4.1.

Bi ton ni suy
y = f ( x ); - khng bit biu thc gii tch ca hm; hoc bit
nhng cng thc tnh phc tp
- bit gi tr ca hm ti mt s hu hn im trn
on [ a, b] ( bng o c hoc thc nghim):
xo x1 . . . xi . . . xn-1 xn
x

Chng 4.

y=f( x ) yo y1 . . . yi . . . yn-1 yn
- Tm gi tr ca hm s ti mt s im trung gian khc.

NI SUY V XP X HM

4.2. a thc ni suy

4.1. Bi ton ni suy

-Xy dng mt hm ( x ) c biu thc n gin, c gi tr
trng vi gi tr ca f ( x ) ti cc im xo x1 . . . xn , cn ti
cc im khc trn on [a, b] th ( x ) kh gn f( x ) [phn
nh gn ng quy lut f( x ) ]
c th suy ra gi tr gn ng
ca f( x ) ti cc gi tr x bt k tho mn xo < x < xn.
- ( x ) c gi l hm ni suy ca f( x ) trn on [a, b].

Thng chn a thc lm hm ni suy v:

- a thc l loi hm n gin;
- Lun c o hm v nguyn hm;
- Vic tnh gi tr ca chng n gin (thng qua lc
Horner)

- ngha hnh hc: xy

dng ng cong y = ( x )
i qua cc im cho trc
(xi, yi), i = 0, 1, . . . , n.
3

4.2. a thc ni suy

4.2. a thc ni suy

a) Bi ton

b) S duy nht ca a thc ni suy

- Cho bng gi tr tng ng ca hm y = f( x )

xo x1 . . . xi . . . xn-1
x
y=f( x ) yo y1 . . . yi . . . yn-1

S duy nht ca a thc ni suy: a thc ni suy Pn( x ) ca

hm f( x ) nh ngha trn nu c th ch c mt .

xn
yn

Cc xi , i = 0, 1, ,.., n c gi l cc mc (nt) ni suy.

x0 < x1 < x2 <.. < xn
- Cn xy dng mt a thc bc n:
Pn( x ) = aoxn + a1xn-1 + . . . + an-1x + an.

a thc ni suy c th xy dng theo nhiu cch nhng do

tnh duy nht nn cc dng ca n u c th quy v nhau.

sao cho Pn(x) trng vi f(x) ti cc mc xi,

Pn(xi) = yi ; i= 0, 1, 2, . . . , n.
5

4.3. Lc Horner

4.3. Lc Horner

Xt a thc:
Pn(x) = a0xn + a1.xn1+ a2.xn2 + a3.xn3..+an1.x + an
= (a0.x + a1).xn1 + a2.xn2 + a3.xn3..+an1.x + an
= ((a0.x + a1).x + a2).xn2 + a3.xn3..+an1.x + an
= . = ((((a0.x + a1).x + a2).x + a3).x+..+an1).x + an
Qu trnh tnh:
b0 := a0
b1 := b0.x + a1
b2 := b1.x + a2

bn := bn1 .x + an Pn(x)

Lc (hay s ) Horner tnh gi tr Pn(x) ti x = c:

Pn(c) = bn

a0

b0

a1

a2

an1

an

b0.c

b1.c

bn2.c

bn1.c

b1

b2

..

bn1

bn

4.4. a thc ni suy Lagrange

4.4. a thc ni suy Lagrange

So snh gia phng php trc tip v phng php

Lagrange:
Bc:

Trc tip

a thc ni suy Lagrange bc 1 thu c bng cch t

hp hai hm tuyn tnh:

Lagrange

P1(x) = a1 +a0x

P1( x) = l0 ( x).y0 + l1( x).y1

P1(x) =l0(x).y0 +l1(x).y1

2 P2(x) = a2 +a1x +a0x2 P2(x) =l0(x).y0 +l1(x).y1 +l2(x).y2

..........
....
vi cc li (x) l a thc bin x.

l0 ( x) =

x x0
x x1
, l1( x) =
x0 x1
x1 x0

P1( x) =

x x0
x x1
y0 +
y1
x0 x1
x1 x0

V d 1:

4.4. a thc ni suy Lagrange

Vn tc ca qu tn la cho trong bng 1

Trng hp tng qut, a thc ni suy cho n+1 mc

vi:
1 : i = j
li (x j ) =
0 : i j

li ( x ) =

x xj

j =0 i
j i

xj

10

Tm vn tc ca qu tn la t=16 giy.
Bng 1: Vn tc theo thi gian.

Pn ( x ) = li ( x ). yi
i =0

u im: D thc hin

Nhc im: Tnh ton cng knh, khi c thm mc
phi tnh li t u
11

t , (s )

v(t ), (m/s )

10

227,04

15

362,78

20

517,35

22,5

602,97

30

901,67

Hnh 2 Vn tc theo thi gian

12

V d: Ni suy tuyn tnh

V d: Ni suy bc 2

v(t ) l0 (t )v(t0 ) + l1 (t )v(t1 ) = l0 (t )v0 + l1 (t )v1

v(t ) l0 (t )v0 + l1 (t )v1 + l2 (t )v2

t0 = 15, v0 = 362,78

t0 = 10, v0 = 227,04

t1 = 20, v1 = 517,35

t1 = 15, v1 = 362,78

t t0
t t1
;l 1(t ) =
l0 (t ) =
t1 t0
t0 t1
v (t )

v (16 )

tt

1 v0
t t
0 1
16 20
15 20

tt

0 v1
t t
1 0

( 362 ,78 ) +

16 15
20 15

t 2 = 20, v2 = 517,35
=

t 20
15 20

( 362 ,78 ) +

t 15
20 15

l0 (t ) =

(t t0 )(t t 2 )
(t t1 )(t t 2 )
;l 1(t ) =
(t1 t0 )(t1 t 2 )
(t0 t1 )(t0 t 2 )

l2 (t ) =

(t t0 )(t t1 )
(t 2 t0 )(t 2 t1 )

( 517 ,35 )

( 517 ,35 )

= 0 , 8 ( 362 ,78 ) + 0 , 2 ( 517 ,35 )

= 393 , 7

m/s.

13

V d: Ni suy bc 2

14

V d: Ni suy bc 3

v(t ) l0 (t )v0 + l1 (t )v1 + l2 (t )v2 + l3 (t )v3

t t t t t t t t t t t t
v(t ) 1 2 v0 + 0 2 v1 + 0 1 v2
t0 t1 t0 t2 t1 t0 t1 t2 t2 t0 t2 t1

t0 = 10, v0 = 227,04; t1 = 15, v1 = 362,78

t 2 = 20, v2 = 517,35; t3 = 22,5, v3 = 602,97

1610 1615
161016 20
161516 20
v(16)
(517,35)

(362,78) +

(227,04) +

2010 2015
151015 20
101510 20
= ( 0,08)(227,04) + (0,96)(362,78) + (0,12)(527,35)

l0 (t ) =

(t t0 )(t t 2 )(t t3 )
(t t1 )(t t 2 )(t t3 )
;l 1(t ) =
(t1 t0 )(t1 t 2 )(t1 t3 )
(t0 t1 )(t0 t 2 )(t0 t3 )

l2 (t ) =

(t t0 )(t t1 )(t t 2 )
(t t0 )(t t1 )(t t3 )
; l0 (t ) =
(t3 t0 )(t3 t1 )(t3 t 2 )
(t 2 t0 )(t 2 t1 )(t 2 t3 )

= 392,19 m/s

15

16

Sai s ca php ni suy

V d: Ni suy bc 3
t t0 t t2 t t3
t t1 t t2 t t3
v1

v0 +

v(t )
t1 t0 t1 t2 t1 t3
t0 t1 t0 t2 t0 t3
t t1 t t1 t t2
t t0 t t1 t t3
v3

v2 +

t
t
t
t
t
t
t3 t1 t3 t1 t3 t2
2 0 2 1 2 3

nh l. Nu hm f(x) o hm lin tc n cp n+1 trn

[a, b] cha cc mc ni suy x0, x1, ..xn th sai s ni
suy rn(x) = f(x) Pn(x) :

rn ( x) = f ( n +1) (c)

16 10 16 20 16 22,5
16 15 16 20 16 22,5
v(16)
(362,78)
(227,04) +

10
15
10
20
10
22
,
5

15 10 15 20 15 22,5

16 10 16 15 16 20
16 10 16 15 16 22,5
+
(517,35) +

(602,97)

20 10 20 15 20 22,5
22,5 10 22,5 15 22,5 20
= ( 0,0416)(227,04) + (0,832)(362,78) + (0,312)(517,35) + ( 0,1024)(602,97)
= 392,06 m/s

(n + 1)!

; c [a, b]

n +1 ( x) = ( x xo )( x x1 )...( x xn )
([a, b] - khong cha cc mc xi)
Gi
M = max f ( n+1) ( x) ; x a, b

[ ]

th

rn ( x)

17

M
n +1 ( x) ;
(n + 1)!

18

Chn mc ni suy ti u

Chn mc ni suy ti u

Gi tr cc tr

a thc Chebyshev

T 'n ( x ) =

Tn ( x) = cos(n. arccos x), x 1

Cng thc truy hi Tn +1 ( x ) = 2 xTn ( x ) Tn 1 ( x );
T0 ( x) = 1;

n+1 ( x)

max Tn ( x) = 1 ti cc im Tn(x) = 0:
| x|1
i
n

1 x2

sin( n. arccos x ) = 0;

xi = cos

, i = 0, n

nh l: Trong tt c cc a thc bc n, c h s ca xn
bng 1 th a thc Chebyshev

3
T1 ( x) = x; T2 ( x) = 2 x 2 1; T3 ( x) = 4 x 3x;

2n 1

Tn(x )

c lch so vi 0 nh nht trn on [1,1], ngha l:

Tn l a thc bc n vi x, h s ca xn l 2n1. Tn(x) c
ng n nghim

2i + 1
xi = cos
; i = 0,1,K, n 1
n
2

p ( x ) = x n + a n 1 x n 1 + .... + a 1 x + a 0

max
| x | 1

19

p( x)

max
| x | 1

1
2

n 1

Tn ( x ) =

1
2

n 1
20

Ngoi suy

Chn mc ni suy ti u

Ngoi suy l tnh gi tr ca

f(x) nm ngoi khong cc
im bit x1, x2, , xn.

Nu chn cc mc ni suy l
nghim ca Tn+1 th sai s nh
nht, khi :

n +1 ( x) =

Tn +1 ( x)
2n

sai s tt nht l:

rn ( x) =
Ch :

-1

x4

x3

x2

x1

x0

M
(n + 1)!.2 n

Ch p dng khi on ni suy l [-1;1]

Nu l on [a;b] bt k th cn i bin

t=

( 2x a b )
(b a )
21

22

4.5. a thc ni suy Newton

a) Cng thc tng qut

Sai s ngoi suy

So snh gia phng php trc tip v ni suy

Newton

V d v ngoi suy s dng a thc bc 7 v s liu

dn s M (triu ngi) cho thy sai s rt ln.

Bc:

1
2

23

Newton

P1(x) = b0 +b1(x x0 )
P2 (x) = b0 +b1(x x0 ) +b2 (x x0 )(x x1)

24

Ni suy tuyn tnh

Ni suy bc hai

Ni suy tuyn tnh da

trn 2 mc x0 v x1 :
P1 ( x ) = f ( x0 ) +
= y0 +

Ni suy bc 2 qua 3
mc x0, x1, v x2:

f ( x1 ) f ( x0 )
(x x0 )
x1 x0

y1 y0
(x x0 )
x1 x0

25

y1 y 0 y 2 y1

y1 y 0
x1 x0 x 2 x1
( x x0 ) +
(x x0 )(x x1 )
P2 ( x ) = y 0 +
x1 x0
x 2 x0
26

T hiu

Bng t hiu

T hiu c tnh nh sau:

b0

f (xi +1 ) f (xi ) yi +1 yi
=
f [xi , xi +1 ] =
xi +1 xi
xi +1 xi
f [xi , xi +1 , xi + 2 ] =

x0

x1

f ( x1 )

f [ x0 , x1 , x2 ]

f [ x1 , x2 ]
x2

f ( x2 )

b3
f [ x0 , x1 , x2 , x3 ]

f [ x1 , x2 , x3 ]
f [ x2 , x3 ]

f [x0 , x1 ,L, xn1 , xn ] =

b2

f [ x0 , x1 ]

f [xi +1 , xi + 2 ] f [xi , xi +1 ]
xi +2 xi

f [ xi , xi +1 ,..., xi +k +1 ] =

b1

f ( x0 )

f [ xi +1 , xi + 2 ,..., xi +k +1 ] f [ xi +1 , xi +1 ,..., xi + k +1 ]
xi +k +1 xi

x3

f ( x3 )

f [x1 , x2 ,L, xn ] f [x0 , x1 ,L, xn1 ]

xn x0

27

28

Cng thc tng qut

Cc tnh cht ca t hiu

Tnh cht 1:

( f + g)[xi , xi+1,.....,xi+k ] = f [xi , xi+1,...,xi+k ] + g[xi , xi+1,...,xi+k ]

(c. f )[xi , xi+1,.....,xi+k ] = c. f [xi , xi+1,...,xi+k ]

a thc ni suy Newton tin cp n:

Pn ( x ) = b0 + b1 ( x x0 ) + L + bn ( x x0 )( x x1 )L( x xn 1 )

b0 = f ( x0 ) = y0

Tnh cht 2: T hiu cc cp c tnh i xng

b1 = f [x0 , x1 ]

f [ xi , xi +1 ,..., xi + k ] = f [ xi + k , xi + k 1 ,..., xi ]

b2 = f [x0 , x1 , x2 ]

Tnh cht 3:

M
bn = f [x0 , x1 ,L, xn 1 , xn ]

a) T hiu ca hng s th bng 0

b) T hiu cp m ca a thc bc n:
Nu m = n th t hiu cp m l hng s
Nu m > n th t hiu cp m bng 0
29

30

Cng thc tng qut

Tnh ng n

a thc ni suy Newton li cp n:

Pn ( x) = b0 + b1 (x x0 ) + L+ bn (x x0 )( x x1 )L(x xn1 )

Pn ( x) = b0 + b1( x xn ) + L+ bn ( x xn )( x xn1 )L( x x1 )

Pn ( x0 ) = b0 = y0

y y
Pn ( x1 ) = b0 + b1 ( x x0 ) = y0 + 1 0 ( x1 x0 ) = y1
x1 x0

b0 = f ( xn ) = yn

M
Pn ( xk ) = b0 + b1 ( x x0 ) + L+ bk ( x x0 )K( x xk ) = yk

b1 = f [xn , xn 1 ]

b2 = f [xn , xn 1 , xn 2 ]
M
bn = f [xn , xn 1 ,L, x1 , x0 ]
31

32

V d 1:
a thc ni suy Newton tin v li s dng chung mt
bng t hiu.

Vn tc ca qu tn la cho trong bng 1

Tm vn tc ca qu tn la t=16 giy.

Khi ni suy gi tr hm y = f(x) ti im c:

Nu c gn x0 th dng cng thc tin;

Bng 1: Vn tc theo thi

gian.

Nu c gn xn th dng cng thc li.

t , (s )

v(t ), (m/s )

10

227,04

15

362,78

20

517,35

22,5

602,97

30

901,67

Hnh 2 Vn tc theo thi gian

33

V d

V d
Ta chn 4 mc gn vi t = 16

Vn tc:

v(t ) = b0 + b1 (t t0 ) + b2 (t t0 )(t t1 )

t0 = 10,

v(t0 ) = 227,04

+ b3 (t t0 )(t t1 )(t t 2 )

t1 = 15,

v(t1 ) = 362,78

t 2 = 20,

v(t 2 ) = 517,35

b0

t0 = 10

b1

227,04
362,78

+ 5.4347 * 10 (t 10)(t 15)(t 20)

3

Ti t = 16,
v (16) = 227.04 + 27.148(16 10) + 0.37660(16 10)(16 15)
+ 5.4347 * 10 (16 10)(16 15)(16 20)
3

b3

0,37660

517,35

v (t ) = b0 + b1 (t t 0 ) + b2 (t t 0 )(t t1 ) + b3 (t t 0 )(t t1 )(t t 2 )

= 227.04 + 27.148( t 10) + 0.37660(t 10)(t 15)

b2
5,4347 x10 3

30,914

t 2 = 20,

Do

t 3 = 22.5, v(t3 ) = 602,97

27,148
t1 = 15,

34

= 392.06 m/s

0,44453
34,248

t3 = 22.5,

602,97

b0 = 227,04; b1 = 27,148; b2 = 0,37660; b3 = 5,4347*10-3

35

36

b) a thc ni suy Newton c mc cch u

Sai phn hu hn

y = f(x) c gi tr yi = f(xi) ti cc mc xi cch u nhau.

nh ngha sai phn hu hn ca hm y = f(x):

Sai phn cp 1(hng 1): yi = yi+1 yi;
2yi = yi+1 yi;
Sai phn cp hai:
3yi = 2yi+1 2yi;
Sai phn cp 3:
Sai phn cp n l sai phn ca sai phn cp n-1:
nyi = (n-1yi) = n-1yi+1 n-1yi;

xi+1 xi = h = const; i = 0, 1, 2, . . ., n
x0 ; x1 = xo + h; x2 = x0 + 2h; . . .xi = xo + ih . . .
f (x i + 1 ) f (x i ) y i
=
x i +1 x i
h

f [x i , x i + 1 ] =

y i +1 y i

2
h
h = ( yi ) = yi
f [x i , x i + 1 , x i + 2 ] =
2h 2
2h 2
xi+ 2 xi

yo = y1 yo ;
2 yo = ( y2 y1 ) ( y1 yo ) = y2 2 y1 + yo ;

M
y i +1
yi

k
k +1 y i
(k yi )
!
!h k =
k
h
k
=
f [ x i , x i + 1 ,..., x i + k + 1 ] =
k
( k + 1 ) hk ! h
( k + 1 )! h k + 1
x i + k +1 x i
k

f [x 0 , x 1 , L , x n 1 , x n ] =

n y 0
n! h n

37

yo
2 yo
n yo
Pn ( x) = yo +
( x xo ) + 2 ( x xo )(x x1) + + n ( x xo ) ( x xn1);
1!h
2!h
n!h

i bin, t

xi = xo + i.h

38

Bng sai phn ng cho ca cng thc ni suy tin

Ni suy u bng (ni suy tin)

x xo
t=
h

3 yo = y3 3 y2 + 3 y1 yo ;
.....................
n
n(n 1)
n(n 1)(n 2)
n yo = yn yn1 +
yn 2
yn3 + (1) n1 y1 + (1) n yo ;
1!
2!
3!

x = xo + t.h

x - xi = x - xo - i.h = t.h - i.h = (t-i)h;

y0
2 y0
n y0
Pn ( x0 + th) = y0 +
.t +
.t (t 1) + .... +
.t (t 1)...(t n + 1)
1!
2!
n!
u im ca cng thc ni suy Newton: thm nt ch cn thm
s hng, khng cn phi tnh li.
thun tin tnh ton thng lp bng sai phn ng cho.

xo

yo

x1

y1

x2

y2

x3

y3

x4

y4

x5
x6

39

y5
y6

2y

3y

4y

5y

6y

yo
y1
y2
y3
y4
y5

2yo
2y1
2y2
2y3
2y4

3yo
3y1
3y2
3y3

4yo
4y1
4y2

5yo

6yo

5y1

40

Ni suy cui bng (ni suy li)

Bng sai phn ng cho ca cng thc ni suy li

Vi cch lm tng t nhng bt u vi x = xn

xn-6

yn-6

y
2 yn2
n yo
(

)(

)
+

+
(x xn ) ( x x1);
Pn ( x) = yn + n1 (x xn ) +
x
x
x
x
n
n1
1!h
2!h2
n!hn

xn-5

yn-5

xn-4

yn-4

yn-5

yn1
2 yn2
n y0
.t +
.t (t + 1) + .... +
.t (t + 1)...(t + n 1)
Pn ( xn + th) = yn +
1!
2!
n!

xn-3

yn-3

yn-4

xn-2

yn-2

yn-3

yn-1

yn-2

yn

yn-1

x = xn + th

xn-1
? Ni suy gia bng???

xn

2y

3y

4y

5y

6y

yn-6
2yn-6
2yn-5
2yn-4
2yn-3
2yn-2

3yn-6
3yn-5
3yn-4
3yn-3

4yn-6
4yn-5
4yn-4

5yn-6

6yn-6

5yn-5

41

Sai s ca a thc ni suy Newton c mc cch u

c) Sai s ca php ni suy

Gi thit f kh vi lin tc n cp n + 1 trn [a, b] cha
cc mc ni suy xi

rn ( x ) = f ( x ) Pn ( x ) = f [ x , x 0 , x1 ,..., x n ]. n + 1 ( x )
=

n +1 ( x) =

( n + 1)

S dng a thc ni suy Newton tin

x = x0 + t.h

n +1 ( x ) = h

(c )
. n + 1 ( x )
( n + 1 )!

n +1

S dng a thc ni suy li

( x xi )

(t i)

i =0

x = xn + th

i=0

M
| rn ( x) |=| f ( x) Pn ( x) |
| n +1 ( x ) |
(n + 1)!
| f ( n +1) ( x) | M , x [a, b]

42

n +1 ( x ) = h
43

n +1

(t + i)

i =0

44

V d

V d

CHo bng gi tr ca hm sin(x) t 15 55. Dng a thc

ni suy Newton tin (li) cp 3 v tnh sin16 v sin54
x

15

0.2588

20

0.3420

25

0.4226

30

0.5

35

0.5736

40

0.6428

45

0.7071

50

0.7660

55

0.8192

2y

a thc ni suy tin x 15 t =

3y

P3 ( t ) = 0 , 2588 + 0 , 0832 t 0 , 0026

t (t 1 )
t (t 1 )(t 2 )
0 , 0006
2
3!

x = 16 t = 0.2 P3(0.2) = 0. 2756

a thc ni suy li: x 55 t =
P3 ( t ) = 0 ,8192 + 0 , 0532 t 0 , 0057

sin16 = 0. 2756

x 55
x = 55 + 5t
5

t (t + 1 )
t (t + 1 )(t + 2 )
0 , 0003
2
3!

x = 54 , t = 0.2 P3(0.2) = 0.80903

45

x 15
x = 15 + 5t
5

sin54 = 0. 8090

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4.6. Tnh gn ng o hm

Mt s hm Maple

b) Tnh gn ng o hm bng a thc ni suy

mul( )

Thay hm cn tnh o hm bng a thc ni suy,

sau :

add( )

f ' ( x) P' ( x); f ' ' ( x) P ' ' ( x);K; f ( k ) ( x) P ( k ) ( x)

expand( )
sort( )

Ta s dng cng thc ni suy Newton

Pn ( x ) = b0 + b1 ( x x0 ) + L + bn ( x x0 )( x x1 )L( x xn 1 )

coeff( )
convert( )

vi

b0 = f ( x0 )

b1 = f [x0 , x1 ]

b2 = f [x0 , x1 , x2 ]
M
bn = f [x0 , x1 ,L, xn 1 , xn ]
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48

Trng hp s dng cng thc ni suy Newton vi cc

mc ni suy cch u:

Thay hm cn tnh o hm bng a thc ni suy,

sau :

1
f ' ( x) P' ( x) = .Pt ' (t )
h

f ' ( x) P 'n ( x )

= b1 + ( 0 + 1 )b2 + ( 01 + 1 2 + 2 0 )b3

+ L + ( 01 K n 2 + 0 K n 3 n 1 + K + 1 K n 1 )bn
vi

i = ( x xi )

Hy xy dng cng thc tnh gn ng o hm cp 1

ti cc mc ni suy trong cc trng hp sau:
S dng cng thc ni suy Newton vi 2 mc ni suy
cch u
S dng cng thc ni suy Newton vi 3 mc ni suy
cch u

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