MATLAB CAN BAN & NG DUNG -1-

BI 1: TNG QUAN V MATLAB

1. GII THIU V MATLAB
MATLAB l sn phm phn mm ca cng ty MathWorks Inc. u im ni bt ca
MATLAB l kh nng tnh ton v biu din ho k thut nhanh chng, a dng v
chnh xc cao. Th vin hm ca MATLAB bao gm rt nhiu chng trnh tnh ton con;
Cc chng trnh con ny gip ngi s dng gii quyt nhiu loi bi ton khc nhau, c
bit l cc bi ton v ma trn, s phc, h phng trnh tuyn tnh cng nh phi tuyn.
MATLAB cng cho php x l d liu v biu din ho trong khng gian 2D v 3D vi
nhiu dng th thch hp, gip ngi s dng c th trnh by kt qu tnh ton mt cch
trc quan, thuyt phc hn. Thm vo , cc phin bn MATLAB ngy cng pht trin
nhiu module phn mm b sung, gi l cc Toolbox (b cng c) vi phm vi chc nng
chuyn dng cho tng chuyn ngnh c th.
1.1 KHI NG
Nhp p chut vo biu tng MATLAB trn mn hnh Desktop.
1.2 MN HNH MATLAB
Sau khi khi ng MATLAB ta thu c mn hnh MATLAB, bao gm cc ca s
tch hp nh hnh di y :


1
2
3
4
Command History
Workspace
5
- 2-
Ca s lnh Command Window : y l ca s chnh ca MATLAB. Ti y ta
thc hin ton b vic nhp lnh v nhn kt qu tnh ton. Du >> l du i lnh. Sau
khi nhp lnh v kt thc bng ng tc nhn phm ENTER, MATLAB s x l lnh v
xut kt qu lin ngay di dng lnh. V d :
>>a=5*2+6 (nhp lnh v nhn Enter )
a= (kt qu)
16
Ca s Command History : Tt c cc lnh s dng trong Command Window
c lu gi v hin th ti y. C th lp li lnh c bng cch nhp p chut vo lnh
. Cng c th ct dn, sao chp, xo c nhm lnh hoc tng lnh ring r.
Ca s Workspace Browser : Khi nim Workspace (khng gian lm vic) l mt
vng nh ng trong b nh ca chng trnh, t ng hnh thnh khi MATLAB c khi
ng v t ng xa khi thot MATLAB. Workspace lu gi cc bin khi ta s dng
MATLAB. Tt c cc bin tn ti trong Workspace u c hin th ti ca s Workspace
Browser vi cc thng tin v tn bin, gi tr, kch c Byte v loi d liu.
Ca s th mc hin hnh Current Directory : c hin th khi nhp chut vo
Current Directory. Nh ca s ny ngi s dng c th nhanh chng nhn bit cc th
mc con v cc tp tin (file) ang c trong th mc hin hnh.
Tn th mc hin hnh cng c ch r trn thanh toolbar (v tr ).
1.3 TIN CH
clc % Xo sch ni dung ang c trn mn hnh Command window (nhng khng
xo bin) v a con tr v u mn hnh
help tnlnh % xem tr gip ti command window.
doc tnlnh % xem tr gip trong ca s Help.
1.4 THOT KHI MATLAB
Nhp chut vo nt gc trn, phi ca mn hnh MATLAB.
1.5 TNH TON TI COMMAND WINDOW
Vi cc bi ton n gin, ch cn dng mt vi cu lnh MATLAB, chng ta
thng gii bng cch trc tip nhp tng lnh ti ca s Command window.






V d :
>>a1=4*5
Mt s lu khi nhp lnh:
- Bnh thng MATLAB lun hin th kt qu ca cu lnh trn mn hnh. Nu mun
MATLAB khng hin th kt qu th cui cu lnh ta t thm du chm phy (;).
V d :
>>b=2; c=3;
1
2
3
4
Quy tc t tn bin:
+Tn bin phi bt u bng k t ch. K tip c th l ch, s v du _
+ Khng c dng khong trng v cc du ( ),' ,*,-,&,@ ,
+C s phn bit ch hoa v ch thng.
5
MATLAB CAN BAN & NG DUNG -3-


- Cc phm mi tn | + trn bn phm rt hu ch khi nhp lnh. gi li lnh
va g, bn c th nhn phm mi tn |, tip tc nhn phm ny, n s gi tip lnh
trc . Phm mi tn + c tc dng ngc vi |. Cc phm mi tn v c
th dng thay i v tr con tr trong dng lnh ti du nhc ca MATLAB, gip
bn d dng chnh sa ni dung dng lnh.
Xem ni dung ca Workspace:
Cch 1: Vo ca s Workspace Browser xem danh sch lit k.
Cch 2: Dng lnh who hoc whos
>>who % lit k tn cc bin ang c trong Workspace ra mn hnh Command
>>whos % lit k c tn bin v cc thng tin lin quan
Lu ni dung ca Workspace thnh tp tin d liu :
- Cch 1: Vo menu File >Save Workspace As >chn th mc >nhp tn tp tin >
nhp nt Save. Tp tin d liu c tn tng qut l *.mat v lu dng m nh phn.
- Cch 2: Nhp lnh >>save ' ng dn\ tnfile.mat '
V d: >>save ' C:\Program Files\MATLAB704\work\ mydata1.mat '
Ti ni dung ca mt tp tin d liu vo li Workspace :
- Cch 1: Vo menu File >Import Data >MATLAB Data File (*.mat) >chn tn tp
tin >n nt Open.
- Cch 2: Nhp lnh >>load ' ng dn\ tnfile.mat '
- Cch 3: Vo ca s Current Directory, nhp p chut vo tn tp tin cn m .
- Xo mt s bin :
>>clear tnbin_1 tnbin_2 ... tnbin_n
- Xo ht mi bin trong Workspace :
>>clear
Thao tc trn th mc:
- Xem ng dn v tn th mc hin hnh: >>cd
Khi mi khi ng MATLAB7.04, th mc hin hnh mc nh l:
'C:\Program Files\MATLAB704\work'.
- To th mc mi : >> mkdir('ng dn', 'tn th mc mi')
V d: >>mkdir('C:\Program Files\MATLAB704\work','Le Van An')
Nu bn khng nhp ng dn th mc nh l lu vo th mc hin hnh.
Lu : tn th mc cho php c khong trng gia cc t, nhng tn bin v tn file
th khng c php.
Bn cng c th nhp phi chut trong ca s Current Directory, chn new >folder
>nhp (g) tn th mc mun to mi > nhn Enter.
- Chuyn th mc mi to tr thnh th mc hin hnh :
>>cd 'C:\Program Files\MATLAB704\work','Le Van An'
hoc >>cd 'Le Van An'
Bn cng c th thc hin bng cch vo ca s Current Directory, nhp p chut
vo tn th mc cn chuyn .
- Chuyn ln th mc cp trn : >>cd . . % gia cd v .. c khong trng
- 4-
Bi tp
1) Thc hin ln lt cc bc sau y:
- Khi ng phn mm MATLAB, kim tra tn th mc hin hnh bng cch quan st
Current Directory trn thanh Toolbar hoc g lnh >>cd
- To mt th mc mi c tn l tn ca bn (V d: 'Tran Van Tuan'), v tr th mc
mi nm trong th mc work ca MATLAB.
- Chuyn th mc mi to tr thnh th mc hin hnh.
- Kim tra li tn th mc hin hnh trong Current Directory trn thanh Toolbar.
2) Trong Command window, thc hin ln lt cc yu cu sau:
a. t tn cc bin biu din: chiu di, chiu rng, chiu cao v thc hin php
gn: chiu rng= 3 (cm); chiu di=4 (cm); chiu cao= 5 (cm)
b. Tnh din tch mt y v th tch hnh hp vi cc thng s trn.
c. M ca s Workspace hoc dng lnh whos kim tra li cc kt qu tnh. Lu
ni dung ca Workspace thnh tp tin bai2_data.mat (Lu kim tra v tt cc
phn mm g ting Vit nh Vietkey, Unikey,... trnh li khi nhp tn tp tin).
d. Quan st ca s Current Directory chc chn l tp tin bai2_data.mat c.
e. Xo tt c cc bin trong Workspace hin hnh. M li tp tin bai2_data.mat v
kim tra li cc bin.
f. Thay i gi tr cc bin chiu rng, chiu di, chiu cao tu . Thc hin li cc
php tnh trn. ( Lu : C th thay i bng lnh gn ca s Command Window
hoc thay i trc tip trn ca s Workspace )

2. M-FILE
2.1 LP TRNH DNG SCRIPT FILE
Thay v nhp v thc thi tng cu lnh ti ca s Command window, bn c th son
v lu tt c cc cu lnh cn thit gii bi ton vo mt Script file. Khi bn g tn file
ti command window, cc cu lnh c trong file s c thc thi theo th t bn son.
1) M ca s Editor :
Cch 1: Trong command window g lnh edit
Cch 2: Vo menu File >New >M-File
Cch 3: Nhp chut vo icon (icon u tin trn thanh toolbar)
2) Son tho
- K hiu % c th dng bt c ch no trong chng trnh to cu ghi ch, gii
thch. Cc cu ghi ch t pha trn dng lnh u tin s hin trn mn hnh khi
bn g lnh help tnfile.
- Lnh gn : dng gn gi tr cho bin.
C php: tnbin =<gi tr>
- Lnh input : dng nhn mt gi tr t bn phm.
C php: tnbin = input('li nhc')
V d: a=input('Nhap chieu dai a:')
V d1: Son tho tp tin vd1.m vi ni dung nh sau :
% Chuong trinh tinh tong , hieu
a =input('Nhap so a:');
MATLAB CAN BAN & NG DUNG -5-


b =input('Nhap so b:');
Tong=a+b % Tnh tong
Hieu=a-b % Tnh hieu
3) Lu: Vo menu File > Save > t tn tp tin > nhp nt save.
Tp tin Scrift file c phn m rng l ".m", v c lu vo th mc hin hnh.
Nu khng c s la chn khc th th mc hin hnh c mc nh l th mc
work ca MATLAB. Tn tp tin phi bt u bng k t ch, khng c khong
trng gia cc k t (ging nh quy nh v tn bin).
4) Gi thc hin Scrift file:
Cch 1: Trong ca s son tho nhp chut vo nt run trn thanh toolbar.
Cch 2: Tr v mn hnh Command window v g tn file (khng c phn m rng
.m), sau nhn Enter thc thi.
5) M mt M-file ang c xem li hay chnh sa:
Cch 1: Trong ca s Editor hoc Command window, vo menu File >open >
Cch 2: Vo ca s Current Directory, nhp p chut vo tn M-file cn m.
Cch 3: Ti Command window, g lnh edit ('ng dn\tn file')
2.2 LP TRNH DNG FUNCTION FILE
Tng t nh trong ton hc, cc hm (function) trong MATLAB s nhn vo gi
tr ca cc i s v tr v gi tr tng ng ca hm. Trnh t to v thc thi mt file hm
bao gm cc bc nh sau:
1) M ca s Editor : thc hin tng t nh Scrift file
2) Son tho:Cu trc chun ca mt hm:

function [danh sch tham s ra] = tn hm (danh sch tham s vo)
% khi cc cu ghi ch, gii thch
Cu lnh x l 1;
cu lnh x l 2;
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
tham s ra 1 = biu thc tnh 1;
tham s ra 2 = biu thc tnh 2;
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

- Tham s ra (cng gi l tham bin) dng cha cc kt qu x l ca hm.
Khi gi thc hin hm ta c th thay chng bng cc tn bin c th.
- Tham s vo (cng gi l tham tr, hay i s) l cc bin trong hm m s
nhn cc gi tr vo c th khi gi thc hin hm.
Tn cc tham s vo, ra trong phn danh sch c phn cch nhau bng du
phy. Nu ch c 1 tham s ra th khng cn dng du ngoc vung [ ].
3) Lu: nh cch lu ca Scrift file. Khi lu hm, MATLAB s ly tn hm lm
tn file, ngi lp trnh khng nn sa li tn ny trnh ln ln khi gi thc
hin hm.
- 6-
4) Gi thc hin Function file: t ca s Command thc hin nh sau:
Nu ch c mt tham s ra:
>> tnbin =tnfile (danh sch cc gi tr vo)
Nu c nhiu tham s ra:
>>[tnbin1, tnbin2,...] =tnfile (danh sch cc gi tr vo)
V d 2: To file hmtinh_tong_hieu.m vi 2 tham s ra.

% chuong trinh tinh tong , hieu
function[Tong,Hieu] =tinh_tong_hieu(a,b)
Tong=a+b % Tinh tong
Hieu=a-b % Tinh hieu
Thc thi trong Command window :
>>[T,H] =tinh_tong_hieu(7,3)
c im ca hm :Cc hm ch thng tin vi MATLAB thng qua cc bin truyn vo
cho n v cc bin ra m n to thnh, cc bin trung gian bn trong hm th khng tng
tc vi mi trng MATLAB.
2.3. Bin cc b v bin ton cc
a) Bin cc b
Bin cc b ch c phm vi s dng trong mt hm. Cc bin cc b khng lu gi
trong Workspace. Ti Command window ta khng th truy cp c cc bin cc b. Cc
bin trong cc file hm u l bin cc b, tr phi c s ch ng khai bo khc i.
V d: cc bin a, b, h, S,V trong file hm tt_hinhhop.m l cc bin cc b.
b) Bin ton cc
Bin ton cc c phm vi s dng trong nhiu hm hoc nhiu M-file. Cc bin ton
cc c lu gi trong Workspace ca MATLAB v hin th ti ca s Workspace
browser. Ti Command window ta ch c th truy cp c cc bin ton cc.
V d: Cc bin trong cc Script-file l cc bin ton cc.
Cc bin to trc tip ti Command window l cc bin ton cc.
Bi tp
3) Thc hin li bi tp 2 bng SCRIFT FILE vi yu cu l gi tr chiu rng, chiu
di, chiu cao c nhp t bn phm.
4) Thc hin li bi tp 2 bng FUNCTION FILE vi chiu rng, chiu di, chiu cao
l cc i s ca hm. Cc gi tr hm tr v l:
a) Th tch ca hnh hp ch nht
b) Din tch mt y v th tch hnh hp ch nht
MATLAB CAN BAN & NG DUNG -7-


3.CC KIU D LIU V PHP TNH
MATLAB c kh nng tnh ton trn mi kiu d liu s v ch. D liu s c th
l s thc, s phc, vect, ma trn. D liu ch c th l chui k t, biu thc logic, biu
thc ch, ...
3.1 S THC
Khi nhp s thp phn, ta dng du chm tch phn nguyn v phn l. Ly tha
ca 10 c th biu din bng k hiu e.
V d 1. Cho cc s thc: a =5 ; b =2,54 ; c =10
6
; d =-4x10
-3
=-0,004
Nhp vo MATLAB:
>>a =5
>>b =2.54
>>c =10^6 % hoc >> c=1e6
>>d =-4e-3
1) Cc php tnh s hc

PHP TNH K HIU MC U TIN V D
Ly tha ^ 1 3^2 ; a^(1/2)
Nhn * 2 3*5 ; a*b
Chia / 2 2/4 ; a/b
Chia tri \ 2 2\4 (ngha l 4/2) ; a\b
Cng + 3 2+4 ; a+b
Tr - 3 2-4 ; a-b
2) Cc bin, hng, k t c bit trong MATLAB
+pi : s 3.14159265...
+i, j: s o n v, i
2
=j
2
= -1
+realmin : s chm ng dng nh nht, bng 2
-1022
hay 2.2251e-308
+realmax: s chm ng dng ln nht, ~ 2
1023


hay 1.7977e+308
+Inf hay inf : s v cng ; Inf =+ , -Inf =-
+NaN hay nan : (Not-a-number) s bt nh, v d kt qu ca 0/0, inf/inf,...
+eps : s 2
-52
hay 2.2204e-016 (thng dng nh mt v cng b c>0)

3) nh dng s
Khi hin th kt qu tnh ton ra mn hnh, MATLAB dng nh dng s mc nh l
format short. Ty theo yu cu ta c th nh dng li cc con s khi hin th.
xem gii thch chi tit v lnh format, bn g lnh: help format
4) Mt s hm ton c bn

TN HM CHC NNG
- 8-
sqrt(x) Cn bc hai ca x, tng t x^(1/2)
exp(x) Hm m c s e ca x (= e
x
)
V d: exp(0)=e
0
=1; exp(1)=e
1
=2.7182
log(x) Logarit t nhin ca x (= lnx)
log10(x) Logarit thp phn ca x (=lgx)
abs(x) - Tnh gi tr tuyt i ca x nu x l s thc
- Tm mun ca x nu x l s phc
round(x) Lm trn x ti s nguyn gn nht
rem(x,y) Tm phn d ca x /y , c du ly theo x
gcd(x,y) Tm c s chung ln nht ca x, y
lcm(x,y) Tm bi s chung nh nht ca x, y
sign(x) Hm ly du ca x (hm signum); tr v 1 nu
x>0; tr v -1 nu x<0; tr v 0 nu x=0
V d: sign(5)=1; sign (-5)=-1; sign(0)=0
factorial(n) Tm giai tha n!
sin(x) sin ca x, vi x l radian
cos(x) cos ca x, vi x l radian
tan(x) tang ca x, vi x l radian
asin(x) arcsin ca x, vi x l radian
acos(x) arccos ca x, vi x l radian
atan(x) arctg ca x, vi x l radian
sind(x); cosd(x); tand(x) sin; cos; tang ca x, vi x l
asind(x); acosd(x); atand(x) arcsin; arccos; arctg ca x, vi x l
sinh(x) sinhyperbol ca x ; sinh(x) = (e
x
- e
-x
)/2
cosh(x)
coshyperpol ca x ; cosh(x) = (e
x
+e
-x
)/2
cosh(x) +sinh(x) =e
x

cosh(x) - sinh(x) =e
-x

tanh(x) tanhyperpol(x) ; tanh(x) =sinh(x) / cosh(x)
asinh(x)
arcsinhyperpol(x);
2
ln(x x 1) = + +
acosh(x)
arcoshyperpol(x);
2
ln(x x 1) = +
atanh(x) arctanhyperpol(x); =(1/2)ln [(1+x)/(1-x)]
3.2 S PHC
3.2.1 Biu din ton hc
Trong ton hc, mt s phc z c biu din theo mt trong hai dng sau:
1) Dng i s : z =a +bi hay z =a +ib
a phn thc; b phn o; i ton t o hay s o n v ( i

= 1 ).
2) Dng cc (dng mun-pha) :

i
z |z|e
u
= hay z =| z | (cos u +i sinu)
MATLAB CAN BAN & NG DUNG -9-


Trong :
2 2
|z| a b = + : mun
u =arctg (b/a) : gc pha
3.3.2 Biu din trong MATLAB
- Trong Matlab cc k t i v j mc nh dng k hiu s o n v.
Nu i , j c s dng cho cc gi tr khc th ta phi khai bo li nh sau:
i=sqrt(-1) hoc j = sqrt(-1)
V d: >>z =3 - 5i % hoc >> z = 3 - i*5
>>z=5*exp(4i) % tc l z=5e
4i
Cc php tnh +,- ,*, ^, /, \ trn s phc thc hin nh trong ton hc.
- Mt s hm tm thnh phn v tnh ton trn s phc :
TN HM CHC NNG
z =complex(a,b) To s phc z =a+ b*i
real (z) Tnh phn thc ca z
imag(z) Tnh phn o ca z
abs(z) Tnh mun |z| ca z
angle(z)
Tnh gc pha u, vi -t s u s t
atan2(imag(z),real(z))
conj(z) hay z' To s phc lin hp ca z
exp(z)
hm m phc ; e
z
=e
a
(cosb+i*sinb)
log(z) logarit phc ; ln(z)=ln(|z|)+i*u
3.3 CHUI
Trong MATLAB, chui l dy k t t trong cp du nhy n ' '.
Mi k t ca chui chim 2 byte trong b nh.
>>s ='46' % s l bin chui, cha 2 k t 4 v 6, chim 4 byte
>>str ='the tich hinh hop' % str l bin chui, cha 17 phn t, chim 34 byte
>>a=46 % a l bin s thc, chim 8 byte b nh
Cc hm x l chui thng dng :
TN HM CHC NNG
Upper i ra k t hoa
Lower i ra k t thng
str2num i chui ra s
num2str i s ra chui
s=[ s1 s2 ] Ghp cc chui s1, s2,thnh mt hng.
strcat (s1, s2,...) Ghp cc chui thnh hng, t ng ngt bt
khong trng cui chui nu c.
strvcat (s1,s2,...) Ghp cc chui thnh ct (ma trn k t), t ng
thm khong trng, b qua chui rng
str2mat (s1,s2,...) Ghp cc chui thnh ct (ma trn k t), t ng
- 10-
thm khong trng, chui rng cng tnh l 1 ct.
disp(s) Hin th ni dung ca chui s ra mn hnh
Fprintf a d liu c nh dng ra file hoc mn hnh
ischar(s); isstr(s) Xt xem s c phi l chui ?, tr v 1 nu ng.
strcmp(s1,s2) So snh hai chui, tr v 1 nu s1 ging s2
strncmp(s1,s2,N) So snh N k t u ca hai chui s1, s2
eval('chui') X l ni dung ca chui nh mt cu lnh Matlab
ng dng:
Ghp mng chui vi s v hin th kt qu :
>>x=pi/5 ; y=2*sin(x) +3 ; % x, y l cc gi tr s .
>>str=['Gia tri cua y la: ', num2str(y)] ; % chuyn y thnh chui v ghp 2 chui.
>>disp(str)
Kt qu hin th:
Gi a t r i cua y l a: 4. 1756
VCT
Trong MATLAB, cc thut ng vct v mng c dng khng phn bit.
- khai bo mt vct ct (mng ct) ta nhp cc phn t nm trong du ngoc vung
[ ], phn cch nhau bi du chm phy.
V d : >>a =[1; 3; 4]
- khai bo mt vct hng (mng hng) ta nhp cc phn t nm trong du ngoc
vung [ ], phn cch nhau bi khong trng hoc du phy.
V d : >>b =[2 5 4 7] % hoc >>b= [2,5,4,7]
- to vect hng c gi tr cc phn t cch u nhau, MATLAB cho php khai bo
bng ton t (:) nh sau :
x=x1: x: x2 hoc x=[x1: x: x2]
Trong x1 l gi tr u, x l gia s, x2 l gi tr cui ca vect x
Nu x =1 th c th khai bo n gin:
x=x1: x2 hoc x=[x1: x2]
Nu (x2-x1)/x = n (n=1,2,..) th Matlab to gi tr cui l (x1 n. x) x2 + A =
Nu (x2-x1)/x n (n=1,2,..) th Matlab to gi tr cui l (x1 n. x) x2 + A <
V d:
>>x =0:10 % Vect x biu din 11 s t nhin t 0 n 10.
x =
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
>>v=1:2:10 % Vect v biu din cc s l s10
v =
1 3 5 7 9
Mt s hm v vct (mng) :
MATLAB CAN BAN & NG DUNG -11-


HM CHC NNG
length(a) Tm s phn t ca vct a
size(a) Tm kch thc vct, c dng (1x n) hoc (n x 1)
a(i) Tm phn t th i ca vct a (i=1,2,3,)
a(i : j) Tm cc phn t t th i ti th j ca vct a
norm(a) Tnh chun Euclid ca vct a ( =||a|| =cn bc hai
ca tng bnh phng cc phn t ca a)
sum(a) Tng cc phn t
prod(a) Tch cc phn t
min(a) Phn t b nht ca vect a
max(a) Phn t ln nht ca vect a
mean(a) Trung bnh cng ca cc phn t
Cc php tnh gia vc t (mng) vi mt s v hng:
PHP TNH K HIU V D NGHA
Ly tha .^ c=a.^2 c=[(a
1
^2);(a
2
^2); ...; (a
n
^2)]
Nhn * hoc .* c=a*2 c=[(a
1
*2);(a
2
*2); ...; (a
n
*2)]
Chia / hoc .\ c=a/2 c=[(a
1
/2);(a
2
/2); ...; (a
n
/2)]
Chia tri .\ c=a.\2 c=[(2/a
1
);(2/a
2
); ...; (2/a
n
)]
Cng + c=a+2 c=[(a
1
+2);(a
2
+2); ...; (a
n
+2)]
Tr - c=a-2 c=[(a
1
-2);(a
2
-2); ...; (a
n
-2)]
Cc php tnh gia hai vc t :
PHP TNH K HIU V D NGHA
Ly tha .^ c=a.^b c=[(a
1
^b
1
);(a
2
^b
2
); ...; (a
n
^b
n
)]
Tch c hng .* c=a.*b c=[(a
1
*b
1
);(a
2
*b
2
); ...; (a
n
*b
n
)]
Chia phi ./ c=a./b c=[(a
1
/b
1
);(a
2
/b
2
); ...; (a
n
/b
n
)]
Chia tri .\ c=a.\b c=[(a
1
\b
1
);(a
2
\b
2
); ...; (a
n
\b
n
)]
Cng hai vect + c=a+b c=[(a
1
+b
1
);(a
2
+b
2
); ...; (a
n
+b
n
)]
Tr hai vct - c=a-b c=[(a
1
-b
1
);(a
2
-b
2
); ...; (a
n
-b
n
)]
Chuyn v (ct thnh
hng hay ngc li)
' a'
a=[a
1
; a
2
; ...;a
n
] th a'=[a
1
a
2
... a
n
]
a=[a
1
a
2
... a
n
] th a'=[a
1
; a
2
;...;a
n
]
Tch v hng '* c=a'*b c=(a
1
*b
1
)+(a
2
*b
2
)+... +(a
n
*b
n
)
- 12-
3.4 MA TRN
Ma trn l mt mng hai chiu m hng n ct, c dng tng qut :
11 12 1
21 22 2
1 2
n
n
m m mn
a a a
a a a
a a a
(
(
(
=
(
(

A

Trong MATLAB, ma trn c biu din bng mt dy s trong ngoc vung. Cc
phn t trong mi hng c phn cch nhau bi khong trng hoc du phy (,) . Cc
hng phn cch nhau bi du chm phy (;).
V d 1:
>>A =[1 2 3 ; 4 5 6 ; 7 8 9] . % A l ma trn vung cp 3
3.5 A THC
Cho a thc bc n :

n n 1
n n 1 1 0
p a x a x ax a

= + + + +
Trong MATLAB, a thc c biu din nh mt vect hng vi cc phn t l cc
h s ca a thc sp theo th t gim dn t bc cao nht n bc 0 .
Nhn xt: a thc bc n tng ng vi vct hng c (n+1) phn t.
>>
| |
n n 1 1 0
p a a ... a a

=
V d, nhp a thc: p =x
4
+3x
3
x
2
5x +1
>>p =[1 3 -1 -5 1] .
Cc php tnh vi a thc:
HM NGHA
conv(p1,p2) Nhn hai a thc
[k,d]=deconv (p1,p2) Chia hai a thc ( k= kt qu; d =phn d)
roots(p) Tm nghim ca a thc p
p=poly(x) Lp a thc p t vect x cha cc nghim.
polyder(p) Tnh o hm ca a thc p
polyint(p) Tnh tch phn ca a thc p, hng s tch phn C=0
polyint(p,3) Tnh tch phn ca a thc p, hng s tch phn C=3
polyval(p,x) Tnh gi tr ca a thc ti x (x c th l s,vect,..)
[r,p,k]=residue(num,den) Tm cc thnh phn ti gin ca phn thc
[num,den]=residue(r,p,k) Chuyn cc thnh phn ti gin thnh 1 phn thc
printsys(num,den,'s') in phn thc c dng t s 2 a thc theo s
[z,p,k]=tf2zp(num,den) Tm cc zero z, cc p, li k ca phn thc
V d 1:
>>p =[1 6 11 6] ; %
3 2
p x 6x 11x 6 = + + +
>>x=roots(p) % tm cc nghim ca p
MATLAB CAN BAN & NG DUNG -13-


Hai a thc cng bc c th cng tr theo php cng tr thng thng. MATLAB
khng c hm cng tr cc a thc khc bc. Trng hp ny ta c th to chng trnh
ring dng hoc p dng cch n gin sau y :
V d cn cng hai a thc
p =x
4
+3x
3
x
2
5x +1
q =x+2
Ta nhp vo MATLAB:
>>p=[1 3 -1 -5 1];
>>q=[0 0 0 1 2]; tong =p +q % hoc >>q=[1 2] ; tong =p +[0 0 0 q]
tong =
1 3 -1 -4 3
Bi tp
5) S dng cc hm ton hc c bn c trong ti liu thc hin cc php tnh sau :
(a) 625 ; 9 ;
3
100
(b) e
0
; e ; e
1
; e

(c) ( 1/2)e
i5

(d)
30 i
(3 2i)

+
(e) a
x
vi a=8.10
-4
v x=3/4
(f) 0/0 ; 1/0 ; 1/
(g)
2 10
5 .2 . 3.ln5.lg2

6) Cho hai s phc :
1
i45
2
z 3 2i
z 3e

= +
=

Hy thc hin trong MATLAB cc php ton sau y vi hai s phc trn.
(a)
1 2
z z + (b)
1 2
z z
(c)
1 2
z *z (d)
1 2
z / z
(e)
1
z
e (f)
1
ln(z )
(g) Tnh mun v gc pha ca z
1
.
(h) Nhp z
1
theo dng mun-pha. So snh kt qu tr v vi gi tr ban u ca z
1
.
7) Cho vect hng u =[ 2 4 6 8] ;
(a) Vit lnh to vct ct v gm 4 phn t c gi tr ngu nhin t 0 n 10.
(b) Tm phn t ln nht v phn t b nht trong mi phn t ca c hai vect.
(c) Tm trung bnh cng ca cc phn t trong vect u.
(d) Tnh tng v tch cc phn t ca vect u.
(e) Tnh tch v hng v gc hp bi hai vect u v v.
(f) Vit chng trnh cho php ngi dng nhp vo hai vect ct u, v bt k v
tr v kt qu l tch v hng v gc hp bi hai vect .
(h) 2sin(t/5). arctg
2
(3)
(i)
2 3
sin(30 )cos(45 )
5

(j)
3
(30 ) sin
2 .sign(sin(5 /3).cos(135 ))

t
(k)
3
cos 2
4 2sin 2

(l)
( )
3/ 2
2 sin( 30 ) e
1 cos2

- 14-
8) To ba ma trn nh sau:

5 2 4
A 1 7 3
6 10 0
(
(
=
(
(

;
11 5 3
B 0 12 4
2 6 1
(
(
=
(
(

;
7 14 1
C 10 3 2
8 5 9
(
(
=
(
(


Thc hin cc php ton :
(a) A+B v B+A. Nhn xt ?
(b) A+(B+C) v (A+B)+C. Nhn xt ?
(c) 5*(A+C) v 5*A +5*C. Nhn xt ?
(d) A*(B+C) v A*B +A*C. Nhn xt ?
(e) A*B v B*A . Nhn xt ?
(f) A*B v B' *A' . Nhn xt ?
(g) (A+B)' v A' +B' . Nhn xt ?
9) Nhp vo hai a thc:

4 3 2
P(x) x 3x x 5x 1 = + +

2
Q(x) 3x 5x 4 = +
(a) Tnh tng hai a thc trn.
(b) Nhn hai a thc trn.
(c) Tm nghim ca 2 a thc trn.
(d) Tnh gi tr P(1) ; Q(0).
(e) Tnh o hm bc 1, bc 2 ca P(x) v Q(x).
10) Phn tch cc nh Laplace sau y thnh tng cc phn thc ti gin:
(a)
3 2
10
G(s)
s 15s 68s 96
=
+ + +
(c)
2
120s 10
H(s)
s(s 13s 30)
+
=
+ +

(b)
3 2
10s 30
H(s)
s(s 15s 68s 96)
+
=
+ + +
(d)
2
20
G(s)
(s 2)(s 4s 13)
=
+ + +

4. LNH IU KIN V VNG LP
4.1 Biu thc logic
Biu thc logic thng c s dng biu din iu kin trong cc cu lnh iu
kin (lnh r nhnh) hay trong cc vng lp. Cc biu thc logic trong MATLAB c
thnh lp trn c s cc ton t quan h v ton t logic. Ton t quan h l cc k hiu th
hin s so snh, ton t logic l cc k hiu dng lin kt cc biu thc logic.
TON T QUAN H NGHA
< nh hn
<= nh hn hoc bng
> ln hn
>= ln hn hoc bng
MATLAB CAN BAN & NG DUNG -15-


== bng
~= khc

TON T LOGIC NGHA
& v
| hoc
~ khng

Biu thc logic cho kt qu chn tr l ng (true) hoc sai (false). Trong
MATLAB, biu thc ng s c gi tr l 1, biu thc sai c gi tr l 0.
V d:
12.5>12 l biu thc logic, c gi tr l 1.
6~=6 l biu thc logic, c gi tr l 0.
b==6 c gi tr l 1 nu b=6, c gi tr l 0 nu b khc 6.
(12.5>12)& (5>6) c gi tr l 0.
4.2 Cc cu lnh iu kin
1) Cu trc if end
if <iu kin>
Khi cc lnh thc hin nu iu kin l ng
End

2) Cu trc if else end
if <iu kin>
Khi cc lnh thc hin nu iu kin l ng
else
Khi cc lnh thc hin nu iu kin l sai
End
3) Cu trc if elseif else end
if <iu kin 1>
Khi cc lnh thc hin nu iu kin 1 ng
elseif <iu kin 2>
Khi cc lnh thc hin nu iu kin 2 ng
elseif <iu kin 3>
Khi cc lnh thc hin nu iu kin 3 ng
else
Khi cc lnh thc hin nu khng c iu kin no ng
- 16-
End
V d : Vit chng trnh yu cu ngi dng nhp vo t bn phm im s ca
mt hc sinh. Nu im s t 1 n 4 th xut ra dng nhn "loi yu", nu im s l 5
hoc 6 th xut ra dng nhn "loi trung bnh", nu im s l 7 hoc 8 th xut dng nhn
"loi kh", nu im s l 9 hoc 10 th xut dng nhn "loi gii". Nu im s nm ngoi
phm vi t 1 n 10 th xut dng nhn "S liu khng hp l".
di em= i nput ( ' Nhap di emso: ' ) ;
i f ( di em>=1) &( di em<=4)
di sp( ' l oai yeu' )
el sei f ( di em==5) | ( di em==6)
di sp( ' l oai t r ung bi nh' )
el sei f ( di em==7) | ( di em==8)
di sp( ' l oai kha' )
el sei f ( di em==9) | ( di em==10)
di sp( ' l oai gi oi ' )
el se
di sp( ' So l i eu khong hop l e' )
end
4) Cu trc switch-case
switch <iu kin>
case gi tr th 1
khi lnh 1
case {gi tr th 2, gi tr th 3,...}
khi lnh 2
otherwise
khi lnh 3
end
iu kin trong cu trc switch-case phi c gi tr dng s nguyn hoc dng
chui. lnh case s so snh gi tr ca iu kin vi cc gi tr th thc hin khi lnh
tng ng. Nu khng c gi tr th no ph hp th thc hin khi lnh 3.
V d:
di em=i nput ( ' Nhap di emso: ' ) ;
swi t ch ( di em)
case {1, 2, 3, 4}
di sp( ' l oai yeu' )
case {5, 6}
di sp( ' t r ung bi nh' )
MATLAB CAN BAN & NG DUNG -17-


case {7, 8}
di sp( ' l oai kha' )
case {9, 10}
di sp( ' l oai gi oi ' )
ot her wi se
di sp( ' So l i eu khong hop l e' )
end
4.3 Vng lp
4.3.1 Vng lp for
for i=i1: Ai : i2 % hoc i=i1:i2 nu Ai =1
Khi cc lnh
End
V d 1:
di sp( ' chng t r nh t nh t ng gi ai t ha 1! +2! +3! +. . . +n! ' )
n = i nput ( ' Nhap gi a t r i n: ' ) ;
i f n==0, t ong=1;
el se
t ong=0; %gi a t r i khoi dau
for k=1: n
t ong= t ong+pr od( 1: k) ;
end
end
di sp( [ ' Tong can t i ml a: ' , num2st r ( t ong) ] ) ;
4.3.2 Vng lp while
while <iu kin>
Khi cc cu lnh thc hin nu iu kin cn ng
End
Khc vi vng lp for, s ln lp ca vng lp while khng c xc nh.
Ta xt v d tnh tng n s chn phn trn bng vng lp while (thay v for) :
%chng t r nh i n r a v t nh t ng n s chn u tin
%S=2+4+. . . +2*n bng vng l p while
n = i nput ( ' Nhap gi a t r i n: ' ) ;
whi l e n<=0,
di sp( ' Di eu ki en: n>0' ) ,
n = i nput ( ' Nhap l ai gi a t r i n: ' ) ;
end
S=0; i =1;
whi l e i <=n
S=S+2*i ;
f pr i nt f ( ' %3d l a so chan t hu: %3d\ n' , 2*i , i )
i =i +1;
end
- 18-
di sp( [ ' Tong can t i ml a: ' , num2st r ( S) ] ) ;

Ghi ch : Vic kim tra iu kin nhp n>0 cng c thc hin bng vng lp while
c th lp v hn ln. Nu kim tra bng cu trc if end th ch lp c 1 ln.
Bi tp
11) Vit chng trnh tnh nghim ca phng trnh bc hai 0 c bx ax
2
= + + vi a, b, c
nhp t bn phm. Cc trng hp phng trnh c hai nghim thc, nghim kp, hai
nghim phc u phi xut thng bo ra mn hnh.
5. HO VI M AT LAB
5.1 V TH BNG HM PLOT
Hm plot v th 2D da trn hai mng d liu s do ngi dng to trc. Nu
dng hm plot v th hm s th s im d liu cng nhiu, hnh v cng ng vi
th hm s lin tc (ng cong trn v lin tc).
5.1.1. V cn bn
Lnh plot(x,y) : v th y theo x.
V d: V th cc hm sau:
y1=x
2
+3x +5 trong khong [0,10]
y2=sin(x) trong khong [0,3t]
Thc hin trong MATLAB:
>>x=[0: 0.01: 10]; % to mng x c gi tr t 0 n 10 vi gia s 0,01
>>y1=x.^2+3*x+5; % to mng y (= tnh cc gi tr tng ng ca y)
>>plot(x,y1) % v th y1 theo x

>>x=[0: 0.01: 3*pi];
>>y2=sin(x);
>>plot(x,y2)

5.1.2. V c khai bo mu, kiu nt v nh du im d liu
C php lnh: plot(x,y,S)
trong tham s S l chui k t tu chn khai bo mu v, kiu nt v/
hoc k hiu nh du ti cc im d liu. Nu khng dng tham s S th mc nh
l mu xanh dng (blue), nt lin (solid), khng c k hiu nh du.
a) Mu (color)
b = blue m = magenta
g = green y = yellow
r = red k = black
c = cyan w = white
b) Kiu nt (linestyle) v k hiu nh du (marker)
Linestyle Marker
- solid x x-mark v triangle (down)
MATLAB CAN BAN & NG DUNG -19-


: dotted + plus ^ triangle (up)
-. dashdot * star < triangle (left)
-- dashed s square > triangle (right)
. point o circle p pentagram
d diamond h hexagram
V d: V th hm s
y1 =
2t 3t
1 3e 2e

+ trong khong [0,10], chn mu blue, nt lin
t
y2 1 2e sin(2t /6)

= + t trong khong [0,6], chn mu , nt gch chm

>>t =[0: 0.01:10];
>>y1=1-3*exp(-2*t)+2*exp(-3*t);
>>plot(t,y1) % mc nh l mu blue, nt lin

>>t =[0: 0.01:6];
>>y2=1+2*exp(-t).*sin(2*t-pi/6);
>>plot(t,y2,'r -.') % mu , nt gch chm.

5.1.3. Cc lnh tin tch
1. title('tn th') % to tiu th
2. xlabel('nhn trc x') % to nhn cho trc x
3. ylabel('nhn trc y') % to nhn cho trc y
4. text(x,y,'nhn') % to nhn ti v tr c to (x,y)
5. grid hoc grid on % hin cc li to .
6. hold hoc hold on % gi nguyn th v tip trn cng h trc to .
7. legend('chthch1', 'chthch2',...) % to ch thch khi v nhiu th .
V d :
>>x=[0:0.1:2*pi];
>>y1=sin(x);
>>plot(x,y1,'k');
>>hold on
>>y2=cos(x);
>>plot(x,y2,'b--');
>>title('Do thi sin(x) va cos(x)')
>>xlabel('truc x')
>>ylabel('truc y')
>>legend('sin(x)','cos(x)')
>>grid

v hai hay nhiu th trn cng mt h trc to ta c th dng lnh hold on
nh trn hoc dng lnh plot vi c php tng qut :
plot(x1,y1,S1,x2,y2,S2,)
1 2 3 4
5
6 7
-1
0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Do thi sin(x) va cos(x)
truc x
t
r
u
c

y
sin(x)
cos(x)
- 20-
trong x1,y1,S1 ng vi th th nht; x2,y2,S2 ng vi th th hai,
v d trn, thay v dng lnh hold on ta c th v kt hp hai th y1 v y2 bng
mt lnh plot duy nht nh sau:
>>plot(x,y1,'k',x,y2,'b--')
5.2 H TRC TO (axis), CA S V (figure), TH CON (subplot)
Lnh axis l cng c dng qun l hnh dng v thang chia ca c hai trc ng
v ngang. Lnh ny c nhiu tu chn, bit mt cch y v n, bn c th g lnh
help axis hay doc axis. Mt s cch thng dng ca lnh axis l:

LNH NGHA
axis([xmin xmax ymin ymax])
Thit lp cc gi tr min, max ca h trc 2D
axis([xmin,xmax,ymin,ymax])
axis([xmi xma ymi yma zmi zma]) Thit lp cc gi tr min, max ca h trc 3D
axis square Ly di hai trc bng nhau (to vng bao
vung, so vi mc nh l ch nht)
axis equal Ly thang chia ging nhau cho c hai trc
axis off Tt b ch nn trc, nhn, li,...
axis on Ngc li vi axis off

Nu mun v nhiu th trn cc figure (ca s v) khc nhau, ta to figure mi
bng lnh figure hoc chn menu file > new > figure trong ca s figure ang v. Mi i
tng ha to mi nh figure, axis, line,... c MATLAB t ng gn cho mt s
hiu qun l, gi l handle. Trng hp tng qut th gi tr handle l mt s thc.
Ring i vi figure th mi figure to mi s c gn vi handle l mt s nguyn
dng, v d: 1, 2, 3,.... Bn c th chuyn qua li gia cc figure ang c bng cch dng
chut chn hoc dng lnh figure(H) trong H l s hiu ca figure.
Cc lnh tm handle thng dng l gcf (Get handlle to current figure tm handle
ca figure hin hnh), gca ( Get handle to current axis tm handle ca h trc hin hnh),
findobj(gcf, 'Type','Line') (tm handle ca cc ng th trong figure hin hnh).
Mt khc, mt ca s figure c th cha nhiu hn mt h trc. Lnh
subplot(m,n,p) chia figure thnh mt ma trn (m x n) vng ho con gi l subplot, v
chn p l subplot hin hnh. Cc subplot c nh s ln lt t tri qua phi, t trn
xung di.
V d:
x=linspace(0,2*pi,30); % to mng x t 0 n 2*pi c 30 phn t
y=sin(x); z=cos(x);
u=2*sin(x).*cos(x); v=tan(x);
figure % m mi mt ca s figure trng.
subplot(2,2,1) % to 4 subplot v chn subplot 1 gc trn tri .
plot(x,y), axis([0 2*pi -1 1]), title('sin(x)')
subplot(2,2,2) % chn subplot 2 gc trn phi .
plot(x,z), axis([0 2*pi -1 1]), title('cos(x)')
MATLAB CAN BAN & NG DUNG -21-


subplot(2,2,3) % chn subplot 3 gc dui tri .
plot(x,u), axis([0 2*pi -1 1]), title('2sin(x)cox(x)')
subplot(2,2,4) % chn subplot 4 gc di phi .
plot(x,v), axis([0 2*pi -1 1]), title('tan(x)')
Kt qu :


5.3 V TH BNG HM EZPLOT
Hm ezplot dng v th ca hm s cho bi biu thc ch.
LNH NGHA
ezplot(y) V th hm y=f(x) , mc nh l x e [-2t,2t]
ezplot(y, [a,b]) V th hm y=f(x) trong khong x e [a,b]
ezplot(f) V th f(x,y) =0 , mc nh l x v y e [-2t, 2t]
ezplot(f, [a,b]) V th f(x,y) =0 vi x v y e [a,b]
ezplot(f,
[xmin,xmax,ymin,ymax])
V th f(x,y) =0
vi x e [xmin,xmax] ; y e [ymin,ymax]
ezplot(x,y) V th hm tham s x=x(t); y=y(t) vi t e[-2t, 2t]
ezplot(x,y, [tmin,tmax]) v th x=x(t); y=y(t) vi t e[tmin, tmax]
Hm s cn v c th nhp theo nhiu cch. Hai cch thng dng l:
Cch 1. Nhp biu thc hm trong cp du nhy ' '
Cch 2. Khai bo bin bng hm syms ; sau nhp biu thc hm
V d, hm y=2sinxcosx c th nhp bng mt trong hai cch:
Cch 1: >>y='2*sin(x)*cos(x)'
Cch 2: >>syms x ; y=2*sin(x)*cos(x)

- 22-
Khi v bng hm ezplot th tiu th s c to t ng (khng cn dng lnh
title). Sau khi v bn cng c th dng cc lnh tin ch hold, grid, legend, axis,tng t
th ca hm plot. Cc tu chn v mu, kiu nt v marker khng c trong c php ca
lnh ezplot do nu mun thit t theo ring, bn phi iu chnh thng qua handle v
lnh set nh sau:
Cch 1:
h=ezplot(y) % v v lu handle ca ng th vo bin h
set(h, 'Color','mu','Linestyle','kiunt',) % thit t li mu, kiu nt,
Cch 2: (MATLAB 6.x ch dng c cch ny)
ezplot(y) % v th
h= findobj(gcf,'Type','Line') % tm handle ca ng th
set(h, 'Color','mu','Linestyle','kiunt',) % thit t li mu, kiu nt,
Cng c th kt hp hai lnh trn thnh mt lnh :
set(findobj(gcf,'Type','Line'),'Color','mu','Linestyle','kiunt',)
V d: >> set(findobj(gcf,'Type','Line'),'Color','r','Linestyle','--')
>> set(findobj(gcf,'Type','Line'),'Color','k','Marker','*')
1) V th hm y=y(x) hay y=y(t) trong khong mc nh
V d: V th hm s

2
x 1
y
x 3x 3
+
=
+

% nhp hm theo cch 1
>>y='(x+1)/(x^2+3*x-3)'
>>ezplot(y)
>>grid

Khong mc nh m Matlab
t chn l x e [-2t, 2t]

2) V th hm y=y(x) hay y=y(t) trong khong ty chn
V d:
V th hm s

2t 3t
y 1 3e 2e

= +
trong khong t e [0, 10]

% nhp hm theo cch 2
>>syms t
>>y=1- 3*exp(-2*t) +2*exp(-3*t)
>>ezplot(y,[0,10])
>>axis([0,10, 0, 1.05])
>>grid
Bi tp
MATLAB CAN BAN & NG DUNG -23-


12) S dng lnh plot hoc ezplot v th ca cc hm sau:
(a)
2
( ) 5 4 , [ 6, 2] f x x x x = e
(b)
2
( ) 2 8 11 , [ 1, 5] g x x x x = e
(c)
4 2
( ) 1 3 2 , [0,2]

= + e
t t
y t e e x
(d)
2 2
( ) 1 cos sin
t t
h t e t e t

= , te [0, 4]
(e)
2
( ) 1 cos

= e
t
h t e t ; te [0, 4] ; e =1, 2, 4, 6.
(f)
5 5
2
( ) 1 cos 10 sin 10
10
t t
h t e t e t

= + te [0, 2]
(g)
( )
12 12
29
( ) 1 cos4 3 sin4
40
t t
h t e t e t

= te [0, 1]
13) S dng lnh ezplot v th 2 cp hm tham s sau trn cng h trc, te [0, 2t]
x =7cost cos7t v x =2cost
y = 7sint sin7t y =2sint
Thit t mu sc, marker ring cho tng ng th thng qua handle v lnh
set. th th nht v mu vng, marker l (*). th th hai v mu , marker l (o).
14) (a) Dng lnh plot v trn cng mt h trc to th ba hm s :
y1=sinx ; y2=sin(x+t/3) ; y3=sin(x+2t/3) vi xe [0, 3t]
Thit t mu sc, ghi ch cho th. t tiu l 'Dng in hinh sin ba pha'.
(b) To mt figure mi, dng lnh ezplot v th v thc hin cc yu cu
trn.

6. BI U TH C CH
6.1 KHI NIM BIU THC CH (SYMBOLIC EXPRESSION)
V d: Cho hm s
2
y x 12x 4 = + +
Tnh o hm
dy
dx
, tnh gii hn ca y khi x 0
Gii:
dy
2x 12
dx
= +
2
x 0
lim(x 12x 4) 4

+ + =
Hm y c cho dng trn gi l hm ch, v phi ca y c gi l biu thc ch,
cc php tnh o hm hay gii hn nh trn l nhng php tnh trn biu thc ch.
6.2 TNH TON TRN BIU THC CH
Nguyn tc chung trong tnh ton biu thc ch qua 3 bc sau:
- 24-
B1- Khai bo bin ch.
B2- Nhp hm ch
B3- Dng cc hm chun x l cc hm ch.
Khai bo bin ch :
C hai cch khai bo bin :
+ Dng hm syms khai bo mt hoc nhiu bin ch cng lc :
syms bin_1 bin_2 . . . bin_n
+Dng hm sym khai bo tng bin :
tnbin =sym('tnbin')
Nhp hm ch :
C hai cch nhp:
+Cch 1: nhp sau cc khai bo syms hoc sym.
+Cch 2: nhp ng thi vi khai bo sym:
>> tnhm =sym('biu thc ch')
V d, nhp hm
2
y x 12x 4 = + +
Cch 1:
>>syms x % hoc >> x = sym('x')
>>y =x^2+12*x+4
Cch 2:
>>y =sym('x^2+12*x+4')

Cc hm x l hm ch : cha trong th mc toolbox\symbolic
Mt s hm gii tch thng dng:
TN HM CHC NNG
diff Tnh o hm
int Tnh tch phn
limit Tnh gii hn
fminbnd Tm gi tr cc tiu ca hm s
dsolve Gii [h] phng trnh vi phn
Solve Gii [h] phng trnh dng a thc
numden Xc nh t s v mu s ca hm hu t
poly2sym To a thc t vct hng cha cc h s
sym2poly Tm vct hng cha cc h s ca a thc
symsum(f,a,b) Tnh tng ca hm f i t a n b
finverse Tm hm ngc
Taylor Khai trin chui Taylor
Eval X l biu thc ch nh mt cu lnh MATLAB
MATLAB CAN BAN & NG DUNG -25-


ezplot V th mt biu thc ch v in nhn, tiu
Cc php bin i :
TN HM CHC NNG
laplace Bin i Laplace
ilaplace Bin i Laplace ngc
fourier Bin i Fourier
ifourier Bin i Fourier ngc
Ztrans Bin i Z
iztrans Bin i Z ngc
nh dng v n gin ho cc biu thc :
TN HM CHC NNG
collect Rt gn biu thc, gom cc s hng theo nhm
expand Khai trin biu thc
Factor t tha s chung, a a thc v dng tch cc tha s
Pretty Hin th biu thc theo cch vit trong ton hc
simple Ti gin ho biu thc
simplify n gin biu thc
V d 1: Cho hm s y =x
2
+2x+3
a/ Tm o hm bc 1 v bc 2 ca y
b/ Tm gii hn ca t s y/x khi x
c/ Tnh tch phn hm y trong khong [1 , 3]
d/ Tm nghim ca phng trnh y =0
e/ Tm cc tiu ca hm y trong khong (-4, +4)
Gii:
>>syms x ; y=x^2+2*x+3 ; % hoc >>y=sym('x^2+2*x+3');
>>Dy=diff(y) % o hm bc nht
Dy =2*x+2
>>D2y=diff(y, 2) % o hm bc hai, tng ng diff(diff(y))
D2y =2
>>b=limit(y/x,x,inf,'left') % tm gii hn tri
b =inf
>>c=int(y,1,3) % tch phn xc nh
c =68/3
>>r =solve(y) % tm nghim
r =
- 26-
[ -1+i*2^(1/2)]
[ -1-i*2^(1/2)]
Ch : Cng c th tm nghim ca phng trnh trn bng cch khc. V d dng
lnh: >>r=solve('x^2+2*x+3=0') hay >>r=roots([1 2 3])
>>y='x^2+2*x+3'; [xmin,ymin] =fminbnd (y,-4,4)
xmin=
1
ymin=
2
Bi tp
15) Dng lnh dsolve gii cc phng trnh vi phn sau y :
a. ' = y ay
b. sin y y t ' =
c. 2 (2 4)
x
y y y x e

'' ' + + = +
d.
2
2 0 xyy y x ' + =
e. ( )
2
2
1 y y ' + = vi iu kin (K) u (0) 0 y =
f. 3 2 0 y y y '' ' + + = vi K u (0) y a ' = ; (0) y b =
g. 2 5 3 y y y '' ' + + = vi K u (0) (0) 0 y y ' = =
h.
2
0 y a y '' = vi K y(0)=1; ( / ) 0 y a ' t =
i. 3 cos y y x x '' ' + = + vi K u (0) (0) 0 y y ' = =
16) Tm hm qu h(t) nu bit nh Laplace H(s) nh sau:
(a)
2
40
H(s)
s(s 13s 40)
=
+ +
(b)
2
10s 25
H(s)
s(s 6s 25)
+
=
+ +

(c)
2
3s 15
H(s)
s(s 6s 15)
+
=
+ +
(d)
2
116(s 40)
H(s)
s(s 138s 4640)
+
=
+ +

(e)
2
5s 25
H(s)
s(s 8s 25)
+
=
+ +
(f)
2
122(s 43)
H(s)
s(s 157s 5246)
+
=
+ +