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CHNG 6: M HNH TCP/IP V MNG INTERNET

1. Thi lng: GV ging: 6; Tho lun: 3; Thc hnh:3; T hc:12. 2. Mc ch, yu cu: Mc ch: Sinh vin nm c m hnh mng thc t TCP/IP l mt tham chiu ca m hnh OSI. Nm c hot ng, chc nng ca cc tng v cc giao thc c th trong tng . Trnh by r cu trc, hot ng v cc ng dng ca mng Internet. Yu cu: Hc vin tham gia hc tp y . Nghin cu trc cc ni dung c lin quan n bi ging ( c trn http://http:/fit.mta.edu.vn/~thiennd/). Chun b bi tho lun. Chun b v tham gia thc hnh ti phng th nghim
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I. M hnh TCP/IP
Cui nm 1960 v u 1970, Trung tm nghin cu cp cao (Advanced Research Projects Agency ARPA) b quc phng M (DoD) c giao trch nhim pht trin mng ARPANET. u nm 1980, b giao thc TCP/IP ra i lm giao thc chun cho mng ARPANET v cc mng ca DoD.

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I.1. M hnh kin trc TCP/IP

B giao thc TCP/IP c phn lm 4 tng - Tng ng dng (Application Layer) - Tng giao vn (Transport Layer) - Tng Internet (Internet Layer) - Tng truy cp mng (Network access Layer)

Application Presentation

Application

Session
Transport Transport

Network
Data link Physical

Internetnet
Network

access
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Cc tng tng ng gia OSI v TCP/IP

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I.2. Chc nng ca cc tng

Application layer: h tr cc ng dng cho cc giao thc tng Host-to-Host. Cung cp giao din cho ngi s dng m hnh TCP/IP. Cc giao thc ng dng gm HTTP, TELNET, FTP, SMTP ,... Transport layer: thc hin nhng kt ni gia hai my ch trn mng bng 2 giao thc: TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) v UDP ( User Datagram Protocol).
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Internet Layer: Giao thc IP cng vi cc giao

thc nh tuyn RIP, OSPF tng mng cho php kt ni mt cch mm do v linh hot cc loi mng "vt l" khc nhau nh: Ethernet, Token Ring, X.25... nh x a ch MAC-IP bng giao thc ARP v RARP.

Network Access Layer: cung cp cc phng tin

kt ni vt l cp, b chuyn i, Card mng, giao thc kt ni, giao thc truy nhp ng truyn CSMA/CD, Tolen Ring, Token Bus... Cung cp cc dch v cho tng Internet.
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Cc giao thc tng ng vi cc lp trong m hnh TCP/IP

HTTP FTP TELNET SMTP

Application Layer
Transport Layer Transsmission Control Protocol

DNS

SNMP

RIP

User Datagram Protocol

Internet Layer

ICMP

ARP, RARP

Internet Protocol

Network access Layer

Ethernet

Token Ring

Token Bus

Fiber
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HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol): Giao thc truyn siu vn bn (text, image, video, controls..). V d ng dng web.

FTP (File transfer Protocol): Giao thc truyn tp v th mc. Hot ng theo m hnh Client Server. Thc hin qun l tp v th mc trn my ch, ti v cp nht tp va th mc cho my ch.

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Telnet: Chng trnh cho php ngi dng login vo mt my ch, thit b (router) t mt my tnh trn mng. Gip vic qun tr v cu hnh c d dng. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): Giao thc gi email. POP3 giao thc nhn email. DNS (Domain Name server): Giao thc qun l v phn gii tn min; chuyn i t a ch IP sang tn min v ngc li
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SNMP (Simple Network Monitoring Protocol): Giao thc qun tr mng cung cp nhng cng c qun tr mng t xa.

RIP (Routing Internet Protocol): Giao thc nh tuyn. ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol): Nghi thc thng bo.
UDP (User Datagram Protocol): Giao thc truyn khng kt ni cung cp dch v truyn khng tin cy nhng tit kim chi ph truyn.
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TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): Giao thc hng kt ni cung cp dch v truyn thng tin cy.
IP (Internet Protocol): chuyn giao cc gi tin qua cc my tnh n ch. ARP (Address Resolution Protocol): C ch chuyn a ch TCP/IP thnh a ch vt l ca cc thit b mng.

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I.3. ng gi d liu

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Application Layer

Application Layer

Message
Transport Layer Internet Layer Network access Layer Transport Layer

Segment Datagram Packet

Internet Layer Network access Layer

Frame

Physical Net

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Mng con v mt n mng con

Mng Internet s dng a ch IP 32 bit v phn chia ra cc lp rt mm do. Tuy nhin, vi mt h thng a ch nh vy vic qun l vn rt kh khn. Nu nh mt mng c cp mt a ch lp A th c ngha n cha ti 16*1.048.576 my tnh Do vy ngi ta dng mt n bit phn chia mng ra thnh nhng mng con gi l Subnet.
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II. Giao thc trong m hnh TCP/IP

1. IP 2. TCP

3. UDP
4. ICMP

5. ARP/ RARP
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II.1. Internet Protocol - IP

IP l giao thc khng lin kt, chc nng ch yu l cung cp cc dch v Datagram v cc kh nng kt ni lin mng truyn d liu vi phng thc chuyn mch gi IP Datagram, thc hin tin trnh nh a ch v chn ng. Cu trc gi d liu IP: gi l cc Datagram, mi Datagram c phn Header cha cc thng tin iu khin.
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Cu trc gi tin trong giao thc IP

VERS HLEN SERVICE TYPE TOTAL LENGTH

IDENTIFICATION
TIME TO LIVE PROTOCOL

FLAG

FRAGMENT OFFSET

HEADER CHECK SUM

SOURCE IP ADDRESS DESTINATION IP ADDRESS IP OPTION (IF ANY) DATA *** PADDING

DATA
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VER (4 bits): Version hin hnh ca IP c ci t. IHL(4 bits): di phn header, tnh theo n v word. Type of service(8 bits): Thng tin v loi dch v Total Length (16 bits): Ch di Datagram. Identification (16bits): nh danh cho mt Datagram . Flags(3 bits): Lin quan n s phn on cc Datagram Fragment Offset (13 bits): Ch v tr ca Fragment trong Datagram. Time To Live (TTL-8 bits): Thi gian sng Protocol (8 bits): Ch giao thc tng trn: TCP hay UDP. Header Checksum (16 bits): M kim sot li CRC Source Address (32 bits): a ch ca trm ngun.
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- Source Address (32 bits): a ch ca trm ngun.

- Destination Address (32 bits): a ch ca trm ch.

- Option (c di thay i): S dng trong trng hp bo mt, nh tuyn c bit. - Padding ( di thay i): Vng m cho phn Header lun kt thc 32 bits - Data ( di thay i): di d liu ti a l 65.535 bytes, ti thiu l 8 bytes.

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II.2. Transmission Control Protocol

Thit lp, duy tr, gii phng lin kt gia hai thc th TCP. Phn pht gi tin mt cch tin cy.

To s th t cc gi d liu, iu khin li.

Cung cp kh nng a kt ni thng qua s hiu cng.

Truyn d liu theo ch song cng

TCP sp xp li cc Datagram IP khi n ch.

Pht li c chn lc.

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Cu trc gi tin TCP

SOURCE PORT DESTINATION PORT SEQUENCE NUMBER ACKNOWLEDGEMENT NUMBER HLEN RESERVED CODE BITS WINDOW URGENT POINTER

CHECK SUM

IP OPTION (IF ANY)

DATA ***

PADDING

DATA

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- Source Port (16 bt), Destination Port (16 bt) - Sequence Number: 32 bits, s th t khi pht. - Acknowlegment Number (32 bits), Bn thu xc nhn thu c d liu ng. - HLEN (4 bts) - Reserved (6 bt): 0,dnh cho tng lai. - Control bits: Cc bits iu khin - URG : Vng con tr khn c hiu lc. - ACK : Vng bo nhn (ACK number) c hiu lc . - PSH: Chc nng PUSH. - RST: Khi ng li lin kt. - SYN : ng b cc s liu tun t (sequence number). - FIN : Khng cn d liu t trm ngun .
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- Window (16bits): S lng cc Byte d liu trong vng ca s bn pht. - Checksum (16bits): theo phng php CRC - Urgent Pointer (16 bits): S th t ca Byte d liu khn, khi URG c thit lp . - Option (thay i): Khai bo di ti a ca TCP Data trong mt Segment . - Padding (thay i): Phn chn thm vo Header.
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Qu trnh kt ni v hy kt ni ca TCP

Kt ni

Hy kt ni

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II.3. User Datagram Protocol

UDP l giao thc khng lin kt, s dng cho cc tin trnh khng yu cu v tin cy cao, khng c c ch xc nhn ACK, khng m bo chuyn giao cc gi n ch v theo ng th t v khng thc hin loi b cc gi tin trng lp N cho php ng dng trao i thng tin qua mng vi t thng tin iu khin nht. N cung cp c ch gn v qun l cc s hiu cng nh danh duy nht cho cc ng dng chy trn mt Client ca mng.
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Cu trc gi tin UDP

SOURCE PORT UDP MESSAGE LENGTH IP OPTION (IF ANY) DATA *** DATA DESTINATION PORT UDP CHECKSUM PADDING

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V sao la chn UDP

Nu mt s lng ln cc gi tin nh c truyn, thng tin cho vic kt ni v sa li c th ln hn nhiu so vi thng tin cn truyn. Trong trng hp ny, UDP l gii php hiu qu nht. Nhng ng dng kiu "Query-Response" cng rt ph hp vi UDP, cu tr li c th dng lm s xc nhn ca mt cu hi. Mt s ng dng t n cung cp cng ngh ring chuyn giao thng tin tin cy
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II.4. ICMP(Internet Control Message Protocol)

ICMP l giao thc iu khin ca tng IP, s dng trao i cc thng tin iu khin dng d liu, thng bo li v cc thng tin trng thi khc ca b giao thc TCP/IP. C hai loi: thng ip truy vn v thng ip thng bo li. iu khin lu lng Thng bo li nh hng li cc tuyn Kim tra cc trm xa
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II.5. Giao thc phn gii a ch ARP

Giao thc TCP/IP s dng ARP tm a ch vt l ca trm ch khi bit IP. Mi h thng lu gi v cp nht bng thch ng a ch IP-MAC (ARP Cache) n ch c cp nht bi ngi qun tr h thng hoc t ng bi giao thc ARP sau mi ln nh x c mt a ch tng ng mi. Trc khi trao i d liu, node ngun phi xc nh a ch MAC ca node ch bng cch tm kim trong bng a ch IP. Nu khng tm thy, node ngun gi qung b mt gi yu cu ARP(ARP Request) cha a ch IP ch.
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Tin trnh ca ARP c m t nh sau: Trm yu cu: c IP, yu cu a ch MAC. Trm yu cu: tm kim trong bng ARP. Nu tm thy s tr li a ch MAC. Nu khng tm thy, to ARP Request pht qung b ti cc trm khc.

Tu theo gi tin tr li, ARP cp nht vo bng ARP.

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II.6. Giao thc phn gii a ch RARP

RARP l giao thc phn gii a ch ngc, cho trc a ch MAC, tm a ch IP tng ng. Khc ARP l gi tin tr li ch Server c tr li RARP Reply

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Cc giao thc ng dng

File Transfer Protocol - FTP Domain Name System - DNS Simple Net Management Protocol - SNMP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol - SMTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol - HTTP

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File Transfer Protocol - FTP

y l mt giao thc ng dng cung cp cho ngi dng phng php sao chp tp t mt my tnh xa Chng trnh s dng giao thc ny dng cng 21 v thit lp hai knh truyn logic Knh truyn lnh tn ti sut phin lm vic

Knh truyn d liu c thit lp mi khi c d liu truyn v gii phng sau khi s dng Giao thc ny c c t trong RFC 959
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S dng FTP
$ ftp sco5 Connected to sco5. 220220 sco5.cse.com.vn FTP server (Version 2.1WU(1)) ready. User (sco5.cse.com.vn:(none)):binhnn 331 Password required for binhnn. Password: 230 User binhnn logged in. Remote system type is UNIX. Using binary mode to transfer files. ftp> get nettcp.c local: nettcp.c remote: nettcp.c 200 PORT command successful. 150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for nettcp.c (46 bytes). 226 Transfer complete. 46 bytes received in 0 seconds (0.04 Kbytes/s) ftp> bye 221 Goodbye. $

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Domain Name System - DNS

a ch IP khng mang thng tin v a l, t chc hay ngi dng. Ngi ta xy dng h thng t tn gi l Domain Name System cung cp cho ngi dng cch t tn cho cc my tnh vi cch t tn thng thng quen thuc Tn_ngi_dng@Tn_min

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Telnet
Telnet cho php ngi s dng t trm lm vic ca mnh c th ng nhp (login) vo mt trm xa nh l mt u cui (teminal) ni trc tip vi trm xa . c t v Telnet c th tm thy trong RFC 854..861, 884, 885, 1091, 1097 v 1116

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Telnet
Client c t trm cui Users Terminal H iu hnh

Telnet Client

Server nhn thng bo t Client client gi thng bo n server

Telnet Server

H iu hnh

TCP/IP Internet

Server gi thng bo ti my tnh thc hin pseudo terminal

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Phn cp domain name

vn gov edu com mil org nic

vnuh

hau

fit

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Domain Name System

Mt my tnh c th c nhiu tn trn mng Mi tn l duy nht Vic nh x a ch IP - Domain Name c thc hin bi
Nane server ci t ti cc my server Name resolver ci t ti cc my trm

DNS c c t trong RFC 1034, 1035

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Simple Network Monitoring Protocol SNMP

H thng qun tr mng cn gi l m hnh Manager/Agent bao gm Tin trnh qun tr cung cp giao din gia ngi qun tr mng vi cc thit b c qun tr H b qun tr bao gm tin trnh Agent thc hin cc thao tc qun tr v cc i tng c qun tr nh my ch, hub, knh truyn
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- C s thng tin qun tr (Management Information Base - MIB) c lu tr c h thng qun tr v h thng b qun tr cha cc thng tin cn thit cho vic qun tr

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M hnh Manager/Agent ca h thng qun tr mng

Management System Commands Managed System

Manager Process

Agent Process Managed Object

Responses Management Database Notifications

Management Database

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Simple Network Monitoring Protocol - SNMP

Giao thc qun tr mng cung cp phng thc lin lc gia manager, cc i tng c qun tr v cc agent Giao thc qun tr mng ci t trong b giao thc TCP/IP s dng giao thc khng kt ni UDP c t SNMP c th tm thy trong RFC 1155..1158
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Simple Mail Transfer Protocol SMTP

L giao thc s dng cho vic trao i th in t gia cc ngi dng trn mng Ch ra cch thc mt h thng phn pht mail chuyn cc thng ip qua mt kt ni t mt my ny n mt my khc. c im ni bt l vic x l khng trc tuyn - off line, th in t c lu ti hm th ca ngi s dng mt trung tm my tnh no
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Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

Tin trnh server cn c quyn ROOT ghi vo hm th ca mi ngi, y l mt l hng trong vn bo v an ton thng tin trn mng c t cho SMTP c trong RFC 821

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Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

chun truyn cc siu vn bn trn Web. HTTP hot ng gn ging FTP nhng khng duy tr kt ni truyn lnh, knh truyn d liu c thit lp v gii phng ngay sau khi ti liu c truyn - nhn

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World Wide Web - WWW

World Wide Web c xy dng v hot ng theo m hnh Client/Server. Cc Client dng mt phn mm gi l Web Browser. Web Browser tip nhn thng tin yu cu t ngi dng sau gi cc yu cu ti my Server x l. Web Server cng l mt phn mm chy trn cc my phc v, nhn Request thc hin theo yu cu ri tr thng tin (Response) cho ngi s dng.
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Trao i thng tin Web Browser - Server

Gopher Server
Gopher

Web Browser

HTTP

Web Server

Gateway

Other Server

FTP

FTP Server

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Cc lp ro chn bo v thng tin

Quyn Thng tin

UID

Bo v

Bc

truy
vt cp Password ho l

tng
la

Mng ngoi

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Bc tng la
Mt gii php an ton thng tin c s dng rng ri nht hin nay trn Internet L mt tm chn gia mng ni b v mng bn ngoi Bao gm c phn cng v phn mm C nhiu loi bc tng la khc nhau C th xem chi tit trong ti liu Firewall ca CSE
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Ti liu tham kho

Andrew S.T., Computer Network, Prentice Hall, 1988. Douglas E.C., Internetworking With TCP/IP, v.2, Prentice Hall, 1994. Request for Comments - RFCs

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