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6.6.3 Polystyrene 1-2 6.6.3.1 chung Styrene d dng polymerizes polystyrene bi mt chui cc gc t do tng i thng thng c ch. Hoc nhit hoc khi xng s bt u trng hp. Khi nhit phn hy, qua hnh thnh cc gc t do hot ng c hiu qu trong bt u qu trnh trng hp. Thng khi c s dng trong qu trnh nh ch bao gm benzoyl peroxide v di-tertbutyl mi benzoate. Kali persulfate l mt khi in hnh c s dng trong polymerizations nh tng. Trong s hin din ca tr vt liu, styrene monomer s phn ng vi chnh n to thnh mt homopolymer. Styrene monomer s phn ng vi mt lot cc monome khc to thnh mt s copolyme. Polystyrene l mt, khng v, khng mi nha nhit do cng nhc. Polystyrene tinh khit c nhng iu sau y cu trc. Cc polyme ng nht ca styrene cng c gi l mc ch chung, hoc tinh th, polystyrene. V dn ca tinh th polystyrene, styrene thng polyme trong s hin din ca ha tan cao su polybutadiene ci thin sc mnh ca polymer. Polystyrene sa i nh vy l gi l nh hng cao, hoc cao su bin i, polystyrene. Ni dung ca styrene cao tc ng polystyrene thay i t khong 88 n 97 phn trm. Trong trng hp thi (hoc m rng) i l c thm vo polystyrene, sn phm c gi l polystyrene m rng. i l thi c th c thm trong qu trnh trng hp (nh trong sn xut ht m rng), hoc sau nh mt phn ca qu trnh ch to (nh trong cc ng dng bng polystyrene xp). Polystyrene l nha nhit do ln th t ca khi lng sn xut. N c s dng trong cc ng dng ti cc th trng ch yu sau y (c lit k theo th t tiu th): bao b, ngi tiu dng / th ch hng ho, in / in t, xy dng / xy dng, ni tht, cng nghip / my mc, v giao thng vn ti. ng dng bao b s dng tinh th polystyrene phim hai trc bao gm tht v rau khay, v thuc v bao b khc m minh bch l cn thit. Tm polystyrene p n bt

c hnh thnh trong cc thng cha hp trng, tht v gia cm khay, hp ng thc n nhanh v i hi nng hoc vt liu cch nhit lnh. Tm polystyrene rn c hnh thnh vo ly ung ru v np y, v dng mt ln ng gi thc n ca. Tim lp c bng polystyrene c s dng rng ri trong sn xut m phm v chm sc c nhn bao b, trang sc v hp thit b hnh nh, v phim nh gi. Mc polystyrene hnh thnh khc bao gm tu cnh ca t lnh, bng m thanh v video, chi, chu hoa, khung nh, dng nh bp, truyn hnh v i pht thanh t, bo chy nh, v my tnh, v khun h s c nhn trong ngnh cng nghip xy dng / nh xy dng. 9/91 (nh dng 1/95) Qu trnh ha hc hu c Cng nghip 6.6.3-1
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6.6.3.2 Mc ch chung v cao tc ng Polystyrene 1-2 Homopolyme v copolyme c th c sn xut bi s lng ln (hoc khi lng), gii php (mt s lng ln sa i), k thut h thng treo, hoc nh tng trng hp. Trong dung dch (hoc sa i s lng ln) trng hp, cc phn ng din ra nh monomer c ha tan trong mt lng nh dung mi, chng hn nh ethylbenzene. nh ch trng hp din ra vi cc monome b nh ch trong mt giai on nc. S lng ln v quy trnh gii php trng hp l ng nht (din ra trong mt giai on), trong khi h thng treo v qu trnh trng hp nh tng l khng ng nht (din ra ti nhiu hn mt giai on). Cc s lng ln (khi lng) qu trnh l qu trnh s dng rng ri nht cho polystyrene ngy hm nay. Qu trnh nh ch l cng ph bin, c bit l trong sn xut ht m rng. S dng qu trnh nh tng sn xut styrene homopolymer gim ng k t gia nhng nm 1940. 6.6.3.2.1 Quy trnh m t 1-3 Quy trnh hng lot Cc lp khc nhau ca polystyrene c th c sn xut bi mt lot cc quy trnh hng lot. Hng lot

cc quy trnh thng c mt hiu sut chuyn i cao, ch li mt lng nh styrene khng phn ng c pht ra nn cc l phn ng c ty hoc m gia l. Mt nh my in hnh s c nhiu qu trnh hun luyn, mi thng c kh nng sn xut cc loi lp polystyrene. Hnh 6.6.3-1 l mt i din ca trng hp polystyrene hng lot vi s lng ln qu trnh, v cc bc nh s sau y cp n con s . Tinh khit styrene monomer (v comonome, nu mt sn phm copolymer l mong mun) c bm t lu tr (1) n dissolver thc n (2). sn xut loi tc ng polystyrene, xt nh cao su polybutadiene c thm vo thc n dissolver, ni n c ha tan trong styrene nng. Hn hp ny c kch ng t 4 n 8 gi hon thnh gii th cao su. T dissolver thc n, hn hp thng c a vo mt b kch ng (3), thng l mt prepolymerization l phn ng, pha trn cc cht phn ng. Mt lng nh du khong (nh mt cht bi trn v do), cc dimer ca alpha-methylstyrene (nh l mt iu trng hp), v cht chng oxy ha l thm. Thc n hn hp hoc mt phn polyme sau c bm vo mt l (4) l phn ng. Trong dy chuyn sn xut l phn ng, mt s styrene bay hi v hi thng qua mt l thng hi trn trng (5). Khi cc l phn ng c tnh ph, l thng hi v l phn ng c ng li. Hn hp trong l phn ng c lm nng nhit phn ng bt u (hoc tip tc) trng hp. Phn ng cng c th c bt u bng cch gii thiu mt khi gc t do vo dissolver thc n (2) cng vi cht phn ng khc. Sau khi trng hp hon tt, s tan chy polymer (sn phm nng chy) c cha mt s styrene khng phn ng monomer, ethylbenzene (mt tp cht t thc n styrene), v polyme trng lng phn t thp (Dimers, trimers, v oligomer khc), c bm vo mt devolatilizer chn khng (6). y, cn li styrene monomer, ethylbenzene, v cc polyme trng lng phn t thp c loi b, c c (7), i qua mt chic xe tng devolatilizer ngng t (9), v sau gi n cc n v phc hi sn phm ph. Hi ph t bnh ngng thng kit sc thng qua mt h thng chn khng (8). Nng chy

polystyrene t di cng ca devolatilizer, c th c un nng n 250-280 C (482 n 536 F), c p n (10) thng qua mt tm cht mc cn (mt tm vi nhiu l to thnh si), v sau m mnh trong mt bn tm nc lnh. Si c lm ngui bt vin (10) v gi n sn phm lu tr (11). Quy trnh lin tc Nh vi cc hng lot qu trnh, cc bc lin tc khc nhau c s dng thc hin mt lot cc lp ca polystyrene hoc copolyme ca styrene. Trong qu trnh lin tc, cc phn ng ha hc khng tip cn hon thnh mt cch hiu qu trong qu trnh thc thi. Kt qu l, mt t l thp hn ca styrene l chuyn i ra polystyrene, v ln hn lng styrene khng phn ng c th c pht ra t lin tc 6.6.3-2 H s pht thi (nh dng 1/95) 9/91
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Hnh 6.6.3-1. S n gin ca mt qu trnh polystyrene hng lot. 9/91 (nh dng 1/95) Hu c Ha hc Qu trnh Ngnh cng nghip 6.6.3-3
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ngun qu trnh. Mt nh my in hnh c th cha nhiu hn mt dng qu trnh, sn xut hoc tng t hoc cc lp khc nhau ca polymer hoc copolymer. Mt s lng ln in hnh (khi lng) qu trnh lin tc c biu din trong hnh 6.6.3-2. Styrene, polybutadiene (nu mt sn phm cp tc ng-l mong mun), du khong sn (du bi trn v cht lm do), v nh s tin bng polystyrene ti ch, cht chng oxy ha, v cc ph gia khc c tnh t lu tr (1) vo cc dissolver thc n trn (2) theo t l khc nhau ty theo lp nha c sn xut.

Thc n hn hp c bm lin tc vo h thng l phn ng (3), ni n c nhit polyme polystyrene. Mt dng qu trnh thng s dng nhiu hn mt l phn ng trong lot. Mt s trng hp xy ra trong l phn ng ban u, thng c gi l cc prepolymerizer. Trng hp tip cp cao hn xy ra trong l phn ng tip theo ca lot bi ny, hoc ni hp hoc l phn ng khuy thp. S tan chy polymer, trong c khng phn ng monomer styrene, ethylbenzene (mt tp cht t thc n styrene), v polyme trng lng phn t thp, c bm vo mt devolatilizer chn khng (4). y, hu ht cc monomer, ethylbenzene, v trng lng phn t thp polyme c loi b, c c (5), v gi n cc n v phc hi styrene (8 v 9). Noncondensables (hi ph) t t thng c ht thng qua mt my bm chn khng (10). Polystyrene nng chy t pha di ca devolatilizer c bm bi mt my n (6) thng qua mt tm cht mc cn vo mt cc nc lnh. Nhng si ny sau c kin c bt vin (6) v gi n lu tr (7). Trong cc n v phc hi styrene, cc styrene monomer th hi phc t bnh ngng (5) l thanh khit trong ct chng ct (8). Cc ph styrene t thp c ngng t (9) v tr li cho my trn thc n dissolver. Noncondensables c thng hi thng qua mt h thng chn khng (11). y ct cha polymer trng lng phn t thp c s dng i khi nh l mt b sung nhin liu. 6.6.3.2.2 pht thi v iu khin 3-9 Nh trong hnh 6.6.3-1, su dng kh thi c xc nh cho qu trnh thc thi: (1) lu tr monomer v thc n dissolver thng hi (Dng A); (2) l phn ng l thng hi trng thng hi (Stream B); (3) bnh ngng devolatilizer thng hi (Stream C); (4) cc b nc ngng devolatilizer (Stream D); (5) cc l thng hi my n dp tt (Stream E); v (6) kh thi bo qun sn phm (Stream F). Bng 6.6.3-1 tm tt cc yu t pht thi cho cc dng. Bng 6.6.3-1 (Metric n v). YU T KH THI CHO HNG LOT TRNH polystyrene mt KH THI YU T NH GI: C Sng Xc nh

Pht thi Sui Nonmethane VOC Ti liu tham kho Mt B cha monomer v dissolver thc n 0.09 b 3 B L phn ng l thng hi trng l thng hi 0,12-1,35 c 3-4 C Devolatilizer ngng l thng hi 0,25-0,75 c 3-4 D Devolatilizer b nc ngng 0,002 b 3 E My n dp tt qut thng gi 0,15-0,3 c 3-4 F Bo qun sn phm khng ng k 3 Tng s cy trng 0,6-2,5 mt Xc nh dng cp n Hnh 6.6.3-1. n v l gam VOC mi kg sn phm. b Da trn thit k mi nh c nh. c Tham kho 4. Cc yu t cao hn c nhiu kh nng trong khi sn xut trng lng phn t thp sn phm. Yu t i vi bt k tu qu trnh a ra s thay i vi lp sn phm. 6.6.3-4 H s pht thi

(nh dng 1/95) 9/91

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Hnh 6.6.3-2. S n gin ca mt qu trnh lin tc polystyrene. 9/91 (nh dng 1/95) Hu c Ha hc Qu trnh Ngnh cng nghip 6.6.3-5
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L thng hi chnh l l thng hi devolatilizer ngng (Stream C). Offgas l thng lin tc ny pht ra 0,25-0,75 gam VOC mi kg (gVOC / kg) ca sn phm ty thuc vo phn t trng lng ca sn phm polystyrene c sn xut. H s pht thi cao hn c nhiu kh nng trong thi gian sn xut cc sn phm trng lng phn t thp. Lng kh thi l styrene khng phn ng, l le ln t polymer sn phm trong devolatilizer chn khng, v n l v cng pha long trong khng kh qua cc khe h. Dng cn kit thng qua mt h thng chn khng v sau thng qua mt demister du vo kh quyn. Cc demister du c s dng ch yu tch ra sng m hu c. Dng l thng hi ln th hai c kh nng l l thng hi l phn ng l thng hi trng, vi kh thi t l khc nhau, 0,12-1,35 gVOC / kg sn phm, phm vi ny cng c lin kt vi cc trng lng phn t ca sn phm polystyrene c sn xut. H s pht thi cao hn nhiu c th trong qu trnh sn xut cc sn phm trng lng phn t thp. Cc kh thi, l nhng ch pht thi lin tc t qu trnh ny, ch xy ra trong thi gian lm y l phn ng v h thng hi vo kh quyn. T l 0,12 gVOC / kg sn phm c da trn mt c s c hai l phn ng hng lot c vn hnh lun phin trn chu k 24 gi. Dng E, l thng hi my n dp tt, l dng kh thi ln th ba, vi tc pht thi

ca 0,15-0,3 gVOC / kg sn phm. Dng ny, bao gm styrene trong hi nc, c hnh thnh khi nng, si polystyrene p n t mc cn cht tm tip xc nc lnh trong dp tt tm. Kt qu dng hi nc vi styrene thng, thng qua d tho buc mui xe nm trong bn tm nc v sau c truyn thng qua mt tch sng m hoc tnh in trc khi trt vo kh quyn. Cc dng kh thi khc l lng kh thi tng i nh lin tc. Dng A v D i din cho lng kh thi t cc loi xe tng v xe tng dissolver. Kh thi t cc dng sui l c tnh, da trn xe tng mi nh c nh. Kh thi t lu tr sn phm, Sui F, c bo co l khng ng k. Khng c thit b kim sot VOC thng c s dng ti cc nh my polystyrene s dng hng lot quy trnh. Bnh ngng (7) ra khi devolatilizer chn khng (6) thng c s dng v l do qu trnh (Phc hi ca styrene khng phn ng v cht phn ng khc). Ngng iu ny lm gim lng kh thi VOC, v n c im hot ng s nh hng n lng kh thi lin quan n qu trnh hng lot (Stream C c bit). Tng lng kh thi khng kim sot c qu trnh c tnh khong 0,6-2,5 gVOC / kg sn phm. T l pht thi cao hn c lin quan n sn xut ca trng lng phn t thp polystyrene. H s pht thi cho bt k dng qu trnh nht nh s thay i vi nhng thay i trong lp ca cc polystyrene c sn xut. H s pht thi cho qu trnh polystyrene lin tc c th hin trong Bng 6.6.32, v sau bc c nh s xem hnh 6.6.3-2. Kh thi t cc qu trnh lin tc tng t cho nhng cho qu trnh thc thi, mc d qu trnh lin tc thiu mt l phn ng l thng hi trng. Cc dng kh thi, tt c u lin tc, l: (1) nhiu loi hnh lu tr (Streams A v G); (2) dissolver thc n trt (Stream B); (3) bnh ngng devolatilizer thng hi (Stream C); (4) styrene phc hi n v ngng l thng hi (Stream D); (5) cc l thng hi my n dp tt (Stream E); v (6) sn phm kh thi lu tr (Stream F). Kinh nghim ca ngnh cng nghip vi cc nh my polystyrene lin tc ch ra mt lot cc pht thi gi t cy ny sang cy ty thuc mt phn vo loi h thng chn khng s dng. Hai loi l by gi

c s dng trong cc ngnh cng nghip, mt da vo bm hi v cc khc trn my bm chn khng. Trng hp hi nc ejectors c s dng, cc chi ph t ngng devolatilizer thng hi v cc n v phc hi styrene 6.6.3-6 H s pht thi (nh dng 1/95) 9/91
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Bng 6.6.3-2 (Metric n v). YU T KH THI CHO LIN TC QUY TRNH polystyrene mt KH THI YU T NH GI: C Sng Xc nh Pht thi Sui Nonmethane VOC Ti liu tham kho Khng kim sot c Kim sot A1 Styrene monomer lu tr 0.08 3, 5 A2 Ph gia Mc ch chung 0,002 5 Tc ng cao 0,001 5-6 A3 Lu tr ethylbenzene 0,001 5 B Dissolvers 0,008 3, 5 C Devolatilizer

ngng l thng hi b 0.05 c 2.96 e 0.04 d 4-5, 7 3 D n v phc hi styrene ngng l thng hi 0.05 c 0.13 e 4, 7 3 C+D 0,024-0,3 f 0,004 g 5-6, 8 E My n dp tt qut thng gi 0.01 c 0.15 e, g, h 4 3 F Lu tr vin khng ng k 3 Lu tr khc G1 Mc ch chung 0,008 3, 5 G2 Tc ng cao

0.007 3, 5 Tng s cy trng 0.21 c 3.34 e mt Xc nh dng cp n Hnh 6.6.3-2. n v l gam VOC mi kg sn phm. b Tham kho 9. Nh my ln hn c th l dng ny vo phn khi phc styrene. Cy nh hn c th tm thy iu ny qu t. c Cho cc nh my s dng my bm chn khng. d T c s dng h lu ca qu trnh ngng t tiu hc; bao gm pht thi t Dissolvers. Nh my s dng my bm chn khng. e Cho cc nh my s dng my bay phn lc hi nc. f Gi tr thp hn da trn c s s dng thit b ngng t lm lnh cng nh nc lm mt thng thng trao i; my bm chn khng s dng. Gi tr cao hn cho c s s dng my bm chn khng. g Nh my s dng mt ch hu c gim lng kh thi. Hu c Nonsoluble b t chy nhin liu. h Yu t ny c th thay i ng k ty thuc vo qu trnh tng th. Ti liu tham kho 6 cho thy mt pht thi yu t ca 0.0012 gVOC / kg sn phm ti mt nh my m qu trnh thit k "nhm gim thiu lng kh thi ". 9/91 (nh dng 1/95) Qu trnh ha hc hu c Cng nghip 6.6.3-7
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ngng l thng hi c cu to ch yu ca hi nc. Gn y mt s cng ty thay th nhng hi

ejectors vi my bm chn khng kh. Kh thi t my bm chn khng thng thp hn t bm hi. Ngi ta c tnh rng tng mc pht thi VOC in hnh cho cc nh my s dng bm hi l v 3.34 gVOC / kg sn phm, vi cc dng kh thi ln nht l l thng hi devolatilizer ngng (2.96 gVOC / kg sn phm). Kh thi t vic thu hi styrene n v ngng l thng hi v my n dp tt qut thng gi c c tnh l 0,13 v 0,15 gVOC / kg sn phm, tng ng, mc d sau ny c th thay i ng k ty thuc vo thit k nh my tng th. Mt nh my c thit k gim thiu lng kh thi bo co mt s pht thi ca 0.0012 gVOC / kg sn phm my n dp tt l thng hi. Cho cc nh my s dng my bm chn khng, ngi ta c tnh rng tng mc pht thi VOC l v 0.21 gVOC / kg sn phm. Trong cc nh my, kh thi t bnh ngng devolatilizer thng hi v n v phc hi styrene ngng l thng hi l mi c tnh l 0,05 gVOC / kg sn phm. Styrene monomer v lng kh thi lu tr khc c th l ngun pht thi ln nht ti cc nh my nh vy, khong 0,1 gVOC / kg sn phm. Mt s nh my kt hp lng kh thi t Dissolvers vi nhng t bnh ngng devolatilizer thng hi. Cc nh my khc c th kt hp dissolver, devolatilizer ngng trt, v phc hi n v styrene ngng trt kh thi. Mt nh my s dng mt hu c chi gim lng kh thi ny 0.004 gVOC / kg sn phm. Bnh ngng l mt quan trng, phn khng th thiu ca tt c cc qu trnh polystyrene lin tc. S lng styrene khng phn ng thu hi ti s dng trong qu trnh ny c th khc nhau rt nhiu, nh iu hnh ngng cc thng s khc nhau t mt nh my khc. Gim nhit hot ng lm mt s gim VOC, tt c nhng th khc l nh nhau. Khc vi vic gim VOC t c bng cch ngng qu trnh, hu ht cc nh my khng s dng Thit b iu khin VOC. Mt nh my c th iu khin, tuy nhin, c th lm gim ng k mc VOC kh thi. Mt cng ty, v d, s dng mt ch hu c gim pht thi kh VOC. Khc s dng mt t pha h lu ngng qu trnh chnh kim sot VOC. 6.6.3.3 Polystyrene m rng

1-2,10-11 Qu trnh nh ch l mt qu trnh trng hp hng lot c th c s dng sn xut pha l, tc ng, hoc ht polystyrene m rng. Mt polystyrene m rng (EPS) ht thng bao gm trng lng phn t tinh th lp polystyrene cao ( sn xut cc cu trc thch hp khi cc ht l m rng) vi 5-8 phn trm l mc thp si im bo hydrocarbon thi i l ha tan trong ht polymer. i l thi thng l pentane hoc isopentane mc d nhng ngi khc, chng hn nh este, ru, v aldehyde, c th c s dng. Khi c s dng sn xut mt ht EPS, h thng treo qu trnh c th c iu chnh theo mt trong hai cch thm thu ca cc ht vi cc i l thi. Mt phng php l thm cc i l thi vo mt l phn ng sau khi trng hp, v khc l thm thi i l vi monomer trc khi trng hp. Cc phng php trc y, c gi l "Hu tm" qu trnh nh ch, ph bin hn sau ny, c gi l "ti ch" qu trnh nh ch. C hai qu trnh c m t di y. EPS ht thng c x l theo mt trong ba cch: (1) lc hp dn hoc khng kh a vo ng ca khun mu, sau un nng n m rng ln n 50 ln khi lng ban u ca h; (2) trc khi m rng bng cch nung nng v sau c trong mt hot ng ch bin ring bit; v (3) p thnh tm. Ht EPS c s dng sn xut mt s loi vt liu polystyrene xp. Tm xp p n c hnh thnh vo trng hp, tht v gia cm khay, v hp ng thc n nhanh. Trong ngnh cng nghip xy dng / xy dng, EPS hi ng qun tr c s dng rng ri nh mt cht cch in nhit thp. 6.6.3-8 H s pht thi (nh dng 1/95) 9/91
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6.6.3.3.1 M t qu trnh 1,10-12 Sau qu trnh ngm tm nh Qu trnh ny v c bn l mt qu trnh gm hai phn s dng hai dng qu trnh trong series. Trong ln u tin

dy chuyn cng ngh, monomer styrene liu c polyme v polystyrene ht thnh phm c sn xut. Cc dng qu trnh th hai c cc ht hon thnh t nhng dng u tin, impregnates ht vi mt thi i l, v to ra mt ht EPS hon thnh. Hnh 6.6.3-3 l mt i din s ca qu trnh ny. Trong dng u tin, styrene monomer, nc, khi xng, v cc i l nh ch hnh thnh c bn ph cho cc l phn ng b nh ch (1). T l styrene-to-nc thay i theo loi polystyrene yu cu. Mt t l in hnh l khong mt phn t n mt na monomer lng nc. Khi l thng c s dng bi v nhit phn ng thng l qu thp cho bt u nhit ca trng hp. i l nh ch thng keo bo v v cc mui v c ha tan. Keo bo v c thm vo tng nht ca pha nc lin tc, v khng ha tan cc mui v c nh magi cacbonat (MgCO 3 ) c thm vo ngn chn s hp nht ca nhng git khi va chm. Trong l phn ng, styrene b nh ch, thng qua s dng cc rung ng c hc v nh ch i l, di hnh thc ca nhng git nc trong sut qu trnh. Kch thc git c th dao ng t khong 0,1 n 1.0 mm. L phn ng c lm nng bt u trng hp, din ra trong cc git nc. Mt kh tr, chng hn nh nit, thng c s dng nh mt cht ph kn duy tr mt tch cc p lc trong sut thi gian chu k ngn chn r r kh. Mt ln trng hp bt u, nhit kim sot thng c duy tr thng qua mt chic o khoc lm mt bng nc xung quanh l phn ng v c h tr bi nhit dung gia tng ca nc trong l phn ng. Kch thc ca sn phm ht ph thuc vo c hai sc mnh ca kch ng v bn cht ca cc monome v h thng treo. T 20 n 70 phn trm chuyn i, kch ng tr nn v cng quan trng. Nu kch ng lm suy yu hoc dng gia nhng gii hn, tch t qu mc ca cc ht polymer c th xy ra, theo sau l mt runaway phn ng. Trng hp thng xy ra trong vng vi gi, thi gian thc t khc nhau ch yu vi nhit v vi s lng v loi hnh khi (s) c s dng. Nng styrene cn li vo kt thc mt hot ng thng xuyn nht l 0,1 phn trm.

Sau khi phn ng c hon thnh (ch yu 100 phn trm chuyn i), cc bn polystyrene nc thng c bm t cc l phn ng gi mt chic xe tng (2), trong c mt khuy duy tr s phn tn ca cc ht polymer. Xe tng gi c t nht ba chc nng: (1) bn polymer-nc c lm lnh xung di nhit nhit bin dng ca polymer (thng 50 n 60 C [122 n 140 F]); (2) ha cht c thm vo thc y ha tan ca cc i l nh ch; v (3) xe tng phc v nh mt b cha bn cho n khi c th c ly tm. T thng gi, bn polymer-nc c a vo mt my ly tm (3) ni nc v cht rn c tch ra. Cc cht rn sau ra sch bng nc, v nc ra c tch ra t cc cht rn v b loi b. Cc ht sn phm polymer, c th gi li t 1 n 5 phn trm nc, c gi n my sy (4). T my sy, h c th c gi n mt b phn loi (5) tch cc ht theo kch thc, v sau n thng cha, b cha (6). Ht sn phm khng phi lun lun p ng cc tiu ch ch bin tip thnh ht m rng, v "off-spec" ht c th c x l v c bn nh l tinh th (hoc c th tc ng) polystyrene. Trong dng th hai, cc ht sn phm (t cc thng lu tr ca dng u tin), nc, thi i l (7), v bt k cht ph gia mong mun c thm vo mt l phn ng thm (8). Cc ht cm l ngm tm vi cc i l thi qua s dng nhit v p sut. Trn 9/91 (nh dng 1/95) Qu trnh ha hc hu c Cng nghip 6.6.3-9
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Hnh 6.6.3-3. S n gin ca polystyrene m rng sau qu trnh ngm tm nh ch. 6.6.3-10 KH THI YU T (nh dng 1/95) 9/91
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hon thnh qu trnh ngm tm, bn ht, nc c chuyn giao cho mt chic xe tng gi (9), ni axit c th c thm v mt phn ca nc chy nh nc thi. T thng gi, bn l ra v kh nc trong my ly tm (10) v sau sy kh trong my sy nhit thp (11). Trong mt s trng hp, cc cht ph gia (12) c th c p dng cho cc EPS ht ci thin c tnh qu trnh. T my sy, EPS ht c th tri qua kch thc, nu khng c thc hin, trc khi c chuyn giao cho lu tr silo (13) hoc trc tip n ng gi (14) cho l hng cho khch hng. Ti ch qu trnh treo Qu trnh nh ch ti ch c th hin bng s trong hnh 6.6.3-4. S khc bit ln gia qu trnh ny v qu trnh nh ch sau ngm tm l trng hp v thm din ra cng mt lc trong mt l phn ng duy nht. Hn hp phn ng t hn hp xe tng (1), bao gm styrene monomer, nc, cht xc tc trng hp, v cc cht ph gia, c phn b vo mt l phn ng (2) m tc nhn thi c thm vo. Monomer styrene c polyme ti cao nhit v p sut trong s hin din ca i l thi, 5-7 phn trm thi i l c kt trong ht polyme. Sau khi trng hp v thm din ra, bn EPS ht nc sau v c bn cc bc tng t nh trong h thng treo sau ngm tm qu trnh. Cc bc ny c lp i lp li trong hnh 6.6.3-4. 6.6.3.3.2 pht thi v iu khin 10,12-16 Gi pht thi c xc nh t thng tin v ba nh my bng cch s dng sau qu trnh ngm tm nh ch. VOC t loi c s ni chung khng kim sot c. Hai trong s cc nh my ny thng tin kh phong ph, v trong s ny, mt bo co mt t l pht thi VOC tng th khng kim sot c l 9,8 g / kg sn phm. Cho ngi khc, mt tng th khng kim sot c T l pht thi VOC 7,7 g / kg c ch nh, bi hai dng kh thi tr li tnh ton kim sot bi thit b ngng t. Cc thng tin v t l pht thi cho dng sui c nhn rt khc nhau t cy ny sang cy. V d, mt nh my bo co t l pht thi VOC cho cc l phn ng b nh ch 0,027 g / kg sn phm, trong khi mt bo co t l 1,9 g / kg sn phm. Khng thng nht v t l pht thi ny

c th l do s khc bit trong cc l phn ng qu trnh, nhit hot ng, v / hoc thi gian phn ng, nhng d liu xc nh iu ny khng c sn. Do , t l pht thi dng ring cho qu trnh ngm tm sau khng c a ra y. Lng kh thi ht (lng kh thi ca tin pht t my sy, lu tr v chuyn giao kh nn ca polymer) thng c iu khin bi mt trong hai cn bo mt mnh hoc lc xoy tip theo baghouses. Nhn chung, lng kh thi ht kim sot tng i nh, khong 0,18 g ht / kg sn phm hoc t hn. Hiu qu kim sot 99 phn trm c ch ra, v do , lng kh thi ht khng kim sot c c th l khong 18 g ht / kg sn phm. Bng 6.6.3-3 tm tt khng kim sot c yu t VOC cho qu trnh ti ch, da trn mt nghin cu ca mt nh my duy nht. T l pht thi khng kim sot c khong 5,4 gVOC / kg sn phm c tnh cho qu trnh ny EPS nh ch. Hu ht cc dng kh thi c khng kim sot ti nh my ny. Tuy nhin, kh thi l phn ng c thng hi cho l hi nh nhin liu s cp, v mt s cc kh thi my sy thng hi c cho l hi nhin liu b sung, do dn n mt s kim sot VOC. i l thi, m lin tc khuch tn ra khi ht c trong sn xut v qu trnh bo qun, to thnh gn nh tt c cc VOC pht ra t c hai qu trnh. Mt lng nh styrene c pht ra t cc l phn ng b nh ch trong qu trnh sau thm thu v t b hn hp v l phn ng trong qu trnh ti ch. 9/91 (nh dng 1/95) Qu trnh ha hc hu c Cng nghip 6.6.3-11
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Hnh 6.6.3-4. S n gin ca polystyrene m rng ti ch qu trnh nh ch. 6.6.3-12 KH THI YU T (nh dng 1/95) 9/91
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Bng 6.6.3-3 (Metric n v). YU T KH THI CHO ti ch TRNH Polystyrene m rng

mt KH THI YU T NH GI: C Sng Xc nh Pht thi Sui Nonmethane VOC Ti liu tham kho Mt Kt hp l thng hi xe tng 0.13 16 B Ry Regranulator khng ng k 16 C L thng hi l phn ng 1,09 b 17 D Gi l thng hi xe tng 0,053 16 E Ra l thng hi xe tng 0,023 16 F L thng hi my sy 2.77 b 16 G L thng hi ci tin sn phm 0,008 16 H L thng hi lu tr v tn tht truyn t 1.3 16 Tng s cy trng 5.37 c

mt Xc nh dng cp n Hnh 6.6.3-4. n v l gam VOC mi kg sn phm. b Tham kho 16. Tt c cc l thng hi l phn ng v mt s l thng hi my sy c kim sot trong l hi. u trc kim sot. c Ti nh my ni m tt c cc l thng hi l phn ng v mt s l thng hi my sy c kim sot trong l hi (v gi s Gim 99%), mt t l pht thi tng th ca 3,75 l c tnh. V s khuch tn ca cc i l thi, EPS ht l khng n nh trong thi gian di ca thi gian. Hnh 6.6.3-5 cho thy mt thi i l theo thi gian khi ht c lu tr theo tiu chun iu kin. Khuch tn ny c ngha l cc c phiu ca cc ht phi c lun chuyn. Phn tch up-to-ngy thi ni dung i l ca cc ht (tnh theo phn trm cht d bay hi 100 C [212 F]) cng cn phi c duy tr, bi v ni dung i l thi xc nh c im ch bin, cui cng mt , v kinh t. Ht m rng nn c lu tr di 32 C (90 F) v y container ( gim lng kh khng gian). T pentane, mt i l thi in hnh, to thnh hn hp n, bin php phng nga phi c thc hin bt c khi no n c s dng. V d, sau khi container lu tr c m ra, mt khong thi gian 10 pht l ngh cho php khi hoc hi pentane tiu tan ra khi container. Chm sc phi c thc hin ngn chn tnh in v tia la bc chy hi thi i l. 9/91 (nh dng 1/95) Qu trnh ha hc hu c Cng nghip 6.6.3-13
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Ti liu tham kho i vi Mc 6.6.3 Hnh 6.6.3-5. EPS ht lu tr trong si trng 21 - 24 C (70-75 F). 1. LF Albright, qu trnh i vi chnh b sung loi Nha V Monomer ca h, McGraw-Hill, New York, nm 1974. 2. Bch khoa ton th hin i Nha, 1981-1982, McGraw Hill, New York, nm 1982. 3.

Thng tin lin lc bng vn bn ca EL Bechstein, Pullman Kellogg, Houston, TX, MR Clowers, C quan Bo v mi trng M, Research Triangle Park, NC, 06 Thng 11 nm 1978. 4. Thng tin lin lc bng vn bn ca JS Matey, Hip hi cc nh sn xut ha cht, Washington, DC, EJ Vincent, C quan Bo v mi trng M, Research Triangle Park, NC, 19 Thng 10 1981. 5. Thng tin lin lc bng vn bn ca PR Chaney, Cng ty Ho cht Mobil, Princeton, NJ, JR Nng dn, C quan Bo v mi trng M, Research Triangle Park, NC, October 13, 1988. 6. Bo co ca Nh my Visit Monsanto Nha v nha Cng ty, Port Nha, OH, Thi Bnh Dng Dch v mi trng, Inc, Durham, NC, ngy 15 thng chn nm 1982. 7. Thng tin lin lc bng vn bn ca R. Symuleski, Cng ty Standard Oil (Indiana), Chicago, IL, A. Limpiti, nng lng v phn tch mi trng, Inc, Durham, NC, ngy 02 Thng By 1981. 8. Thng tin lin lc bng vn bn ca JR Strausser, Vnh Cng ty Ha cht Du, Houston, TX, J. R. nng dn, C quan Bo v mi trng M, Research Triangle Park, NC, November 11, 1982. 9. Thng tin lin lc bng vn bn ca JS Matey, Hip hi cc nh sn xut ha cht, Washington, DC, CR Newman, nng lng v phn tch mi trng, Inc, Durham, NC, 05 thng 5 nm 1981. 6.6.3-14 H s pht thi (nh dng 1/95) 9/91
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10. Calvin J. Benning, bt nha: Cc Vt l v Ha hc Of Hiu sut sn phm v Cng ngh x l, Tp I: Ha hc v Vt L Vt bt hnh thnh, John Wiley V

Con trai, New York, nm 1969. 11. SL Rosen, nguyn tc c bn ca vt liu polymer, John Wiley And Sons, New York, nm 1982. 12. Thng tin lin lc bng vn bn ca K. Fitzpatrick, Cng ty Ho cht ARCO, Monaca, PA, DR Goodwin, C quan Bo v mi trng M, Research Triangle Park, NC, February 18, 1983. 13. Thng tin lin lc bng vn bn ca BF Rivers, Hoechst Tng cng ty M, Leominster, MA, JR nng dn, C quan Bo v mi trng M, Research Triangle Park, NC, ngy 04 thng 5, 1983. 14. Thng tin lin lc bng vn bn ca BF Rivers, Hoechst Tng cng ty M, Leominster, MA, K. Meardon, dch v mi trng Thi Bnh Dng, Inc, Durham, NC, ngy 20 thng 7 nm 1983. 15. Thng tin lin lc bng vn bn ca TM Nairn, Cosden du v Cng ty ha cht, Big Spring, TX, JR nng dn, C quan Bo v mi trng M, Research Triangle Park, NC, 30 thng 3 1983. 16. Thng tin lin lc bng vn bn ca AD Gillen, BASF Wyandotte Tng cng ty, Parsippany, NJ, JR nng dn, C quan Bo v mi trng M, Research Triangle Park, NC, February 18, 1983. 17. Thng tin lin lc in thoi gia K. Meardon, Thi Bnh Dng mi trng Services, Inc, Durham, NC, v A. Gillen, BASF Wyandotte Tng cng ty, Parsippany, New Jersey, ngy 21 Thng Su nm 1983. 9/91 (nh dng 1/95) Qu trnh ha hc hu c Cng nghip 6.6.3-15