CHNH HP LP - T HP LP

Trn Th Thanh Hng, Trn c Duy, Mai Hu Nhn, 11T THPT chuyn Nguyn Bnh Khim, Vnh Long Bi ton m u. C bao nhiu cch xp 4 vin bi ging nhau vo 3 hp khc nhau. Li gii. bi ton by chng ta c th lit k cc trng hp c th xy ra nh sau: Gi s vin bi xp vo hp 1, hp 2, hp 3, ln lt l x, y, z . Cc trng hp c th xy ra i vi ( x, y , z ) l: (4;0;0), (0;4;0), (0;0;4), (1;1;2), (1;2;1), (2;1;1), (1;3;0), (1;0;3), (0;1;3), (0;3;1), (3;0;1), (3;1;0), (0;2;2), (2;2;0), (2; 0; 2). Vy c 15 cch xp. Nhn xt. Vi bi ton ny c th lit k tt c cc trng hp, nhng vi nhng bi ton tng t nh th nhng s bi v s hp ln hn rt nhiu th chng ta s gp nhiu kh khn trong vic lit k. Vy c mt phng php no gip chng ta gii nhng bi ton nh th n gin hn khng? Sau y chng ta hy cng nhau tm hiu v T hp lp Chnh hp lp, chng s gip chng ta gii cc bi ton phc tp mt cch d dng hn. 1. Chnh hp lp * * a) nh ngha. Cho tp X gm n (n N ) phn t. Mt dy c di m (m N ) cc phn t ca X , trong mi phn t c th lp li nhiu ln, sp xp theo th t nht nh gi l mt chnh hp lp chp m ca n phn t. K hiu s chnh hp lp chp m ca n phn t l Fnm .
m m b) Cng thc. Fn = n .

Chng minh. Cho X = {x1 ; x2 ;......; xn } . Dy c di m l a1a2 .......am (m N * ) . a1 c n cch chn , a2 cng c n cch chn (v a2 cng c th ging a1 ), ... am cng c n cch chn.
m m Vy dy c di m c n m cch chn, hay Fn = n .

c) Cc v d V d 1. Bin ng k t c 6 ch s v 2 ch ci u tin trong 26 ch ci (khng dng ch O v I ). Hi s t c ng k nhiu nht l bao nhiu? Li gii. Gi X l tp hp cc ch ci dng trong bng ng k, suy ra X c 24 phn t ( v khng dng 2 = 242 cch chn cho hai ch ci u tin. Gi Y l tp hp cc ch s dng trong O v I ). V vy ta c F24 6 6 bng ng k, suy ra Y c 10 phn t. V vy c F10 = 10 cch chn cho 6 ch s cn li. Do c tt c 106.242 bin s. V d 2. Hi c bao nhiu s c 10 ch s m 3 ch s u v 3 ch s cui tng ng ging nhau? Li gii. Ta thy vi 1 cch chn cho 3 ch s u cng ch c 1 cch chn cho 3 ch s cui chng 3 = 103 cch chn ty cho 3 ch s u. Ta phi loi trng hp s 0 ng tng ng ging nhau. Ta c F10
2 2 3 2 3 2 u, suy ra c F10 = 10 cch b loi. Nh vy ta c F10 F10 = 10 10 = 900 cch chn cho 3 ch s u. Nn ta c 900 cch chn cho 3 ch s u v 3 ch s cui tng ng ging nhau. Ta cn li 4 trng, m t 4 = 104 = 10000 . V y ta c 900.10000 = 9000000 s cn tm. 4 trng ta lp c F10 * Nhn xt. T ta c th tng qut bi ton ln nh sau: Cho n > 2m > 2 (n, m N ) . Hi c bao nhiu s c n ch s m m ch s u v m ch s cui tng ng ging nhau. m m1 n 2 m Li gii. Chng ta cng l lun nh trn. Ta c c ( F10 F10 ).F10 s cn tm.

2. T hp lp a) nh ngha. Mi cch chn ra k vt t n loi vt khc nhau (trong mi loi vt c th c chn li nhiu ln) c gi l t hp lp chp k ca n . S cc t lp chp k ca n c k hiu l K nk .
k b) Cng thc. K n = Cnk+ k 1 .

c) Cc v d. V d u tin s l mt h qu quan trng. V d 1. Gi s c n vin bi ging nhau v m ci hp, ta xp bi vo cc hp. Gi xi vi i = 1, 2, 3..., m l s bi hp i. Chng minh rng n a) S cch xp khc nhau n vin bi vo m ci hp l Cm +n1 .
m1 n cch xp c Cn b) Trong Cm +n1 1 cch x p cho tt c cc hp u c bi.

Li gii. a) Ta biu din m ci hp t m + 1 gch thng ng, cn cc vin bi biu din bng cc ngi sao (*). Chng hn nh |**|*|***|*|.|***| Nh vy ngoi cng lun lun l cc vch thng ng, cn li m 1 vch thng ng v n vin bi c sp xp theo th t ty . Nh v y s cch sp xp khc nhau bng s cch chn n phn t trong tp hp n m 1 + n phn t (c vch v ngi sao) chnh l Cm + n1 . b) Trng hp mi hp c t nht 1 vin bi tng ng vi cch biu din mi vch phi bao gm gia hai ngi sao. Nhng c tt c n 1 khong trng gia n ngi sao. V v y phi xp m 1 vch vo n 1 khong m1 trng . V y c tt c Cn cch xp. 1 Nhn xt. T bi ton trn ta suy ra mt h qu th v. n a) S cc nghim t nhin ca phng trnh x1 + x2 + ... + xm = n (n, m N * ) l Cm + n1 .
m1 b) S cc nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh x1 + x2 + ... + xm = n ( m n, n, m N * ) l Cn 1 .

thy c ng dng ca h qu trn ta xt v d sau. V d 2. Tm s nghim nguyn khng m ca phng trnh x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 20 (1) tha iu kin x1 3; x2 2; x3 > 4 (*) Li gii. Ta vit iu kin cho thnh x1 3; x2 2; x3 5 . Xt cc iu kin sau x2 2; x3 5 (**), x1 4; x2 2; x3 5 (***). Gi p, q , r ln lt l cc s nghim nguyn khng m ca phng trnh (1) tha cc iu kin (*), (**),
, , (***). Ta c p = q r . t x1, = x1 ; x2 = x2 2; x3 = x3 5; x,4 = x4 , kt hp vi (**), phng trnh (1) tr , , , , thnh x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 13 (2).

S nghim nguyn khng m ca phng trnh (1) tha iu kin (**) bng s nghim nguyn khng m 13 13 13 13 = C4 ca phng trnh (2). Theo h qu trn s nghim l K 4 +131 = C16 . V y q = C16 .
13 9 9 9 9 L lun tng t, ta c r = K 4 = C4 +91 = C12 . Suy ra p = q r = C16 C12 = 560 220 = 340 . Vy s nghim nguyn khng m ca phng trnh (1) tha iu kin (*) l 340. V d 3. Tm s cch xp 30 vin bi ging nhau vo 5 hp khc nhau sao cho hp 1c nht 5 bi, bit rng hp 2 v hp 3 khng cha qu 6 bi. Li gii. Trc ht ta tm s cch xp 30 vin bi ging nhau vo 5 hp khc nhau sao cho hp 1 c t nht 5 bi. Nhn xt rng ta cn ly 5 bi xp trc vo hp 1, do s bi cn li l 25. Suy ra s cch xp trong trng hp ny bng s cch xp 25 bi vo 5 hp m khng c iu kin g thm. S cch xp l 25 K 525 = C525 +251 = C29 = 23751 . Tng t ta c:

- S cch xp 30 vin bi ging nhau vo 5 hp khc nhau sao cho hp 1 cha t nht 5 bi, hp cha t nht 18 18 18 = C5 7 bi l K 5 +181 = C22 . - S cch xp 30 vin bi ging nhau vo 5 hp khc nhau sao cho hp 1 cha t nht 5 bi, hp 3 cha t 18 18 18 = C5 nht 7 bi l K 5 +181 = C22 .

- S cch xp 30 vin bi ging nhau vo 5 hp khc nhau sao cho hp 1 cha t nht 5 bi, mi hp 2 v 3 11 11 11 = C5 cha t nht 7 bi l K 5 +111 = C15 . S dng cng thc A B = A + B A B ta suy ra s cch xp 30 vin bi ging nhau vo 5 hp khc nhau sao cho hp 1 cha t nht 5 bi, ng thi hp 2 hay hp 3 cha t nht 7 bi l 18 18 11 18 18 11 K5 + K5 K5 = C22 + C22 C15 = 13265 (2) Theo yu cu ca bi ton, khi xp 30 vin bi vo 5 hp th hp 1 phi c t nht 5 bi cn mi hp 2 v 3 phi c khng qu 6 bi. Do s cch xp ny s bng hiu ca hai cch xp (1) v (2), tc l bng: 2375113265 = 10486 . 3. Bi tp Bi 1. Tm s nghim nguyn khng m ca phng trnh x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 40 trong mi trng hp sau a) x1 3, x2 4 , b) x1 > 3, x2 < 4 , c) 2 x1 8, x2 4, x3 > 3, x4 < 6 . Bi 2. [ thi i hc nm 2007 ] C bao nhiu b ba s nguyn khng m ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) tha iu kin x1 + x2 + x3 15 , vi x1 > 2 , x2 < 4 . Bi 3. Mi kha gm 5 vng s ghi 0, 1, 2, ..,9. Mi dy 5 ch s cho mt cch m kha. C bao nhiu kha c cch m khc nhau. Bi 4. C bao nhiu cch pht 100 phn thng ging nhau cho 60 hc sinh. Mi hc sinh c t nht 1 phn thng. Bi 5. C bao nhiu s c 6 ch s m a) Ch s u v ch s cui ging nhau. b) Ch s u v ch s cui ging nhau c) Hai ch s u v hai ch s cui ging nhau Bi 6. C bao nhiu cch xp kn vt khc nhau thnh k nhm, mi nhm c n vt? Bi 7. Ngi ta lm mt b hoa t 18 hoa. Cho bit khng c b hoa no di 3 hoa. Hi c bao nhiu cch lm mt b hoa? Bi 8. Trong t c n i gng tay. L y t ra mt cch ngu nhin 2r chic gng tay (2r < n) . Tm xem c bao nhiu kh nng trong s tt ly ra a) Khng lp thnh mt i no c. b) C ng 1 i. c) C ng 2 i Ti liu tham kho [1] Nguyn V Thanh, Chuyn bi dng chuyn ton cp 2-3 S Hc, Nh xut bn tr, 2001 [2] Ng Th Phit, 250 bi ton Gii Tch T Hp, Nh xut bn ng Nai,1994 [3] TS.Trn Vn Hoi, [pdf] T hp v php m, 20072008 [4] TS. Nguyn Vit ng, [pdf] Tp hp, nh x, php m V cc ti liu trn: www.diendantoanhoc.net www.onthi.com.vn http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinations Its at first you dont success try. Try again. 3