NEW CURRENTS east european arts, politics, & humanities Ealted by Vsevolod Gunitskiy ‘Charles Sabatos Leonid Garbuzow Trek Gilowacki Matt Shultz Megan Cook fs ste loon Soviet Ln, tpublsted ae Uelverity "REES), Neher the Univer of Micipan pie f Michigan association wth he Center for Russa man, Lil Kis, Viadimir Nau, Robe Owe, Rack these Lavery romps allege oF 8A men at Graduate Scho Wed ne 1 tank the pple wh me Tons, and many ers Thanks Bveryiopin ispubltion isavaableorine. Vist wie neweures New Canes, 1080 Soh Livery Avarne Sult 848, Ann Aber MIMS 1O8110h, For slonlcpien sen chek for Sper copy iTable of Contents Arts & Humanities The Railwaysin Commmunist Symbolism ty eich Ton In Search ofthe Russian Jew by Alexander L The False Dicotomy of Personality Re-Populatin wish Homeland In Wood by Erica Leln Armenian Female Literature iy the Transition Perio by Marian Ohana Autobiographical Vignettes In the Mirror of Childhood. by Judiia Vatctunaite Politics and the Economy A Lesson in Solicarity iy Browistacw Gereaick Between Voiceand Exit by Tatiana Mizguive ALook atthe Collapse of Communi ations Through Weber's Prism, fy Clea Bogaiyrenko Globalization And the Post-Communist Countries by Javor Rang NATO Enlargement int by haar Rags The Processof Policy Making in Poland asan Outcomeot C Imperial ambition by Artieras Dudoiti 1 Balkans: The Proand Con Anal Alternatives in Russia's Foreign Pe ly Piotr F, Kaznachec The Myth of Neo-Soviet Russia by Naya Catic The Assessment ofthe Impact of the Legal Framework hay Jaana 5 ad for the Protection of Lake Baikal,Forginga Civic Identity in Macedonia. Jeffs. Merrit Russian Standards of Living During the Transition Foreign Assistance to Transit by Senny Ver Culture and Sociology Structural Causes ofthe Decline inthe Number of Marriages in the Crech Republic Ly Fornas etna New Russians; Innovators or Traditionalsts? by Serguct Chekhctov he Role ofthe Western Media in the Construction and Maintenance of Religious Anta Lisinaria A, Romanienko EthnicEntrepreneurship ard Assimilation in the Rusyn National ide by Martina Morianikee Gaysand Lesbiansin R hy Nikita A, loons Major Lithuanian Newspapers on National Minorities of Lithuania ny Vida Beresneviciute and Inga Nawsedien Essays Europe in the Imagination of an Apolitical Romanian Cyni hy Marines T War in Kosovo Dre y Stella Pavlova Legacy in Contemporary Russ! in Words, by fea Bezdenefrykr Belarus - The White Spotof Europe by Main Joesiny Democracy on the Intemet by Masia Rubanocskaya How the Mass Media Influences Ethnic Prejudice in Russi by Stanisins Prenthach Fiction SxcPoems by Liliana Ur AFlorse Upstairs, Blind Man In Vrable y Pavel Vilikowsky 204——<—S The Role of the Western Media in the Con- struction and Maintenance of Religious An- tagonisms in Poland Lisiunia A. Romanienko Abstractas Cable News Network [CNN] broadcasting in-many lan © After docades of imecuous state-monitoned media, the peop! of Peland were mesmerized by programing that idealized ralod and mininulfed Polit cultre. an unprecedented de san for material joes became evident. I was that Polish medi, developed hy West 1h nereasingly import, galsisized insiaton that had ire ‘mendous influence an the people of Potnnd, Dependency on the West ‘Many Palihetzens have aggressively eeponded to scenonie frtns oad embraced capitalism with sunning sucess, T ‘hndard of ving anon young adults, particulary inthe cop tol of Warsow, has auypiciosly spiraled te dizzying Peigh ‘Others in conta, paticalarly the elderly an those residing or her dsctiminaory ce cultural barnets. Iereased hous ‘ont have exarerbated the sinition, and renal unis in Wars und in Now York (City’s most exclusive neighborhood." Fea highly weoternized sil ‘profesional workers from the su reuling Eucapean Community has reduced expected eenp mised vo indigenous nationals, As consumption pattems increased, tremendous disparities of economic inequality became sppareit, and Poland’ inde ‘ofdssimilary widenedsigaiticany Ths phenomenon, in par, ceomiribueed 0 the development of th mast ruthless and 20 phistieaed organized crime networks ever seen in the fre ‘world Nocommadity was outside the demain ofthe well con ected intemational Polish ricketecrs, who outiely exchanged phutoriuand other element required in weapon contraction 7 ———— ther honers. Capa a done! thei the na mi raticinatory democrac, eganlles of ethical considersin Westem media abo Fueled Poles terns to be acetal nto NATO, so tha Pole could ceeatea Westar rans to gain political lgitimacy inthe eyes of the word. These cultural, anomie, and social factors, mediated sanctions sich a almiturie ints NATO, eeoiom ‘developmeet assistance numbering in the billions hope pi ‘Tho Emergence of Ant-Potonialismn x through the use ofthe media, Despite the acetatthre ns een significant religious diversifieation among Polat populations sinee the tarstion, (including Hare Kristin Scienologits, and Jehovah Witnesies); the pres ofthe Wi sized the opportunity t portay Polish people a finata our movie, “Shoah which portrayal of ex censervative religous leader of te ons ant-Semitism witha partiula face and cl re have beet may portrayals tht ave been evermore exaggerated inet, 1 sttach 3 pace tne op tothe sh ‘onthe Pale Poles as | an-Satl Do hated vey won Th Asti th pnd sity Serie ‘othe ti dlainvocer ranked fo ond cali highest on 2) Rl ne mre (Marsa Soitv Fer past patel yt i na logs ot ins ot tothe stat fu ponhe mis mecha maiden, 0 be secepcl nied nl vor os, moat so peice rn nices Ly 1 ato. need daring ih Posh rewnnll ine oh whieh bw i Orthodox he Russa, ble tony ideo lta he ny Pount’s © Kish wae West os finatical react OF wa Siete rises tte lewish evan sen may nie group tothe elusive face ofthe anti Serie has now been branded oa th Poe Poles a Fanatical Anti-Somites Is thore any vali othe elim that Poles are fanatic nel when enarnining dota from uneducated oldee malcy ‘rum areas Bur i reais, among the Poss: toward Jewish peoples fr from ions. For example, in recent survey reported on Ail 2 1608 in the Warsave Voice using data gathered by the Polish General Social Survey, support forte oxtcmit right wing anli-Semivie party the Polish National Fellowship, was ex 1, paticlary’ when balanced with coraparab Support in Koran, Hhingary, France, and the Czech Re publi, "These mates hae much high reve unexpectat scces of th Awa the Wintedand campaign of Bruses, the incteay ing populariy’ ofthe neo-Nazi mavemsent arm Cirman titetly portrays Polish people as having the highest an «extent lowhich Polish poople harbor discrinantion spina other tins and religions niinoritis eveat public opiaon data was examined Ina 1995 survey on Polish people's ee highest oppreation hind come at the hands of Germans (8 Yai, Russians (7196, and Ukrainians (67%), oho they fe afe more hstrically responsible forthe problems being experienced in comtemporary times than any Jewish group. (Warsow Voice, April 21,1998) for pst ranegieseione do not support propoganda disse raved by the Westem press repaning Posh ai-Semitisn ‘wht manipulative information is Pavel Spiewak, a Jew nerally reported hy these “logit atthe University of Warsaw studying ani-Semit ‘aims ofthe media, minds us that these accounts (similar Wo dhe strategies employed by the intervisters of "Sboah focus upon older males residing 8 with Ile ‘sducation and no conact wth eusiders who tn to mabe up the small gop of Poles who ck scotinents. This group generally experienced World War IL iasthand. ae often diferent to theatres that occurred express ant Semitic agains religious and sexta minorities Polar ducing the war, and are sometimes willing 10 amticulae ati-Semii ss 1o enthuses representatives ofthe Weston pes Splowak contends ta: these uneducated, reir mas make up.a very sna portion ofthe Polish veting public nd 4 repesent the tre setiment regarding intergroup reli ons among the majority of Poles. Spiewak atibutes the pheromenon ieSemitisn tw a sell group of solated citizens who express this negative soutien snifestaion of Frustration brought aboat through els tsuggland he desire wel seapegowts forthe own per Jows as Fanatic Anti-Polonialists cient against Polish people, To explore te extn to which againe Polish people nay be in effec among ia Jewish Data Da of New Vork wa ig ther eth wee not lee 4 SemitivenAlough 72 10 88 used that ant-Semmti Was nas problem, thee vs ro evidence dat thee ame ab. jets felt any particule dvcrimination against er ethnic rus. fn Fac, the respondents reported progressive ti tides toad other ethnic groups, paticlaly when ake your child werevo mary wnon-te, wouk! or opine the reatonship?” A men posted ht hey wouldoppoe sucha nicn. Anywhere ftom thie 10 a half of respondents would sport swe a ee the questi tionship inthe faily Ie of itcrest to note, bowers, dat support vas negatively correlated with alhererce to or ox principles. Athough the relationship heswecn righ ress and etic tolerance has been proven. be spurots Cathie, Oitedox, and luslin Cros and Bosna (Kurovich aod Hodson. 1999), the data examined for te sponents of Jewish faith contradiots the prior finding ane provides support fora posi relationship biween ler nce ard religiousness. The more religious the subgroup of inost highly foleanc of religious verification Within thefamily [BBC interviewed an Orthod extemiss who eafired hat. rope Jahn Poul When ackod Extent of Antagonism arty ie Jews ihe Pope, the mas would oaly coats hough there is no competition among these en was aware tha there vas indeed an asassinaton ecous for listed resources. and despite the fact that re- plan curr era arch i ante to suppor wbiqutens relics dalleraee oc dscrimination among the emups examined, he media Contlict oF Coercion? bing ethnic tension nevertheless may be usefUl at this nthe early stages afer democratic transition, this pro point exemplify with greater specificity, how the Wie ceive and antagnaistie medis coverage wo intial & pres tainly deteriormes Polish-fewish relation adic ineraction involyirg the religious right of bo th Seams of the move evsepious exiles of Westem post Jewish and Catholic faiths, bithassince been aecting Jews als Pols satin ati Serato, a8 wel asd {Plex of al pottical orientations One might be tempt ow of anti-Polonial sentiment among Jews, can be to charter ths emerging, processus justgposion Jianiled in cortemporwry Western newspapers In an ar. Between these two ethnic groups a eonit, but byt fle on Foley anti-Semitism inthe Washington Post dates} ton, the wations reflect a state coercion The est Wil November 22, 1900, the aughor clair "The hore of emorethan junta theoretical approach, ince the fa Holocaust. as no ache te B %, ing of the question is more impotwnt than the solut 996 the New York Times reported ° According t0 1 1956), conflict sd Kicle, Noland, are asnong small fined asa stniggle over vak aims seme ea pois sill ving in Poland,” Or Ni seer, and rewuices, a srugle which the imi of den Tinos seotion henlineread, "Pop penn uta, jute or eliminate ti iv published lune 12.1990 ep, Mons to peeple ofthe Jewish faith, coupled with Legis ite tre uals a ply td A at granted ciicrabip 10 any Posh Jews tha wer ar article there dats Al 3, 1992 sticd Inthe 1960's: Polish ows ai-Serittn wells} vp ov of som ‘h turned i sificarn bens sn ‘ixnmunal subconscious where gut detes and taba a> Weed Wa A 1 204 any si cat challenge tineearule™"On June 12, 1999 the New York Times rep veel ure between Polish Cath iat the Chie! Kat cf Poland was asiied to eferto Jot and Jvex entity conseucton and stats bing oF x Pal Hus "Mr, Pope" when solicit hisassistance to bi wo cultures are epeating idependenly of one anther in Auschwity), I alums atempto parody the ead us nes Coleman (1957) analyeed pseursocs to conte Jer exarination ond diseodi scholars and joule d cited ecouom asmprimary motivation for co ing aur onthe particulars ofthe Holvesust the au nunity canthiet. Because Unied Stes czens of Jewish Match 14, 1408 article inthe New York Times asers th jo sigficantly higher stds of ving than esl te pg tbl far the celigiowsYenson, an tht re es regardless oF fal, there is no economic maiv jon ifferences in pk Gansu paiems are tes © pervisiveant-Polonalism promalgasod by th forall eligions cana nthe word Weston press. Or the ethor hand, Ronan’ definition of ore serous note, an explicit stempt © pl agents (1997) is desonbed as adversarial faaming of Plidhcultare agin thove of the Jew fui a deny baad icsues leading ta surtciog of Mistrial in April 20, 1983 sricle nthe Miami Hem hat chimed rooted animostcs. The conditions necessary forantagensin at Lech Watesn Plan’ rt democratically elected ce inhale: lamin the oer cide for is cx peo dea, ba ses wih members of the PalesioeLeraion ¢ ems ‘os side agaiast “thea at ganization, During the Pope's March 2000 vist to Isast racers to the opponent. The st where he visited dhe Yad Vashem Halacaust Metra, the si, ad ate fe ‘mort, The Modia ssa Haw ist holding sen coma over datcineat of veronaSS aimed tet Whon sked involved ina nti po inily a of bath the hetero by denis ston wil th fn solution ict is do ii nti Plewish ssa Uy the vival Prieta demands of Poles becawse rect ree poealanimosties historia mrovecupied with ecnmumption expectations, ce The main point of dctsrence ist lig ove a a re we the vet se aio Yuri World War I-where Jews ad Pi Media as a Coercive institution How isthe madi 9 coer 1 polices of gy derimene of individual man nts. this ret of the highest rder- One of the tom here ia desperation to placate the west, in onde US, ton dnt srive the set Polae Gea ba et and other sytematic yoocial els Pop eockdl ilectve memory Jewish historian David Cesar dcueats thei di The Gala: Entpe (Decombor 3, edes isheltc.Thvsta dia hs, during the past deve since the ene sriion, behaved charatertealy a6 ter denieg Poles thee right to auton cont dic Pols the ih worn pe denied Roles any public pla by which they mses apa the acai oF ee eo Ps? To exploce the eat tohish-Folsh relations and to-enamine what extent Group Means of Covers heroleaf eounamer ce Polish-Jewish Relations by nand contrite tthe din dissemination ef g4 forts nividual West mh presh archival da and eontent analysis ssas performed Mothodology ight daibaves coe laining mehival dat rem Westem newsre Tines were scanned to Grap wis Intentional det Costing: Adequate ~ 1. sturtive W Polish-Jesh relations [coved * 1), oF newt leaded 0). Cteria wo evalute coverage volved biaved opinions without regan for faci, tone of ate whether the lest contained coercive language, whet cepa ics berwssn th. 19 sth up xp whether information was presented in x newly Sir and balanced forme, Cases that were chariterzed as vetimen electing Adequate coverage. Group meas Results Angeles, and Miami rs] cored lawest Of an i Wester newspaper a hival databases hive ou means saieulsed that reflect Jraderu Neutrality R dividual New while New Yor Torn, and Wishing toa exhibited grou ‘means that reflected Iighly Ldequate cover age. San Francisco als) showed Adequate ews the sume sub stantially. Mere ia presses, group means calculited indicted iodeterine wath greater pecifcity theidequaey af W runt artclesextracied, frequencies aepresent ant lecros-iabulations were performed fo compare the a suacy of coverage by individual paper, Column pores wore calculate ae results ee prosatedlbolow. W 5. The New York Tires, th neady a thd of their eoy riteria as destruetive to lain; i ely The Washington Pesta he Las rea Ade New nade Toval Perse Ae Nowe trade Angele Mia Ke fot ofl bor at at Nuun outa ceri Tew ch Toes schutonhas | ton 6] 6 Is} a7 % | 1000 20 | 1.000 epesenatinn nn xl Now York Times Pos areexac ee 4 sprevent the mont uicayere of Po onsale wih abso xs is rely reared departing To ree to) news eH ae mone wnups whose ental (hence ino preter io de- icles se mone key whose eoserage re- ince (hee the prevalence oe ais, wih laively pert: wharave the goerage tha i 00 Les 8 Pari Incident-Based Reporting by Individual Newspapers Ta Fre | Proper Free | Can gerry | ten [Peco | guecy [Peet New York Times 29 [4328 [4328] 29 [4328 san Fran Chronicle | 13 | 1040 | 1940| 42 | enon ‘Washington Post 8 [uss [arse | 50 [ree Miami 6 los | x90] 36 [s35e 3 fos | 44s | 39 [8800 Los Angeles Times ‘forse | 199 | oo [oss Toronto Star ios | iso] ot foros Others 6 fase | 96 | 67 | 100 TOTAL @ [iow | 100 [67 [100 Table 3 ctrstcofiniden-based reporting” The lack of i: eot-ised reporting should be teerpcted as afock of events to pom on* The init ofthe Western pens to report on my actual act of desecration egslavon, public option, oF ther incidents eroding Polich-hewish relations, results ia the proliferaéoy of mdlammatory ediortal opinion (Op-Ed) overage These Op-Fd pieces compose neatly 70% ‘Westem coverage, and consistenly attempt & stimu reader emotions based an historical felations bere these sreupesince World Wael Bevause there are no contempe ay ews events 10 draw upon to fel ths stews etn onic, the prevaleace of Op-Fécoveraye representing wy hinds ofall Wevtern coverage examined, father supports my assertion that by definition there so actual thai ean- fie pelaciving Jewish and Polish relations. Given the ab- sence of any news events, the actical reliance of expeiting ioral. based emotions of readers ofboth sth group, and the inability of womemporary public opinion, voling atterns, oF legislation 10 suppert these conflict eonspir es disseminated by the Western pres the coercive nit tion that isthe Western media persists i spinning these de seractivearicles for ene expbeit objective. That objective involves mass appeal and hence consumption of ¥ com- ‘ moi Newspapers. Simply py the seateny of eocreve ‘media constructing and inaiuatng eeious aniagonis i Poland is intentonally consist forthe expressed put pos tose papers. Conypiraey theories involving the Fakes as persenified evidence of prowing global ani Serato fi fils Westerp me's prizaay objecve asa odestive ap talstinstiution, Regalos of ts" inability tobe subst ated theough voting patterns, pubic opin bas-relatd a tueks, competition for resources, widespread defanarian of Jewish instiutions,exchisionary legalaton, or any ater \iesern indices consttucng dsetinnatery beter; Pal [eh am-Sernitien lnply soll newypapen “Tapeovide evidence fr tieetTect fellows poy lution dermopeaphis of reads, data ropardingreligicus ‘Somposition of residcnls in geographic aes sere West fem media was located Was examined (0 93H here Was ‘sbstunilveadership ofthe Jewish fh, The Nort Are ‘can Jewish Databank as again ensued, ae! population Stites are presented in tabled, ete we ober tar residents of Jowish ath in the sub scription afsa oF newspapers examined repeescat over 2.5 rillion potential readers. Though th primary purpose of this analysis ws not suggest that marketing principles 20Jewish Composit of Metropolitan Areas Examined, 1990 Miami 152.0 Now Yor Shin San Francisco i Datario (Toronto) Washington, D.C 157.0 POTAL 646, able 4 are ewehsively responsible forthe phevonsen " dhecutre evataer, the msbynrtal reprevenition of Jew Inhesident is cle one ofthe ray factors she consent nflammater, no ineideet-bved eats coverage of Potinh-Jewishrelaons in Western he Conelusion iio he ze ‘ons peste n this analysis. This preliminary inves tral ample of W ive rleof Western media pets takes ‘eptiveand misleading induence in the post-aransition pro About the Author ni mapialzad proups, She has Bibliography Ader, C. an Seold Hels. 1992 Amesican Jevish Yeu hi of Coercion and Authority A Digins snd Spread of Nationalism Londen Verso Ani-Defien He 1998 Hate Crimes Lave A Com: Blalock, 0 4 Conte: Toward a Ger rk, Sage Publications in, D, 1909 “Exploiting » Helecaust” The Gian aan, 181987 Comuaity onliet Glencoe, I Fie Wun, PY. ge, 191 New Ap ew’ York; Praeger Pebisters 1986 [106 ions of Social Conflict wi S.1975 The War paint che lows 1933 5 Lond i Pres baum, H. (ed) 1999 The Amerieanization ofthe Ho 1. Pand Bjorkquist, Keds. 1997 Cultara Variation 0 Resolition:Altematives Violence Mahal: Goldstein, S. 1992 “Profle of American Jowty: Insight he 1950 National Jewish Populstion Survey"inA c eds. 1992 Arrenan Jewish Yearbook Pit. 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