CHNG 4

L THUYT BN
I. KHI NIM II.NHNG THUYT BN 1.Thuyt bn th nht 2.Thuyt bn th hai 3.Thuyt bn th ba 4.Thuyt bn th t 5.Thuyt bn Mo III.V VIC P DNG CC THUYT BN TOP

I. KHI NIM

Khi kim tra bn mt im ca mt b phn cng trnh hay chi tit my b ko nn (trng thi ng sut n), b ct hoc xon (trt thun ty), ta c iu kin sau:

Trong nhng ng sut cho php vit v phi c suy ra t nhng kt qu th nghim v ko, nn, ct (hay xon), nhng ng sut cho php c tnh bng cch ly ng sut nguy him chia cho h s an ton. i vi vt do: ng sut nguy him l (ch, (ch i vi vt liu gin: ng sut nguy him l (b, (b Nhng th nghim xc nh ng sut nguy him ko, nn, ct (hay xon), thng n gin v c th thc hin c. Nu mun kim tra bn mt im ca mt b phn cng trnh hay chi tit my trng thi ng sut phc tp (phng hoc khi) th ta cn c nhng kt qu th nghim ph hoi nhng mu th trng thi ng sut tng t, tc l t l gia nhng ng sut chnh (1, (2 v (3 ca mu th khi b ph hoi phi bng t l gia nhng ng sut chnh ca im cn kim tra. Vic thc hin nhng th nghim nh th rt kh khn v thc t c khi khng thc hin c v: - S lng th nghim phi rt nhiu mi p ng c cc t l gia nhng ng sut c th gp trong thc t.

- Trnh k thut hin nay cha cho php thc hin c tt c nhng th nghim v trng thi ng sut phc tp, v d trng hp ko theo 3 phng vung gc nhau. n gin, ngi ta a trng thi ng sut phc tp ang xt v trng thi ng sut n tng ng v vic kim tra bn s tin hnh i vi trng thi ng sut n tng ng ny. By gi ta phi tm s lin h gia cc ng sut chnh (1, (2, (3 vi ng sut tng ng (t l nh th no. Nhng gi thuyt cho php thit lp s lin h gi l cc l thuyt bn. Thuyt bn l nhng gi thuyt v nguyn nhn c bn gy ra trng thi ng sut gii hn ca vt liu, cho php ta nh gi bn ca vt bt k mt trng thi ng sut phc tp no, nu bit bn ca vt liu t th nghim ko nn ng tm. Thc ra bn ca vt liu khng nhng ch ph thuc vo trng thi ng sut m cn ph thuc nhiu nhn t c, l khc nh nhit , thi gian, cch t lc...nh hng ca nhng nhn t ny rt phc tp. Hin nay cng cha c l thuyt tng qut no xt c y nhng nh hng . y, nhng l thuyt bn ch xt n mt nhn t l trng thi ng sut v nghin cu s lm vic ca vt liu trong gii hn n hi. Cc thuyt bn c xy dng trn mi gi thuyt ring v v tnh cha hon chnh ca cc thuyt bn nn kt qu tnh ra s c gi tr khc nhau. II. NHNG THUYT BN 1. Thuyt bn th nht: Thuyt bn ng sut php ln nht Thuyt bn th nht do Galil a ra nm 1638. Thuyt ny cho rng: Vt liu b ph hoi l do ng sut php cc i ca phn t trng thi ng sut phc tp t ti ng sut nguy him ca phn t trng thi ng sut n. Ta c th pht biu thuyt ny nh sau: Hai trng thi ng sut phc tp v n s c bn tng ng nu ng sut php ln nht ca chng bng nhau Nh vy iu kin bn c vit l: TOP

Thiu st chnh ca thuyt ng sut php ln nht l khng k n nh hng ca hai ng sut chnh cn li. Thc t cho thy cc ng sut chnh c nh hng nhiu n bn ca vt liu. V d: nu ta nn mt khi xi-mng hnh lp phng theo tt c cc mt ca n bi mt p sut phn b u th th nghim cho thy khi xi-mng vn chu c lc m khng b ph hy mc d ng sut trong khi xi-mmg vt qu gii hn bn nhiu ln i na.

Ngoi ra thuyt bn th nht cn khng thch hp i vi vt liu do, cn i vi vt liu gin, thuyt ny ch cho nhng kt qu ph hp khi c mt ng sut chnh rt ln so vi cc ng sut chnh cn li. Hin nay thuyt ny khng cn c p dng m ch c ngha lch s. 2. Thuyt bn th hai: Thuyt bn bin dng di tng i ln nht TOP

Thuyt bn th hai do Marit a ra nm 1682. Thuyt ny cho rng: vt liu b ph hy l do bin dng di tng i cc i ca phn t trng thi ng sut phc tp t n bin dng di tng i trng thi nguy him ca phn t trng thi ng sut n. Ta c th pht biu thuyt ny nh sau: Hai trng thi ng sut phc tp v n s c bn tng ng nu bin dng t i ln nht do chng gy ra bng nhau Ta c:

Theo thuyt ny th: (1 = (t Tc l: iu kin bn c vit l:

u im ca thuyt bn th hai l c k n nh hng ca ba ng sut chnh (1, (2 v (3. Song cng nh thuyt bn th nht, thuyt ny cng khng thch hp i vi vt liu do. Cn i vi vt liu gin th n ch cho kt qu ph hp khi (1> 0 v (3 < 0 Trc kia thuyt ny c dng rt rng ri nhng ngy nay hu nh khng cn c dng na. 3. Thuyt bn th ba: Thuyt bn ng sut tip ln nht TOP

Thuyt bn th ba do Coulomb a ra nm 1773. Thuyt ny cho rng: vt liu b ph hoi l do ng sut tip cc i ca phn t trng thi ng sut phc tp t n ng sut tip nguy him ca phn t trng thi ng sut n. Ta c th pht biu thuyt ny nh sau:

Hai trng thi ng sut phc tp v n s c bn tng ng nu ng sut tip ln nht ca chng bng nhau Trong trng thi ng sut n Trong trng thi ng sut khi Theo l thuyt ny th

Thuyt bn ng sut tip ln nht rt ph hp vi vt liu do nhng li khng thch hp i vi vt liu gin. Thiu st ca thuyt ny l khng k n ng sut chnh (2. Thc t cho thy rng (2 c nh hng n bn ca vt liu. Kt qu tnh ton theo thuyt ny sai t 10(15% so vi th nghim. Thuyt th 3 cho php gii thch v sao vt liu b nn u theo tt c cc phng c th chu c nhng p sut rt cao, l v trong trng hp ny th (1 = (3=-p do d p sut p c ln ti u (t cng bng khng, cho nn vt liu vn chu c m khng b ph hng. Nhng ngc li, khi vt liu chu ko u theo 3 phng th (t cng bng khng, tc l vt liu cng khng b ph hy, iu ny li khng thch hp. Ngy nay thuyt bn th ba c s dng rt rng ri trong khi tnh ton cc cng trnh lm bng vt liu do. So vi thuyt bn th t th thuyt ny c s dng nhiu hn, v cng thc ca n n gin hn, mc d n c phn km chnh xc hn. By gi ta s thit lp cng thc tnh (t cho mt trng hp thng gp trong cc bi ton sc bn vt liu, l trng thi ng sut phng c bit nh trn hnh v (Hnh 4-1) Ta c:

Thay vo ta c:

iu kin bn:

(IV-3b) TOP

4. Thuyt bn th t: Thuyt bn th nng bin i hnh dng

Thuyt bn th nng bin i hnh dng do Huybe a ra nm 1904. Thuyt ny cho rng: vt liu b ph hoi l do th nng bin i hnh dng ca phn t trng thi ng sut phc tp t n th nng bin i hnh dng trng thi ng sut nguy him ca phn t trng thi ng sut n. Ta c th pht biu thuyt ny nh sau: Hai trng thi ng sut phc tp v n s c bn tng ng nu th nng ring bin i hnh dng ca chng bng nhau. Trong trng thi ng sut khi:

Trong trng thi ng sut n

Theo thuyt ny th:

Rt ra: iu kin bn (IV-4a)

Nu thit lp cng thc tnh (t cho trng hp ng sut phng c bit ta c:

L thuyt th nng bin i hnh dng ph hp i vi vt liu do, nhng i vi vt liu gin th cng khng thch hp. Mt khc thuyt ny vn cha gii thch c s ph hoi ca vt liu khi b ko u theo 3 phng. Hin nay thuyt th nng bin i hnh dng c s dng rt rng ri trong k thut xy dng v c kh. 5. Thuyt bn Mo: L thuyt trng thi ng sut gii hn TOP

Thuyt bn Mo da vo ng bao ca h vng trn ng sut gii hn xc nh trng thi ng sut gii hn cho tng trng hp ca trng thi ng sut. Thuyt ny cho rng: vt liu b ph hoi l do trng thi ng sut ang xt vt qu trng thi ng sut gii hn tng ng trong h vng trn ng sut gii hn.

Ta bit mt trng thi ng sut khi c th biu th trn h trc (-( bng ba vng trn ng sut. Ta gi nhng vng trn tng ng vi trng thi ng sut khi vt liu trng thi nguy him l nhng vng trn gii hn. Nh vy vi nhng kt qu th nghim theo cc t s gia nhng ng sut chnh khc nhau, ta c th v c nhng vng trn gii hn trn h trc (-(. Ngi ta nhn thy rng ng sut (2 c nh hng rt t n s ph hoi ca vt liu, do trong ba vng trn gii hn ca mt trng thi ng sut, ngi ta ch ch n vng trn ln gi l vng trn chnh xc nh bi cc ng sut (1 v (3. (Hnh IV-2) Nu ta v ng bao ca nhng vng trn gii hn, ta s c mt ng cong gii hn (cn gi l ng ni ti). Ta gi thuyt rng ng bao ny l duy nht i vi mi loi vt liu v khng ph thuc vo tr s ca ng sut chnh (2. Vic th nghim xc nh nhng vng trn gii hn v t v ng cong gii hn khng phi l d dng. Do trn thc t, n gin ngi ta ch cn c vo hai vng trn gii hn ko v nn theo mt phng v v ng cong gii hn l ng thng tip xc vi hai vng trn .(Hnh IV-3) Gi s c mt trng thi ng sut khi vi cc ng sut chnh (1 v (3. Trng thi ng sut nguy him ng vi trng thi ny s l:

Vng trn biu th trng thi ng sut nguy him ny l vng trn tm C3 . Vng trn ny tip xc vi ng cong gii hn ti im K3. Sau y ta lp mi lin h gia nhng ng sut chnh (1 v (3 ca trng thi ng sut gii hn ny vi nhng ng sut gii hn v ko v nn Xt hai tam gic ng dng C2A3C3 v C2A1C1 ta c:

Ta c:

Th vo phng trnh trn:

ng dng ta c

Ch : ta c: iu kin bn theo thuyt Mo: (IV-5a) i vi vt liu do: (0k = (0n => (t = (1 - (3: thuyt bn Mo a v thuyt bn ng sut tip ( thuyt bn th ba) Thuyt bn Mo vit cho trng thi ng sut phng c bit

iu kin bn

(IV-5b) Trong :

Tuy thuyt bn Mo c nhc im l b qua nh hng ca ng sut chnh (2 v n gin ng cong gii hn thnh ng thng nhng cng c u im hn nhng l thuyt trn v c xt n trng thi ng sut ca vt liu b ph hoi. Mt khc, l thuyt ny cng khng cn ra nhng gi thuyt m cn c trc tip vo cc trng thi ng sut khi nguy him biu th bng nhng vng trn gii hn. Trong thc t, ngi ta thy l thuyt ny ph hp nhiu vi vt liu c bn ko v nn khc nhau v ch chnh xc khi vng trn gii hn ca trng thi ng sut ang xt nm trong khong 2 vng trn ko v nn.