Introduction to Quality Assurance

255323

1
.....

(Quality Control)

(Quality
(Q lit CControl
t l iis th
the operational
ti l ttechniques
hi
andd
activities that are used to fulfill requirements for quality (Oakland, 1996)

 (Statistical Process
Control: SPC)

SPC:
Statistical ()
Process ()
Control ()

SPC

(process)

 (Statistical Process
Control: SPC)

SPC:

 (Variability)

1. (Chance cause or Common cause)

2. (Assignable cause or Special cause)
1. (Chance cause or Common cause)

 (Variability)
2. (Assignable cause or Special cause)

(statistical significance)

Accuracy and Precision

Accuracy =
Precision = ,

1.
2.
3.
4
4.
5.
6.
7.

(Check Sheet)

((Cause and Effect Diagram)

g )

(Graph)

(Hi t
(Histogram)
)
(Pareto Diagram)
(Scatter Diagram)
((Control Charts))

 (Check Sheet)


4
1. Check Sheet for Production Process Distribution
2 Defective Item Check Sheet
2.

3. Defect Location Check Sheet

4. Defect Cause Check Sheet

.. ..


1. Check Sheet for Production Process Distribution

11

2. Defective Item Check Sheet

12

2. Defective Item Check Sheet ()

13

3. Defect Location Check Sheet

14

4. Defect Cause Check Sheet

15

4. Defect Cause Check Sheet ()

16

 (Cause and Effect Diagram)

(Fish Bone Diagram)
(Ishikawa Diagram)




()

1

:


2
(
)


Man :

3
Machine :
4 - 8 ( 4M)
Material :

4M1E: man, machine, material, method,

Method :
environment 5M1E: man, machine, material, measurement, method,
environment
: 3P1E
equipment,
equipment policies,
policies procedures,
procedures people
:


Environment :

3 ()

Time :
Measurement :
Transportation :

 (Graph)

 (Graph)

2.2

1.1

4.4
3.

31

32

33

4% 1%

1 QC

9%

(%)

90
9.0

48

61.5

19

24.4

38
3.8

1.3

78

100.0

24%

62%

 (Histogram)
(
> 30))

:,,
:

2
2
2

(

)

100%

()

()
a

 (Pareto Diagram)

40

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10

32
24
16
8
A

Juran VITAL FEWS, TRIVIAL MANY ((
)

()

Pareto Diagram of Circuit Pack Failure

100
90
80

Percent

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

Component Wrong Solder Contract Wrong

failure
deflect
resistance
polarity
1 component
2
3
4
5
Causes of Circuit pack failure

other
6

LLoose
connection
7

Surface
5
Scratches

Pareto Diagrams Side-by-Side for Comparison

4
Cracks

Incomplete
3

Before

2
Wrong Shape
1
Other
0

20

Percent 40

60

80

Surface
5
Scratches

Pareto Diagrams Side-by-Side for Comparison

4
Cracks

Incomplete
3

After

2
Wrong Shape

Other
1
0

20

Percent

40

60

46

80

100

Polarity

80

Physical

60

Gold
Solder

40

Miscellanceous
Bent leads

20

Wrong component

Component insertion

1983
1984
Segmented Bars to Compare Quality Improvement

Before

After

Other
Improper Shape
Incomplete
Cracks
Surface
Scratches
80
-80
80

60
-60
60

40
-40
40

20
0
20
-20
20
0
20
Total number of deflect

40
40

60
60

80
80

1
2

3
4

Data Tally Sheet

Type of
Defect

Tally

Total

Crack

//// ////

10

Scratch

//// //// //// //// //// //

42

//// /

Stain
Strain

//// //// //// //// .. //// ////

Gap

////

Pinhole
Others
Total

//// //// //// ////

//// //// ////

104
4
20
14
200

D t Sh
Data
Sheett ffor Pareto
P t Diagram
Di
Type of Defect

Number of Defects

Cumulative Total

Precentage of

Cumulative

Overall Total

Percentage

Strain

104

104

52

52

Scratch

42

146

21

73

Pi h l
Pinhole

20

166

10

83

Crack

10

176

88

Stain

182

91

Gap

186

93

Others

14

200

100

Total

200

100

7
8

100

180

90

160

80

140

70

120

60

100

50

80

40

60

30

40

20

20

10
D

A: Crack
B: Scratch
C: stain

Others
D: Strain
E: Gap
F: Pinhole

Pareto Diagram by Defective Items

Cumulative peercentage

Num
mber of defecttive units

200

April,1985 - June 30,1985

80% 20%

 (Scatter Diagram)

(Stratification)

(Stratification)

n=30

n=30

n=30

( X
Y

n=30

( X
Y
Y

n=30

( )

n=30

 (Stratification)
Y

X
Y

(Control Chart)

Control Chart Types

Continuous
Numerical Data

Control
Ch t
Charts

Categorical or
Discrete Numerical
Data

Variables
Charts

R
Chart

Attributes
Charts

X
Chart

Transparency Masters to accompany Operations

Management, 5E (Heizer & Render)

P
Chart

C
Chart