A

Z
3
2
,
B

3
Z
, mun q
A
va q
B
la cac s nguyn
3
2
=
#
*
nguyn va q
B

nguyn

la bi s cua 3.
Diu kin phn b
A
3
B

la bi s cua 4.
#. 51\nh )C =& ?Cng b/ 'M 1 lp
V6- 1" Cn cu vao , 2p xac nh
,
. Tu theo

la bi s cua 2,3,4 ta chon phn b

rnh cho pha chinh va pha phu. Tinh q
A
, q
B
.
V6- #" phn b rnh cho pha chinh va pha phu theo

, q
A
,q
B
.
V6- D" Tu theo dng dy qun cn v, to u ni cho cac nhom bi dy. V pha chinh
ri pha phu
D.51\nh )C =& ?Cng b/ 'M # lp
V6-1: Cn cu vao , 2p

chon phn b rnh cho pha chinh va pha phu
A
,
B
q
A
,q
B
.
. Chon boc dy
1
3
2
/
. Tinh

.
z V6- #" Cn cu

, q
A
, q
B
xac nh phn b rnh chop ha chinh va pha phu.
z V6- D" Tong t nh ng co 3 pha.
C, hP!"
1.Ti sao may in khng ng b la loi may in c dung rng ri nht?
#. So sanh s ging nhau va khac nhau giua may in khng ng b va may bin ap.
D. iai thich nguyn ly to ra t trong quay o ng co in khng ng b xoay
chiu 3 pha.
F. Ti sao phai dung cac phong phap mo may ng co in khng ng b.
O. Trinh bay cac phong phap mo may ng co in khng ng b, so sanh u
nhc im cua tng phong phap.
h. Tom tt cac phong phap iu chinh tc ng co in khng ng b, so sanh
u nhc im cua tng phong phap.
j. Mt ng co in khng ng b ba pha I 5h, s cc t 2p 6, 1kw, tc
n vong/phut. ia thit tn hao co cua may bng 1 cng sut nh muc a
ra va momen tai lun giu khng i. Trong mch roto ni thm in tro phu tc
giam xung coan 75 vong/phut. Hy tinh cng sut tiu hao trn in tro phu va
cng sut a ra ng co in khi giam tc .
k. So sanh cu to ng co in 1 pha voi ng co in 3 pha.
m. Nguyn ly lam vic ng co in khng ng b mt pha.
67
1p. Trinh bay cac phong phap mo may ng co in 1 pha.
11. Co th m ng co in ba pha dung nh ng co in 1 pha c khng? Lu o
cng sut va momen ng co s nh th nao.
1#. Tinh toan va v so dy qun khai tin theo kiu ng khun 1 lop tp trung cua
ng co in khng ng b ba pha co:
24, 2p 4; 36, 2p 4; 4, 2p 4.
1D. Tinh toan va v so dy qun khai tin theo kiu ng khun 1 lop phn tan cua
ng co in khng ng b ba pha co:
24, 2p 4; 36, 2p 4; 4, 2p 4.
5QI RIU 5HSM KHTU"
- iao Trinh May Din Tac gia V ia Hanh (NB-KHA HC K THUT)
- iao Trinh K Thut Din Tac gia L Vn Dao (NB-KHA HC K THUT)
- iao Trinh May Din Tac gia Nguyn Hng Thanh (NB-I DC)
CHNG F

MY IN sNG Vt
1. nh ngha v -9ng ?Zng
1.1. nh ngha
Nhung may in xoay chiu co tc quay roto n bng tc quay cua t
trong n
1
goi la may in ng b.
1.#. C9ng ?Zng
May phat in ng b la ngun in chinh cua loi in cng nghip. Dng co
so cp la cac tua bin noc, tua bin hoi cng xut cua mi may co th t n 5MW.
O cac may phat cng xut nho, may phat c keo boi cac ng co ieen hoc tua
bin khi.
Dng co ng b c s dung khi truyn ng cng xut lon, co th ln n
vai chuc MW. Trong cng nghip luyn kim, khai thac mo, thit b lnh ng co ng
b truyn ng cho cac may bom, may nen, qut gio.
6
Trong h thng in, may bu ng b lam vic phat cng xut phan khang cho
loi in bu h s cng xut va n nh in ap.
#. CH, )o 2%& '!(n 'Mng *B.
- Cu to gm hai phn chinh la stato va roto.

#.1. c)a)o
Co cu to tong t may in khng ng b gm hai phn chinh la loi thep va
dy qun ba pha. Dy qun stato goi la dy qun phn ung.
#.#. yo)o
Roto may in ng b co cac cc t va dy qun kich t. Co hai loi roto la
roto ccc n va roto cc li.
Roto cc li dung cho may in tc chm, co nhiu i cc.
Roto cc n dung cho may in tc cao 3vong/phut, co mt i cc.
D to ra suc in ng hinh sin t trong cua cc t roto phai phn b hinh sin
doc theo khe ho khng khi giua stato va roto, o inh cac cc t co t cam cc i.
6
La thep stato
Dy qun stato
La thep Roto
Dy qun stato
La thep Roto
Dy qun Roto

Di voi roto cc n, dy qun kich t c t trong cac rnh. Di voi roto cc
li dy qun kich qun xung quanh thn cc.
Hai u cua cun dy kich t i lun trong truc va ni voi hai vong trt t o
hai u truc, thng qua hai chi than ni voi ngun in.
D. Ng,&<n lI l2 v!(- -Ka 2%& ph%) '!(n 'Mng *B .
Cho dong in kich t (dong in khng i), vao dy qun kich t s to nn t
trong roto.
7
Roto cc n
Roto cc li

Khi roto quay bng ng co so cp, t trong cua roto ct dy qun phn ung
stato va cam ung suc in ng xoay chiu hinh sin, co gia tr hiu dung la:

4,44.I.W
1
.k
dq
.4

Trong o:

, W
1
, k
dq
, 4

, ln lt la suc in ng pha, s vong dy 1 pha, h s dy

qun, t thng cc t roto.
Nu roto co i cc, khi roto quay c mt vong, s phn ung s bin thin
p chu k, do o nu tc cua roto la n (v/p), tn s cua suc in ng la Ip.n, nu
roto tinh bng vong /phut thi I
6
.n p
.
Dy qun ba pha stato co truc lch nhau trong khng gian mt goc la 12

in,
cho nn suc in ng cac pha lch nhau goc pha 12

.
Dy qun stato ni voi tai, trong cac dy qun s co dong in ba pha. ing
nh o may in khng ng b, dong in ba pha trong dy qun s to nn t trong
quay, voi tc la n
1
6I/p, ung bng tc n cua roto. Do o kiu may in nay
goi la may in ng b.
F. ph0n 3ng ph]n 3ng -Ka 2%& ph%) '!(n 'Mng *B.
Khi may phay in lam vic, t trong cua cc t roto 4

ct dy qun stato,
cam ung ra suc in ng

chm pha so voi t thng 4

goc

. Dy qun stato ni
voi tai s to nn dong in I cung cp cho tai.
Tac dung cua t trong phn ung ln t trong cc t goi la phan ung phn ung
cua may phat in ng b.
71
Trong hp tai thun tro (H.a), goc lch

, I cung pha, dong in I sinh

ra t trong phn ung 4 cung pha dong in. Tac dung cua t trong phn ung ln t
trong cc t 4

theo hong ngang truc lam t trong cc t b meo, ta goi la phan

ung ngang truc.
Trong hp thun cam (hinh.b) goc lch pha

=
, dong in I sinh ra t
trong phn ung 4 ngc chiu 4

ta goi la phan ung phn ung doc truc kh t, co

tac dung lam giam t trong tng.
Trong hp tai thun dung

=
(hinh.c) dong in sinh ra t trong phn
ung 4 cung chiu 4

ta goi la phan ung phn ung doc truc kh t, co tac dung lam
tng t trong tng.
Trong hp tai bt k (hinh.d) ta phn tich I lam hai thanh phn: thanh phn doc
truc I
d
I.sin

va thanh phn ngang truc I

q
I.cos

, I sinh ra t trong phn ung va

co tinh cht ngang truc va co tinh cht doc truc tr t hoc kh t tu theo tinh cht
cua tai la in dung hay in cam.
O. $h6/ng )1\nh '!(n %p -Ka 2%& ph%) -C- lM!.
Khi may phat lam vic, 4

sinh ra

o dy qun stato. Khi may co tai s co

dong in I va in ap trn tai. O may cc li khe ho doc truc va ngang truc khac
72
4

S N
4

I
=
I 4
4

S N

=
I

4
4

=
S N
4

I
q
I
d
I
S N
nhau nn phai phn tich anh hong cua phan ung phn ung theo doc truc va ngang
truc.
T trong phan ung phn ung ngang truc to nn suc in ng ngang truc

q
-jI
q
.
q
(
q
la in khang phan ung phn ung ngang truc ).
T trong phan ung phn ung doc truc to nn suc in ng doc truc

d
-jI
d
.
d
(
d
la in khang phan ung phn ung doc truc).
T thng tan stato c trng boi in khang tan
t
khng phu thuc vao hong
doc truc hoc ngang truc.
t
-jI.
t
-jI
d
.
t
- jI
q
.
t
.
Bo qua in ap roi trn dy qun phn ung

I
.R

ta co phong trinh cn bng

in ap cua may phat in cc li:


=E U
- jI
d
.
d
- jI
d
.
t
- jI
q
.
q
- jI
q
.
t

E
- jI
d
.(
d

t
)-jI
q
.(
q

t
)
oi (
d

t
)
d
la in khang ng b doc truc.
(
q

t
)
q
la in khang ng b ngang truc.



= E U
- jI
d

d
- jI
d
.
q
May phat in cc n la trong hp c bit cua may phat cc li
b

q
goi
la in khang ng b.


= E U
- jI.
b
73

jI
q
.
q
jI
d
.
d

U
I
q
I
I
d

jI.
b
I
U

6. q- )Enh ngo! v 'q- )Enh '!L, -hlnh.

h.1. q- )Enh ngo! -Ka 2%& ph%) '!(n 'Mng *B U~wIx v 'B )ha& 'e! '!(n %p.
Dc tinh ngoai cua may phat in la quan h in ap U trn cc cua may phat
in va dong in tai I khi tinh cht tai khng i (cos t

const), tn s va dong in
kich t la khng i, t phong trinh cn bng in ap ta v th vecto ung voi cac
loi tai khac nhau.
Khi tai tng, i voi tai cam va tro, in ap giam( tai cam in ap giam nhiu
hon ), i voi tai in dung in ap tng. Bng th ta nhn thy in ap phu thuc
vao dong in va c tinh cua tai.
Khi tai co tinh cht in cam, phan ung phn ung doc truc kh t lam cho t
thng tng giam do o c tinh ngoai dc hon tai in tro giu in ap U bng nh
muc, phai thay i U

bng cach iu chinh dong in kt.

D thay i din ap ( o u cc cua may phat ).
Khi lam vic nh muc so voi luc khng tai c xac nh nh sau:
U
35 25 1 . 1 .

=

m
m
m
m
U
U E
U
U U
do
b
kha lon
h.#.q- )Enh '!L, -hlnh.
Dc tinh iu chinh la quan h giua dong in kich t va dong in tai I
t
I(I).
74
Tai L
Tai R-L
Tai R-C
I
m
I
U

U
I
I
m
U
m
U
Khi in ap U khng i va bng gia tr nh muc, cos

const, II
m
, no cho bit
chiu hong iu chinh dong in I
t
cua may phat giu cho in ap U o u may
khng i.
Khi tai cam tng tac dung kh t cua phan ung phn ung cng tng lam cho U
b giam.
D giu cho U khng i phai tng dong in t hoa i
t
, ngc li tai in dung
khi tng I, mun giu U khng i phai giam i
t
.
j. cC l2 v!(- bong bong -Ka 2%& ph%) '!(n 'Mng *B.
Cac h thng in gm nhiu may phat in lam vic song song voi nhau, to
thanh loi in. Cng xut cua loi in rt lon so voi cng xut cua may ring r. D
tranh dong in xung va cac momen in t co gia tr rt lon co th sinh ra lam hong
may phat in va cac thit b in khac, gy ri lon h thng in lc. Do vy tr s
tuc thoi in ap cua may phat va h thng in lc lun bng nhau. Mun vy phai
am bao cac iu kin sau:
1.Din ap cua may phat phai bng in ap cua loi (U
F
U
L
).
2.Tn s cua may phat phai bng tng s cua loi (I
F
I
L
).
3.Thu t pha cua may phat phai bng thu t pha cua loi.
4.Din ap cua may va cua loi phai trung pha nhau.
Vic ghep song song cac may phat in vao h thng in theo cac iu kin
nh trn goi la hoa ng b may phat in.
j.1. $h6/ng ph%p ho 'Mng *B -hEnh =%-.
75
cos(in dung)
I
I
m
I
kt
I
kt
cos1
cos1(in cam)
D ghep may phat in vao lam vic song song voi loi in bng phong phap
hoa ng b chinh xac, co th dung b ng b kiu anh sang n hoc hoa ng b
kiu in t.
a. Ho 'Mng *B *ang *B 'Mng *B G!A, %nh b%ng.
F
1
la may phat ang lam vic, F
2
la may phat cn ghep song song voi F
1
. B
ng b kiu anh sang c hinh thanh bng cac ngo n 1,2 va 3.
Khi hoa ng b kiu ni ti, mi ngon n 1,2,3 cua b ng b c ni giua
hai u tong ung cua cu dao D
2
.
Khi 3 n cng tt ung voi luc in ap cua may phat F
2
va cua loi in thung
pha nhau thi ong cu dao D
2
.(U
F
U
L,
I
F
I
L
)
Khi hoa ng b kiu anh sang quay thi 2 trong 3 n, thi du n 2,3 phai ni
voi u khng tong ung cua cu dao D
2
. Trong qua trinh ghep song song nu thu t
pha ging nhau thi khi I
F
=I
L
cac n 1,2,3 s ln lt sang va ti to thanh anh sang
76
F
1
F
2
I
kt1
-
I
kt2
-
V
D
1
D
2
U
L
f
L
U
F
, f
F
1
2
3
'quay. Tc quay nhanh hay chm phu thuc vao s khac nhau giua I
L
va I
F
. Khi I
F
va I
L
bng nhau (iu chinh I
F
), tc anh sang quay tht chm va i n (1) tt hn,
cac n ni cheo 2,3 sang bng nhau ung in ap may phat va loi in trung pha
nhau thi ong cu dao D
2
.
*. Ho 'Mng *B *ang *B 'Mng *B G!A, '!(n )4.
S dung cho cac may phat in co cng xut lon, kim tra cac iu kin ghep
song song may phat in vao loi in ngoi ta dung ct ng b tuc la b ng b
kiu in t. m 3 dung cu o: mt vn-met co hai kim, mt kim chi U
F
va 1 kim
chi U
L
, mt tn s k co hai dy phin rung chi ng thoi I
F
va I
L
, mt dung cu o
lam lam vic theo nguyn ly t trong quay co kim quay voi tn s I
F
-I
L
, tc quay
cua kim phu thuc vao I
F
-I
L
va chiu quay cua kim thun hay ngc chiu kim ng
h tu theo I
L
I
F
hoc ngc li. Khi I
F
I
L
va kim quay tht chm (I
F
- I
L
) thi thoi
im ong cu dao la luc kim trung voi ong thng va hong ln trn.
j.#. $h6/ng ph%p )C 'Mng *B.
77
F
1
F
2
I
kt1
+
-
I
kt2
+
-
V
D
1
D
2
U
L
f
L
U
F
, f
F
1
2
3
Dem quay may phat in khng c kich t (U
I
), voi dy qun kich thich
c ni voi in tro trit t n tc sai khac voi tc ng b khoang 2 ri
khng cn kim tra tn s, t s va goc pha cua in ap cu vic ong cu dao ghep
may phat in vao loi in . Sau o lp tuc cho kich thich may phat in va do tac
dung cua momen ng b, may phat in c li vao tc ng b (I
F
I
L
), qua
trinh ghep may phat in lam vic // trong loi in c hoan thanh.
k. Bng -/ v 2%& *_ 'Mng *B
k.1. Mng -/ '!(n '9ng *B
Co cu to ging nh may phat in ng b. Nguyn ly hot ng cua ng co
in ng b nh sau:
Khi ta cho dong in xoay chiu ba pha i
A
,i
B
,i
C
vao dy qun stato, tong t nh
ng co in khng ng b, dong in 3 pha s to ra t trong quay voi tc n
1

f
p
.
6
ta hinh dung t trong quay stato nh mt nam chm quay tong tng (hinh
v). Khi cho dong in mt chiu vao dy qun roto, roto bin thanh nam chm in.
Tac dung tong h giua t trong stato va t trong roto s co tac dung ln roto. Khi
t trong stato quay voi tc n
1
, lc t tac dung s keo roto quay voi tc nn
1
.
hong trinh cn bng in ap la:

&
X I j R I E U . .

+ + =

&
X I j E U .

+ = (bo qua R)
k.#.Mf 2%& 'Bng -/ 'Mng *B
Mun ng co ng b lam vic, phai to nn momen mo may quay roto
ng b voi tt trong quay stato, giu cho lc tac dung tong h giua hai t trong
khng i chiu.
D to ra momen mo may, trn cac mt cc t roto ngoi ta t cac thanh dn
ni ngn mch nh roto lng soc o ong co khng ng b.
Trong qua trinh mo may dy qun kich t s cam ung in ap rt lon, co th pha
hong dy qun kich t, vi th dy qun kich t s c khep mch qua in tro phong
7
in co gia tr bng 6 1 ln in tro dy qun kich t. Khi roto quayen tc gn
bng tc ng b n
1
, ong ngun in mt chiu vao dy qun kich t, ng co s
lam vic ng b.
k.F.M%& *_ 'Mng *B
May bu ng b thc cht la ng co ng b lam vic khng tai voi dong in
kich t c iu chinh phat hoc tiu thu cng xut phan khang, duy tri c in
ap quy nh cua loi in o khu vc tp trung h dung in.
D phat ra cng xut phan khang cho may in lam vic o ch qua kich t,
con tiu thu cng xut phan khang t loi in cho may in lam vic o ch
thiu kich t.
C, hP!"
1.Cng dung may in ng b. So sanh im ging va khac nhau giua may in
ng b va may in may in khng ng b.
2. han ung phn ung la gi? han ung phn ung cua may phat in ng b qua cac
loi tai?
3.Dc tinh iu chinh cua may phat in ng b la gi? D giu in ap phat khng
thay i ta phai iu chinh nh th nao.
4. Cac iu kin cn thit hoa may phat vao loi in. hong phap hoa ng b
kiu anh sang n.
5. Nguyn ly hot ng cua ng co in ng b.
5QI RIU 5HSM KHTU"
- iao Trinh May Din Tac gia V ia Hanh (NB - KHA HC K THUT)
- iao Trinh K Thut Din Tac gia L Vn Dao (NB-KHA HC K THUT)
- iao Trinh May Din Tac gia Nguyn Hng Thanh (NB-I DC)
7

CHNG O
MY IN Mt5 CHIU
1.CH, )o v ng,&<n lI ho) 'Bng
1.1. CH, )o

m cac phn chinh: stato voi cc t, roto voi dy qun va c gop voi chi
than.

a.c)a)o"
Con goi la phn cam, gm loi thep bng thep uc la mch t va la vo may. Cac
cc t chinh co dy qun kich t.

*.yo)o"
Roto cua may in mt chiu goi la phn ung, gm loi thep va dy qun phn
ung, loi
thep do cac la thep ghep li, co dp l va rnh t dy qun va thng gio.
Mi phn t dy qun co nhiu vong dy, hai u ni voi hai phin gop.
1
-.Ce gNp v -he! '!(n
C gop gm nhiu phin ng ghep li co cach in, co dng hinh tru, gn o u
truc roto.
Chi than lam bng than graphit. Cac chi than t sat ln c gop nho lo xo va
chi than gn trn np may.

1.#. Ng,&<n lI ho) 'Bng
a.M%& ph%)"
Khi ng co so cp quay phn ung, cac thanh dn cua dy qun phn ung ct t
trong cua cc t, cam ung cac suc in ng. Chiu suc in ng cam ung xac nh
theo quy tc ban tay phai. Nh hinh v t trong hong t cc N n cc S (t trn
xung doi ), chiu quay phn ung ngc chiu kim ng h, o thanh dn phia trn,
suc in ng co chiu t b n a. O thanh dn phai doi suc in ng co chiu t d
2
n c. Suc in ng phn t bng hai ln suc in ng thanh dn. Nu ni hai chi
than A va B voi tai, trn tai co dong in, in ap may phat co cc dong o chi than
A va cc m o chi than B.

Khi phn ung quay c nua vong, v tri cua phn t thay i, thanh ab o cc S,
thanh dc o cc N, suc in ng thanh dn i chiu. Nho co chi in ung yn chi
in A vn ni phin gop phia trn, ch than B ni phin gop phia doi, nn chiu
dong in o mch ngoai khng i. Ta co may phat in mt chiu voi cc dong
chi than A, cc m chi than B.
D in ap lon va it p mch, dy qun phai co nhiu phn t, nhiu phin i
chiu.
O ch may phat in dong in phn ung I

cung chiu voi suc in ng

phn ung

.
hong trinh cn bng in ap trn hai cc cua may phat s la:
U

- I

.R

(I

cung chiu

),

: goi la suc in ng.

*.Bng -/ '!(n
Khi cho in ap U vao chi than A va B, trong dy qun phn ung co dong in. Cac
thanh dn ab, cd co dong in nm trong t trong, s chu lc tac dung lam cho roto quay.
Chiu lc t xac nh theo quy rc ban tay trai
3

Khi phn ung quay c na vong, v tri cac thanh dn ab, cd i ch cho nhau,
do co phin gop, i chiu dong in, giu cho lc tac dung khng i, am bao ng
co co chiu khng i.
Khi ng co quay, cac thanh dn ct t trong, s cam ung suc in ng

.
Chiu suc in ng xac nh theo quy tc ban tay phai. O ch ng co in chiu
suc in ng

ngc chiu voi dong in I

, nn

con goi la suc phan in.

hong trinh cn bng in ap s la:
U

#.54 )167ng v b3- '!(n 'Bng -Ka 2%& '!(n 2B) -h!L,.
#.1. 54 )167ng -Ka 2%& '!(n 2B) -h!L,.
4
Khi khng tai, t trong trong may chi do dong in kich t gy ra goi la t
trong cc t, phn b i xung, o ong trung tinh hinh hoc mn, cong t cam
B thanh dn chuyn ng qua o khng cam ung suc in ng. (hinh a)
Khi may in co tai, dong in I

trong dy qun phn ung s sinh ra t trong

phn ung hong vung goc voi t trong cc t. (hinh b)
Tac dung cua t trong phn ung ln t trong cc t goi la phan ung phn ung,
t trong trong may la tng cua t trong phn ung va t trong cc t. (hinh c)
O mt mom cc t trong c tng cong ( t trong phn ung cung chiu voi
t trong cc t ), trong khi o o mom cc kia, t trong b yu i ( t trong phn
ung ngc chiu voi t trong cc t ).
Hu qua cua phan ung phn ung la:
T trong trong may b bin dng, im co t cam B dch chuyn t ong
trung tinh hinh hoc mn n v tri moi goi la trung tinh vt ly m
,
n
,
, goc lch nho va
lch theo chiu quay roto nu la may phat in, ngc li chiu quay roto nu la ng
co in. o v tri trung tinh hinh hoc B =, thanh dn chuyn ng qua o s cam ung
suc in ng anh hong xu n vic i chiu.
Khi tai tngI

lon4

lon, phn mom t trong c tng cong b bao

hoaB tng ln rt it, trong khi o mom cc t kia t trong giam i nhiu4 cua
5
Hinh a Hinh b Hinh b
may giam i nhiu

giam trn u cc may phat U giam. O ch ng co

4momen giamtc ng co thay i.
D khc phuc hu qua trn, ngoi ta dung cc t phu va dy qun bu, t trong
cua cc t phu va dy qun bu ngc voi t trong phn ung ( u ni tip cc t phu
va dy qun bu ni tip mch phn ung).(hinh v)
#.#. c3- '!(n 'Bng ph]n 3ng
a. c3- '!(n 'Bng )hanh ?@n" Khi quay roto, cac thanh dn cua dy qun phn ung
ct t trong, trong mi thanh dn cam ung suc in ng la: eB.l.V
B
tb
: cong t cam trung binh doi cc t.
l: chiu dai hiu dung cua thanh dn.
V: tc dai cua thanh dn.
*. c3- '!(n 'Bng ph]n 3ng
6
" Dy qun phn ung gm nhiu phn t ni tip nhau
thanh mch vong kin. Nu s thanh dn cua dy qun la N, s nhanh song song la
2a(a la s i mch nhanh).

" l '
a
.
e
a
.
. . .
2
.
2
=
(1)
V: tc dai xac nh theo tc quay n(V/p), V
6
. . 0 n
(2), D: kinh ngoai phn
ung
.T thng doi mi cc t 4 B
tb
.
) 3 (
2
. .
p
l 0

) 4 ( . . . .
. 6
.
n k n
a
. p
E
=
p: s i cc
K

a
. p
. 6
.
phu thuc kt cu dy qun phn ung
D. C9ng =,H) '!(n )4g 2o2in '!(n )4

.I

u
I n
a
. p
,
. . .
. 6
.

. Momen in t: M
t

)
6
. 2
( . . . .
. 2
.
, ,
n
I K I
a
. p
r
u
+
u
r
t



= = =
M
t
K
M
.I

.4 , ( K
M

a
. p
. 2
.

: phu thuc vao cu to dy qun )

6
F. 5!a la '!(n )1<n -e gNp v -%-h Gh`- phZ-.
Khi may in lam vic, qua trinh i chiu thong gy ra tia la in giua chi
than va c gop in. Tia la lon co th gy nn vanh la xung quanh c gop in, pha
hong chi than va c gop in, gy tn hao nng lng, anh hong xu n mi
trong va gy nhiu n thit b in t. S phat sinh nay do cac nguyn nhn sau:
F.1. Ng,&<n nhn -/ GhE
Do s tip xuc giua c gop va chi than khng tt, do c gop khng tron, khng
nhn chi than khng ung quy cach, rung ng chi than do c nh khng tt hoc
lc lo xo khng u t sat chi than vao c gop.
F.#. Ng,&<n nhn '!(n )4
Khi roto quay lin tip co phn t chuyn t mch nhanh nay sang mch nhanh
khac. Ta goi cac phn t y la phn t i chiu. Trong phn t i chiu xut hin
cac suc in ng sau:
a. Suc in ng t cam e
L
do s bin thin dong in trong cac phn t i chiu.
*. Suc in ng h cam e
m
do s bin thin dong in cua cac phn t i chiu khac
ln cn.
-. Suc in ng e
q
do t trong phn ung gy ra.
O thoi im chi in ngn mch phn t i chiu cac suc in ng trn sinh
ra dong in i chy qun trong phn t y, tich lu nng lng va phang ra doi dng
tia la khi vanh gop chuyn ng.

D khc phuc tia la, ngoai vic loi tr nguyn nhn co khi, ngoi ta dung cc
t phu va dy qun bu to nn trong phn t i chiu cac suc in ng nhm bu
(trit tiu), tng 3 suc in ng e
L
,e
m
,e
q
. T trong cua dy qun bu va cc t phu
7
phai ngc chiu voi t trong phn ung. Di voi may cng xut nho ngoi ta
chuyn chi than v trung tinh vt ly m
,
n
,
.
O. M%& ph%) '!(n 2B) -h!L,.
O.1. $hn lo!"
Da vao phong phap cung cp dong kich t, ngoi ta chia may in mt chiu
ra lam cac loi:
a. M%& '!(n 2B) -h!L, GE-h )4 'B- l.p" Dong in kich t cua may ly t ngun
in khac khng lin h voi phn ung cua may.
*. M%& '!(n 2B) -h!L, GE-h )4 bong bong" Dy qun kich t ni song song voi mch
phn ung.
-. M%& '!(n 2B) -h!L, GE-h )4 nd! )!;p" Dy qun kich t mc ni tip voi mch
phn ung.
?. M%& '!(n 2B) -h!L, GE-h )4 hen h8p" gm hai dy qun kich t, dy qun kich t
ni tip va dy qun kich t //, trong o dy qun kich t // la chu yu.
O.#. M%& ph%) '!(n 2B) -h!L, K5 'B- l.p.
Dong in phn ung bng dong in tai (I

I)
hong trinh cn bng in ap trn mch phn ung: U

- R

.I
Trn mch kich t: U
kt
I
kt
(R
kt
R
c
)
Trong o: R

la in tro dy qun phn ung

R
kt
la in tro dy qun kich t
R
c
in tro iu chinh

-
-

-
-
-

Hinh a
Hinh b
Hinh c Hinh d
Khi dong in tai tng, dong in phn ung tng, in ap U giam xung do hai
nguyn nhn:
do tac ng cua phan ung phn ung4

.
Din ap roi trn mch phn ung I

.R

tng.
D giu cho in ap may phat khng i tng dong in kich t.
May phat kich t c lp co u im v iu chinh in ap, thong gp trong h
thng may phat ng co truyn ng may can, may ct got kim loi. Co nhc
im la cn ngun kich t ring.

O.D. M%& ph%) '!(n GE-h )4
D to thanh in ap cn thc hin mt qua trinh t kt. Luc u may khng co
dong kich t, t thng trong may la do t d cua cc t to ra (2-3)4
m
. Khi quay
phn ung, trong dy qun phn ung co suc in ng cam ung do t d sinh ra, suc
in ng nay qua dy qun kich t I
kt
tng ln, qua trinh tip tuc cho n khi in
ap n nh. D may phat ra in ap, cn thit phai co t d, nu khng co t d ta

I
R
tai
CKT
R
kt
I
kt
-

I
U,

I
kt
phai mi t nu chiu hai t trong ngc nhau, ta phai i cc tinh dy qun kich t
hoc ooi chiu dy qun phn ung.
Mch phn ung: U

- R

.I

.
Mch kich t: UI
kt
.(R
kt
R
c
).
hong trinh dong in: I

II
kt
- Khi tai tng I

tng Ugiam I
kt
4

.
O.F. M%& ph%) '!(n 2B) -h!L, GE-h )4 nd! )!;p.
Dong in kich t la dong in tai, do o khi tai thay i in ap thay i rt
nhiu, trong thc t khng s dung may phat kich t ni tip. Dc tinh ngoai UI(I),
khi tai tng I

U. khi I(2-2,5)I
m
may bao hoa IU.

R
tai
CKT
R
kt
-

A
I
U
I
I
kt
O.O. M%& ph%) '!(n K5 hen h8p.
Khi ni thun, t thng cun ni tip cung chiu cun //. Khi tai tng
4
nt
4
tng

U khng i u im cua may phat kich t hn hp.

Khi ni ngc 4
nt
va 4
//
ngc nhau, khi tai tng U giam nhiu UI(I) dc
dung lam may han in mt chiu.
h. Bng -/ '!(n 2B) -h!L,.
1
-

A
UI(I)
U
I
-

A
I
U
I
U
Da vao phong phap kich t phn loi ng co in mt chiu ging nh may
phat in mt chiu.

. .
. 6
.
n
a
. p
(

goi la suc phan in,

ngc chiu I

).
M
t

. .
. . 2
.
,
u
I
a
. p
Di voi ng co, momen in t la momen quay, cung chiu voi tc quay n.
h.1. Mf 2%& 'Bng -/ '!(n 1 -h!L,.
hong trinh cn bng in ap o mch phn ung:
U

.R

I


,
,
u
u
R
E U
Khi mo may n

U/R

, vi R

nho I
mm
(2-3)I
m
lam hong
c gop va chi than, anh hong n loi in.
D giam I
mo
(1,5-2)I
m
ta dung cac bin phap sau:
a. ^_ng '!(n )1f 2f 2%&.
Mc in tro vao mch phn ung, dong in mo may luc nay I
mo

, ,
m, u
R R
U
+
luc
u R
mo
lon nht, sau giam dn (n

R
mo
).
*. G!02 '!(n %p 'q) vo ph]n 3ng.

2
nay c s dung co ngun in ap thay i c.
h.#. !L, -hlnh )d- 'B.

U-I

.R

, ma

K

. .n
.
.
, ,
E
u u
K
R I U
n

=
(1), nhin vao phong trinh (1)
mun iu chinh tc ta co cac phong phap sau:
a. M`- '!(n )1f phZ )1<n 2-h ph]n 3ng"
Khi thm in tro phu vao mch phn ungtc ng co giam. Vi rng dong
in phn ung lon, nn tn hao cng xut trn in tro iu chinh lon. hong phap
nay chi ap dung cho ng co cng xut nho.
*. 5ha& 'e! '!(n %p"
2
Dung ngun 1chiu iu chinh c in ap cung cp cho ng co. hong
phap nay c s dung nhiu.
-. 5ha& 'e! )4 )h9ng"
Thay i t thng bng cach thay i dong kich t.
j. ^& +,Hn ph]n 3ng 2%& '!(n 2B) -h!L,
j.1. Kh%! +,%)
Dy qun phn ung tham gia qua trinh bin i nng lng t in nng sang
co nng hay ngc li, do vy no cn co cac yu cu sau y:
To ra mt suc in ng cn thit, co th cho dang in nht nh chy qua
ma khng b nong qua nhit cho phep, am bao i chiu tt.
Trit tit kim vt liu, kt cu on gian, lam vic chc chn va an toan.
Dy qun phn ung phn ra lam cac loi sau:
Dy qun xp on va xp phuc tp.
Dy qun song on va song phuc tp.
Dy qun hn hp(kt hp ca hai loi dy qun).
j.#. CH, )o ?& +,Hn ph]n 3ng.
$h]n )" la mt bi dy gm nhiu vong dy ma hai u cua no ni vao hai
phin gop( hinh v).
y}nh )hC-"
y}nh ng,&<n )d"
nt
la trong rnh thc t hai cnh tac dung gm mt cnh
nm trn va mt cnh nm doi.
Nu trong mt rnh thc ma ngoi ta t 2u canh tac dung (u1,2,3.), thi
ngoi ta co th chia rnh thc ra lam u rnh nguyn t.
n)
~ ,. ( hinh v )
S phn t cua dy qun phn ung: S
S phin gop cua c gop:
uan h giua S,,
nt
:
n)
~c~G.
j.D. C%- *6- ?& +,Hn
3
V6- ?& +,Hn )h3 nhH) Y
1
: khoang cach giua hai cnh tac dung cua mt
phn t o bng s rnh nguyn t.
V6- ?& )h3 ha! Y
#
" khoang cach giua cnh tac dung thu hai cua phn t thu
nht voi cnh tac dung thu nht cua phn t thu hai, o bng rnh nguyn t.
V6- ?& )eng h8p &" khoang cach giua hai cnh tac dung cua hai phn t lin
tip nhau, o bng rnh nguyn t.
V6- )1<n vnh gNp &
G
" la khoang cach giua hai phin gop co hai cnh tac
dung cua cung mt phn t ni vao o va o bng s phin gop.( hinh v )
j.F. ^& +,Hn =;p '/n.
V6- ?& )h3 nhH): &
1

p
Z
nt
2
s nguyn
&
1

p
Z
nt
2
ta co dy qun boc u.
&
1

+
p
Z
nt
2
ta co dy qun boc dai.
&
1

p
Z
nt
2
ta co dy qun boc ngn.
Boc dy tng hp y y

1.
Boc dy thu hai y y
1
- y.
VE ?Z" V so khai trin dy qun xp on
nt
S 16, 2p 4.
y y

1, y
2
y
1
- y 4-13.
Rp )1<n" 1 # D F O h j k m 1p 11 1# 1D 1F 1O 1h 1 GhYp GEn

Rp ?6!" O h j k m 1p 11 1# 1D 1F 1O 1h 1 # D F
Cnh nm trn v bng net lin, cnh nm doi v bng net ut.
4
V tri cc t i xung nhau, nghia la khoang cach giua chung phai u nhau,
chiu rng cc t bng khoang ,7 boc cc.
V tri t chi than phai trung voi truc cua cc t, chiu rng chi than bng
mt phin gop.
j.O. ^& +,Hn =;p ph3- )p.
Dim khac nhau giua dy qun xp on va phuc tp chi o boc y

, nu y

m
trong o m2,3.s nguyn thi ta co dy qun xp phuc tp. Thong chi dung m2.
VE ?Z"
- V so khai trin dy qun xp phuc tp y

m 2, 2p 4,
nt
S 24.
z C%- *6- ?& +,Hn" y
1

6
4
24
2
= =
p
Z
nt
y y

2
y
2
y
1
-y 6-2 4
z 51\nh )C nd! -%- ph]n )"
Rp )1<n" 1 3 5 7 11 13 15 17 1 21 23 1 GhYp GEn
Rp ?6!" 7 11 13 15 17 1 21 23 1 3 5
Rp )1<n" 2 4 6 1 12 14 16 1 2 22 24 2 khep kin
Rp ?6!" 1 12 14 16 1 2 22 24 2 4 6
j.h. ^& +,Hn bNng '/n.
5
Dc im cua dy qun song on la hai u cua phn t ni voi hai phin i
chiu cach rt xa nhau va hai phn t ni voi nhau cng cach xa nhau nn cach u
gn ging nh lan song.
Cach xac nh boc dy y
1
tong t nh dy qun xp on, chi khac o boc dy
y

&
G
~
p
1 1
Nu ly du (-) ta co dy qun trai
Nu ly du () ta co dy qun phai
Thong chon dy qun trai tit kim dy.
y y

, y
2
y-y
1
VE ?Z"
- V so khai khin dy qun song on 2p4, S
nt
15.
zV6- ?&" y
1

3
4
3
4
15
2
= =
p
Z
nt
(chon boc ngn)
y

7
2
1 15 1
=

p
1
(dy qun trai)
y y

y
2
y-y
1
7-34
Rp )1<n" 1 15 7 14 6 13 5 12 4 11 3 1 2 1khep
kin
Rp ?6!"4 11 3 1 12 1 15 7 14 6 13 5 12
6