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Tổng Quan Về Kỹ Thuật Đa Anten
Tổng Quan Về Kỹ Thuật Đa Anten
N
TT NGHIP I HC
ti:
:D04VT1
H Ni, 11-2008
c Lp - T Do - Hnh Phc
-------***-------
-------***-------
TI N TT NGHIP I HC
H v tn: Bi Th Thy Dng
Lp: D04VT1
Kho: 2004 2008
Ngnh hc: in T - Vin Thng
Tn ti:
K THUT A ANTEN TRONG THNG TIN
DI NG 3G+
Ni dung n:
Ni dung ca n c chia thnh ba phn chnh nh sau:
Tng quan v thng tin di ng 3G+
Tng quan v k thut a anten
K thut a anten trong HSPA+ v LTE
Ngy giao n:/...../2008
Ngy np n: /11/2008
Ngy . thng 11 nm 2008
Gio vin hng dn
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Mc lc
MC LC
MC LC.................................................................................................................... i
DANH MC HNH V.............................................................................................iii
DANH MC BNG BIU........................................................................................iv
THUT NG VIT TT.........................................................................................iv
LI NI U.........................................................................................................viii
CHNG 1............................................................................................................... 10
TNG QUAN V THNG TIN DI NG 3G+...................................................10
1.1. M u............................................................................................................10
1.2. S pht trin ca thng tin di ng .............................................................10
1.3. Tng quan HSPA+.........................................................................................13
1.3.1. Kh nng ca HSPA+................................................................................14
1.3.2. c tnh ca HSPA+ ................................................................................14
1.3.2.1. MIMO.....................................................................................................15
1.3.1.2. iu ch bc cao HOM...........................................................................15
1.3.1.3. Kt ni gi lin tc CPC.........................................................................16
1.4. Tng quan cng ngh LTE .........................................................................18
1.4.1. Cc mc tiu yu cu ca LTE..................................................................19
1.4.1.1. Cc kh nng ca LTE............................................................................19
1.4.1.2. Hiu nng h thng.................................................................................20
1.4.1.3. Cc kha cnh lin quan ti trin khai.....................................................22
1.4.1.4. Qun l ti nguyn v tuyn....................................................................24
1.4.1.5. Cc vn v mc phc tp..............................................................24
1.5. Tng kt..............................................................................................................25
CHNG 2............................................................................................................... 26
TNG QUAN V K THUT A ANTEN..........................................................26
2.1. M u............................................................................................................26
2.2. Cu hnh a anten..........................................................................................26
2.3. Li ch ca k thut a anten........................................................................27
2.4. M hnh MIMO tng qut.............................................................................27
2.5. Knh SVD MIMO..........................................................................................29
2.5.1. M hnh knh SVD MIMO........................................................................29
2.5.2. M hnh h thng SVD MIMO ti u.......................................................33
2.6. a anten thu....................................................................................................34
2.6.1. M hnh knh phn tp anten thu...............................................................34
2.6.2. S kt hp chn lc SC.........................................................................35
2.6.3. S kt hp t l cc i MRC...............................................................36
2.6.4. Kt hp loi b nhiu IRC.........................................................................38
2.7. a anten pht..................................................................................................41
2.7.1. Phn tp pht.............................................................................................42
2.7.1.1. S Alamouti hai anten pht vi mt anten thu...................................42
2.7.1.2. S Alamouti hai anten pht v Nr anten thu .....................................46
2.7.1.1. Phn tp tr.............................................................................................49
2.7.1.2. Phn tp tr vng CDD...........................................................................50
2.7.1.3. Phn tp bng m ha khng gian thi gian...........................................51
2.7.1.4. Phn tp da trn m ha khng gian-tn s...........................................52
Bi Th Thy Dng-D04VT1
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Mc lc
Bi Th Thy Dng-D04VT1
ii
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Danh mc hnh v
DANH MC HNH V
Hnh 3.6.V d v bo co PCI/CQI loi A v B cho UE c cu hnh MIMO......78
Bi Th Thy Dng-D04VT1
iii
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THUT NG VIT TT
3GPP
ACK
AMPS
ARIB
ARQ
ATIS
AWGN
BPSK
CCSA
CDD
Xc nhn
H thng in thoi di ng tin
Advanced Mobile Phone System tin
Association of Radio Industries Hip hi cc doanh nghip v
and Businesses
cng nghip v tuyn
Automatic Repeat reQuest
Yu cu pht li t ng
Alliiance for
Telecommunications Industry
Lin minh cho cc gii php cng
Solutions
nghip vin thng
Additive White Gaussian Noise Tp m Gauss trng cng
B
Binary Phase-Shift Keying
Kha dch pha nh phn
C
China Communications
Hip hi chun truyn thng
Standards Association
Trung Quc
Cyclic Delay Diversity
Phn tp tr vng
Bi Th Thy Dng-D04VT1
iv
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CDMA
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HSPDSCH
HSSCCH
HSUPA
IRC
IMS
J-TACS
LTE
MAC
MBMS
MIMO
ML
MMSE
MRC
MUMIMO
Kt hp trit nhiu
Phn h a phng tin Internet
H thng truyn thng truy nhp
hon ton Nht bn
Pht trin di hn
iu khin truy nhp mi trng
N
NACK
Negative Acknowledgement
O
Orthogonal Frequency Division
OFDM
Multiplex
P
PARC
Per-Antenna Rate Control
PCI
Precoding Control Indicator
P-CPICH Primary CPICH
PDC
Personal Digital Cellular
R
RAN
Radio Access Network
RLC
Radio Link Control
S
SAE
System Architecture Evolution
SC
Selective Combining
S-CPICH Secondary CPICH
Bi Th Thy Dng-D04VT1
Khng xc nhn
Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s
trc giao
Ch th iu khin tin m ha
Knh CPICH s cp
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SDMA
SIC
SMS
SNR
STBC
STTD
SUMIMO
SVD
TACS
TDD
TDM
TDMA
Bi Th Thy Dng-D04VT1
vii
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LI NI U
Trong tin trnh pht trin ca x hi loi ngi, s ra i ca thng tin di
ng l mt bc ngot ln v thng tin di ng nhanh chng tr thnh mt
ngnh cng nghip vin thng pht trin, l lnh vc tin phong, iu kin kin
quyt cng nh c hi mi quc gia, mi dn tc thu hp khong cch pht
trin, trnh nguy c lc hu, tng cng nng lc cnh tranh. Cho n nay, thng
tin di ng tri qua nhiu th h. Th h th nht l th h thng tin di ng
tng t s dng cng ngh a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA). Thng
tin di ng th h hai s dng k thut s vi cc cng ngh a truy nhp phn
chia theo thi gian (TDMA) v theo m (CDMA). Ngy nay, cng ngh thng tin di
ng 3G c a vo thng mi ha, nhng nhu cu v cht lng dch v
cng nh tc d liu vn ngy cng tng. Do , s pht trin sau 3G ang
c cc t chc c bit l 3GPP nghin cu trin khai. Tiu biu cho cng ngh
thng tin di ng sau 3G l HSPA pht hnh 7 (HSPA +) v LTE. p ng nhu
cu v cht lng dch v v tc d liu, cc cng ngh ny c b sung
thm nhiu c tnh mi v tin b, mt trong s l k thut a anten MIMO.
Nhng nm gn y cc h thng a anten MIMO tr thnh cc ch
thu ht nhiu t chc nghin cu trn ton cu. H thng MIMO rt c trin vng
trong cc h thng thng tin di ng th h sau bi l n khng ch cho php t
c hiu qu s dng ph tn cao hn na m cn c tnh kh thi v phn cng
cng nh phn mm do s tin b ca cc cng ngh x l tn hiu s DSP v bin
i tng t s tc ADC cao.
Vi mc ch tm hiu su v k thut MIMO v ng dng thc tin ca n
cng nh xu hng pht trin ca thng tin di ng, em chn ti K thut
a anten trong cng ngh thng tin di ng 3G+
Ni dung tm hiu ca n gm 3 chng s ln lt trnh by cc vn
sau:
Chng 1:Tng quan v thng tin di ng 3G+
Chng 1 ca n s gii thiu mt cch khi qut v s pht trin ca
h thng thng tin di ng ng thi trnh by nhng nt c bn nht ca hai cng
ngh HSPA+ v LTE.
Chng 2:Tng quan v k thut a anten
Trong chng ny, n s trnh by mt s k thut a anten c bn nht
cng nh cc k thut a anten c s dng trong h thng thng tin di ng sau
3G.
Bi Th Thy Dng-D04VT1
viii
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Bi Th Thy Dng-D04VT1
ix
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CHNG 1
TNG QUAN V THNG TIN DI NG 3G+
1.1. M u
Bt u t nhng th nghim u tin vi truyn dn v tuyn ca
Guglielmo Marcono trong nhng nm 1980, con ng cho truyn thng v tuyn
di ng thc s tri di. hiu c h thng truyn thng di ng 3G phc
tp ngy nay, iu quan trng l phi hiu c im xut pht cng nh hiu c
h thng t bo pht trin th no t mt cng ngh t dnh cho mt s c
nhn c bit ti cc h thng truyn thng di ng ton cu vi hn mt na dn
s th gii s dng nh ngy nay. S pht trin cc cng ngh di ng c s
thay i, t mt vn mang tnh quc gia hoc khu vc tr thnh mt nhim v
phc tp do t chc pht trin cc chun quc t m nhim, nh l 3GPP v lin
quan ti hng nghn con ngi. Cc cng ngh t bo m 3GPP nghin cu c
trin khai rng ri trn ton th gii, vi s lng ngi s dng trn 2 t trong
nm 2006. Bc tin mi nht ca 3GPP l nghin cu pht trin 3G ln LTE v
SAE. i ngc li thi gian, n s trnh by lch s pht trin ca h thng t
bo khi mi bt u hnh thnh, ngoi ra n s trnh by tng quan v mng truy
nhp v tuyn ca 3G+, l HSPA+ v LTE.
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vng khc nhau trn th gii : ARIB (Nht), CCSA (Trung Quc), ETSI (Chu
u), ATIS (M), TTA (Hn Quc) v TTC (Nht).
Hnh 1.1 trnh by s pht trin ca thng tin di ng v xu hng tin
vo 4G.
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Pht hnh 7:(Cha hon chnh). Cung cp cc chc nng d liu GSM nng
cao, ng thi bao gm cc ci tin cho cc tnh nng t cc phin bn trc. Kt
qu lm tng hiu sut, nng cao hiu qu s dng ph tn, tng cng dung lng
v chng nhiu tt hn. Do , n thng c gi l 3G + (pht trin 3G ). Ngoi
ra trong pht hnh 7, HSPA+ cn h tr dch v VoIP.
Bc tin cui cng c nghin cu v pht trin trong 3GPP l ci tin
ca 3G vo mng truy nhp v tuyn LTE v mng li truy nhp gi SAE. n
nm 2009-2010, LTE v SAE c hy vng s trin khai.
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1.3.2.1. MIMO
HSPA+ h tr MIMO 2x2 ng xung, s dng hai anten pht Node B
truyn lung d liu trc giao ti hai anten thu pha UE. S dng hai anten cng
thm x l tn hiu s c hai pha thu pht, MIMO c th tng dung lng ca h
thng v nhn i tc d liu m khng cn tng cng sut Node B hoc bng
thng.
Trong nhng iu kin nht nh, d liu trong h thng MIMO 2x2 c th
c pht trn hai lung trc giao. c hiu qu nht, MIMO cn SNR cao UE
v mi trng tn x l tng. SNR cao m bo cho UE c th gii m thnh cng
tn hiu n trong khi cng sut c phn u trn hai anten. Mi trng tn x l
tng m bo hai lung d liu trc giao khi chng c truyn ti UE.
Mt khc, trong mi trng LOS, kh c th h tr cc lung trc giao, do
m li MIMO c gii hn. MIMO mang li li ch nht trong mi trng
th v tn x tt v kch thc nh. Cn vi mi trng nng thn vi kch thc
ln v tn x t, MIMO khng mang li li ch to ln. HSPA + a ra s DTxAA cho MIMO 2x2 m n s trnh by trong chng sau. Trong nhng pht
hnh sau (pht hnh 8 v xa hn na), MIMO bc cao v UL MIMO s c xem
xt.
Khng MIMO
14 Mbps (16-QAM)
21 Mbps (64-QAM)
5,76 Mbps (QPSK)
11 Mbps (16-QAM)
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ngh v tuyn tim nng mi cho php nng cao hiu sut ph tn, thng lng
ngi s dng v gim thi gian tr, gim phc tp ca h thng (nht l i
vi cc giao din) v qun l ti nguyn v tuyn hiu qu d rng trin khai v
khai thc h thng.
C th tm tt cc nhim v, mc tiu nghin ca LTE v SAE nh sau:
1. V phn v tuyn (LTE):
Ci thin hiu sut ph tn, thng lng ngi s dung, tr.
n gin ha mng v tuyn.
H tr hiu qu cc dch v gi nh: MBMS, IMS.
2. V phn mng (SAE):
Ci thin tr, dung lng v thng lng.
n gin mng li.
Ti u ha lu lng IP v cc dch v.
n gin h tr v chuyn giao n cc cng ngh khng phi 3GPP.
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Trng thi ng
Trng
thi tch cc
<50ms
(CELL_DCH)
(CELL_PCH)
<100ms
Trng thi ri
Hnh 1.4. Chuyn i trng thi trong LTE
LTE c thi gian chuyn i cc trng thi nh hn 100ms (nh trong ch
d ri Idle ca R6) vo trng thi tich cc (nh trong R6 CELL_DCH). N cng
cn m bo thi gian chuyn i nh hn 50ms t trng thi ng (nh trong R6
CELL_PCH) sang trng thi tch cc (nh trong R6_DCH).
Yu cu tr mt bng ngi s dng m bo tr nh hn 10ms. Tr mt
bng U c nh ngha l tr mt chiu gia mt gi ti lp IP trong UE (hoc
node bin ca UTRAN) n lp IP trong node bin ca UTRAN (hoc UE), node
bin ca UTRAN l giao din UTRAN vi mng li. Chun m bo tr mt bng
U ca LTE nh hn 5ms trong iu kin khng ti (ngha l mt ngi s dng vi
mt lung s liu i vi gi nh (chng hn ti tin bng khng cng vi tiu ).
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Tc nh (Mbps)
Hiu sut
(bit/Hz/s)
ph
tn
HSDPA (R6)
LTE
ch LTE/ t
14,4
144
100/ t
0,75
1,84
0,006
0,0148
Bng 1.3. So snh thng s tc v hiu sut s dng bng tn gia LTE trn
ng xung v HSDPA
HSUPA (R6)
LTE
ch LTE/ t
Tc nh (Mbps)
5,7
57
50/ t
Hiu sut ph tn
(bit/Hz/s)
0,26
0,67
2-3 ln HSUPA/ t
2,6
0,006
0,015
Bng 1.4. So snh thng s tc v hiu sut s dng bng tn gia LTE trn
ng ln v HSDPA
b. H tr di ng
Cc yu cu v di ng tp trung ln tc di chuyn u cui di ng. Mc
tiu ra l t c hiu nng cc i vi tc u cui di ng khong 015km/h, hiu nng ca h thng s gim khi tc u cui cao hn. i vi tc
trn 120km/h LTE m bo hiu nng cao duy tr kt ni trn ton mng t
bo. H thng LTE c th qun l tc ln ti 350km/h thm ch l 500km/h ph
thuc vo bng tn. LTE m bo cc dch v thoi ngang hng vi
WCDMA/HSPA.
c. Vng ph
Cc yu cu v vng ph tp trung ln vng ph (bn knh ) tc l khong
cch cc i t trm ti u cui di ng trong . Hiu sut, ph tn v thng
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i trm vi
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500
300
500
300
1.4.1.5. Cc vn v mc phc tp
LTE bn cnh phi tha mn cc hiu nng yu cu, vn mc phc tp
cng phi c gim thiu n nh h thng v tng tc vi cc giai on
trc. iu ny cng cho php gim gi thnh thit b u cui v UTRAN.
Cc yu cu i vi LTE phi gim thiu mc phc tp cu UTRA UE
lin quan n kch thc, trng lng v dung lng acqui (ch ch v ch
tch cc) v cc trng thi UE n gin hn so vi UMTS, nhng vn m bo cc
dch v tin tin cu LTE. Hnh v sau th hin s n gin trong LTE so vi
UMTS v cc trng thi UE.
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1.5. Tng kt
Nh vy, chng 1 trnh by tng quan qu trnh pht trin ca thng tin
di ng t 3G WCDMA ln 3G HSPA (3G+) v LTE (E3G/4G). C th ni HSPA
l hu 3G v LTE l tin 4G vi cng ngh LTE s em li cho vin thng di ng
th gii tin gn n 4G hn.
Ngoi ra, trong chng 1 n cng gii thiu khi qut v nhng c
tnh ci tin ca HSPA+ so vi nhng pht hnh trc : MIMO, iu ch bc cao,
kt ni gi lin tc CPC, nng cao CELL_FACH ng thi a ra nhng mc
tiu khi thit k LTE hng ti. Trong chng tip theo, n s trnh by tng
quan v k thut MIMO, mt trong nhng pht minh ln trong lnh vc v tuyn,
c ng dng trong h thng 3G v cc h thng thng tin di ng tng lai. Vi
MIMO, hiu nng c mc h thng v mc lin kt c nng cao ln ng k.
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CHNG 2
TNG QUAN V K THUT A ANTEN
2.1. M u
a anten l tn chung cho cho tp hp nhng k thut da trn vic s dng
nhiu anten pha thu/pha pht, v t nhiu kt hp vi k thut x l tn hiu,
thng c gi l MIMO. K thut a anten c th c s dng nng cao
hiu nng h thng, bao gm lm tng dung lng h thng (s ngi dng trong
mt tng) v tng vng ph (m rng ) cng nh l lm tng kh nng cung cp
dch v, v d, tc d liu ngi dng cao hn. Chng ny s cung cp ci nhn
tng quan v mt s k thut a anten khc nhau .
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h 21
H=
h1N
r
h12
h 22
h 2N
hN 1
t
hN 2
t
hN N
t r
(2.1)
Trong :
hnm l li knh gia anten pht th n v anten thu th m.
x1 ,
Gi s: x =
y =y1 ,
=1 ,
x2,
T
xN
y2 ,
yN
2 ,
l s liu pht.
l s liu thu.
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h12 h N 1 x1 1
y1 h11
t
y h
h 22 h N 2 x 2 2
2
21
t
+
=
y N r h N 1 h N 2 h N N x N t N r
r
t r
r
(2.2)
(2.3)
(2.3)
c (0, ) v E
H = 2 I N
N0
; N0 l mt ph cng sut tp m.
2
(2.4)
/2
1
N
A
(2.5)
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hay:
det(Q- I )=0
(2.6)
HH , N r < N t
Q= H
H H, N r N t
(2.7)
0
0
1/2
N
1/2
2
0 0
0 0
0 0
(2.8)
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1/2
1
0
D= 0
1/2
0
2
0 1/2
N
t
0
0
0
0
0
(2.9)
Trong :
(2.10)
~
y =U H y
~
=U H
r H
~
y n = 1/2
n x n + u nm n
(2.11)
m =1
Trong n=1,2,...,NA.
p dng nh l trung tm, ta c:
~
y n = 1/2
n x n + n
(2.12)
c (0, )
C th coi NA lung song song c truyn trong cc knh khng gian trc
giao. Ging nh i vi OFDM, c th s dng m hnh knh phainh phng song
song tng ng phn tch v m phng knh MIMO.
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Hnh 2.2. Phn chia knh phainh phng MIMO thnh cc knh phainh
phng song song tng ng da trn SVD
n c coi l li knh v c th c s dng nh gi BER ti pha
thu. Nu ta s dng tch sng nht qun v coi rng bit i th SNR ti my thu
c xc nh nh sau:
2
xn n
2n
Enn
2n
(2.13)
N0
l mt ph cng sut tp m AWGN.
2
Ebn
(2.14)
2n
Trong
Pr
(2.15)
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N
A
1
Paverage =
Pr
N A n =1 n
(2.16)
z = U H y = U H (HxV +)
= U H UDV H Vx +U H
= Dx +U
(2.17)
(2.18)
Trong n=1,2,...,NA.
Biu thc (2.18) cho php xy dng h thng SVD MIMO ti u gm N A
knh pha inh phng song song nh trn hnh (2.3)
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(2.19)
(2.20)
(2.21)
Nr
= hm2
(2.22)
m =1
Vi ||h||2 SNR l tng SNR thu i vi vecto knh cho trc h. C th phn
tch song tng t s tn hiu trn tp m (SNR) thu khi cho iu kin li knh
thnh hai thnh phn sau:
h
=N r
1
N
(2.23)
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(2.24)
2.6.2. S kt hp chn lc SC
S ny s dng b kt hp n gin nht, trong b kt hp ch n
gin c tnh cng tn hiu tc thi trong N r anten thu, sau chn la anten
c tn hiu mnh nht. V SC loi b nng lng hu ch t cc lung nn s
ny r rng khng phi l ti u, tuy nhin do tnh n gin ca n nn n c s
dng trong nhiu trng hp khi cn gim bt cc yu cu phn cng. S kt
hp chn lc c cho trn hnh 2.4.
Em
2m
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0 =
E0
2m
0m = N 0 /2
l mt tp m song bin
/
g 0
trc
(2.25)
g cho
( g ) =P(1 , 2 ,..., N
/ r
g
0
g ) =
1 e
g nh
sau:
(2.26)
g ) =1 PN ( g )
r
(2.27)
1
m =1 m
r
= 0
(2.28)
Phng trinh cho thy khi s anten thu N r ln, vic tng anten thu ci thin
SNR trung bnh khng ng k.
2.6.3. S kt hp t l cc i MRC
Hnh (2.5) m t nguyn l c bn ca cch kt hp cc tn hiu thu y 1,...,yNr
Nr anten, cc tn hiu thu c nhn vi trng s phc w1* ,..., w *Nr trc khi cng
vi nhau.
Trong k hiu vector, s kt hp tuyn tnh anten thu c biu din nh
sau:
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x = w1*
y
1
w *N .
R
y N R
= w H .y
(2.29)
yN
R
h
1
=
hN
R
1
.x +
= h.x +
(2.30)
(2.31)
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yN
R
h
1
=
hN
R
I,1
.x +
h I, N
1
.x +
I
= h.x + h .x +
I I
(2.32)
(2.33)
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Tng qut, s c Nr-1 gii php khng tm thng biu th s linh hot
khi la chn vector trng s. S linh hot ny c th c s dng trit nhiu
tri. c bit hn, trong trng hp tng qut vi N r anten thu s c kh nng (t
nht l v mt l thuyt) trit tiu hon ton N r-1 ngun nhiu. Tuy nhin vi mt
la chn trng s anten no m c th trit hon ton mt s ngun nhiu tri th
c th lm tng tp m sau khi kt hp anten.
x
=E x
(2.34)
n tt nghip
n tt nghip
Hnh 2.8. X l tuyn tnh khng gian/thi gian 2 chiu (2 anten thu)
n tt nghip
(2.35)
x
h 2 ]. 1
x 2
x *2 (k)
+
x1* (k + 1)
(2.36)
* . +
* = *
*
y(k + 1) h 2 h1 x 2 (k + 1)
(2.37)
Nhn thy ct ca ma trn ch nht trong phng trnh trn trc giao vi
nhau. V th nhim v tch sng x 1 v x2 c chia thnh hai nhim v v hng
trc giao.
n tt nghip
n tt nghip
(2.38a)
(2.38b)
(2.39)
Trong :
(2.40)
y = y1
h
H = *1
h 2
y*2
l vector thu.
h2
h1*
(2.41)
T
x2
= 1
*2
]T
b. S kt hp
Gi thit rng my thu hon ton bit c trng thi knh. B kt hp thc
hin nhn bn tri vector thu y vi ma trn chuyn v Hermitian H H c :
n tt nghip
h *
~
x = HHy = 1
*
h 2
h1*
= h *
2
h 2 y1
H
. * + H
y
h1
h 2 h1
. *
h1
h 2
h 2 + h 2
1
2
=
0
h 2 x1
H
. + H
- h1*
x
2
~
H
.x + H
2
2
h1 + h 2
~
(2.42)
(2.43a)
~
x 2 = (12 + 22 ).x 2 h1**2 + h *2 1
(2.43b)
(2.44)
d(~
x 2 , x 2 ) d(~
x2,xk )
(2.45)
d. SNR tng hp c th c tnh nh sau (nu coi rng nng lng tn hiu
pht chia u cho hai anten)
=
(12 + 22 ) 2 E s
(12 + 22 ) 2 2
(12 + 22 ) E s
2
2
2
2
n E
s
= 1
2
2
(2.46)
2 = N 0 /2
vi N0 l cng sut
n tt nghip
Anten 2
Thi im k
x1
x2
Thi im k+1
- x*
2
x*
1
n tt nghip
Bng 2.1. M ha v chui k hiu pht cho s phn tp pht hai anten
Anten thu 1
Anten thu 2
Anten pht 1
h11
h12
Anten pht 2
h21
h22
Bng 2.2 .nh ngha cc knh gia anten pht v anten thu
Anten thu 1
Anten thu 2
Thi gian k
h11
h12
h21
h22
(2.47a)
(2.47b)
(2.47c)
(2.47d)
Trong ,
h nm = nm .e
nm
thu m.
T phng trnh (2.47), i vi hai k hiu lin tip c thu t my thu th
nht ti thi im k v k+1, ta c:
Y1=H1x+N1
(2.48)
Trong :
Y1 = y1
h11
H1 = *
h 21
y*2
*
h11
h
21
n tt nghip
1* (k +1)
N1 = 1 (k)
(2.49)
T
Y2 =y 3
y*
4
h12
H2 = *
h 22
h 22
*
h12
N 2 = 2 (k)
*
2 (k +1)
(2.50)
(2.51)
Trong :
(2.52)
~
x = [~
x1 ~
x2 ]T ,
h*
h 21
H1H = *11
h 21 h11
h*
12
HH
2 = *
h 22
h 22
h12
2
2
* (k) + h * (k + 1) + h * (k) + h * (k + 1)
x1 = 11
+ 12
+ 221 + 222 .x1 + h11
1
21 1
12 2
22 2
(2.53)
2
2
*
*
x 2 = 11
+ 12
+ 221 + 222 .x 2 h111* (k +1) + h *
211 (k) h12 2 (k +1) + h 22 2 (k)
(2.54)
n tt nghip
(112 +122 + 221 + 222 1). x i 2 +d 2 (~x1 , x i ) (112 +122 + 221 + 222 1). x k 2 + d 2 (~x1, x k )
(2.55)
Hay:
d 2 (~
x1, x i ) d 2 (~
x1, x k ), i k
(2.56)
(2.57)
nm E
E
s = m =1 n =1
s
= m =1 n =1
2 2
2
2
2
2 2nm
(2.58)
m =1 n =1
2.7.1.1. Phn tp tr
Knh v tuyn thng b tn thi, tn hiu truyn t u pht ti u thu theo
qua nhiu tuyn fading c lp c tr khc nhau, mang li kh nng phn tp a
ng hoc phn tp tn s tng ng. Truyn dn a ng mang li li ch v
hiu nng ng truyn v tuyn, vi gi thit l s lng ng truyn khng qu
ln v s truyn dn phi cha cng c b mo tn hiu v d bng cch
truyn dn OFDM hoc s dng b cn bng tin tin pha thu.
Nu bn thn knh v tuyn khng tn thi, k thut a anten pht c th
c s dng to tn thi gi, tng ng l tnh chn lc tn s gi bng cch
pht cc tn hiu ging nhau vi tr tng ng khc nhau t nhiu anten. Bng cch
ny, fading t cc anten khc nhau s c tng quan thp, t c th t c
phn tp tn s. Loi phn tp tr ny c minh ha trong hnh 2.12 vi trng
hp 2 anten pht. Tr tng ng T s c la chn m bo ph hp vi tnh
chn lc tn s thng qua bng tn ca tn hiu pht i. Hnh 2.12 minh ha vi
trng hp 2 anten pht. Phn tp tr c th c m rng vi nhiu hn 2 anten
pht vi tr tng ng khc nhau trn mi anten.
n tt nghip
Trong trng hp truyn dn OFDM, dch vng tn hiu min thi gian th
tng ng l dch pha ph thuc tn s trc khi iu ch OFDM nh c minh
ha trong hnh 6.8b. Ging nh phn tp tr, n cng to ra tnh la chn tn s gi
my thu.
n tt nghip
n tt nghip
Hnh 2.14. Phn tp pht khng gian- thi gian WCDMA (STTD)
Truyn dn STTD c biu th theo vector nh sau:
y 2n h1
=
y = *
*
y 2n + 1 h 2
h 2 x 2n
.
= H.x
h1* x *2n +1
(2.59)
Trong y2n v y2n+1 l k hiu thu trong khong 2n v 2n+1. Biu thc trn
c gi thit l cc tham s h 1 v h2 khng thay i trong khong 2 k hiu k
nhau. Ma trn H l ma trn nht phn. K hiu pht x 2n v x2n+1 s c phc hi li
bng cch nhn ma trn W=H-1 vi ma trn vector r
n tt nghip
phi trong min thi gian. V th, SFBC c ng dng trong OFDM v nhng s
truyn dn min tn s. Khng gian tn s tng ng vi STTD (m
c gi l phn tp pht khng gian- tn s SFTD) nh c minh ha trong hnh
2.15. Khi tn hiu iu ch (min tn s) a 0, a1, a2, a3,... c nh x trc tip sang
cc sng mang OFDM trn anten th nht, trong khi khi k hiu
* , a * ,a * , a * ,...
a1
c nh x sang cc sng mang con tng ng anten th hai.
0
3
2
n tt nghip
n tt nghip
x N
T
v
1
=
vN
T
.x = v.x
(2.60)
h*
i
N
hk
(2.61)
k =1
n tt nghip
2.8.1. Nguyn l c bn
T cc phn trc c th thy r l k thut a anten pha thu v pha pht
gip ci thin t s tn hiu trn tp m pha thu tng ng vi s lng anten bng
cch p dng k thut to bp sng pht v thu.Trong trng hp tng qut vi
Nt an ten pht v Nr anten thu, t s tn hiu trn tp m c th tng ln tng ng
vi Nt xNr , v cho php tng tc d liu vi gi thit bng thng
n tt nghip
khng gii hn. Tuy nhin, nu trong trng hp bng thng b gii hn trong di
hot ng th tc d liu s bo ha khi bng thng khng th tng c na.
hiu v bo ha tc d liu, xem xt biu thc c bn v dung lng
knh chun ha sau y:
C
S
= log 2 1 +
BW
N
(2.62)
(2.63)
NR
C
S
= N L .log 2 1 + R = min{ N T , N R } .log 2 1 +
.
BW
NL N
min{ N T , N R } N
(2.64)
n tt nghip
y 2 h 2,1 h 2,2 x 2 2
1,1
(2.65)
(2.66)
n tt nghip
Hnh 2.20. Thu tuyn tnh/Gii ghp knh cc tnh hiu c ghp khng gian
Mc d vector x c th c phc hi hon ton trong trng hp khng c
tp m, min l ma trn H kh o, (2.66) cng ch ra rng cc c tnh ca H cng
quyt nh phm vi no m vic gii iu ch hai tn hiu s lm tng mc tp m.
hiu v ma trn H th ta cng phi hiu rng tn hiu pht i t hai anten
pht s gy nhiu cho nhau. Hai anten thu c th c s dng thc hin s
IRC, bn cht l trit nhiu ca tn hiu t anten th nht ln anten th hai v
ngc li. Cc hng ca ma trn W thc hin chc nng ny.
Trong trng hp tng qut, cu hnh a anten s bao gm N T anten pht v
NR anten thu. S lng tn hiu song song c th c ghp knh khng gian s ln
hn NL=min (NT, NR). C th hiu c bng trc gic l:
Hin nhin s khng th c nhiu hn N T tn hiu c c th c pht i
t NT anten pht, tc l s lng tn hiu c ghp knh ln nht l N T.
Vi NR anten thu, s lng tn hiu nhiu c th b trit tiu ln nht l N R-1,
tc l s lng tn hiu c c ghp ln nht l N R.
n tt nghip
n tt nghip
Trong trng hp s tn hiu ghp khng gian bng s anten pht (N L = NT),
tin m ha c s dng trc giao cc lung song song, cho php tng cng
cch ly tn hiu pha thu.
Hnh 2.22. Trc giao ha tn hiu ghp khng gian thng qua tin m ha. i,i l
gi tr eigen th i ca ma trn HHH
Trong trng hp s tn hiu ghp nh hn s anten pht N L < NT, tin m
ha c s dng sp xp NL tn hiu ghp knh ln NT anten pht bao gm c
ghp knh khng gian v to bp sng.
xc nhn rng tin m ha c th tng cng cch ly cc tn hiu ghp
knh, ta biu din ma trn knh H di dng SVD
H = W. .V H
(2.67)
n tt nghip
n tt nghip
Hnh 2.24. Gii ghp knh/gii m tn hiu ghp khng gian da trn SIC
R rng l vi SIC, tn hiu u tin c gii m s mc nhiu cao hn so
vi cc tn hiu c gii m sau ny. Nh vy, thc hin mt cch chnh xc
hn th tn hiu c gii m trc phi mnh hn nhng tn hiu sau. Vi gi thit
truyn dn a t m nh hnh 2.23b, iu ny c th thc hin c bng cch p
dng cc s iu ch v t l m ha khc nhau i vi cc tn hiu khc nhau.
S iu ch bc thp, t l m ha thp tc l tc d liu thp s c p
dng cho tn hiu c gii m trc. K thut ny thng c gi l iu khin
t l trn anten PARC.
2.9. Tng kt
Trong chng 2, n trnh by nhng k thut a anten kinh in nht
c s dng trong h thng thng tin v tuyn ni chung v trong cc h thng
thng tin di ng 3G+ (HSPA+ v LTE ) ni ring. Cc s MIMO c thit k
khai thc ti nguyn no trong mi trng truyn v tuyn, tc d liu
n tt nghip
c nng cao bng cch truyn nhiu lung d liu song song. Do nhn chung
k thut a anten c ng dng trong 3G+ vi mc ch ln nht l tng tc d
liu, nng cao hiu sut s dng ng truyn v tuyn. C th k thut a anten
trong HSPA+ v LTE s dc trnh by trong chng 3.
n tt nghip
CHNG 3
K THUT A ANTEN TRONG HSPA+ V LTE
3.1. M u
3GPP pht hnh 7 a ra mt s c tnh mi. MIMO l mt trong nhng
c tnh mi v quan trng ca HSPA pht hnh 7, c a ra lm tng tc
d liu nh thng qua truyn dn a lung. Ni mt cch tng quan nht th
MIMO l s dng nhiu anten pha pht v pha thu, c th c s dng phn
tp v t tng t s sng mang/nhiu. Tuy nhin, nhn chung thut ng ny dng
cho trng hp truyn dn a lp hoc a lung, n nh mt phng tin lm
tng tc d liu trong mt knh. Do , MIMO hoc ghp knh khng gian
c coi l mt phng tin ci thin thng lng ngi dng u cui. ng
nhin, khi thng lng ngi dng u cui tng th s lm tng thng lng ca
h thng. Nh trnh by trong chng trc, cc s MIMO c thit k
khai thc ti nguyn no trong mi trng truyn v tuyn, tc d liu c
nng cao bng cch truyn nhiu lung d liu song song. Tuy nhin, t c
tc d liu cao th phi tha mn mt t s sng mang trn nhiu tng ng
pha thu. Do vy, ghp knh khng gian thng c ng dng trong nhng nh
hoc gn trm gc, bi v nhng v tr ny t s sng mang trn nhiu thng
cao. Cn nhng v tr m t s sng mang trn nhiu thp, UE-MIMO s c s
dng phn tp thu trong truyn dn n lung.
n tt nghip
n tt nghip
n tt nghip
sng mang trn nhiu my thu so vi vic khng tin m ha, do lm tng vng
ph i vi mt tc d liu no .
Lung d liu u tin s c nhn vi w 1 v w2, lung th hai th c
nhn vi w3 v w4. Cc trng s ny c th c gi tr nh sau:
w1 = w 3 =
1
2
(3.1)
w 4 = w 2
(3.2)
1 + j
w 2
,
2
1 j
,
2
1 + j
,
2
1 j
(3.3)
w3
w 4
(3.4)
n tt nghip
HW , trong
h1,1
H =
h 2,1
h1,2
h 2,2
(3.5)
n tt nghip
n tt nghip
nhiu lung c pht trn nhiu anten khc nhau, th phi c mt lung c thu
chnh xc, cc lung khc c th yu cu pht li phn ti trng. Nu lung u tin
thu b li th vic gii m lung th hai cng s khng chnh xc nu ta s dng
SIC. Do , trn mi lung, ACK/NAK s c gi i t UE ti Node B.
n tt nghip
Nu mt khi truyn dn c pht i, cc thng tin sau s c knh HSSCCH loi M pht i
Thng tin v tp m knh (7 bit)
S iu ch + thng tin s khi truyn i (3 bit)
Thng tin trng s tin m ha (2 bit)
Thng tin kch thc khi truyn (6 bit)
Thng tin qu trnh HARQ (4 bit)
Phin bn chm sao tn hiu (2 bit)
Nhn dng UE (16 bit)
Nu hai khi c truyn, thng tin sau s c pht i trn HS- SCCH loi
M:
Thng tin v tp m knh (7 bit)
S iu ch + thng tin s khi truyn i (3 bit)
Thng tin trng s tin m ha cho khi truyn s cp (2bit)
Kch thc khi truyn s cp (6 bit)
Kch thc khi truyn th cp (6 bit)
Thng tin v qu trnh H-ARQ (4 bit)
Phin bn chm tn hiu cho khi d liu s cp (2 bit)
Phin bn chm tn hiu cho khi d liu th cp (2 bit)
Nhn dng UE (16 bit)
n tt nghip
S iu
ch+s khi
truyn ti (3 bit)
S iu ch S iu ch S khi
khi s cp
khi th cp
truyn ti
111
16QAM
16QAM
110
16QAM
QPSK
100
16QAM
011
QPSK
000
QPSK
1
QPSK
2
1
Bng 3.1. Bin dch thng tin s iu ch v thng tin khi truyn ti t HSDSCH
Thng tin trng s tin m ha cho khi d liu s cp bao gm trng s
w2 nh m t. Cc trng s khc s c tnh theo w 2.
Bo hiu cho qu trnh HARQ cng khc vi HSDPA trong pht hnh 5.
Trong pht hnh 5, s c trn 8 qu trnh HARQ c bo hiu. m bo truyn
d liu lin tc th phi bo hiu t nht 6 qu trnh HARQ. Nh vy, trong truyn
dn hai lung MIMO, th con s nh nht l 12. Mi mt qu trnh s c xc
nhn c lp. V mt l thuyt, qu trnh HARQ trn mi lung hon ton c lp
vi nhau. Tuy nhin, iu ny lm tng thng tin mo u mt cch ng k (8 bit).
Do , vic kt hp cc qu trnh HARQ cn c quan tm.
gim bt thng tin mo u, qu trnh HARQ ch c bo hiu cho
lung d liu s cp trong 4 bit, cn HARQ cho lung th hai th c tnh theo
quy tc nht nh. Do , s ch c mt php nh x mt- mt gia qu trnh
HARQ cho lung s cp vi lung th cp. V d v mi quan h ny c trnh
by trong bng 3.2.
S qu trnh HARQ
trn lung s cp
S qu trnh HARQ
trn lung th cp
9 10 11
10
11
n tt nghip
n tt nghip
Bn tin HARQ-ACK w0
w1
w2
w3
w4
w5
w6
w7
Bn tin HARQ-ACK vi trng hp truyn mt khi
ACK
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
NACK
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bn tin HARQ-ACK vi trng hp truyn hai khi
Bn tin Bn tin
cho khi cho khi
s cp
th cp
ACK
ACK
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
ACK
NACK
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
NACK
ACK
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
NACK
NACK
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
PRE/POST
PRE
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
POST
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
w8
w9
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
n tt nghip
Kch thc
khi truyn
ti
S hiu HSPDSH
iu ch
AWGN SINR
ttng ng
4748
15
QPSK
-5.0
4748
15
QPSK
-3.0
4748
15
QPSK
-1.5
4748
15
QPSK
6101
15
QPSK
7564
15
QPSK
9210
15
16QA
M
10629
15
16QA
M
12488
15
16QA
M
14936
15
16QA
M
10
17548
15
16QA
M
00
11
20251
15
16QA
M
12
22147
15
16QA
M
13
22147
15
16QA
M
2.0
14
22147
15
16QA
M
3.0
n tt nghip
Bng 3.4. Bng CQI cho UE loi 15 trong trng hp truyn hai lung (bn tin
loi A)
CQI1 hoc
CQI2
Kch thc
khi truyn
ti
S hiu HSPDSH
iu ch
AWGN SINR
ttng ng
4748
15
QPSK
-5.0
4748
15
QPSK
-3.0
4748
15
QPSK
-1.5
4748
15
QPSK
6101
15
QPSK
7564
15
QPSK
9210
15
16QA
M
10629
15
16QA
M
12488
15
16QA
M
14936
15
16QA
M
10
17548
15
16QA
M
00
11
20251
15
16QA
M
12
22147
15
16QA
M
13
24222
15
16QA
M
14
26490
15
16QA
M
n tt nghip
Bng 3.5. Bng CQI cho UE loi 16 trong trng hp truyn hai lung (bn tin
loi A)
Vi bn tin loi B, CQI s bao gm 5 bit ging nhau m nhng pht hnh
u tin s dng. Trong khi vi bn tin loi A, CQI bao gm 8 bit. Trong c hai
loi ny, CQI v PCI c gn vi nhau v c m ha thnh 20 bit s dng m
ha khi nh c ch ra trong hnh 3.6.
Cng ging nh trng hp thng thng- khng s dng k thut MIMO,
cc bo co PCI/CQI c truyn trong hai khe ca knh HS-DPCCH. c th
thch hp vi cc mi trng truyn dn khc nhau, N bo co PCI/CQI trong M
bo co s l loi A, M-N bo co cn li l loi B. T l N/M thng c cu
hnh bi bo hiu RRC.
Gi tr PCI
1+j
2
1 j
2
n tt nghip
-1 + j
2
-1 j
2
3.1.6. Nng lc UE
cho php nhiu ch hot ng cho UE, vic h tr MIMO s khng
bt buc i vi tt c UE. Mt khc, do truyn dn a lung ch yu lm tng
tc d liu nh, cho nn MIMO s l mt c tnh ca loi UE cao cp. Hay ni
cch khc, MIMO l mt nng lc ca UE, tc l khng phi tt c UE u h tr
MIMO. Nhng UE thuc loi mi c h tr MIMO c a ra trong bng 3.7:
Loi 15 v 16
H tr MIMO vi iu ch QPSK v 16 QAM
Khng h tr 64 QAM
Tc d liu ti a ca loi 16 l 27,6 Mbps
n tt nghip
Loi 17 v 18
H tr MIMO vi iu ch QPSK v 16 QAM
H tr 64 QAM nhng khng ng thi vi MIMO
Tc d liu ti a ca loi 18 l 27,6 Mbps
n tt nghip
Loi
HSDSCH
S m TTI
HSnh
DSCH nht
ln
nht
Loi 1
7298
19200
Loi 2
7298
28800
Loi 3
7298
28800
Loi 4
7298
38400
Loi 5
7298
57600
Loi 6
7298
67200
Loi 7
14411
115200
14411
134400
20251
172800
27952
172800
Loi 11
3630
14400
Loi 12
34800
28800
Loi 13
43128
259200
43128
259200
23370
345600
27952
345600
0
Loi 8
0
Loi 9
5
Loi 10
5
5
Loi 14
5
Loi 15
5
Loi 16
5
Loi 17
n tt nghip
5
Loi 18
23370(khng 64 QAM)
1
1 43128(khng MIMO)
27952(khng 64 QAM)
345600(khng 64 QAM)
259200(khng MIMO)
345600(khng 64 QAM)
n tt nghip
khi ti nguyn s phi p dng cc mu hoa tiu trc giao. Trong phn ny gii
thiu k thut a anten trn ng xung ca LTE.
Hnh 3.6 trnh by s lc v cc bc trong qu trnh to tn hiu bng gc
ng xung LTE bao gm cc bc truyn dn MIMO.
n tt nghip
3.3.2. To bp sng
Trong trng hp to bp sng, c mt t m tng ng vi mt lp, tc l
tng Sp xp theo lp s trong sut.Tng Tin m ha s p dng vector tin m
ha w kch thc NA cho mi k hiu xi.
n tt nghip
n tt nghip
Hnh 3.12.Ghp knh khng gian trong khung hot ng a anten LTE (NL=3,
NA=4)
Nhn chung, ghp knh khng gian LTE thc hin ch yu l tin m ha
da vo bng m (codebook), c ngha l i vi mt s anten NA v mt s lp
NL, s c mt tp cc ma trn tin m ha c a ra la chn cho ph hp.
Bng m cho trng hp hai anten pht ca LTE c a ra trong bng 3.8.
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Ch s bng m
(codebook)
S lp
1
1
0
0
1
1 1
2 1
1
2
1 1
2 j
1
2
1
1
1
j
1 1
2 0
0
1
1 1
2
1
1
1
1 1
2
j
1
j
n tt nghip
Hnh 3.13. Tn hiu hoa tiu ghp knh khng gian ng xung
Trong trng hp truyn dn mt lung, s c nhiu nht l mt khi truyn
ti vi kch thc ng cho mi TTI.
Trong trng hp truyn a lung, s c trn hai khi truyn ti c kch
thc ng cho mi TTI, trong mi khi tng ng vi mt t m. Mc d LTE
h tr ghp knh khng gian vi 4 anten, nhng s t m gii hn ch c 2. Trong
hnh 3.13, khi mt tn hiu tham chiu c pht i t mt anten th cc anten khc
trong cng mt s trng thi khng s dng (Idle).
n tt nghip
3.4. Tng kt
Nh vy, trong chng cui n trnh by k thut a anten
MIMO trong HSPA+ v LTE bao gm s v vn v iu khin, tn hiu hoa
tiu Ngoi ra, cn mt s vn lin quan nhng do hn ch v nhiu mt nn
n khng trnh by c nh s PACR s dng trong HSPA+, hay hiu nng
ca MIMO-HSPA, MIMO-LTE..
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Kt lun
KT LUN
Sau thi gian nghin cu tm hiu cng vi s gip tn tnh ca thy gio
T.S Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, n c hon thnh v t c mt s ni
dung chnh sau:
1. Tm hiu v cng ngh mng truy nhp v tuyn ca 3G+ :HSPA pht
hnh 7 v LTE v cc kha cnh c bn. Trong phn ny, n nu bt cc c tnh
ci tin ca HSPA+, cc mc tiu ca LTE, tc ng ln ng xung ca cc
cng ngh ny.
2. Nghin cu tm hiu v k thut a anten MIMO: phn tp, to bp sng
v ghp knh khng gian. n tp trung vo cc k thut c ng dng nhiu
nht trong h thng 3G v pht trin 3G.
3. Cc s MIMO c bn trong HSPA+ v LTE cng cc vn c lin
quan: tn hiu iu khin, tham chiu anten..
Hng nghin cu tip theo ca n l k thut a anten trong 3GPP pht
hnh 8. Vi thi lng v kin thc cn hn ch nn n tt nghip khng
trnh by c ht cc vn v khng trnh khi nhng thiu st, em rt mong
nhn c s ng gp kin ca thy c gio v bn b n c hon thin
hn.
Mt ln na, em xin chn thnh cm n thy gio TS. Nguyn Phm Anh
Dng tn tnh hng dn em trong qu trnh hc tp, tm hiu, nghin cu. Em
xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c gio, gia nh v bn b ng vin gip
trong qu trnh hc tp v nghin cu ti Hc vin cng nh hon thnh n
ny.
n tt nghip
1.Erik Dahlman, Stefan Parkvall, Johan Skold and Per Beming, 3G evolution
HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband, Elsevier, 2007.
2.TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng,Thng tin di ng, Gio trnh, Hc vin
Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng, NXB Bu in,2001.
3.TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, WiMax, Gio trnh, Hc vin cng ngh
Bu chnh vin thng,2-2008.
4.Ari Hotimen, Olav Tirkkonen, Risto Wichman, Multi Antenna Transceiver
for 3G and Beyond, John Wiley &Son,2003.
5. Harri Holma, Antti Toskala, WCDMA for UMTS- HSPA evolution and
LTE, Wiley, 2007.
6.3GPP TS 25.211, Physical channels and Mapping of Transport channels
onto physical channels (FDD),Release 7.