1

Chng 2: H thng MIMO

2.1. M hnh h thng MIMO
2.1.1. Tng quan
Trong lin lc v tuyn, khi tn hiu truyn t my pht n my thu s i qua rt
nhiu ng. Mi ng c mt pha, mt tr, c bin tn hiu, c bin thin
thi gian khc nhau. Chnh s khc nhau ny lm gim cht lng h thng, cn gi l
fading.
Mt phng php hiu qu ci thin tin cy l s dng nhiu anten c
u thu v u pht. Mt h thng gm nhiu anten nh th gi l h thng MIMO
(multi-input multi-output). H thng ny c nghin cu thng qua cc m phng
ca my tnh bt u t nhng nm 80, sau h thng ny c nhiu ngi quan
tm v phn tch r hn. MIMO c s dng trong h thng 3G v c chun ho
thnh tiu chun IEEE 802.11.
H thng MIMO s dng nhiu anten vi 2 mc ch chnh. Th nht, s dng
nhiu anten thu c li phn tp cao. Th hai, s dng nhiu anten truyn
nhiu dng d liu song song s tng dung lng h thng.
S dng h thng MIMO c th t c 3 li ch, l to bp, phn tp khng
gian v a hp khng gian.[18]

Hnh 2.1: Cc li ch ca MIMO
Bng cch to bp, cc kiu bc x anten pht v thu c th tp trung theo mt
hng ring. Cc tn hiu t cc anten pht v thu c tng quan cng cao th
hiu qu to bp cng tt.
Phn tp
.
Lm gim phainh
. M ho thi gian- khng gian
Ghp knh
khng gian
.
Lm tng tc d liu
.
Cc knh trc giao khng gian
li dn
.
Tng cng sut
. To bp
Knh truyn dn s h tr k
hoch no?
2

Khi cc tn hiu c truyn t nhiu hng khc nhau trong khng gian s to
nn s phn tp khng gian, phn tp khng gian s tng tin cy ca knh v tuyn.
i vi mt knh MIMO trng, c ngha l cc tn hiu hon ton khng tng quan,
h s phn tp b gii hn bi s anten pht v thu. S tng quan khng gian ca cc
tn hiu s gim h s phn tp v do y l mt c im knh quan trng.
Cc knh MIMO c th h tr cc lung d liu song song bng cch pht v thu
trn cc b lc khng gian trc giao (a hp khng gian). S cc lung c ghp
knh ph thuc vo hng ca ma trn knh tc thi H, ma trn ny ph thuc vo cc
c tnh khng gian ca mi trng v tuyn. li ghp knh khng gian c th
bng min (N
T
, N
R
) trong mi trng tn x ln.


Hnh 2.2: Knh v tuyn MIMO
To bp, phn tp, v ghp knh khng gian l cc k thut cnh tranh vi nhau.
nu bt vai tr ca knh truyn dn, s cn bng gia to bp, phn tp v ghp
knh khng gian c th c phn tch thnh cc cn bng lng phn (hnh 2.2).
2.1.2. u im v nhc im ca h thng MIMO
- u im
S dng h thng MIMO ta c nhiu u im c v dung lng ln cht lng.
Dung lng:
Do s dng nhiu anten c u pht v u thu nn khi truyn tn hiu ta c th
truyn nhiu ng d liu song song, chnh v th m dung lng h thng c ci
thin.
Cht lng:
Phn tp
thu
To bp
Phn tp
pht

Ghp knh
khng gian
( Phn tp Rx-Tx)
Pha pht
P
h

a

t
h
u
Thay i
khc nhau
Thay i
khc nhau
Ch dn
3

Vi k thut x l khng gian th nhiu u thu c th gim mnh hn so vi
trng hp h thng ch c mt anten thu.
Vi k thut to bp, tn hiu c truyn i theo hng mong mun do cng
sut pht ch tp trung vo hng mong mun, chnh v th c th gim cng sut pht
ca cc thit b.
Mt phng php hiu qu chng fading l phn tp. Cc k thut phn tp
gm phn tp khng gian, tn s v thi gian. Phn tp khng gian ph bin trong
truyn thng vi ba, v tuyn v c chia lm 2 loi: phn tp pht v phn tp thu.
Phn tp thu:
c s dng trong cc knh c nhiu anten ti my thu. Gi thit cc tn hiu
thu yu dn c lp v c kt hp ti my thu sao cho tn hiu thu c c fading
gim ng k. Phn tp thu c c trng ho bi s nhnh fading c lp v n bng
s anten thu.
Phn tp pht:
Phn tp pht c th p dng cho cc knh c nhiu anten pht v h s phn tp
bng s anten pht, c bit nu cc anten pht c t cch xa nhau. Thng tin
c x l ti my pht v sau truyn trn nhiu anten pht.
Trong trng hp nhiu anten c u pht v u thu th vic s dng phn tp
yu cu kt hp phn tp pht v phn tp thu. H s phn tp b gii hn bi tch ca
s anten pht v thu.
- Nhc im ca MIMO
Nhc im ln nht ca MIMO l n c nhiu anten dn n phc tp ln,
th tch v gi thnh phn cng ln hn so vi h thng SISO.
S dng cng nhiu anten th ta cng thu c li do to bp v phn tp
cng ln. Tuy nhin khi s dng nhiu anten nh th th th tch ca cc thit b ln
(v s lng anten va nhiu va phi m bo khong cch gia cc anten cc
knh khng tng quan nhau) trong khi yu cu in thoi di ng cng ngy cng
nh.
2.2. M hnh MIMO tng qut
M hnh knh MIMO tng qut gm N
t
anten pht v N
r
anten thu c minh
ha trong hnh 2.3.
4


Hnh 2.3: M hnh knh MIMO vi Nt anten pht v Nr anten thu
Ma trn knh H cho m hnh MIMO c biu din nh sau:
(
(
(
(
(

=
r
N
t
N
r
2N
r
1N
2
t
N 22 21
1
t
N 12 11
h h h
h h h
h h h
H

(2.1)
Trong :
hnm l li knh gia anten pht th n v anten thu th m.
Gi s:
T
x , , x , x x
t
N 2 1
(

= l s liu pht.
T
y , , y , y y
r
N 2 1
(

= l s liu thu.
T
, ,
r
N 2 1
(

= l tp m Gaus trng phc ca N

r
my thu.
T l k hiu php ton chuyn v.
Khi , quan h gia tn hiu u vo x vi tn hiu u ra y c xc nh bi
biu thc sau:
5

(
(
(
(
(

+
(
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(
(

r
N
2
1
t
N
2
1
r
N
t
N 2
r
N 1
r
N
2
t
N 22 21
1
t
N 12 11
r
N
2
1

x
x
x
h h h
h h h
h h h
y
y
y

(2.2)
C th vit li quan h vo ra knh ma trn NrxNt trong phng trnh (2.2) nh
sau:
y= Hx+q (2.3)
2.3. Knh SVD MIMO
2.3.1. M hnh knh SVD MIMO
Xt mt h thng truyn dn v tuyn bao gm N
t
anten pht v N
r
anten thu
nh trn hnh 2.1.
tin phn tch ta vit li phng trnh (2.3)
y= Hx+q (2.3)
Trong q l vector AWGN phc c phn b ) , 0 ( o
c
v
r
N
I
2

H
E =
(

;
2
2 0
N
= o ; N
0
l mt ph cng sut tp m.
H l ma trn knh N
r
x N
t
. Khi khong cch gia cc anten ln hn na bc
sng v mi trng nhiu tn x, ta c th coi H c cc hng v cc ct c lp vi
nhau. Khi ny, phn chia gi tr n SVD cho ta:
H=UDV
H
(2.4)
Vi U v V l cc ma trn nht phn c kch thc N
r
xN
r
v N
t
xN
t
Ton t (.)H l chuyn v Hermitian
i vi ma trn nht phn, ta c :UU
H
=I
Nr
v VV
H
=I
Nt
D l ma trn c kch thc N
r
x N
t
, gm N
A
gi tr n khng m c k hiu
l
2 / 1
1
,...,
2 / 1
A
N
trn ng cho chnh ca n. Trong N
A
=min (N
t
, N
r
), v
i
vi
i=1,2,...,N l cc gi tr eigen ca ma trn HH
H
. Cc gi tr eigen ca ma trn HH
H

c xc nh nh sau:
det (HH
H
- I )=0 (2.5)
6

hay:
det(Q- I )=0 (2.6)
Trong Q l ma trn Wirshart c xc nh nh sau:

>
<
=
t
N
r
N H, H
t
N
r
N , HH
Q
H
H
(2.7)
Cc ct ca ma trn U l vector eigen ca HH
H
cn cc ct ca ma trn V l
vector eigen ca H
H
H. S cc gi tr eigen khc khng ca HH
H
chnh bng hng ca
ma trn ny.
Nu N
t
= N
r
th D l mt ma trn ng cho. Nu N
t
>N
r
th D gm mt ma
trn ng cho N
r
x N
r
v sau l N
t
N
r
ct bng khng.
Trong trng hp s anten pht ln hn s anten thu, D s c to ra t ma
trn vung bc N
r
v tip sau l N
t
- N
r
ct bng 0 nh sau:
(
(
(
(
(

=
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
D
1/2
r
N
1/2
2
1/2
1




(2.8)
Trong trng hp ny ma trn V ch c N
r
hng s dng c, cn N
t
- N
r
hng
cn li khng s dng c. Khi ny N
r
phn t u ca ma trn x c s dng v
N
t
- N
r
phn t cn li ca n c t vo khng. Trng hp c bit c N
t
anten
pht nhng ch c mt anten thu (N
r
= 1). Khi ny ma trn U c kch thc 1x1 v ch
s dng c mt hng ca ma trn V.
Trng hp th hai tng ng vi khi s anten thu nhiu hn s anten pht (N
t

<N
r
). Trong trng hp ny vn nh trc ta c V l ma trn N
t
x N
t
v U l ma trn
N
r
x N
r
, nhng ma trn D l ma trn N
t
x N
r
c to thnh t ma trn ng cho N
t

x N
t
theo sau l N
r
N
t
hng bng khng:
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
D
1/2
t
N
1/2
2
1/2
1

(2.9)
7

Trng hp c bit khi ch c mt anten pht v N
r
anten thu.
Thao tc trn c gi l phn chia gi tr n ma trn H. Kt qu phn chia
cho ta cc ng cho khc khng vi kch thc xc nh theo (2.4).
Gi s ta nhn trc x vi V v y vi U
H
ta c:

~
Dx U Vx UDV U ) (HVx U y
~
y U
H H H H H
+ = + = + = = (2.10)
Trong : y U y
~
H
=
U
~ H
=
Phng trnh ny dn n m hnh SVD MIMO sau:
+ =
=
r
N
1 m
n
H
nm n
1/2
n n
u x y
~
(2.11)
Trong n=1,2,...,N
A
.
p dng nh l trung tm, ta c:
n n
1/2
n n
x y
~
+ = (2.12)
Trong
n
l AWGN c phn b ) , 0 ( o
c
trong my thu nhng trong min
khng gian.
C th coi N
A
lung song song c truyn trong cc knh khng gian trc
giao. Ging nh i vi OFDM, c th s dng m hnh knh phainh phng song
song tng ng phn tch v m phng knh MIMO.

Hnh 2.4: Phn chia knh phainh phng MIMO thnh cc knh phainh phng song
song tng ng da trn SVD
8

n c coi l li knh v c th c s dng nh gi BER ti pha
thu. Nu ta s dng tch sng nht qun v coi rng bit
i
th SNR ti my thu
c xc nh nh sau:
2
n
n n
2
n
n
2
n

x
= = (2.13)
Trong n=1,2,...,N
A
; En l nng lng tn hiu iu ch,
n
l gi tr eigen ca
ma trn H v
2
0 2
N
= o l mt ph cng sut tp m AWGN.
Nu cho rng knh tnh v bin tn hiu khng i ging nh trong trng
hp BPSK, th SNR trn mt knh s l:
2
n
n b

E
= (2.14)
Vi E
b
l nng lng bit.
Xc sut li bit trong trng hp ny c tnh nh sau:
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
0
n b
n
r
N
2E
Q P (2.15)
Trong
n
r
P l xc sut li bit ca mt knh khng gian.
Xc sut li bit trung bnh c tnh nh sau:

=
=
A
N
1 n
n
r
P
A
N
1
average
P (2.16)
2.3.2. M hnh h thng SVD MIMO ti u
Gi s x c nhn trc mi ma trn V v y c nhn trc vi ma trn U
H

ta c cc biu thc sau:
U Dx
U Vx UDV U
) (HxV U y U z
H
H H H
H H
+ =
+ =
+ = =
(2.17)
9

V ma trn D l ma trn c cho ha, nn ta c th phn ha quan h gia z
v x vo dng:
n n
1/2
n n
x z + = (2.18)
Trong n=1,2,...,N
A
.
Biu thc (2.18) cho php xy dng h thng SVD MIMO ti u gm N
A
knh
pha inh phng song song nh trn hnh (2.3)

Hnh 2.5: M hnh SVD MIMO ti u
T hnh 2.5, thy rng ti my pht SVD MIMO , trc ht lung k hiu s liu c
chia lung khng gian thnh N
t
lung . Sau , cc lung ny c nhn vi cc ct
ca ma trn V nhn c cc k hiu pht vo khng gian. Ti my thu SVD
MIMO, cc k hiu thu c nhn vi ma trn U
H
tch ra cc lung khng gian.
SVD ta s c N
A
knh khng gian song song xc nh theo cng thc (2.4).
2.4. a anten thu
K thut a anten c s dng ph bin nht trong lch s v t phc tp nht
l k thut a anten thu. N thng c gi l phn tp thu hoc phn tp Rx mc d
khng phi lc no mc ch ca k thut ny cng l phn tp chng li fading
knh v tuyn.
2.4.1. M hnh knh phn tp anten thu
Trong m hnh knh fadinh c 1 anten pht v N
r
anten thu, ma trn knh nh
sau:
H = [h
1
,h
2
,,h
Nr
] (2.19)
10

Trong h
m
l li ca ng truyn t anten pht n my thu m vi
m=1,2,,N
r
.
Quan h gia tn hiu vo v ra ca h thng:
Y
m
(k) = h
m
(k)*x(k) +
m
(k) (2.20)
Trong k l thi im xt; tp m
m
~ N(0,2);
2
= N
0
/2.
Ta cn tch k hiu x(1) da trn y
1
(1), y
2
(1),, y
Nr
(1). Nu cc anten cch
xa nhau, ta c th coi li knh h
m
c lp Rayleigh vi nhau v ta nhn c li
phn tp N
r
.
i vi iu ch BPSK, xc sut li c tnh nh sau:
) h Q(
2
(2.21)
Trong = 2Eb/N0 trong iu kin knh fadinh Rayleigh vi li hm c
phn b ng nht c lp: N(0,2)

=
=
Nr
1 m
2
m
2
h h (2.22)
Vi ||h||
2
SNR l tng SNR thu i vi vecto knh cho trc h. C th phn tch
song tng t s tn hiu trn tp m (SNR) thu khi cho iu kin li knh thnh hai
thnh phn sau:
2
r
N
2
h
1

r
N h = (2.23)
Thnh phn th nht tng ng vi li dn; vic s dng nhiu anten v kt
hp nht qun dn n tng cng sut thu hiu dung tng tuyn tnh vi N
r
; tng gp
i N
r
s cho li cng sut 3dB. Thnh phn th hai th hin li phn tp: vic
ly trung bnh trn tt c cc ng truyn c lp dn n xc sut trong tng
li thu nh s gim. Lu rng nu ch c li cng sut m khng c li phn
tp khi tng N
r
. Mt khc ngay c khi tt c h
m
u c lp vi nhau th thnh phn th
hai :
=
=
Nr
1 m
2
2
(1)
m
h
r
N
1
h
r
N
1
(2.24)
S hi t vo 1 khi N
r
ln (gi thit rng li knh c chun ha n
phng sai bng 1)
11

2.4.2. S kt hp chn lc SC
S ny s dng b kt hp n gin nht, trong b kt hp ch n gin
c tnh cng tn hiu tc thi trong N
r
anten thu, sau chn la anten c tn
hiu mnh nht. V SC loi b nng lng hu ch t cc lung nn s ny r rng
khng phi l ti u, tuy nhin do tnh n gin ca n nn n c s dng trong
nhiu trng hp khi cn gim bt cc yu cu phn cng. S kt hp chn lc
c cho trn hnh 2.4.
My pht
La chn
anten tt
nht
1
h
2
h
r
h
x
y

Hnh 2.6. S kt hp chn lc
xc nh li phn tp trong trng hp ny, ta tin hnh nh sau. Gi s
SNR tc thi ca mt nhnh l
2
m
m
m

E
= , SNR trung bnh ca mi nhnh l
2
m
0
0

E
= , trong E
m
l nng lng tn hiu tc thi trn nhnh i, cn E
0
l nng
lng cng sut tn hiu trn mt nhnh v /2 N
0
0
m
= l mt tp m song bin
nhnh m.
Xc sut SNR trn mi nhnh nh hn hoc bng mt gi tr
g
cho trc nh
sau:
0
/
g

g m
e 1 ) P(

= s (2.25)
Xc sut tt c SNR trong tt c cc nhnh cng nh hn
g
nh sau:
r
N
0
/
g

g
r
N 2 1 g
r
N
e 1 ) ,..., , P( ) ( P
(

= s =

(2.26)
12

Nu coi rng
g
l ngng m di n ta s khng chn bt k nhnh no, th
) ( P
g
r
N
s l xc sut mt thng tin v phng trnh xc sut mt thng tin s gim
i ng k khi s anten thu N
r
tng.
T phng trnh ta c th xc nh xc sut t nht c mt anten c la chn
nh sau:
P(t nht mt nhnh ) ( P 1 )
g
r
N g
= > (2.27)
Ly vi phn ta c th tm c mt xc sut, ly tch phn mt xc sut
ta s tnh c SNR trung bnh
r
N
nh sau:

=
=
r
N
1 m
m
1
0
(2.28)
Phng trinh cho thy khi s anten thu N
r
ln, vic tng anten thu ci thin
SNR trung bnh khng ng k.

2.4.3. S kt hp t l cc i MRC
Hnh (2.7) m t nguyn l c bn ca cch kt hp cc tn hiu thu y
1
,...,y
Nr

N
r
anten, cc tn hiu thu c nhn vi trng s phc
*
Nr
*
1
w ,..., w trc khi cng vi
nhau.
Trong k hiu vector, s kt hp tuyn tnh anten thu c biu din nh sau:
y . w
y
y
. w w x
H
R
N
1
*
R
N
*
1
=
(
(
(
(

= (2.29)
Gi thit l tn hiu pht ch b nh hng ca fading khng chn lc tn s v
tp m trng, tc l khng c hin tng tn thi knh v tuyn, tn hiu thu cc
anten khc nhau trong hnh 6.1 c biu din nh sau:
.x h

.x
h
h
y
y
y
R
N
1
R
N
1
R
N
1
+ =
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
= (2.30)
13

Trong s l tn hiu pht, vector h l li knh phc v vector n l tp m
gy nh hng ti tn hiu thu cc anten khc nhau.
+
*
1
w
*
Nr
w
1
y
Nr
y
My thu
x
1
h
Nr
h
1

Nr

My pht
Trm gc hay
my di ng

Hnh 2.7: Kt hp anten thu tuyn tnh
D dng c th thy rng, ti a t l tn hiu/tp m sau khi kt hp tuyn
tnh, vector trng s w

phi c la chn:
h w
MRC
= (2.31)
y c gi l Kt hp t l cc i MRC. Trng s MRC thc hin hai mc
ch:
- Quay pha tn hiu thu ti cc anten khc nhau b pha p ng knh v m
bo tn hiu c sp xp pha trc khi kt hp vi nhau.
- Cn bng tn hiu t l vi li p ng knh, p dng trng s cao hn cho
tn hiu thu mnh hn.
Trong trng hp cc anten khng tng quan, khong cch gia cc anten ln
hoc hng phn cc khc nhau th li knh h
1
...h
Nr
khng tng quan vi nhau v
s kt hp tuyn tnh anten s a ra phn tp bc N
r
. V mt to bp sng pha thu,
la chn cc trng s anten theo (2.31) tng ng vi mt bp pha thu c li ln
nht theo hng ca tn hiu. Do , s dng a anten thu c th lm tng t s tn
hiu/tp m sau b kt hp t l vi s lng anten thu.
MRC l mt chin lc kt hp anten thch hp khi tn hiu thu ch yu b nh
hng bi tp m. Tuy nhin, trong nhiu trng hp, tn hiu thu b nh hng chnh
ca nhiu t nhiu anten pht trong h thng hn l tp m. Trong hon cnh s lng
tn hiu nhiu kh ln xp x cng tn hiu, MRC vn l mt la chn tt. Lc
ny, nhiu tng s xut hin tng i ging tp m, khng c hng n c th. Tuy
nhin, trong nhng hon cnh ch c mt ngun nhiu tri (tng qut ln, s lng
ngun nhiu tri c gii hn), nh c minh ha trong hnh 2.6, hiu nng s c
14

ci thin nu thay v la chn trng s anten ti a ha t s tn hiu/ tp m sau
khi kt hp, th cc trng s s c la chn trit nhiu. V mt to bp sng thu,
iu ny tng ng vi vic lm yu i bp sng pha nhiu v tp trung bp sng
theo hng tn hiu.
2.4.4. Kt hp loi b nhiu IRC
p dng vic kt hp anten vi mc tiu l trit nhiu c gi l Kt hp loi
b nhiu IRC.
Trong trng hp c mt ngun nhiu tri nh trnh by s lc trong hnh
2.6, biu thc (2.30) c th m rng:
.x h .x h

.x
h
h
.x
h
h
y
y
y
I I
R
N
1
I
R
N I,
I,1
R
N
1
R
N
1
+ + =
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
= (2.32)
Trong x
I
l tn hiu nhiu pht,
I
h l li knh phc t ngun nhiu ti N
r

anten thu. p dng (2.29) vo (2.32), thy r rng tn hiu nhiu s b trit tiu hon
ton nu trng s wc chn sao cho
0
I
h . w
H
= (2.33)
Tng qut, s c N
r
-1 gii php khng tm thng biu th s linh hot khi
la chn vector trng s. S linh hot ny c th c s dng trit nhiu tri. c
bit hn, trong trng hp tng qut vi N
r
anten thu s c kh nng (t nht l v mt
l thuyt) trit tiu hon ton N
r
-1 ngun nhiu. Tuy nhin vi mt la chn trng s
anten no m c th trit hon ton mt s ngun nhiu tri th c th lm tng tp
m sau khi kt hp anten.
Trm gc
Rx
Trm gc gy nhiu
1
h
2
h
1 , 1
h
2 , 1
h
1
x
x
x

Hnh 2.8: Kch bn ng xung vi mt ngun nhiu tri
15

V vy, cng ging nh cn bng tuyn tnh, khi la chn trng s anten w phi
m bo ti thiu ha sai s trung bnh qun phng:
{ }
2
x x E = (2.34)
V c gi l kt hp sai s trung bnh qun phng cc tiu MMSE
Tuy hnh 2.6 minh ha kch bn ng xung vi trm gc gy nhiu, IRC
cng c th c p dng cho ng ln trit nhiu t my di ng.Vi trng hp
ny, my di ng gy nhiu c th cng (nhiu trong ) hoc bn cnh (nhiu
ngoi ) vi my di ng mc tiu. Trit nhiu trong lin quan ti trng hp ng
ln khng trc giao, l khi nhiu my di ng pht ng thi s dng cng ti
nguyn thi gian-tn s. Trit nhiu trong ng ln bng IRC thng thng c
gi l a truy nhp phn chia theo khng gian (SDMA).
Tx
My di ng
gy nhiu
Tx Tx
Tx
My di ng
gy nhiu
a) b)
Hnh 2.9: Kch bn pha thu vi mt ngun nhiu mnh t my u cui di ng
a) Nhiu trong . B) Nhiu ngoi
Trong thc t, knh v tuyn lun b nh hng ca tn thi, tng ng vi
tnh chn lc tn s gy ra mo tn hiu bng rng. Mt phng php lm gim
mo l cn bng tuyn tnh c v thi gian v tn s.
C th thy rng kt hp anten tuyn tnh v cn bng tuyn tnh c nhiu im
ging nhau:
Cn bng/lc tuyn tnh trong min thi gian/tn s l cch x l c p dng
vi nhng tn hiu thu ti nhng thi im khc nhau (tn s khc nhau) vi mc ch
lm ti a t s SNR sau b cn bng, trit mo tn hiu gy ra do tnh chn lc tn s
ca knh v tuyn (cn bng ZF, MMSE...)
Kt hp anten thu tuyn tnh l cch x l tuyn tnh c p dng vi tn hiu
thu ti cc anten khc nhau, tc l x l trong min khng gian vi mc ch lm ti
a t s SNR sau b kt hp (kt hp da trn MRC), trit cc ngun nhiu c th.
Do , trong trng hp chung ca knh la chn tn s v a anten thu, c hai
phng php x l/lc tuyn tnh khng gian/thi gian u c p dng nh minh
16

ha trong hnh 2.8, vic lc tuyn tnh c th c coi l chung cho cc trng s
anten trong hnh 2.4. Cc b lc c la chn lm gim nh hng ca tp m,
nhiu v mo tn hiu.
c bit trong trng hp vic chn thm tin t chu k c p dng pha
pht th qu trnh x l tuyn tnh khng gian/tn s c minh ha nh hnh 2.11
+
1
w
1
y
Nr
y
My thu
Tx
My pht
2
w
B lc tuyn tnh
Trm gc hoc
my u cui
x

Hnh 2.10: X l tuyn tnh khng gian/thi gian 2 chiu (2 anten thu)
1
y
Nr
y
My thu
Tx
My pht
DFT
Trm gc hoc
my u cui
DFT
+
+
IDFT
*
0 , 1
w
*
0 , 2
w
*
1 , 1 Nc
w
*
1 , 2 Nc
w
x

Hnh 2.11: X l tuyn tnh khng gian/ tn s 2 chiu (2 anten thu)
Qu trnh x l khng gian/tn s phc tho trong hnh 2.9 m khng c IDFT
c th c ng dng nu phn tp thu c s dng trong truyn dn OFDM. Trong
trng hp OFDM, khng xy ra mo tn hiu do tnh la chn tn s ca knh v
tuyn. Do , cc h s min tn s hnh 2.9 c th c la chn m ch tnh n
nhiu v tp m. V nguyn l, iu ny c ngha l cc lc kt hp anten MRC
v IRC c p dng trn c s tng sng mang con.
17

2.5. a anten pht
Nh mt s thay th hoc b sung cho k thut a anten thu, phn tp v to
bp sng cng c th t c vi vic p dng k thut a anten pht. Vic s dng
nhiu anten pht rt ph hp vi ng xung, nh l nhiu anten pht trm gc.
Trong trng hp ny, vic s dng nhiu anten pht a ra c hi phn tp v to
bp m khng cn thm anten thu. Mt khc, v l do phc tp nn vic s dng
nhiu anten pht cho ng ln tc l my u cui khng my hp dn. Trng
hp ny tt hn l s dng a anten thu trm gc.
2.5.1. Phn tp pht
Nu khng bit cc knh ng xung ca cc anten pht khc nhau c kh
dng khng, k thut anten pht khng th thc hin to bp sng c m ch thc
hin phn tp. t c phn tp th gia cc knh ca cc anten khc nhau phi c
tng quan rt thp. Nh ni n trong phn 2.1 iu ny c c bng cch
tng khong cch gia cc anten hoc cc anten phn cc khc nhau.
2.5.1.1. S Alamouti hai anten pht vi mt anten thu
S Alamouti c thit k cho hai anten pht, tuy nhin mc nht nh
c th c tng qut ha cho nhiu hn hai anten.
Vi pha inh phng, hai anten pht v mt anten thu, c th vit knh thu n
nh sau:
(k) (k)
2
(k)x
2
h (k)
1
(k).x
1
h y(k) + + = (2.35)
Trong , h
n
l li knh t anten pht n, k l ch s biu th thi im pht.
S Alamouti pht hai k hiu phc x
1
v x
2
trn hai thi gian k hiu trn hai anten
1 v 2 nh sau: ti thi im k, x
1
(k) = x
1
v x
2
(k) = x
2
; ti thi im k+1 , x
1
(k+1) =
*
2
x v x
2
(k+1)=
*
1
x .
Nu coi rng knh khng i trong thi gian hai k hiu v t h
1
= h
1
(k) =
h
1
(k+1), h
2
= h
2
(k) = h
2
(k+1), khi ny c th vit ma trn vo dng sau:
| |
(

+
+
(
(

=
(

+ 1) (k
(k)
x x
x x
. h h
1) y(k
y(k)
*
1 2
*
2 1
2 1
(2.36)
C th vit li phng trnh trn vo dng sau:
(

+
+
(

=
(

+
*
1) (k
(k)
x
x
.
h h
h h
*
1) y(k
y(k)
2
1
*
1
*
2
2 1
(2.37)
18

Nhn thy ct ca ma trn ch nht trong phng trnh trn trc giao vi nhau.
V th nhim v tch sng x
1
v x
2
c chia thnh hai nhim v v hng trc giao.
B c
tnh knh
B kt
hp
B tch sng ML
Anten pht 1 Anten pht 2
Nhiu v tp m
Anten thu
1
x
*
2
x -
2
x
*
1
x
1
j
e
1

1
h =
2
j
e
2

2
h =
2
h
1
x
~
2
x
1

1
x
2
x
~
2
h
1
h
1
h

Hnh 2.12: S Alamouti hai anten pht v mt anten thu
S Alamouti lm vic cho tt c cc kiu chm k hiu x
1
, x
2
khc nhau, tuy
nhin n gin, y ch xt BPSK vi truyn 2 bit trong thi gian hai k hiu.
Trong s m lp cn s dng 4-PAM t c cng tc bt. t c cng
khong cch ti thiu nh cc k hiu BPSK trong s Alamouti, cn tng 5 ln
nng lng k hiu.
Hnh 2.12 cho trnh by s Allamouti hai anten pht v mt anten thu vi 3
chc nng sau:
- M ha v chui cc k hiu pht ti my pht
- S kt hp ti my thu
- Quy tc quyt nh kh nng ging cc i
a. M ha v chui pht
19

Trong khong thi gian cho trc mt k hiu, hai k hiu c truyn ng
thi t hai anten pht. K hiu tn hiu pht t anten mt l x
1
(k)=x
1
v tn hiu pht t
anten hai l x
2
(k)=x
2
. Trong thi gian k hiu tip theo, x
1
(k+1) =
*
2
x c pht i
t anten mt v x
2
(k+1)=
*
1
x c pht i t anten hai.
K hiu h
1
(k) v h
2
(k) l p ng knh cho ng truyn t anten pht 1 v
ng truyn t anten pht 2 ti thi im k. Gi thit phainh khng i trong thi
gian hai k hiu pht, c th vit:
1
j
1 1 1 1
e h 1) (k h (k) h = = + = (2.38a)

1
j
2 2 2
e
2
h 1) (k h (k) h = = + = (2.38b)
Trong T l di k hiu v kT l thi gian xt. Khi ny ta c th vit cc
biu thc sau cho cc k hiu thu:
1 2 2 1 1 1
x h x h y(k) y + + = =
2
*
1
*
2 1 2
x
2
h x h 1) y(k y + + = + = (2.39)
Trong y
1
v y
2
l k hiu cho cc tn hiu thu ti thi im k v k+1,
1
v
2
l cc bin ngu nhin phc th hin tp m c phn b Gauss.
T (2.38), c th vit li phng trnh (2.39) vo dng sau:
Hx y + = (2.40)
Trong : | |
T
*
2
y
1
y y = l vector thu.
(

=
*
1
*
2
2 1
h h
h h
H (2.41)
l ma trn knh tng ng.
T
2
x
1
x x
(

= v | |
T

1

*
2
=

b. S kt hp
20

Gi thit rng my thu hon ton bit c trng thi knh. B kt hp thc
hin nhn bn tri vector thu y vi ma trn chuyn v Hermitian H
H
c :

~
H
y
y
.
h h
h h
y H x
~
H
*
2
1
1
*
2
2
*
1 H
+
(

(
(

= =
=

~
H
x
x
.
h - h
h h
.
h h
h h
H
2
1
*
1
*
2
2 1
1
*
2
2
*
1
+
(

(
(

~
H .x
h h 0
0 h h
H
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
+
(
(

+
+

(2.42)
S dng khai trin (2.42), c cc c tnh ca cc k hiu x
1
v x
2
nh sau:
*
2
*
1
2
2
2
1

2
h
1
h
1
).x (
1
x
~
+ + + = (2.43a)
1
*
2
*
2
*
1 2
2
2
2
1
h h ).x (
2
x
~
+ + = (2.43b)
B kt hp trn hnh to ra hai k hiu kt hp v gi chng n b quyt nh kh
ging cc i.
c. Quy tc quyt nh kh nng ging cc i
T hai tn hiu u ra b kt hp, b tch sng kh ging cc i s chn ra hai
tn hiu c tnh x
1
v x
2
sao cho:
) x , x
~
d( ) x , x
~
d(
k 1 1 1
s (2.44)
) x , x
~
d( ) x , x
~
d(
k 2 2 2
s (2.45)
d. SNR tng hp c th c tnh nh sau (nu coi rng nng lng tn
hiu pht chia u cho hai anten)
2
s
E
) (
) (

2 2
2
2
1
2 2
2
2
1
+
+
=
2
s
E
2

) (
2
2
2
1
+
=
21

2
s
E

2
2
1
2
n

= (2.46)
Trong E
b
l nng lng ca tn hiu pht, /2
0
N
2
= vi N
0
l cng sut tp
m n bin.
2.5.1.2. S Alamouti hai anten pht v Nr anten thu
B c
tnh knh
B c
tnh knh
B kt
hp
B tch sng ML
Anten pht 1 Anten pht 2
Nhiu v tp m Nhiu v tp m
Anten thu 1 Anten thu 2
1
x
*
2
x -
2
x
*
1
x
11
h
12
h
21
h
22
h
11
h
11
h
21
h
21
h
1
x
~
2
x
~
12
h
22
h
12
h
22
h
1
x
2
x
1

Hnh 2.13. S Alamouti hai anten pht v hai anten thu
Trong trng hp ny s dng hai anten pht v N
r
anten thu. minh ha, ta
xt trng hp hai anten thu (N
r
= 2) nh trn hnh 2.11 . Xt qu trnh x l trong
thi gian hai k hiu v coi rng li knh khng thay i trong thi gian ny.
M ha v chui pht ca cc k hiu thng tin trong trng hp ny nh sau:
Anten 1 Anten 2
Thi im k x
1
x
2
Thi im k+1 *
2
x -

*
1
x

22

Bng 2.1. M ha v chui k hiu pht cho s phn tp pht hai anten
Anten thu 1 Anten thu 2
Anten pht 1 h
11
h
12
Anten pht 2 h
21
h
22
Bng 2.2 .nh ngha cc knh gia anten pht v anten thu
Anten thu 1 Anten thu 2
Thi gian k h
11
h
12
Thi gian k+1 h
21
h
22
Bng 2.3. K hiu cc tn hiu thu ti hai anten thu
Biu thc cho cc tn hiu thu nh sau:
(k) x h x h y (k) y
1 2 21 1 11 1 1
+ + = = (2.47a)
1) (k x h x h y 1) (k y
1
*
1 21
*
2 11 2 1
+ + + = = + (2.47b)
(k) x h x h y (k) y
2 2 22 1 12 3 2
+ + = = (2.47c)
1) (k x h x h y 1) (k y
2
*
1 21
*
2 12 4 2
+ + + = = + (2.47d)
Trong ,
nm
j
nm nm
.e h

= l li ng truyn t anten pht n n anten
thu m.
T phng trnh (2.47), i vi hai k hiu lin tip c thu t my thu th
nht ti thi im k v k+1, ta c:
Y
1
=H
1
x+N
1
(2.48)
Trong :
| |
T
*
2 1 1
y y Y =
T
h
*
h
h h
H
*
11 21
11
1
21
(

=
l ma trn knh tng ng
| |
T
2 1
x x x =
23

| |
T
*
1 1 1
1) (k (k) N + =
Tng t i vi hai k hiu lin tip c thu t my thu th hai, ta c:
Y
2
=H
2
x+N
2
(2.49)
Trong :
T
4 3 2
*
y y Y
(

=
(

=
*
h h
h h
H
12
*
22
22 12
2

l ma trn knh tng ng
| |
T
2 1
x x x = v
T
2 2 2
1) (k
*
(k) N
(

+ =
tnh ton c tnh, nhn (4.72) v (4.73) vi cc ma trn knh chuyn v
Hermitian tng ng:
1
H
1 1
H
1 1
H
1
N H x H H Y H + = (2.50)
2
H
2 2
H
2 2
H
2
N H x H H Y H + = (2.51)
Sau kt hp hai phng trnh (2.50) v (2.51) vi nhau:
2
H
2 1
H
1 2
H
2 1
H
1 2
H
2
H
1
N H N H ]. H H H H [ Y H Y H
~
+ + + = + = x x (2.52)
Trong : | |
T
2 1
x
~
x
~
x
~
= ,
(
(

=
11
*
21
21
*
11
H
1
h h
h h
H
(
(

=
12 22
22 12
H
2
h
*
h
h
*
h
H
Khai trin (2.52) ta c:
( ) 1) (k
*
h (k)
*
h 1) (k
*
h (k)
*
h .x x
2 22 2 12 1 21 1 11 1
2
22
2
21
2
12
2
11 1
+ + + + + + + + + =
(2.53)
24

( ) (k)
*
h 1) (k
*
h (k)
*
h 1) (k
*
h .x x
2
22 2
12 1
21 1
11
2
2
22
2
21
2
12
2
11 2
+ + + + + + + =
(2.54)
Sau cc tn hiu kt hp ny c a n b tch sng kh ging cc i,
ti y c tnh cho x
1
c chn da trn cc tiu chun:
Chn x
i
nu v ch nu:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
k
x , x
~
d
k
x . 1
i
x , x
~
2
d
i
x . 1
1
2
2
2
22
2
21
2
12
2
11 1
2
2
22
2
21
2
12
2
11
+ + + + s + + + +

(2.55)
Hay: k i ),
k
x ,
1
x
~
( d )
i
x ,
1
x
~
( d
2 2
= s (2.56)
Tng t i vi x
2
, s dng quy tc trn chn x
i
nu v ch nu
k i ),
k
x ,
2
x
~
( d )
i
x ,
2
x
~
( d
2 2
= s (2.57)
SNR trong trng hp ny c tnh nh sau:
2
s
E

2
s
E

2
2
1 m
2
1 n
nm
2
1 m
2
1 n
2
nm
2
2
2
1 m
2
1 n
2
nm

=

|
|
.
|

\
|

=
= =
= =
= =
(2.58)
Nh vy, cc tn hiu kt hp t hai anten thu ch l cng n thun cc tn hiu
t tng anten, ngha l s kt hp ging nh trng hp mt anten thu.
2.5.1.3. Phn tp tr
Knh v tuyn thng b tn thi, tn hiu truyn t u pht ti u thu theo
qua nhiu tuyn fading c lp c tr khc nhau, mang li kh nng phn tp a ng
hoc phn tp tn s tng ng. Truyn dn a ng mang li li ch v hiu nng
ng truyn v tuyn, vi gi thit l s lng ng truyn khng qu ln v s
truyn dn phi cha cng c b mo tn hiu v d bng cch truyn dn OFDM
hoc s dng b cn bng tin tin pha thu.
Nu bn thn knh v tuyn khng tn thi, k thut a anten pht c th c
s dng to tn thi gi, tng ng l tnh chn lc tn s gi bng cch pht cc
tn hiu ging nhau vi tr tng ng khc nhau t nhiu anten. Bng cch ny, fading
t cc anten khc nhau s c tng quan thp, t c th t c phn tp tn
25

s. Loi phn tp tr ny c minh ha trong hnh 2.12 vi trng hp 2 anten pht.
Tr tng ng T s c la chn m bo ph hp vi tnh chn lc tn s thng
qua bng tn ca tn hiu pht i. Hnh 2.12 minh ha vi trng hp 2 anten pht.
Phn tp tr c th c m rng vi nhiu hn 2 anten pht vi tr tng ng khc
nhau trn mi anten.
Phn tp tr bn cht l khng th thy c my u cui. ch c th
thy c mt knh v tuyn gy ra tn thi. Do , phn tp tr c th c a vo
h thng truyn thng di dng mt cch d dng m khng cn bt k mt s h tr
c bit no v chun giao din v tuyn. Phn tp tr cng c p dng trong mt s
s truyn dn c bn, nhng s ny c thit k li dng fading chn lc
tn s, bao gm WCDMA v CDMA2000.
My pht BS
Rx
My u cui
T

Hnh 2.14: Phn tp tr 2 anten
2.5.1.4. Phn tp tr vng CDD
Phn tp tr vng CDD tng t nh phn tp tr, khc ch l CDD hot
ng theo khi v p dng dch vng thay v tr tuyn tnh cho cc anten khc nhau.
Do CDD c p dng cho nhng s truyn dn da trn khi nh OFDM v
DFTS-OFDM.
Trong trng hp truyn dn OFDM, dch vng tn hiu min thi gian th
tng ng l dch pha ph thuc tn s trc khi iu ch OFDM nh c minh ha
trong hnh 6.8b. Ging nh phn tp tr, n cng to ra tnh la chn tn s gi my
thu.
26

My pht
BS
Rx
My u
cui
Dch
vng
iu ch
OFDM
iu ch
OFDM
0
a
1
a
2
a
3
a
0
a
A Af j
e a
t 2
1
A A 2 2
1
f j
e a
t
A A 3 2
1
f j
e a
t
My pht BS

Hnh 2.15: Phn tp tr vng 2 anten (CDD)
2.5.1.5. Phn tp bng m ha khng gian thi gian
M ha khng gian thi gian l thut ng ch nhng s truyn dn a
anten m vic iu ch cc k hiu c nh x sang min thi gian v khng
gian (a anten pht) t c phn tp. M ha khi khng gian - thi gian STBC
phc tp hn s phn tp pht khng gian- thi gian STTD, STBC l mt phn ca
chun 3G CDMA t pht hnh u tin ca n.
Nh minh ha trong hnh 2.16, STTD thc hin theo tng cp k hiu iu ch.
Cc k hiu iu ch c pht trc tip trn anten u tin. Tuy nhin, trn anten th
hai th t ca cc k hiu s o li, ng thi o du v chuyn lin hp phc.
My pht BS
Rx
My u cui
3 2 1 0
, , , x x x x
*
2
*
3
*
0
*
1
, , , x x x x
3 2 1 0
, , , x x x x
M ha
STTD
* *
1 1
, ,
n n n n
x x x x
+ +

1
h
2
h

Hnh 2.16: Phn tp pht khng gian- thi gian WCDMA (STTD)
Truyn dn STTD c biu th theo vector nh sau:
x H.
*
x
x
.
*
h
*
h
h h
*
y
y
y
1 2n
2n
1 2
2 1
1 2n
2n
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
+
+
(2.59)
27

Trong y
2n
v y
2n+1
l k hiu thu trong khong 2n v 2n+1. Biu thc trn
c gi thit l cc tham s h
1
v h
2
khng thay i trong khong 2 k hiu k nhau.
Ma trn H l ma trn nht phn. K hiu pht x
2n
v x
2n+1
s c phc hi li bng
cch nhn ma trn W=H
-1
vi ma trn vector r
Rx
My u
cui
iu ch
OFDM
iu ch
OFDM
0
a
1
a
2
a
3
a
*
1
a
*
0
a
*
3
a
*
2
a

Hnh 2.17. Phn tp pht khng gian-tn s 2 anten
2.5.1.6. Phn tp da trn m ha khng gian-tn s
M ha khi khng gian-tn s SFBC cng ging nh m ha khi khng gian-
thi gian ch khc nhau l vic m ha thc hin trong min tn s ch khng phi
trong min thi gian. V th, SFBC c ng dng trong OFDM v nhng s
truyn dn min tn s. Khng gian tn s tng ng vi STTD (m c gi l
phn tp pht khng gian- tn s SFTD) nh c minh ha trong hnh 2.17. Khi tn
hiu iu ch (min tn s) a
0
, a
1
, a
2
, a
3
,... c nh x trc tip sang cc sng mang
OFDM trn anten th nht, trong khi khi k hiu . ,..
*
a ,
*
a ,
*
a ,
*
a
2 3 0 1
c nh x
sang cc sng mang con tng ng anten th hai.
Cc thnh phn bc sng
1
j
e

2
j
e

3
j
e

4
j
e

Tn hiu c truyn
1
j
e

2
j
e

3
j
e

4
j
e

a)
b)

Hnh 2.18: To bp song c in vi tng cao anten cao: a) Cu hnh anten. b)
Cu trc bp sng
28

So snh hnh 2.17 vi na tri hnh 2.15, ta thy v bn cht s khc nhau gia
SFBC vi phn tp tr vng l ch khi k hiu iu ch min tn s c nh x
nh th no ti anten th hai. Li ch ca SFBC so vi CDD l SFBC cung cp phn
tp ngay mc k hiu iu ch trong khi CDD phi da vo m ha knh kt hp vi
an xen min tn s a ra phn tp.
2.5.2. To bp sng pha pht
Nu thng tin v cc knh ng xung ca cc anten pht khc nhau, v cc
thng tin chi tit hn v pha ca knh tng ng c bit pha anten pht, th ngoi
kh nng cung cp phn tp, k thut a anten pht cn a ra kh nng to bp sng.
Ni chung, to bp sng lm tng cng tn hiu pha thu theo h s NT, t l vi
s anten pht. Khi tho lun v s truyn dn da trn a anten to bp sng c
th tch ring gia hai trng hp tng quan cao v thp.
tng quan cao tc l trong cu hnh anten th khong cch gia cc anten
nh nh hnh 2.18a. Trong trng hp ny, cc knh gia cc anten khc nhau v mt
my thu no s ging nhau, ging v fading knh v tuyn, ngoi tr s khc nhau
v pha ph thuc hng. Bp sng truyn dn tng c th c li theo cc hng
khc nhau bng cch p dng dch pha khc nhau cho cc tn hiu c truyn trn cc
anten khc nhau nh minh ha trong hnh 2.18b.
To bp anten pht vi dch pha khc nhau p dng cho cc anten c tng
quan cao thng c gi l to bp phn lp. Do khong cch gia cc anten nh,
bp sng tng s tng i rng v bt k mt s thay i no v hng bp sng
(trong thc t s l s thay i dch pha) s c thc hin chm. S thay i ny da
trn cc c tnh v hng my di dng u cui xut pht t cc php o ng ln.
Ngoi ra, do gi thit tng quan gia cc anten cao, to bp phn lp khng th
mang li kh nng phn tp m ch lm tng cng tn hiu thu m thi.
Tin m ha
1
v
2
v
T
N
v
1
x
2
x
T
N
x
x
Tn hiu pht i
Cc bc sng

Hnh 2.19: To bp sng da trn tin m ha trong trng hp tng quan anten
thp
29

tng quan gia cc anten thp tc l khong cch gia cc anten kh ln
nh minh ha trong hnh 2.19 hoc phn cc khc nhau. Vi tng quan thp,
nguyn l to bp c bn tng t nh trong hnh 2.18, tc l tn hiu c pht trn
cc anten khc nhau s c nhn vi trng s phc khc nhau. Tuy nhin, tri ngc
vi to bp phn lp, lc ny trng s anten s mang gi tr phc tc l pha v bin
ca tn hiu s c thay i. N phn nh mt thc t l do tng quan thp nn
pha v h s tng ch tc thi trn mi anten s khng ging nhau.
Vic p dng cc trng s khc nhau cho cc tn hiu c pht trn cc anten
khc nhau c th c biu din di dng vector ging nh p dng mt vector tin
m ha vcho tn hiu pht nh sau:
.x v .x
v
v
x
x
x
T
N
1
T
N
1
=
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
= (2.60)
Gi thit l tn hiu c pht i t cc anten khc nhau ch b tc ng bi
fading phng v nhiu trng, tc l s khng c tn thi knh v tuyn, cng sut
tn hiu thu ln nht, cc trng s tin m ha s c la chn theo cng thc:

=
=
T
N
1 k
2
k
h
*
i
h
i
v (2.61)
y l lin hp phc chun ha ca hi m bo cng sut pht tng c nh.
V th vector tin m ha phi :
- Quay pha tn hiu pht b li pha knh tc thi v m bo tn hiu thu c
chnh pha.
- Gn cng sut cho cc anten khc nhau vi quy tc l cng sut cao s c
gn anten c iu kin knh tt ( li anten cao)
- m bo gi cng sut pht tng khng i
S khc nhau chnh gia to bp sng c in theo hnh 2.18 vi gi thit
tng quan anten cao v to bp theo hnh 2.19 vi gi thit tng quan anten thp
l i vi trng hp th hai th cn nhiu thng tin v knh hn, bao gm vic c
tnh fading tc thi ca knh. Do vic cp nht vector tin m ha c thc hin
trong thi gian tng i ngn cp nht li s thay i fading. Khi thay i cc
30

trng s ca b tin m ha cng phi tnh n fading tc thi bao gm li knh tc
thi, tp bp nhanh nh hnh 2.19 cng a ra phn tp.
Ngoi ra, t nht trong trng hp truyn dn da trn FDD, vi truyn dn
ng ln v ng xung thc hin trong bng tn khc nhau, fading v th m s
khng tng quan gia ng ln v ng xung. Do , ch my u cui di ng
mi xc nh fading ng xung. My u cui s bo co v c tnh knh ng
xung cho trm gc bng tn hiu ng ln. My u cui la chn vector tin m
ha thch hp t mt tp hp hu hn cc vector tin m ha c gi l codebook, v
bo co v trm gc.
Mt khc, trong trng hp TDD, vi truyn dn ng ln v ng xung
thc hin trong cng bng tn nhng ti cc khe thi gian khc nhau, gia ng ln
v ng xung s c tng quan fading cao. Trong trng hp ny, trm gc c th
xc nh fading ng xung tc thi (t nht l v mt l thuyt) t cc php o trn
ng ln m khng cn hi tip. Tuy nhin phi gi thit my u cui pht lin tc
trn ng ln.

Hnh 2.20: Tin m ha trn mi sng mang con ca OFDM (2 anten pht)
2.6. Ghp knh khng gian
Vic s dng nhiu anten c pha thu v pha pht c coi nh l mt cch
ci thin t s tn hiu trn tp m/nhiu v phn tp chng li fading so vi vic
ch s dng nhiu anten pha pht hoc pha thu. c th c gi l ghp knh
khng gian, cho php tn dng hiu qu hn t s tn hiu trn tp m/nhiu v tc
d liu tng ln ng k qua giao din v tuyn.
2.6.1. Nguyn l c bn
T cc phn trc c th thy r l k thut a anten pha thu v pha pht
gip ci thin t s tn hiu trn tp m pha thu tng ng vi s lng anten bng
31

cch p dng k thut to bp sng pht v thu.Trong trng hp tng qut vi N
t

an ten pht v N
r
anten thu, t s tn hiu trn tp m c th tng ln tng ng vi N
t

xN
r
, v cho php tng tc d liu vi gi thit bng thng khng gii hn. Tuy
nhin, nu trong trng hp bng thng b gii hn trong di hot ng th tc d
liu s bo ha khi bng thng khng th tng c na.
hiu v bo ha tc d liu, xem xt biu thc c bn v dung lng
knh chun ha sau y:

|
.
|

\
|
+ =
N
S
1
2
log
BW
C
(2.62)
Bng phng php to bp, t s S/N c th tng tng ng vi N
t
x N
r.
. Nhn
chung, x x ~ + ) 1 ( log
2
khi x nh. Tc l vi S/N thp, dung lng knh s tng theo
t s S/N. Vi x ln, ) ( log ) 1 ( log
2 2
x x = + , tc l vi S/N ln th dung lng knh s
tng theo hm logarithm ca S/N.
Tuy nhin, trong trng hp nhiu anten pht v anten thu mt iu kin c
th, ta c th to ra N
L
= min (N
t
, N
R
) knh song song (cng sut tn hiu c chia ra
cho mi knh) vi t s tn hiu trn tp m gim xung N
L
ln. Dung lng mi knh
c tnh nh sau:
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
N
S
N
N
1 log
BW
C
L
R
2
(2.63)
Khi , dung lng tng i vi mi cu hnh a anten c xc nh nh sau:

{ }
{ }
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
N
S
.
N , N min
N
1 .log N , N min
N
S
N
N
1 .log N
BW
C
R T
R
2 R T
L
R
2 L
(2.64)
TX RX
Ma trn knh H
1,1
h
1,2
h
2,1
h
2,2
h
1

1
x
1
y
2
y
2
x

32

Hnh 2.21: Cu hnh anten 2x2
Do , trong nhng iu kin c th no , dung lng knh c th tng tuyn
tnh vi s lng anten, trnh khi b bo ha tc d liu. c gi l ghp
knh khng gian. Thut ng x l anten MIMO thng hay c s dng mc d
thut ng ny dng chung cho tt c trng hp a anten pht v thu, bao gm c phn
tp pht v thu.
hiu c nguyn l c bn m cc knh song song c to ra, ta xem xt
cu hnh 2x2 anten bao gm 2 anten pht v 2 anten thu v gi thit l tn hiu c
pht ch b nh hng bi fading phng v nhiu trng, tc l khng c tn thi knh
v tuyn.
Da trn hnh 2.21, tn hiu thu c th c biu din nh sau:
x H.

x
x
.
h h
h h
y
y
y
2
1
2
1
2,2 2,1
1,2
2
1 1, 1
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= (2.65)
Trong H l ma trn knh 2x2. Gi thit khng c tp m v ma trn H kh
o, vector x v tn hiu x
1
v x
2
c th c phc hi hon ton pha thu m khng
c nhiu gia cc tn hiu bng cch nhn vector thu y vi ma trn W= H
-1
. H
x
x
y W.
x
x
1
2
1
2
1
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
(2.66)
Biu thc ny c minh ha trong hnh 2.22
TX
H
W
My thu
1
x
2
x
x
1

1
y
2
y
1
x
2
x
y

Hnh 2.22: Thu tuyn tnh/Gii ghp knh cc tnh hiu c ghp khng gian
Mc d vector x c th c phc hi hon ton trong trng hp khng c
tp m, min l ma trn H kh o, (2.66) cng ch ra rng cc c tnh ca H cng
quyt nh phm vi no m vic gii iu ch hai tn hiu s lm tng mc tp m.
33

hiu v ma trn H th ta cng phi hiu rng tn hiu pht i t hai anten
pht s gy nhiu cho nhau. Hai anten thu c th c s dng thc hin s IRC,
bn cht l trit nhiu ca tn hiu t anten th nht ln anten th hai v ngc li.
Cc hng ca ma trn W thc hin chc nng ny.
Trong trng hp tng qut, cu hnh a anten s bao gm N
T
anten pht v N
R

anten thu. S lng tn hiu song song c th c ghp knh khng gian s ln hn
N
L
=min (N
T
, N
R
). C th hiu c bng trc gic l:
Hin nhin s khng th c nhiu hn N
T
tn hiu c c th c pht i t
N
T
anten pht, tc l s lng tn hiu c ghp knh ln nht l N
T
.
Vi N
R
anten thu, s lng tn hiu nhiu c th b trit tiu ln nht l N
R
-1,
tc l s lng tn hiu c c ghp ln nht l N
R
.
V
My pht
tn hiu
L
N
T
N
anten pht
1
x
2
x
T
N
x
2
a
1
a
L
N
a

Hnh 2.23. Ghp knh khng gian da trn tin m ha
Tuy nhin, s lng cc tn hiu c ghp khng gian hay cn gi l bc ghp
knh khng gian, s nh hn N
L
trong nhng trng hp sau y :
Trong iu kin knh xu (t s tn hiu/ tp m thp) th ghp knh khng gian
khng c li v dung lng knh l mt hm tuyn tnh vi t s tn hiu/ tp m.
Trong trng hp ny, s dng a anten pht v thu cho to bp sng ci thin t
s tn hiu/ tp m hn l ghp knh.
Trong nhiu trng hp, bc ghp khng gian c xc nh da trn cc thuc
tnh ca ma trn knh kch thc N
R
xN
T
. Nhng anten tha s c s dng to
bp sng. S kt hp gia to bp sng v ghp knh khng gian c th t c ghp
knh da trn tin m ha.
2.6.2. Ghp knh da trn tin m ha
Tin m ha tuyn tnh trong ghp knh khng gian tc l x l tuyn tnh bng
ma trn tin m ha kch thc N
T
x N
L
c p dng pha pht nh c minh ha
34

trong hnh 2.23 trong trng hp tng qut N
L
bng hoc nh hn N
T
, tc l N
L
tn
hiu c ghp knh v c pht i bi N
T
anten.
Ch l ghp knh khng gian da trn tin m ha c th c coi l tng
qut cho to bp da trn tin m ha vi vector tin m ha c kch thc N
T
x 1 thay
cho N
T
x N
L
.
Tin m ha trong hnh 2.23 c th v hai mc ch sau:
Trong trng hp s tn hiu ghp khng gian bng s anten pht (N
L
= N
T
),
tin m ha c s dng trc giao cc lung song song, cho php tng cng
cch ly tn hiu pha thu.
V
H
R
N
T
N
L
N
V
1 1,

2 , 2

L L

,
L
N

Hnh 2.24: Trc giao ha tn hiu ghp khng gian thng qua tin m ha.
i,i
l gi
tr eigen th i ca ma trn HHH
Trong trng hp s tn hiu ghp nh hn s anten pht N
L
< N
T
, tin m ha
c s dng sp xp N
L
tn hiu ghp knh ln N
T
anten pht bao gm c ghp
knh khng gian v to bp sng.
xc nhn rng tin m ha c th tng cng cch ly cc tn hiu ghp knh,
ta biu din ma trn knh H di dng SVD

H
.V W. H = (2.67)
Trong , tng ct ca V v W to nn mt tp trc giao v l mt ma trn N
L
x
N
L
vi cc gi tr c trng N
L
ca H
H
H l phn t trn ng cho. Bng cch p
dng ma trn V l ma trn tin m ha pha pht v ma trn W
H
pha thu. Nu ma
trn knh tng ng W H' = l ma trn ng cho th s khng c nhiu gia cc tn
hiu ghp knh pha thu. ng thi, nu c V v W c cc ct trc giao, cng sut
pht cng nh mc nhiu b gii iu ch (gi thit l nhiu trng) c thay i.
Ni mt cch r rng hn, trong trng hp tin m ha, mi tn hiu thu s c
mc cht lng no , ph thuc vo gi tr c trng ca ma trn knh. iu ny ch
ra li ch tim tng ca vic p dng s tng thch kt ni ng trong min khng
35

gian, tc l la chn tng ng t l m ha hoc s iu ch cho mi tn hiu
c truyn i.
Trong thc t, ma trn tin m ha khng bao gi tng ng vi ma trn knh
mt cch hon ho, v lun c nhiu gia cc tn hiu ghp khng gian. Nhiu ny c
th c x l bng cch thm vo b thu chc nng x l tuyn tnh hoc phi tuyn..

Hnh 2.25: Truyn dn mt t m (a) v a t m (b)
xc nh ma trn tin m ha V, cn phi bit v ma trn knh H. Tng t
nh to bp sng da trn b tin m ha, cch tip cn chung l c tnh knh pha
thu v quyt nh ma trn tin m ha ph hp t mt tp cc ma trn tin m ha kh
dng (codebook). Pha thu sau s phn hi li thng tin v ma trn tin m ha
la chn pha pht.











36



























37