Tiu lun

HP NG GIA CNG QUC T V T CHC THC HIN HP NG

Qun tr xut nhp khu- TS. Bi Thanh Trng

I. CC HNH THC GIA CNG XUT KHU I.1 Theo quyn s hu nguyn vt liu trong qu trnh sn xu t sn phm: Hnh thc nhn nguyn liu giao thnh ph m Bn t gia cng giao nguyn liu hoc bn thnh phm cho bn nhn gia cng v sau thi gian sn xu t, ch to s thu h i thnh phm v tr ph gia cng. Trong trng hp ny, trong thi gian ch to, quyn s h u v nguyn liu vn thuc v bn t gia cng. Hnh thc mua t bn on Da trn hp ng mua bn hng di hn vi nc ngoi. Bn t gia cng bn t nguyn liu cho bn nhn gia cng v sau thi gian sn xut, ch to, s mua li thnh ph m. Trong trng hp ny quyn s hu nguyn vt liu chuyn t bn t gia cng sang bn nhn gia cng. Hnh thc kt hp Bn t gia cng ch giao nguyn vt liu chnh, cn bn nhn gia cng cung cp nhng nguyn vt liu ph. I.2 Xt v mt gi c gia cng Hp ng thc chi thc thanh Bn nhn gia cng thanh ton vi bn t gia cng ton b nhng chi ph thc t ca mnh cng vi tin th lao gia cng. Hp ng khon Xc nh nh mc cho m i sn phm gm: Chi ph nh mc v th lao nh m c. Hai bn s thanh ton vi nhau theo gi nh m c d chi ph thc t c a bn nh n gia cng l bao nhiu chng na. I.3 Xt v mc cung c p nguyn liu, ph liu Bn t gia cng giao ton b nguyn ph liu, bn thnh ph m. Trong mi l hng u c bng nh m c nguyn ph liu chi tit cho tng sn phm m hai bn tha thun v c cc cp qun l xt duyt. Ngi nhn gia cng ch vic t ch c sn xut theo ng m u ca khch v giao li sn phm cho khch t gia cng hoc giao li cho ngi th ba theo s ch nh c a khch.
Qun tr xut nhp khu- TS. Bi Thanh Trng 2

 Bn t gia cng ch giao nguyn liu chnh theo nh m c, cn nguyn liu ph th bn nh n gia cng t khai thc theo ng yu cu ca khch. Bn t gia cng khng giao bt c nguyn ph liu no cho khch, bn nh n gia cng t lo nguyn ph liu sn xu t hng ha theo yu cu. I.4. Theo loi hnh sn xu t: Sn xut ch bin Lp rp, tho d, ph d Ti ch Chn l c, phn loi, lm sch, lm m i ng gi, k k hiu Gia cng pha ch

II. TRNH T HOT NG GIA CNG XUT KH U II.1 Nghin cu th trng v tm kim khch hng i vi n v kinh doanh quc t, vic nghin cu th trng c ngha rt quan trng. Trong vic nghin cu , nhng n i dung m cng ty c n tp trung nm vng l: iu kin chnh tr, thng mi ni chung, lut php v chnh sch bun bn, iu kin v tin t, tn dng, iu kin vn ti v gi cc trn th trng ; nhu cu v hng ho bao gm th hiu v khi lng cu; tnh hnh cung th trng nh cc hng cung cp, tnh hnh cnh tranh Ring i vi gia cng xut khu hng may m c th cng ty cn nghin cu l th trng hn ngch hay phi hn ngch. Nu l th trng hn ngch phi n ln b thng mi xin hn ngch hay tm n v trong nc c b cp hn ngch tin hnh u thc gia cng. c th ca gia cng hng may m c l thc hin hp ng ko di do vy nghin cu iu kin chnh tr, thng mi ph i c d on trc da trn c s thc t. Nu iu kin chnh tr nc khng n nh th c th khng thu c ph gia cng hay hp ng b hu b b t k lc no. Mi nc u c chnh sch thng mi p dng cho tng quc gia v d: M xy dng nn ba loi chnh sch p dng cho ba loi nc khc nhau trn quan h ca nc vi nc M. Bi vy, vic nghin cu chnh sch bun bn cng nh h thng php lut ca mi th trng l rt quan trng. N khng nhng quyt nh n hiu qu ca hot ng sn xut kinh doanh ni chung v hot ng gia cng xut
Qun tr xut nhp khu- TS. Bi Thanh Trng 3

khu ni ring. Ch ng hn lut php ca M quy nh hng may mc ca Vit Nam nu sn xut bng nguyn liu ngoi nhp th phi chu mc thu l 90%. Do nghin cu k chnh sch ny nn cc doanh nghip xut khu quyt nh chin lc tm mi cch nhp nguyn liu t cc nc ASEAN gia cng xut khu vo th trng n y, nguyn liu nhp khu t cc nc khc th hn ch xut khu sang th trng n y bi thu sut l 90% s gim rt nhiu yu t cnh tranh c bit l gi c. Mt vn khc tc ng n gia cng xut khu m cng ty cn quan tm nghin cu l : cc tp qun lin quan n lnh vc giao nhn, th tc ti mi cng giao hng v kim tra hng ho lc nhp hng. Sau khi nghin cu chnh sch bun bn v h thng php lut th cng ty thng nghin cu d ton ph gia cng, iu kin tin t tn dng th trng ra sao. Thng th cc cng ty thanh ton vi nhau bng mt ng tin mnh c gi tr trao i qu c t. TM KIM BN HNG Mc ch l tm c b n hng trong nc v nc ngoi n nh v ng tin cy la chn c i tc, cng ty khng ch d a vo nhng li qu ng co, gii thiu m cn tm hiu khch hng v thi chnh tr, kh nng ti chnh, lnh vc v uy tn c a h trong kinh doanh. Kh nng ca khch hng c th hin qua h thng c s vt ch t, ti sn c nh, ti sn lu ng, trm tri, ca hng. Song khng ph i v vy m kt lu n h c kh nng ti chnh, sn sng thanh ton sng phng. Rt nhiu thng gia ngi nc ngoi vay vn mua trang thit b, mua nguyn ph liu nh chng ta gia cng hy vng rng sau khi bn hng s tr tin cho ta. Kt qu l hng ra khng bn c, ng vn, khng c tin tr ph gia cng cn chng ta khng c tin tr lng cng nhn. Do khng nn ngh rng khch hng chuyn nguyn liu ch u gi rt ln v h khng cn lo, hung h chng ta c cht tin ph gia cng m chp nh n phng thc thanh ton chuyn tin. Chnh v suy ngh v nh hng ng n m cng ty nn ch p dng phng thc chuyn tin vi khch hng quen, c quan h lu di, cn i vi khch hng nc ngoi mi t hng cng ty bu c phi thanh ton bng th tn dng. Thi uy tn trong kinh doanh ca thng gia cho bit mc sng phng ca h. y l thng tin m cng ty cho l rt quan trng v a thnh nguyn tc vi bt k
Qun tr xut nhp khu- TS. Bi Thanh Trng 4

khch hng no. Thng tin ny c th thu c t khch hng hay nhng t chc tn dng. Nu h l thng gia c uy tn th s nng uy tn ca cng ty nn rt nhiu. Song ngc li, uy tn ca cng ty b tn thng v nhiu khi khng c thanh ton. Mt nhn t quan trng m cng ty tp trung nghin cu l trin vng v lnh vc m h kinh doanh, phi xem xt knh phn phi hng ha, doanh s bn xc nh ng n kh nng pht trin ca i tc. iu n y quyt nh m rng mt hng kinh doanh v mi quan h lu d i gia cng ty vi h. i vi i tc trong nc vic tm hiu c phn n gin hn. Tuy vy cng ty vn nm thng tin v kh nng ti chnh, thi v uy tn kinh doanh ca h. Vic la chn cui cng cn ph thuc vo mc hin i ca my mc, thit b v trnh tay ngh ca cng nhn, kh nng thc hin gia cng c ng cht lng c ng k thu t v thi hn hp ng hay khng. II.2. m phn v k kt hp ng Trong giao dch ngoi thng cc bn thng c s khc bit nhau v chnh kin, v php lut, v tp qun ngn ng t duy truyn thng v quyn li. Nhng s khc bit dn n s xung t. Mun gii quyt xung t , ngi ta phi trao i kin vi nhau. Trong hot ng gia cng quc t nhng vn thng tr thnh n i dung c a cc cuc m phn l: Ph m ch t S lng Bao b ng gi Giao hng Gi c gia cng Thanh ton Ph t v bi thng thit hi Ba giai on ca m phn l: Giai on chun b, giai on m phn v giai on sau m phn. Trong giai on chun b l giai on quan trng nh t, n quyt nh 80% kt qu ca m phn. II.3 Ni dung ca hp ng gia cng quc t Hp ng gia cng quc t l s tho thun gia hai (c quc tch khc nhau: bn nhn gia cng v bn t gia cng nhm sn xut gia cng hay ch bin sn ph m mi hoc bn th nh ph m mu m v tiu chu n k thut do bn t gia cng quy
Qun tr xut nhp khu- TS. Bi Thanh Trng 5

nh trn c s nguyn vt liu do bn t gia cng giao trc. Sau bn nh n gia cng s c tr mt khon th lao nht nh. Hp ng gia cng quc t l m t dng ca hp ng kinh t n mang nhng nt c trng cho tnh cht v loi i tng m hp ng ny iu chnh. Tnh cht ring bit ny c th hin hu ht trong cc hp ng gia cng m thc cht quan h hp ng ny l lm thu nhn th lao. a) Ch th ca h p ng C nhn, php nhn hay t chc mun lm ch th trong hp ng kinh doanh quc t, yu cu trc tin phi c nng lc php l. Nng lc ny c xc nh bng lut ca quc gia m ch th mang quc tch. Do s quy nh ca cc h thng php lut l khc nhau, cho nn thng gy ra hin tng xung t php lut. b) Khch th ca hp ng i tng ca hp ng m ch th hng ti nhm tho m n quyn v ngha v ca m nh. Trong h p ng gia cng, i tng chnh l nguyn vt liu v sn phm gia cng c dch chuyn qua bin gii. i tng ca hp ng gia cng phi khng c vi ph m danh mc hng ho c php xut nhp khu theo quy nh 96/TM XNK ngy 14-2-1995. II.3.1. Cc iu khon ca hp ng: Phn m u: Gm s hp ng, tn gi ca hp ng, tn v a ch giao dch, quc tch, s telephone, tn ti khon m ti ngn hng ca c bn nh n gia cng v bn t gia cng. iu khon tn v s lng th nh ph m : Tn v s lng thnh phm phi c ghi c th, chnh xc trnh nhm ln, m bo tnh chnh xc ca hng ho. Nu hp ng thu gia cng nhiu loi h ng th phi ghi c th tn v s lng ca tng loi. Cc iu khon v phm cht quy cch: L iu khon rt quan trng xc nh i tng ca hp ng. Thng th phm cht quy cch c quy nh chi tit t m trong h p ng gia cng hoc quy nh tng t nh mu m hai bn tho thu n c xc nh bng vn bn ca c quan kim nghim cht lng sn phm. Hai bn tho thun ch n c quan kim nghim ca nc t gia cng hay nc nhn gia cng. Vn bn kim nghim phm cht v quy cch thnh phm c mi bn gi mt bn, c quan kim nghim gi mt bn.
Qun tr xut nhp khu- TS. Bi Thanh Trng 6

 iu khon v nguyn vt liu: nguyn vt liu l i tng ca hp ng gia cng thng to n b nguyn vt liu sn xu t, ch bin sn phm gia cng nhng cng c khi ch nguyn vt liu chnh. iu khon v nguyn vt liu phi c quy nh c th v loi nguyn vt liu, tn nguyn vt liu, s lng phm ch tv t l tiu hao nguyn vt liu. iu khon v gi c: y l iu khon c bn ca tt c cc loi hp ng. Trong hp ng gia cng cho nc ngoi, vic quy nh gi c ht sc chi tit, c th i vi tng loi sn phm, tng cng on. iu khon v phng thc thanh ton: L iu khon quan trng c cc b n quan tm tho thun khi k kt hp ng. Thng thng trong hp ng gia cng cho nc ngoi p dng phng thc thanh ton bng ngoi t mnh v theo th tc L/C. iu khon v thi hn giao hng v hnh thc giao hng: iu khon ny quy nh chnh xc th i hn giao nguyn vt liu chnh v ph, thi hn giao sn phm. y l iu khon quan trng m bo cho hp ng c thc hin dng thi hn, khng gy m t n nh trong sn xut kinh doanh nh hng n quyn li ca cc bn. iu khon v kim tra hng ho: y l iu khon quan trng quy nh vic kim tra nguyn vt liu, th nh phm thuc c quan no. Trong trng hp hai b n tho thun c quan kim tra thuc pha Vit Nam m vo th i im kim tra b n t gia cng li c chuyn gia sang th quyt nh ca chuyn gia c coi l quyt nh cui cng vi iu kin quyt nh phi c lp thnh vn bn. Khi tin hnh kim tra, cc chuyn gia s cn c vo nhng iu kin v quy cch phm ch t c quy nh trong hp ng. iu khon v pht hp ng: y l iu khon mang tnh ch ti m bo cho hp ng c thc hin. Trong hp ng gia cng cho nc ngoi, iu khon v pht hp ng c quy nh vi vic vi phm thi gian giao nhn h ng ha. V vic quy nh mc pht cho hai bn ph i c ghi c th, r rng trong h p ng lm cn c cho vic thc hin trong trng hp mt trtong hai bn b pht hp ng.

Qun tr xut nhp khu- TS. Bi Thanh Trng

 iu khon v trng ti: y l iu khon rt quan trng l c s cho vic xc nh c quan c thm quyn gii quyt tranh chp. Trong iu khon ny, cc bn tho thun v quy nh mt c quan gii quyt tranh chp. Nu trong iu khon ny khng quy nh c th th khi c tranh chp, v vic c a ra trng ti quc t. iu khon v hiu lc ca hp ng: Quy nh cc diu kin v thi hn hp ng bt u c hiu lc v ht hiu lc. Thng thng, hp ng c hiu lc ngay k t khi hai bn k kt, song i vi hp ng gia cng xut khu th thi im hp ng c hiu lc l thi im sau khi thng qua mt s th tc bt buc (nh n c giy php nhp khu ) Ngoi ra, trong hp ng gia cng cho nc ngoi cn c nhng iu khon khc phc v cho qu trnh thc hin hp ng (v d nh iu khon bo v my mc thit b ca b n nhn gia cng trong trng hp thu ca bn t gia cng theo hp ng leasing ). Nhng diu khon n y c th quy nh hoc khng quy nh tu theo tng hp ng c th v khng phi l iu khon bt buc. II.3.2 T chc gia cng hng xut khu Cc cng vic c th m doanh nghip lm hng gia cng xu t khu phi tin hnh tu thuc vo tng hp ng c th. Thng thng sau khi k kt hp ng doanh nghip lm gia cng phi tin h nh cc cng vic sau: Xin giy php nhp khu: Sau khi k hp ng gia cng, bn t gia cng phi tin hnh giao nguyn ph liu bn nhn gia cng tin h nh gia cng. Bn nh n gia cng phi tin hnh xin giy php ca B thng mi a s nguyn ph liu ca bn t gia cng vo trong nc. M v kim tra L/C: i vi trng hp thanh ton qua th tn dng. T chc gia cng chun b giao hng: y l vn mu cht trong qu trnh thc hin hp ng gia cng, n quyt nh uy tn cng nh m bo hp ng. Cc vn ch yu bao gm: Tin h nh gia cng th, t chc gia cng, ng gi bao b hng xut khu, k v k m hiu, kim tra cht lng h ng ho. Thu tu ch hng (hoc u thc thu tu) theo cc iu kin ghi trong hp ng.

Qun tr xut nhp khu- TS. Bi Thanh Trng

 Lm th tc hi quan: bn nh n gia cng phi khai bo hng ho ln t khai c quan hi quan kim tra Giao hng ho ln tu hoc i l vn ti Lm th tc thanh ton Khiu ni v gii quyt khiu ni

III. PHN TCH TH C TRNG GIA CNG XUT KHU VIT NAM Lu nay vn c kin cho rng Vit Nam b ri vo by gia cng, rng gia cng ch l bn m hi vi gi r, cng on gia cng l cng on to ra gi tr gia tng thp nht trong chui gi tr, v v th cn chm d t chuyn ny cng sm cng t t. Nhng nu i su phn tch ta d dng nh n thy gia cng khng phi l nguyn nhn km hm s pht trin kinh t Vit Nam, m tri li, chnh th trng lao ng Vit Nam vi li th gi nhn cng r l c s thu ht cc hp ng gia cng xu t khu t nc ngoi. l mt thc t ph n nh tnh hnh gia cng xut khu v an g tn ti Vit Nam. III.1 Kinh t gia cng l xu hng ca kinh t ton cu Trn thc t, h u ht cc quc gia trn th gii u ang lm gia cng, ch khng ring g Vit Nam. l xu hng ca nn kinh t ton cu ha. Rt kh tm ra mt nc no t mnh lm ht mi cng on sn xut cc sn phm hon chnh. Mi nc ch th c hin m t s cng on nht nh, v chnh l gia cng. V d nu Vit Nam nhp linh kin in t t Thi Lan, c ngh a l Thi Lan ang gia cng linh kin, cn Vit Nam thc hin cng on lp rp. K c cc nc pht trin nh c, Nh t cng vy. H hoc sn xut linh kin, hoc lp rp t linh kin do cc nc khc sn xut. Chic Mercedes-Benz made in Germany th c cht c lp rp t linh kin do hng ngn nh my ti khp cc nc trn th gii cung cp. Nh th b n thn vic gia cng khng nhng khng chng t mc pht trin thp c a Vit Nam, m tri li, n chng t kinh t Vit Nam hi nhp vo nn kinh t ton cu. Khng th cho rng nh th l Vit Nam qu ph thuc vo xut nhp kh u, rng y l khuyt im cn khc phc kinh t Vit Namct cnh. xt xem n n kinh t ph thu c vo th trng nc ngoi mc no th khng nn nhn vo kim ngch xut kh u, m phi nhn vo con s GDP do khu v c sn xut hng xut kh u to ra trong tng GDP c a ton nn kinh t. Kim ngch xut nh p khu ch th hin mc gn kt c a kinh t trong nc vi kinh t th gii, cn t trng GDP c a khu vc sn xut xut khu trong tng GDP c a ton b nn kinh t quc dn th hin mc ph thuc ca nn kinh t quc dn vo th trng nc ngoi.
Qun tr xut nhp khu- TS. Bi Thanh Trng 9

S gn kt v ph thuc ny mang nh ng ngha khc nhau. Vi thi gian, nn kinh t Vit Nam s ngy cng gn vi kinh t th gii nh mt thnh phn hu c (biu hin qua kim ngch xut nh p khu, cng nh t tr ng GDP c a khu v c sn xut hng xut kh u trong tng GDP ca ton nn kinh t, ngy mt tng), nhng l mt xu th khng th o ngc, ch tuyt nhin khng ph i l ci g yu km cn ngn chn hay t b.

III.2 Nguy c bin thnh bi thi cng ngh rc Kinh t gia cng khng nht thit bin t nc thnh bi th i cng ngh. Vic cng ngh no c s dng Cng ngh cao hay cng ngh th p l do hiu qu kinh t quyt nh, v khng phi lc no s dng cng ngh cao cng c hiu qu hn dng cng ngh th p. Nu ni cng ngh tiu tn nhiu nng lng ho c gy nhim mi trng, th khng phi l hu qu mang li c a n n kinh t gia cng, m l do s h trong qui hoch, qun l ca cc c quan chc nng, hoc do l i ca cc n v sn xut v li ch c nhn nhm m t lm l, sn xut khng i i vi cng tc bo v mi trng. III.3 Kinh t gia cng khng m bo tt i sng vt cht cho ngi lao ng Thng c quan im cho rng n n kinh t gia cng l n n kinh t thm dng lao ng, lng tr cho cng nhn ch sng mc tn tin nhn nh nh vy l ln ngc vn , ly nguyn nhn lm h qu. V bn cht, gia cng khng ng nhin ng ngha vi thm dng lao ng. Mc thm dng lao ng ph thuc vo gi nhn cng ca nc s ti mi giai on nht nh. V d c th nu Vit Nam thu doanh nghip c sn xu t linh kin xe hi, hoc lp rp hng in t, h s dng cng ngh hin i i hi rt t lao ng sng. l do nhn cng ca c t , nn dng my mc s c li hn. Vi cc nc km pht trin th ngc li, dng lao ng nhn cng c li hn dng lao ng my mc. Do gi nhn cng y r nn cc nc khc pht trin s thng ch ng giao cng on i hi nhiu sc lao ng cho cc nc ny th c hin. Nh th gi lao ng r l ci c trc, cn cch thc gia cng thm dng lao ng l ci c sau. Nhng ngi ta rt hay b hin tng nh la, c ngh rng gia cng l thm dng lao ng. Do c th tr lng thp v p lc ca Vic cnh tranh nn cc doanh nghip c xu hng gim gi gia cng ti m c ti thiu, min sao t mc li nhu n trung. iu ny khin ngi ta tng lm rng v gi gia cng thp m lng cng nhn thp. Nu qu thc tin lng ph thuc vo gi gia cng, th gi gia cng do ci g quyt nh? Ti sao pha nc ngoi khng th p gi gia cng xung n mc ti thiu, m ch c th xung n mt ngng khng c no ? Ngng khng c ny chnh l do gi lao ng quyt nh. T nhng phn tch trn c th kt lun ni Kinh t gia cng khng m bo t t i s ng vt ch t cho ngi lao ng? l sai.

Qun tr xut nhp khu- TS. Bi Thanh Trng

10

III.4 Hiu qu v h u qu ca gia cng xut kh u Gia cng khng gy ra nhp siu, khng bin t nc thnh bi thi cng ngh, khng phi l th phm khin i sng cng nhn kh n khVy ti sao li c quan im cho rng Vit Nam ri vo by gia cng ? Nhiu ngi ngh rng cng on may, hay lp rp sn ph m cui cng, to ra gi tr gia tng thp, cn chuyn sang cng on khc c gi tr gia tng cao hn. V d nh trong thit k mu m gia cng: m t n cng nhn may khng th thay th m t chuyn gia thit k; nu hng trm ngn cng nhn bng chc bin thnh chuyn gia thit k ht, th cng chng c ai cung cp n hng cho hng trm ngn chuyn gia . Nhn mt cch thc t, nu b qua nhng m nh v ct cnh chi phi, th con ng pht trin c a Vit Nam c th c hnh dung nh sau: Khu v c nng nghip ni chung ch cn vi ba % s lao ng l m trch (V d M l 1%). Vit Nam c ti 70% dn s sng nng thn, tc l mi ngi nng dn ch s dng 1/10 nng lc c a mnh, cn phn ln thi gian l tht nghip. C mi ngi lao ng ly nng v chuyn sang khu vc phi nng nghip th sn lng nng nghip khng v th m gim i, trong khi mt lng gi tr mi li c to ra trong khu vc cng nghip, d ch v, b sung vo GDP ca t nc. Nn kinh t nh pht trin, t nc giu dn ln. Qu trnh ny s cn tip din cho n khi s lao ng trong khu vc nng nghip ch cn chim vi %, ko theo thu nhp u ngi ca nng dn tng ln c chc ln so vi hin nay. Qu trnh i h i vn u t; vn u t to ra phng tin sn xut (nh xng, my mc, nguyn liu) ngi lao ng c th s dng sc lao ng ca mnh v to ra gi tr mi. Vi nhng nc ang trong qu trnh cng nghip ha nh Vit Nam th pht trin ph i da trn vn u t v lao ng l iu ng nhin v tt yu. Hn na, y l con ng hp l, v n to ra Vic lm, gim th t nghip nng thn, chuyn i c cu lao ng, gii quyt ng thi c vn kinh t ln x hi. D a cho cch th c pht trin kiu ny ca Vit Nam cn rt ln, khng nh nhng kin cho rng Vit Nam n lc chm dt pht trin da trn u t v lao ng. Vic s dng vn u t sao cho hiu qu li l chuyn khc, khng nn ln ln. Thot tin, nhng ngi lao ng mi chn t chn ro t ng qu tm ti cc khu cng nghip kim Vic lm, h sn sng nh n ng lng rt thp d sao vn cao hn so vi thu nhp qu v c th ch p nh n c vi m c sng hin ti. Tuy nhin, cng vi s pht trin ca nn kinh t, mc sng trung bnh c nng ln, ngi cng nhn bt u khng chp nhn mc lng nh c. H yu sch i tng lng. C sau mi dp Tt l cc doanh nghip li au u vi vn nhn s . Gii ch buc phi nhng b, tng lng cho cng nhn. C nh th tin lng ca cng nhn tn g dn ln. Nhn cng dn t bu c ch doanh nghip phi i mi cng ngh sang loi tin tin, t thm dng
Qun tr xut nhp khu- TS. Bi Thanh Trng 11

lao ng hn, ng thi khng chp nhn gi gia cng r nh trc na. Cc nc khc do bt c hi tn dng c ngu n nhn cng r c a Vit Nam so vi trc. Qu trnh c th tip din, d n ti cng ngh ngy mt hin i hn, lng cng nhn ngy mt cao hn, Vic gia cng dn chuyn sang nhng cng on t thm dng lao ng hn, gi gia cng cao hn. Qu trnh ny din ra t t, ko di hng chc nm. Bn thn cc nc pht trin cng phi mt hng trm nm mi c nh ngy nay. Nhng trng hp ha rng sau mt thi gian ngn nh Hn Quc, i Loan l ht s c hn hu. Ni vy khng phi t an i bn thn, lm thui cht ch phn u, m c ci nhn thc t hn i vi s pht trin ca t nc. Tm li, cn nhn nhn su xa vn v t b quan im cho rng gia cng chnh l nguyn nhn gy ra nhng yu km cho nn kinh t Vt Nam.

IV. TH C TRNG GIA CNG XUT KHU DT MAY VIT NAM QUA THI GIAN Trong c cu cc mt hng xut khu ca Vit Nam, c th ni ngnh dt may vi mc thm dng lao ng cao v ang chim mt t tr ng kh ln trong tng c cu kim ngch xu t khu, th hin qua bng s liu sau: Bng 1: Th hng v t trng mt s m t hng xut khu chnh ca Vit Nam nm 2012

Qun tr xut nhp khu- TS. Bi Thanh Trng

12

Biu 1: Kim ngch xut khu hng d t may qua cc nm

Kim ngch xut khu hng dt may qua cc nm (t USD)

16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Nm 2009 Nm 2010 Nm 2011 Nm 2012 9.07 13.8 11.2 15.1

Ngun: http://www.Vnanet.com.vn/tin-thi-truong-hang-hoa-Vetnam.gplist.288.gpopen.176789.gpside.1.gpnewtitle.kim-ngach-xuat-khau-hang-det-may-cuaVet-nam-nam-2009-giam-nhe-0-6-so.asmx

Theo s liu thng k, xut khu hng dt may ca Vit Nam trong thng 12/2009 t 881,13 triu USD, a tng kim ngch xut kh u hng dt my c nm 2009 ln gn 9,07 t USD (gim nh 0,6% so nm 2008). Th trng Hoa K, Nh t bn vn l th trng ch o cho xut khu hng dt may c a Vit Nam. Hoa K vn ng u v kim ngch xut khu thng 12/2009. l 490,4 triu USD, c nm t gn 5 t USD, chim 55,1% tng kim ngch; ng th 2 l kim ngch xut kh u sang Nh t Bn thng 12/2009 t gn 96 triu USD, tnh chung c nm t 954,1 triu USD, chim 10,52%. Nm 2010, ngnh Dt May Vit Nam c nhng bc tng trng kh quan: Kim ngch xut kh u t 11,2 t USD, tng 23,2% so vi nm 2009. Trong , th trng M t hn 6 t USD, tng 22%; EU t 1,8 t USD, tng 14%; Nht Bn 1,2 t USD, tng 20%. Ring Tp on Dt May Vt Nam, trong nm 2010 nh du nhng bc pht trin mi vi cc ch tiu tng trng t v vt k ho ch ra, nh: Doanh thu t 30.600,2 t ng, tng 26% so vi nm 2009, vt 17% so vi k hoch; kim ngch xut kh u t 2,1 t USD, tng 23% so vi nm 2009, vt 12% so vi k hoch; li nhun t 911,2 t USD, tng 36% so vi nm 2009, vt 10% so vi k hoch; doanh thu ni a t 15.364,6 t ng, tng 20% so vi nm 2009, vt 8% so vi k hoch. c bit, t l ni a ha nm 2010 t 49%, tng 2% so vi nm 2009.

Qun tr xut nhp khu- TS. Bi Thanh Trng

13

Cc doanh nghip c m c tng trng doanh thu v kim ngch xu t khu trn 20% gm, cc Tng cng ty: Phong Ph, Vit Th ng, Nh B, May 10, Dt May Nam nh; cc cng ty Dt: Dt kim ng Xun, Si Ph Bi. Doanh thu ni a trn 1.000 t ng, bao gm cc Tng cng ty: Phong Ph (2.175 t ng), Dt May H Ni (1.410 t ng), Vit Thng (1.199 t ng); cc cng ty: TNHH MTV TM thi trang Dt May Vit Nam (1.350 t ng), Sn xut XNK (1.125 t ng). Ngun: http://www.tapchicongnghiep.vn/News/channel/1/News/310/14020/Chitiet.html Nm 2011, ton ngnh phn u tng trng t 10% - 20%, trong , gi tr SXCN tng 14%, doanh thu tng 18%, kim ngch xut khu tng 20%; thu nhp bnh qun tng 10% v phn u to cng n vic lm cho 10.000 n 15.000 ngi lao ng. Cng trong nm 2011: kim ngch xu t khu ton ngnh dt may t 13,8 t USD, xut kh u t si cc lo i c t 1,8 t USD. Tng cng kim ngch xu t khu ca dt may v t si t 15,6 t USD, tng gn 38% so vi nm 2010. Vi kt qu , ngnh tip tc gi v tr s 1 trong hot ng xut khu ca c nc. im n i bt v ho t ng ngoi thng ca ngnh dt may nm 2011, l su t siu 6,5 t USD. Ngun: http://www.cpv.org.vn/cpv/modules/news/newsdetail.aspx?cn_id=500399&co_id=30065 http://Vnanet.com.vn/tin-thi-truong-hang-hoa-Vetnam.gplist.294.gpopen.211144.gpside.1.gpnewtitle.det-may-mat-hang-co-kim-ngach-xuatkhau-lon-nhat-nam-2012.asmx http://www.customs.gov.vn/lists/tinhoatdong/VewDetails.aspx?ID=19386&Category=Th%E 1%BB%91ng%20k%C3%AA%20H%E1%BA%A3i%20quan Theo s liu thng k hng ha xut nhp khu ca Tng c c Hi quan, nm 2012 kim ngch xut kh u hng d t may ca Vit Nam t 15,1 t USD, tng 7,5 % so vi nm 2011, chim trn 13% tng kim ngch xut kh u c a c nc. y l mt hng c kim ngch xut kh u cao nh t trong s cc mt hng xut kh u ch lc c a Vit Nam. S liu thng k ca Tng cc Hi quan cng cho thy, kim ngch xu t kh u ca mt hng dt may cao hn so vi nhm hng xut kh u c kim ngch ln th 2 l in thoi cc lo i v linh kin ti 2,38 t USD.

Qun tr xut nhp khu- TS. Bi Thanh Trng

14

Trong nm 2012, Hoa K, EU, Nh t Bn v Hn Quc l 4 i tc ln nh t nhp khu hng dt may ca Vt Nam. T ng kim ngch hng dt may xut sang 4 th trng ny t 12,96 t USD, chim ti 86% tng kim ngch xut kh u hng dt may c a c nc. Biu 2:

Trong , Hoa K lun l th trng dn u v nhp khu hng dt may ca Vit Nam vi kim ngch t 7,46 t USD, chim 49,4% trong tng kim ngch xut kh u hng dt may ca c nc. ng thi trong s cc nhm hng c a Vit Nam xut sang th trng Hoa K th hng dt may d n u vi t trng chim 37,9% trong tng kim ngch xut khu ca Vit Nam sang Hoa K. Theo s liu thng k m i nht ca Vn phng Dt may M (OTEXA), nm 2012 th ph n hng d t may Vit Nam ti Hoa K chim khong 7,6%. Trong nm qua, Hoa K nhp kh u hng d t may t tt c cc nc trn th gii gim nh (0,4%) nhng nhp khu nhm hng ny t Vit Nam vn tng hn 8% so vi nm trc. Trong 4 th trng chnh nh p khu hng dt may Vt Nam, EU l th trng duy nht c mc suy gim nh trong nm 2012, t 2,5 t USD, gim 3,8% so vi nm 2011. Ba th trng Hoa K (t 7,5 t USD), Nh t Bn (t 2,0 t USD) v Hn Qu c (t 1,1 t USD) u c mc tng cao hn mc tng chung (7,5%) c a nhm hng ny, ln lt l 8,7%, 22,2% v 17,6%.

Qun tr xut nhp khu- TS. Bi Thanh Trng

15

Biu 3 : T trng xut khu theo cc lo i hnh ca hng d t may nm 2012

T nhiu nm qua, hng dt may ca Vit Nam xut kh u ch yu theo hnh thc gia cng cho nc ngoi (xut gia cng) v xu t hng sn xut t nguyn liu nh p khu (xut sn xut xu t khu).Nm 2012, t trng hai lo i hnh ny chim hn 96% trong tng kim ngch xut khu hng dt may ca c nc; trong , xut gia cng chim 75,3%, xut sn xut xut kh u chim 21,2%. Bng 2: C c u xut khu hng dt may ca Vit Nam nm 2012 theo m HS

Hng dt may ca Vit Nam xut ra th gii ch yu l nhm hng b com- l, qun o ng b, o jacket, o khoc th thao, vy di, vy, chn vy, qun di, qun ym, qu n ng ch n
Qun tr xut nhp khu- TS. Bi Thanh Trng 16

v qun soc dnh cho ph n v tr em gi (HS 6204 v HS 6104), b com- l, qun o ng b , o jacket, o khoc th thao, vy di, vy, chn vy, qun di, qun ym, qu n ng chn v qun soc dnh cho nam gii v tr em trai (HS6203); cc loi o b, o chui u, o ci khuy, gi-l (HS6110); o phng, o may v lo i o lt khc (HS6109)..... D kin trong nm 2013 ngnh dt may s xut kh u t 18,8-19,2 t USD, t m c tng trng trn 10% so vi cng k v tip t c chim t trng kh ln trong c cu ngnh gia cng xut kh u. NHNG VN CN CH V GIA CNG QUC T Theo kinh nghim c a nhng quc gia gt hi c nhiu thnh cng trong ho t ng gia cng quc t cho thy: Gia cng qu c t khng ch gp ph n gii quyt vic lm, tng thu nhp cho ngi lao ng, tng kim ngch xu t khu cho t nc m cn gip nc nhn gia cng c thm my mc, thit b, cng ngh hin i, hc tp c kinh nghim qu n l tin tin, lm quen vi th trng th gii khai thc trit nhng li ch ca gia cng quc t, khi chn i tc, m phn, k kt h p ng gia cng cn ch : nh mc nguyn liu ( nh m c s dng, nh m c tiu hao, t l hao ht nguyn liu, nh m c chung) v tin gia cng cho mt n v sn ph m: y l ni dung ch yu ca hp ng gia cng, nn cn nghin cu k, m phn gii khch hng k hp ng vi gi thch h p ( ta khng b thua thit). Cn chn ngnh c trin vng lu di, n nh cho nn kinh t. Chn nc t gia cng thu ht c k thut mi, vn u t, o to i ng cn b, cng nhn lnh ngh, c hng cc u i v thu v cc u i khc Hp ng gia cng quc t thng phc tp, bao gm hp ng khung v nhiu ph lc/ n hng nh km v vy khi nghin cu hp ng gia cng cn thn trng, k lng.

V. MT S GII PHP NHM THC Y HO T NG GIA CNG XUT KHU NGNH MAY V.1 Nhng kin ngh i vi cng ty may Trong nhng nm ti, hot ng gia cng may m c Vit Nam cn tip tc c p dng, l xu th thi i, l mt tt yu trong qu trnh phn cng lao ng quc t. Ngoi li ch kinh t, hot ng gia cng may mc xut kh u cn gii quyt vic lm cho mt s ln lc lng lao ng cc thnh ph cng nh cc vng su vng xa. C th n i, tng cng hot ng gia cng xut khu hng may m c l mt bc chun b quan trng th c hin chin lc hng vo xut khu trong qu trnh hi nhp. Bn cnh
Qun tr xut nhp khu- TS. Bi Thanh Trng 17

nh ng thnh tu t c vn cn tn ti nhng h n ch cn khc phc. Sau y l mt s gii php c bn nh m kh c phc nhng tn ti v thc y hot ng gia cng xu t khu ca cng ty. V.1.1 . y mnh hot ng marketing nghin cu v tip c n th trng Th trng l tm gng phn nh mi ho t ng sn xut kinh doanh ca cng ty. V y nghin cu th trng l rt cn thit, qua nghin cu th trng s gip cng ty: Nm bt c s bin ng c a cu m nhu cu th trng v sn ph m may mc h t sc phong ph, a dng, lun thay i theo th hiu v c tnh thi v. Nghin cu v d on th trng s gip cng ty n m c tnh hnh tiu dng, chi ph cho vic mua sm hng may m c chim t l bao nhiu trong tng chi ph, t m d bo c tng nhm khch hng c th . Gip cng ty xc nh c cc m c tiu v cc bin php c th p ng c nhu cu ca khch hng. Trong nn kinh t hin i, cng tc Marketing c coi l c bit quan trng i vi cc doanh nghip. Nghin cu th trng s em n cc thng tin lm c s cho cng ty xy dng chin lc sn xu t kinh doanh ca mnh. M t doanh nghip m nh gn lin vi kh nng Marketing mnh, do cn ph i c ci nhn mi v Marketing c bit l Marketing qu c t, ph i nhn thc c tm quan tr ng ca Marketing nh l mt cng c hng u ca qun tr kinh doanh. Sau y l mt s bin php nhm thc y hot ng nghin cu v d bo th trng: Cng vic quan trng nht l to dng c mt i ng cn b Marketing c nng lc thng qua cc bin php tuyn dng m i v t chc o to nng cao trnh nghip v cho cc cn b th trng. T chc mt phng Marketing vi y cc trang thit b thng tin, tin h c hin i, tch cc p dng k thut qu n tr Marketing hin i. Lin kt ch t ch vi tng cng ty d t may Vit Nam v cc t chc xc tin thng mi ( phng thng mi v cng nghip Vit Nam; cc t ch c xc tin thng mi c a Vit Nam nc ngoi). Khi c iu kin tin ti m cc vn phng cc th trng trng im.

Qun tr xut nhp khu- TS. Bi Thanh Trng

18

 Xc tin cc ho t ng qung co khuch trng, tham gia cc hi ch thng m i, cc h i tho chuyn ngnh trong v ngoi nc gii thiu cc mt hng ca cng ty v nhng th m nh c a cng ty trong hot ng gia cng xut kh u hng may mc.

V.1.2 y mnh hot ng lin doanh lin kt Vic m r ng mi quan h vi cc n v kinh t trong v ngoi nc s to iu kin thun li cho cng ty trong qu trnh hot ng sn xut kinh doanh, cng ty cn ch trng n cc m i lin kt sau: Lin kt kinh t k thut gia cc doanh nghip may To dng m i lin kt ny s lm cho ho t ng sn xut kinh doanh, trao i thng tin v hp tc vi nhau trn nhiu phng din s c hiu qu hn. N gip cng ty ngy cng bm st hn n tn cc khu, quy trnh sn xut nh m gii quyt kp thi nhng kh khn vng mc pht sinh trong sn xu t , nghim thu sn phm kp thi v xy dng khung gi hp l to sc mnh v n nh v kinh doanh trn th trng qu c t. Mt khc hin nay nhiu cng ty cc th trng ln thng t nh ng n hng rt ln m kh nng ca cng ty khng th p ng c th lin kt gi a cc cng ty li vi nhau p ng cc n t hng nh vy l rt cn thit. Hp tc kinh doanh vi cc h ng nc ngoi trn c s ng hp tc kinh doanh y l mt bin php gip cng ty m rng quy m sn xut, thu ht vn, cng ngh t nc ngoi. Theo hnh thc ny th i tc nc ngoi s gp vn, my mc thit b, m nh n vic tm khch hng (k c nhng khch hng t gia cng ) v tiu thsn ph m cn pha cng ty gp vn, lao ng, li nhu n c phn chia theo tho thun. Vi hnh thc ny cng ty c iu kin thu ht vn, cng ngh v trnh qu n l tin tin t pha nc ngoi, gia tng li nhun v kh nng cnh tranh. V.1.3 . u t trang thit b hin i nng cao cht lng sn phm y l m t trong nhng vn rt quan trng, bi v n gip cho cng ty c th hn trong tnh hnh th trng c s cnh tranh ngy m t gay gt. u t trang thit b hin i nng cao ch t lng sn phm, s gip cho khch hng ngy mt an tm, tin tng hn vo kh nng ca cng ty p ng cc yu cu ca h. u t trang thit b
Qun tr xut nhp khu- TS. Bi Thanh Trng 19

nng cao cht lng sn phm th cn phi c ngun vn ln, vy ngun vn ny ly t u ra y l vn rt nan gii. Th c t trong hot ng gia cng xut kh u hng may m c cng ty cn thiu mt s thit b my mc chuyn dng sn xut ra cc mt hng c ch t lng cao. Khi thiu trang thit b th c hin cc hp ng gia cng cng ty phi i mn hoc thu t mt s c s khc, hoc t khch hng t gia cng. y l vn rt phin toi v n lm cho qu trnh th c hin hp ng gia cng mt s ch ng. Mt khc khi khch hng mun t hng gia cng th h cng phi kim tra trang thit b sn xu t chng t rng cng ty s p ng tt cc yu cu m h t ra. nng cao cht lng sn ph m ngoi vic u t i mi trang thit b, cng ty cng ph i o to c i ng ngi lao ng c trnh tay ngh cao v c tinh thn trch nhim vi cng vic. Trong nhng nm gn y do nh hng c a n n kinh t th trng lc lng lao ng ca cng ty thng b xo trn nn cng ty thng xuyn phi o to v tuyn chn thm nhng lao ng t bn ngoi vo. Cng ty cn phi c chin lc nhn s c th nhm tuyn chn nhng lao ng c tay ngh cao cng nh mnh dn sa thi nhng lao ng c tay ngh qu th p. lm c iu ny cng ty cn c ch i ng tho ng nhm trnh tnh trng chy mu ch t xm trong lc lng lao ng. Mt khc khi c trang thit b hin i ri cng ty cn phi lp k ho ch ton din hn n a trnh tnh trng t chuyn lm gim nng sut ca ngi lao ng. V.1.4. Pht trin cc quan h i tc Quan h i tc c th coi l mt ti nguyn v hnh ca m t doanh nghip. Cng nghip ty chnh sch th pht trin c hay khng l nh vo hai mt: Thc lc ca cng ty v cc quan h i tc m cng ty to dng c. gi vng c cc quan h , cng ty lun phi gi ch tn i vi i tc, c th l thi sng ph ng hoc l chiu c ln nhau trong quan h sn xut kinh doanh. Mun cho hot ng gia cng pht trin hn na, cng ty cn phi c cc gii php i vi i tc nh sau: Quan h trc tip vi cc i tc gia cng Cng ty cn to cho c cc quan h trc tip ny t c l ph i b qua c khu trung gian bi h u ht cc hot ng gia cng k kt qua cc cng ty trung gian u d n ti l li nhun b chia s nn li ch ca cng ty b hn ch. Nu b qua khu trung gian,
Qun tr xut nhp khu- TS. Bi Thanh Trng 20

cng ty quan h trc tip vi cc i tc nc ngoi th li nhun thu c s ln hn rt nhiu. Mun lm c iu ny cng ty cn ph i: To ra c nh ng mt hng c m u m hp l, ph h p vi th trng. y chnh l c s bn nc ngoi t gia cng. Pha nc ngoi s cn c vo m u m do cng ty to ra nh gi c trnh sn xut, th hin cht lng cp ng c yu cu gia cng hay khng. iu i hi ngi thit k mu ph i c trnh cao. M rng quan h vi khch hng mi. Mt khch hng c th t gia cng ti nhiu doanh nghip trn mt nc hay nhiu nc khc nhau nhau, vn ny to ra s cnh tranh trong vic thu ht cc n hng gia cng. Bi vy nu nh cng ty ch c m t s lng khch hng t i th trong nhiu trng hp s gp kh khn trong vn k kt h p ng. Do vy ngoi vic cng ty ph i gi mi quan h vi khch hng truyn thng, cng ty cn ch trng quan h vi cc khch hng m i. Trong nhng nm ti vic Vit Nam k kt hip nh thng mi vi M s m ra m t c h i kinh doanh cho cc doanh nghip d t may c a Vit Nam b i v y l th trng c kim ngch nhp khu rt ln v c cu th trng rt a dng. V.1.5. To dng i ng cn b qu n l c bn lnh trong kinh doanh quc t Cng ty mun nng cao hiu qu trong kinh doanh, mun to dng uy tn trn thng trng th bn thn b my qu n l phi thng sut, c s phn cp v trch nhim r rng. Khi tuyn chn cn phi la chn nhng ngi c trnh nghip v thng qua vic t ch c thi tuyn c th tuyn chn c i ng cn b c nng lc trong kinh doanh, thch ng nhanh chng vi s thay i ca th trng lm cho cng ty trnh c cc r i ro trong kinh doanh, nm bt c cc c hi kinh doanh, tip thu c cng ngh sn xu t mi, hin i t pha nc ngoi, c kh nng phn tch nh gi c tnh hnh sn xu t kinh doanh, vch ra cc ch trng, chng trnh hnh ng thch hp cho cng ty. Mt trong nhng yu cu t ra cp bch hin nay i vi cng ty l ph i to dng m t i ng vng mnh v qun tr Marketing, qun l cng tc xut nh p khu v cn b c kh nng t chc m phn trong kinh doanh qu c t. Cng ty c th la chn mt trong cc phng n sau: T chc cho cc cn b tham gia cc kho hc nghip v chuyn mn ti cc trung tm o to qu n tr kinh doanh hay ti cc trng i hc trong nc.
Qun tr xut nhp khu- TS. Bi Thanh Trng 21

 Gi cc cn b cnng lc ra nc ngoi hc tp. Thu chuyn gia v o to ti ch. Vi chng trnh o to hp l cng ty s c mt i ng cn b qu n l vng mnh c trnh nghip v chuyn mn cao, c tinh thn trch nhim nng cao kh nng cnh tranh ca mnh trn th trng. V.1.6 Nng cao t trng gia cng theo phng thc mua t bn on, tng bc to tin chuyn sang xu t kh u trc tip Cc doanh nghip gia cng xu t khu hng may mc Vit Nam hin nay th c hin gia cng n thun l ch yu, iu ny lm gim li nhu n v lm chm qu trnh thm nh p mt hng c a mnh vo th trng th gii. Gia cng xu t khu, c bit l phng thc gia cng n thun ch l hot ng kinh doanh tm thi trong giai on trc m t, trong tng lai cng ty cn phi thm nh p th trng nc ngoi bng cch xut kh u trc tip cc sn phm ca mnh. Mun lm c iu ny th ngay by gi cng ty cn ph i y m nh ho t ng gia cng theo hnh thc mua t bn on y l tin cng ty chuyn sang xut khu tr c tip. Gia cng theo hnh thc mua t bn on s gip cng ty tm c nhng nh cung cp nguyn ph liu c uy tn v cht lng n nh. Mt khc gia cng theo hnh thc ny lm cho cng ty lun phi thch ng vi s thay i ca th trng iu ny gip cho cn b cng nhn vin ca cng ty nng cao c trnh cng nh bn lnh kinh doanh trn thng trng quc t. V vy gia cng theo hnh thc mua t bn on va lm nng cao c li nhun va to tin cho cng ty tin ti xut khu trc tip. V.2. Nhng kin ngh vi nh nc Di y l mt s kin ngh vi nh nc nhm thc y gia cng xut khu hng may mc Vt Nam. V.2.1. u t pht trin ngnh dt, c s cn i gia ngnh dt v may Hin nay, ngnh d t trong nc vn cha p ng c nhu cu v nguyn ph liu cho ngnh may. Cc doanh nghip may hu nh phi nhp khu ph n ln nguyn ph liu t nc ngoi. c bit i vi cc doanh nghip may gia cng th gn 100% cc loi vi l do nhp khu, chnh v vy cn phi sao cho cn i gia ngnh d t v ngnh may mc. Cn ph i u t ngnh dt theo chiu su, hnh thnh m t s cm sn xut dt, in nhum vi cng ngh hin i nh m p ng cho ngnh may xut khu. iu v a to cho s

Qun tr xut nhp khu- TS. Bi Thanh Trng

22

pht trin c a ngnh may ln ngnh dt c a Vt Nam, mu n lm c iu ny Nh nc cn phi: C quy hoch pht trin ngnh dt theo chiu su nh m m bo s cn i gia hai ngnh d t v may. C chnh sch khuyn khch v tn dng v thu i vi cc doanh nghip ngnh dt. C chnh sch khuyn khch cc doanh nghip may s dng ngun nguyn liu trong nc. V.2.2 Ci cch cc th tc hnh chnh Hin nay, cc th tc hnh chnh ca nh nc cn rt rm r, phc tp. iu lm cn tr rt ln ti hot ng kinh doanh ca cc doanh nghip m cng ty may Chin Thng cng nm trong s . Hin nay, yu t cn tr ln nh t i vi mt doanh nghip kinh doanh xut nh p kh u l vic thng qua hi quan. Vn bit rng h i quan h c trch nhim v ngha v ca h nhng vn ch l th t c rt rm r nhiu khi lm gim tin giao hng. n gin ho cc th t c hnh chnh v ch ng tham nhng trong cc c quan chc nng ca Nh nc nh thu v, hi quan, ngn hngcn i mi quy ch v cch thc lm vic, xt duyt u t, vay vn u t nhm nng cao hiu qu qun l i vi mi ngnh mi cp. V.2.3 Nh nc c n c cc chnh sch u i nhm thc y cc ho t ng gia cng Nc ta l m t nc c n n kinh t c xut pht im rt th p, cc doanh nghip thng i sau trong qu trnh hi nh p v vy Nh nc cn phi c nhng chnh sch nh m thc y cc doanh nghip pht trin sn xut. C th l: V li vay ngn hng: Hin nay ngnh may m c ca nc ta cc my mc sn xut a phn l cc my mc lc hu, mt s my mc vn cn mi nhng trnh cng ngh khng cao do vy cht lng sn phm khng cao. u t cho sn xut th ngun vn ca b n thn doanh nghip khng th no p ng c, do vy cn phi c s h tr ca Nh nc. Nh nc cn phi c s h tr v m t tn dng nh n gin cc th cho vay v n, gim li vay

Qun tr xut nhp khu- TS. Bi Thanh Trng

23

 V qu n l v phn b h n ngch : Trong nhng nm qua Nh nc c thay i rt nhiu trong vn qun l v phn b h n ngch. Mc d vi cch phn b hin nay ca B thng mi c nhiu tin b nhng vn phn b hn ngch vn cn c nhiu vn b t cp cn gii quyt. Th c t hin nay s lng sn phm sn xut xut khu bao gi cng ln hn s lng trong h n ngch. Do vy cng ty lin tc b thiu hn ngch v lun ph i lo lng xin h n ngch b sung hoc tm cc doanh nghip khc xut khu u thc. iu ny lm chi ph sn xut gia cng tng, ng th i to ra nhiu hin tng tiu cc trong vn xin hn ngch. V.2.4 Tng cng cung cp thng tin khoa hc cng ngh v ngnh dt may Trong qu trnh sn xut kinh doanh cc doanh nghip thng thiu thng tin v cng ngh v th trng cng ngh , iu ny nh hng khng nh n hiu qu sn xut kinh doanh. V vy Nh nc phi c cc d n nhm cung cp cc thng tin cho doanh nghip. Tng cng ty dt may Vit Nam nn t ch c h thng thng tin v khoa hc cng ngh dt may. Ngoi thng tin cng ngh v th trng cng ngh, h thng cn cung cp cc thng tin khc v th trng hng may mc. Thng tin bao gm thng tin nng v thng tin tnh. Thng tin tnh c gi tr c nh trong thi gian di hng nm thm ch vi nm, cn thng tin nng ch cgi tr trong thi gian ngn vi thng thm ch tng ngy, tng gi. V.2.5 Thnh l p trung tm xc tin thng mi Th trng tiu th trn th gii lun bin ng v tng i ph c tp, nhng hin nay cc thng tin v th trng vn cn thiu v chnh xc cha cao. V vy, Nh nc sm thnh lp trung tm xc tin thng mi tr gip cc nh sn xut trong hot ng kinh doanh. Ch c nng ca trung tm ny l cung cp thng tin v t chc xc tin cc ho t ng thng mi, tin hnh nghin cu th trng nc ngoi. Trung tm ny s thit lp mt ngn hng d liu v cc th trng nc ngoi. Trong th i gian trc m t, khi m cha thnh lp c trung tm xc tin thng mi, B thng mi cn phi thnh lp cc vn phng i din nc ngoi nghin cu theo di tnh hnh th trng nc ngoi v thng xuyn ng ra t chc v bo tr cho cc on i kho st th trng nc ngoi.

Qun tr xut nhp khu- TS. Bi Thanh Trng

24

Kinh nghim m t s nc cho th y, ngoi vic xy d ngv thc hin chin lc pht trin hp l ngnh dt may, cc nc thc hin nhng bin php chim lnh th trng hu hiu c th coi l kinh nghim qu bu i vi Vt Nam. V d : n , Indonsia thnh lp kho hng ca mnh ngay ti cng Chu u (nh cng Rotterdam) bm st lch giao hng. Indonsia thnh lp trung tm mu d ch v phn phi ca mnh Rotterdam, trung tm cquan h cht ch vi cng bin, sn bay v gi vai tr ca m vo Chu u ca mt hng dt may xut khu vo th trng ny, trung tm cn ng ra lo liu a im cho cc cuc trng by trin lm v cc mc ch thng mi khc. y l vn ti cn thit cnh tranh vi cc i th khc.

VI. H P NG GIA CNG NGNH MAY MC. 1. H p ng gia cng hng may m c xut khu thng c dng: PROCESSING CONTRACT No:. Date:. Between: Name: Address:.. Fax:.. E_mail:.

Hereinafter called as THE CONSIGNOR And: Name: Address:.. Fax:.. Telex: .. E_mail:.

Hereinafter called as THE CONSIGNEE Both parties have agreed to sign this contract under the following terms and conditions: 1. Object of the contract: 2. Commodity, price and amount: Commodity: Style No: Quantity:
Qun tr xut nhp khu- TS. Bi Thanh Trng 25

3.

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Price ( CMT, CPM, CMPQ) ETA SGN of material and accessories. ETA SGN of products. Total amount: Delivery terms: Fabric and accessories: Delivery term: Shipping documents: Finish garment: Delivery term: Shipping documents: Technical stipulation and quality: Payment: Inspection: Claim: Arbitration: General conditions: FOR THE CONSIGNOR FOR THE CONSIGNEE

Trong hp ng gia cng hng may mc cn nm vng mt s thut ng thng c s dng nh: CMT: Cut Make Trimming C ngha l gi gia cng gm cng ct, may, i, hon tt sn phm, xp vo thng. Ring chi ph bao b do ngi t gia cng lo. CMP: Cut Make Packing Gi gia cn gm: cng ct, may hon tt v ng gi ( chi ph bao b do ngi nhn gia cng lo) CMP + Q: Cut Make Packing + Quota Gi ny g m gi CMP cng ph Quota CMA + Q : Cut Make Accessories + Quota Theo gi ny bn t gia cng ch cung cp nguyn liu, cn bn nhn gia cng lo phn ct, may, ph liu, ph Quota. CMT + Thr( threat) + Q Ging nh gi CMT, ngoi ra bn Nhn gia cng cn lo them ch v ph Quota. Master sample: Mu ch Approval sample: Mu i Consumption rate: nh mc s dng.

Qun tr xut nhp khu- TS. Bi Thanh Trng

26

1.

Hp ng gia cng hng may mc xut khu ca cng ty Vit Th ng. PROCESSING CONTRACT NO. 61YS/092001 HP NG S 61YS/092001

Bn A: CNG TY DT MAY CHIN Between: CHIEN THANG GARMENT THNG COMPANY a ch: S 10, ng Thnh Cng, h N i, NO. 10 THANH CONG STR HA NOI, Vt Nam VET NAM in thoi: 8.312074/78. Tel: 8.312074/78. Fax : Fax : 8.312208/312278 Do b : i Th Thu Th y 8.312208/312278 Represented by Md. DOI THI Chc v : Tng gim c l i din THU THUY General Director Herein after called as Party A Bn B: CNG TY TNHH THNG And : YOUNG SHIN TRADING MI YOUNG SHIN CO., LTD 3RD. FLOOR YOUNG SHIN BLDG. NO. 790 10 YOUKSAM DONG KANGNAMGU SEOUL KOREA Herein after as Party B Hai bn ng k hp ng gia cng contract for processing garments in Party qun o ti nh my c a bn A km theo As factories with following terms and cc iu khon sau: condition: 1. i tng hp ng Bn A s thc hin gia cng qun o theo mu i v ti liu k thu t c quy nh r rng v c tha nh n bi c hai bn The two Parties have agreed to sign this a ch : 3 RD. FLOOR YOUNG SHIN BLDG. NO. 790 10s YOUKSAM DONG KANGNAM- GU SEOUL KOREA

1. OBJECT OF CONTRACT
-Party A undertakes to make garment in conformity with the requirements specified in technical documents & counter samples approved by both parties. - Party B undertakes to supply free of charge & completely all materials and accessories together with the techical

Bn B s cung cp tt c nguyn liu, ph liu cn thit cng vi cc ti liu k thu t cho Vic gia cng thnh phm v tr tin cho cng ct, may, ng gi v cc chi ph khc
27

Qun tr xut nhp khu- TS. Bi Thanh Trng

documents and necessary condition for garment production and pay the cutting, making, packing & other extra charges related to importing the materials & acc. & exporting the goods (if any) for party A. 2. COMODITY ORDER NO., &

lin quan n Vic nhp khu nguyn ph liu v xut kh u thnh ph m (nu c) cho bn A

2. Sn phm, s lng, n gi v thi hn giao hng

QUANTITY,

UNIT-PRICE

SHIPMENT TIME - Commodity : MENS AND LADIES WEAR - Quantity - Unit-price : 200.000 PCS : (+,- 10%) Sn ph m: o qun nam, n S lng: 200.000pcs (+,- 10%) n gi: USD. 3.50 -4.00/PC (chi tit xem ph lc) Gi thnh: USD. 800.000 (chi tit xem ph lc) Ngy giao thnh phm: (xem ph lc)

About USD. 3.50-

4.00/PC (detail see annex) - Amount (detail see annex) - Delivery date of finished garments : (See annex) : About USD. 800.000

3. Cht lng: 3. QUALITY : The quality of all fabrics & accessories should be good &in comformity with the quality garments required. Party A will make the finished goods in comformity with the counter samples and technical documenrs confirmed by both parties. 4. DELIVERY TERMS : - All materials and accessories will be supplied by Party B free of charge on basic of C. I. F HAIPHONG PORT OF HANOI AIRPORT and must be arrived at Party A s warehouse at least 15 days before
Qun tr xut nhp khu- TS. Bi Thanh Trng

Cht lng c a tt c nguyn ph liu u tt v ph hp vi cht lng hng thnh phm c yu cu. Bn A s lm ra thnh ph m ging vi mu v ti liu k thut c tha nh n bi c hai bn.

4. iu kho n giao hng: Tt c nguyn ph liu c cung cp min ph bi bn B da theo CIF HAIPHONG PORT OF HANOI AIRPORT v phi c chuyn n nh kho ca bn A t nh t 15 ngy trc khi tin hnh sn xu t v 40 ngy trc khi giao hng cng vi
28

production time or 40 days before delivery time together with original samples, paper pattern and technical for documents, (all ect.necessary production

mu gc, mu giy v cc ti liu k thu t, v.v cn thit cho Vic sn xut (tt c cc ti liu l ting Anh).

documents should be in English). - Consumption rate of fabrics and accessories is based on necessary consumption plus 3%(ssome item of material and accessory will be decided by both parties for wastage during production). In case, that such rate can not cover the wastage and damages during production and/or defect parts of fabrics or accessories, party B will send further instruction i.e either send the additional quantity or reduce the quantity of products to be delivered. After this contract finished, all of remaining materials and Acc. Will be transferred to the next contract or reexported. - Right after shipping out materials and accessories party B should send a full set of shipping documents including original invoice, packing list, B/L, C/O, together with samples of material and accessoyies (2 sets/ each) and consumption of each item for each style to party A by courier serVce. In order to do all import formalities quickly, party B should fax the invoice, packing list and Bill of lading of the shipped goods before sending documents. Ngay sau khi gi nguyn ph liu, bn B phi gi b chng t y gm original invoice, packing list, B/L, C/O cng vi mu nguyn ph liu ( m i lo i gm 2 mu) v mc tiu hao m i loi cho tng kiu sn phm cho bn A thng qua dch v vn chuyn. nhanh chng lm th tc nh p kh u, bn B nn gi fax invoice, packing list v Bill of lading c a sn phm trc khi gi chng t. Sau khi hp ng ny kt thc tt c nguyn ph liu cn li s c chuyn giao cho hp ng tip theo hoc s c tr v li nh cung cp. nh mc tiu hao c a vi, ph liu da trn nh mc cn thit cng thm 3% (mt s nguyn ph liu s c quy nh m c tiu hao gia hai bn trong qu trnh sn xu t). Trong trng hp nh m c tiu hao nh hn m c tiu hao thc t th bn B s gi thm nguyn ph liu hoc gim s lng thnh phm li.

Qun tr xut nhp khu- TS. Bi Thanh Trng

29

- If the shipping documents are sent to party A late or documents are wrong, the storage fee or fine(if any ) must be on party Bs account. Party A will ship the finished garments as scheduled. If materials and accessories arrive at party As warehouse later than the schedule mentioned in the annex attached, the delivery time will be re-discussed & reagreed basing on factual situation of party A at that time.

Nu nh bn A g i chng t tr hoc sai chng t, ph lu kho hoc tin pht (n u c) s do bn B ch u.

Bn A s g i thnh ph m theo nh k ho ch. Nu nguyn ph liu c chuyn n kho bn A tr th k hoch giao hng s c cp trong ph lc nh km, thi gian giao hng s c tho lun li v c bn A ch p nhn da trn iu kin t lc .

Delivery time of materials and acc. : from Thi gian gi nguyn ph liu : t 01/2001 n 01/2002 Jan, 2001 to Jan, 2002 Thi gian giao thnh ph m: t 02/2001 n Delivery time the finished goods from 03/2002 da theo FOB cng Hi Phng hoc sn bay Ni Bi. Feb, 2001 to the March, 2002 on basic FOB Haiphong Port or Noibai Airport. 5. PAYMENT : By L/C to the account no. 001.1.37.0078389 at the bank foreign trade 5. Thanh ton:

Thanh ton b ng L/C theo s ti khon of 001.1.37.0078389 ti ngn hng ngoi Vetnam(Vetcombank-Hanoi) 23 Phan Chu thng Vit Nam (Vetcombank-Hanoi) 23 ng Phan Chu Trinh, H N i, Vit Nam Trinh street, Hanoi. Vetnam before shipment trc ngy giao hng t nht l 5 ngy cho dates at least 5 days for each export m i ln giao hng. consignment. All Banking fees, commission Tt c chi ph giao dch ngn hng bn outside ngoi Vit Nam, s do bn B chu. 6. Gi chng t: - Trong vng 2 ngy sau khi g i nguyn ph liu, bn B phi gi cho bn A b chng t nh sau bng DHL: + B/L-original : 01 b n

Vetnam will be on party B s account. 6. SHIPPING DOCUMENTS : - Within 2 days after shipping materials Party B has to send to Party A by DHL following shipping documents: + B/L-original : 01 fold

Qun tr xut nhp khu- TS. Bi Thanh Trng

30

+ P/L + C/O :01 fold

: 01 fold : 01 fold

+ P/L : 01 bn + C/O : 01 bn + Invoice + Invoice :01 bn

- Within 5 days after shipping garments, Party A has to send to Party Bs representative following shipping documents :

+ B/L-copy +C/O&E/L :01 fold

: 03 fold

Trong vng 5 ngy sau khi giao thnh phm, bn A phi gi cho i din bn B b chng t giao hng nh sau: B/L-copy : 03 b n C/O&E/L :01 bn P/L :03 bn Invoice : 03 bn

+ P/L +Invoice : 03 fold

: 03 fold 7. Kim tra:

7. INSPECTION : Party Bs authorized representative or expert should give technical assistance while starting and during production to solve all problems occurred during production in order to keep production continuosly. Upon receipt of materials and accessories, Party A will check all of them. If there is any discrepancy in quantity or quality. Party A should notify Party B so that Party B can settle the problem without delay. Party A shall guarantee to keep all materials and finished goods under good conditions from losses and damages from receiVng mat. & acc. At the port/airport until shipping the finished goods. Party A have to make garments in conformity with the requirements specified in technical documents and other notes given by party B

i din c tha nhn hoc chuyn gia ca bn B s h tr k thut khi bt u v trong khi sn xu t nhm gii quyt cc v n pht sinh, m b o Vic sn xut c lin tc. Bn A s kim tra tt c cc nguyn ph liu theo nh giy t bn B gi. Nu nh c bt k s khng thng nht v s lng v ch t lng, bn A s thong bo cho bn B gii quyt. Bn A m bo ct tr nguyn liu v thnh phm trong iu kin tt nh m trnh m t mt, h hi t khi nhn hng ti cng/ san bay n khi xut hng. Bn A lm ra thnh ph m p ng yu cu vi ti liu k thut v cc yu cu khc c tha nhn bi bn b trc khi sn xu t.

Qun tr xut nhp khu- TS. Bi Thanh Trng

31

before production. 8. CLAIM, ARBITRATION : Shortage accesoories claim with of materials and Vetnam Insurance 8. Khiu ni_ Tr ng ti: Khiu ni v nguyn ph liu vi b n iu tra ca cng ty bo him Vit Nam n u s thiu ht NPL l do bao b h hng v vi bin bn nh my l do thiu h t t u.

Companys survey report if shortage is discovered in damaged packages and with factorys report if shortage discovered in original packages. All disputes which may arise between the parties shall be settle amicably through negotiations between the parties. If negotiations should fail, then such disputes shall be settle by the Vetnam Internation Arbitration Centre attached to the Chamber of commerce & Industry of S.R. Vetnam and his award shall be final and binding upon all the parties of this contract. The fees for arbitration and/or other charges shall be borne by the losing party, unless otherwise agreed. 9. FORCE MAJEURE : Neither party shall be liable to the other failure or delay in the performance of its obligations under this contrac for the time en to the extent such failuresor delay caused by weather, war, strikes, Acts of God i.e storms, fires Writen notice of occurance of Force Majeure shell be given by the affected party to the other with reasonable promptness in order to
Qun tr xut nhp khu- TS. Bi Thanh Trng

Cc tranh ch p nn c gii quyt gia cc bn lin quan thng qua i thoi. Nu m phn th t bi, cc tranh chp s c phn x bi VAC thu c phng cng nghip v thng mai Vit Nam (VCCI) v phn quyt ny l phn quyt cu i cng cho cc bn trong hp ng.

Chi ph phn x v/hoc cc chi ph khc s do bn thua ch u.

9. Trng hp bt kh khng: Khng bn no ph i chu trch nhim cho Vic khng hon thnh hay chm tr trong Vic thc hin so vi hp ng vi cc nguyn nhn nh: thi tit, chin tranh, nh cng hay nhng thin tay vt qu kh nng khng ch ca con ngi nh bo, ha hon Vn bn thng bo s Vic b t kh khng c a ra bi bn b nh hng bn t gia cng bit v khng quy trch nhim ca bn gia cng phi th c hin theo iu khon h p ng.

32

be released from his resposibility. 10. TRADE MARK. Party B must be fully resposible for all trade marks attached on garments produced in party As factories. - The party B have to commit to full posibility in using the trade marks, the name of commodity and solVng all disputes are involVng. - In the case of the trade marks and the name of commodity orgin are cocided with what have been registed in VetNam, must have a certificate of industrial property of VietNam. 11. OTHER CONDITION. 11.1 Sample : Counter samples Before starting production of any styles, party A shoulh make the counter samples (1 piece per style ) fow party Bs approval. 11.2 Sending : Counter samples & shiping documents will be given by party A to party Bs representative or expert in HaNoi. If there is any special request of party B, party A will send the samples & shipping documents to the assigned address, but the sending charge will be on party Bs account. 11.3 Party A is obliged to deliver the finished goods with quality in full conformity with the countersample B. accepted, technical documentation and instruction given by party 11.3 . Bt buc bn A ph i giao 11.2 . Gi i: Bn A gi mu ch cho i din bn B ho c chuyn gia H Ni. Nu c nhng yu cu c bit ca bn B, th bn A s gi Mu v chng t vn chuyn theo a ch c n nh v chi ph th bn B chu. 11. Cc iu kin khc: 11.1 . Mu: Mu i _trc khi b t Trong trng hp nhn hiu, tn sn phm b sao chp ng k Vit Nam, phi c giy chng nhn l ti sn cng ngh ca Vit Nam. 10. Nhn hiu: Bn B chu hon ton trch nhim cho cc nhn hiu nh trn qun o c sn xu t nh my ca bn A. Bn B phi y thc Vic s d ng nhn hiu, tn sn phm v gii quyt cc khiu ni lin quan.

u sn xut nhiu kiu, bn A nn lm mu i ( m t mu cho 1 kiu) cho bn B duyt.

thnh ph m vi ch t lng nh m u c ch p nhn, ti liu k thut v hng dn c bn B cung cp.

Qun tr xut nhp khu- TS. Bi Thanh Trng

33

- Follow the material consumption rate given in the technical documentation. Every charges must be accepted by Party B or his expert. - FOB, FCA are to be understood according to incoterms 1990. - Any amendment of the contract is only valid in written from and duly confirmed by both paties. This contract is made in 4 copies in English of equal value amd valid until Mar.31st2002 Each Party Kepps 2 copies of equal value. Done in HaNoi on .1st. Jan., 2001 CHIEN THANG GARMENT CO..

nh mc s dng nguyn liu trong ti liu k thut. M i ph tn cn c bn B hay chuyn gia ca h chp nhn. FOB, FCA th da theo INCOTERMS 1990. Vic sa i hp ng ch c gi tr trong vn bn v hp l c xc nhn b i c hai bn. Hp ng ny c lm thnh 4 bn b ng ting Anh c gi tr tng ng AMD gi tr n 31 /03/2002. Mi Bn gi 2 bn c gi tr nh nhau.

YOUNG SHIN TRADING CO..,LTD YOUNG SHIN TRADING CO..,LTD TNG GIM C CNG TY i Th Thu Thu . EXE.MANAGING DIRECTOR S. P

Done in HaNoi on .1 st. Jan., 2001 CHIEN THANG GARMENT CO..

YOUNG SHIN TRADING CO..,LTD YOUNG SHIN TRADING CO..,LTD TNG GIM C CNG TY i Th Thu Thu P . EXE.MANAGING DIRECTOR S.

Qun tr xut nhp khu- TS. Bi Thanh Trng

34