Professional Documents
Culture Documents
7$8+,'
õÇ
¡ Òë¡û ¢ ô
0$.1$
6<$+$'$7$,1
6HUWD+DO+DO
<DQJ0HPEDWDONDQ.HLVODPDQ
$EGXORK+DLGLU
(GLWRU
0XK0X·LQXGLQLOODK%DVUL0$
7$8+,'
'$10$.1$6<$+$'$7$,1
7DXKLGDGDODK0HQJHVDNDQ$OODKVHPDWDGDODPEHULEDGDKGDQ
WLGDN PHQ\HNXWXNDQ1\D 'DQ KDO LQL PHUXSDNDQ DMDUDQ VHPXD
5DVXO DODLKLPXVVKDODWXZDVVDODP %DKNDQ WDXKLG PHUXSDNDQ SRNRN
\DQJ GLEDQJXQ GLDWDVQ\D VHPXD DMDUDQ PDND MLND SRNRN LQL WLGDN
DGD DPDO SHUEXDWDQ PHQMDGL WLGDN EHUPDQIDDW GDQ JXJXU NDUHQD
WLGDNVDKVHEXDKLEDGDKWDQSDWDXKLG
0DFDPPDFDP7DXKLG
7DXKLG WHUEDJL WLJD EDJLDQ 7DXKLG 5XEXEL\DK 7DXKLG $VPD·
GDQ6LIDWGDQ7DXKLG8OXKL\DK
7DXKLG5XEXEL\DK
<DLWX PHQ\DWDNDQ EDKZD WLGDN DGD 7XKDQ 3HQJXDVD VHOXUXK
DODPNHFXDOL$OODK\DQJPHQFLSWDNDQPHUHNDGDQPHPEHULQ\DUL]NL
7DXKLG PDFDP LQL MXJD WHODK GLQ\DWDNDQ ROHK RUDQJRUDQJ PXV\ULN
SDGDPDVDPDVDSHUWDPDGDKXOX0HUHNDPHQ\DWDNDQEDKZD$OODK
VHPDWD \DQJ 0DKD 3HQFLSWD 3HQJXDVD 3HQJDWXU <DQJ
0HQJKLGXSNDQ<DQJ 0HPDWLNDQ WLGDN DGD VHNXWX EDJL1\D $OODK
WD·DODEHUILUPDQ
ÓÎ ©¦ðüàó¡ ùð ç ûç
É ¡úóì ó Â ø ìó¡ Æ
øÌó¡Â¼Ç ÑÁÈ¡ ©
Ê ¡ø Èó¡êô»ú÷ ö ¬óÇ úÊ ó
´'DQ VHVXQJJXKQ\D MLND NDPX WDQ\DNDQ NHSDGD PHUHND ´6LDSDNDK
\DQJ PHQMDGLNDQ ODQJLW GDQ EXPL GDQ PHQXQGXNNDQ PDWDKDUL GDQ
EXODQ"µ 7HQWX PHUHND DNDQ PHQMDZDE ´$OODKµ PDND EHWDSDNDK
PHUHND GDSDW GLSDOLQJNDQ GDUL MDODQ \DQJ EHQDUµ
$O$QNDEXW
$NDQWHWDSLSHUQ\DWDDQGDQSHUVDNVLDQPHUHNDWLGDNPHPEXDW
PHUHND PDVXN ,VODP GDQ WLGDN PHPEHEDVNDQ PHUHND GDUL DSL
QHUDND VHUWD WLGDN PHOLQGXQJL KDUWD GDQ GDUDK PHUHND NDUHQD
PHUHNDWLGDNPHZXMXGNDQWDXKLG8OXKL\DKEDKNDQPHUHNDEHUEXDW
V\LULN NHSDGD $OODK GDODP EHULEDGDK NHSDGD1\D GHQJDQ
PHPDOLQJNDQQ\DNHSDGDVHODLQ PHUHND
7DXKLG$VPD·GDQ6LIDW
<DLWX EHULPDQ EDKZD $OODK WD·DOD PHPLOLNL ]DW \DQJ WLGDN
VHUXSDGHQJDQEHUEDJDL]DW\DQJDGDVHUWDPHPLOLNLVLIDW\DQJWLGDN
VHUXSDGHQJDQEHUEDJDLVLIDW\DQJDGD'DQEDKZDQDPDQDPD1\D
PHUXSDNDQ SHWXQMXN \DQJ MHODV DNDQ VLIDW1\D \DQJ VHPSXUQD
VHFDUDPXWODNVHEDJDLPDQDILUPDQ$OODKWD·DOD
ÎÎÍ ÁÌó¡ Â Ð
Ê ¦ó¡ÞøÊ Èó¡ÿ Æ Ë þÊ ôÊ°øÊ ïÆó
´7LGDNDGD\DQJPH\HUXSDLQ\DVHVXDWXSXQGDQ'LD0DKD0HQGHQJDU
ODJL0DKD0HOLKDWµ$V6\XUR
%HJLWX MXJD KDOQ\D EHULPDQ NHSDGD $VPD· GDQ 6LIDW $OODK
EHUDUWL PHQHWDSNDQ DSD \DQJ $OODK WHWDSNDQ XQWXN GLUL1\D GDODP
.LWDE1\D DWDX DSD \DQJ WHODK GLWHWDSNDQ ROHK 5DVXO1\D VROODOORKX
µDOLKL ZD VDODP GHQJDQ SHQHWDSDQ \DQJ OD\DN VHVXDL NHEHVDUDQ1\D
WDQSD DGD SHQ\HUXSDDQ GHQJDQ VHVXDWXSXQ WLGDN MXJD
PHPLVDONDQQ\D GDQ PHQLDGDNDQQ\D WLGDN PHUXEDKQ\D WLGDN
PHQDIVLUNDQQ\DGHQJDQSHQDIVLUDQ\DQJODLQGDQWLGDNPHQDQ\DNDQ
EDJDLPDQDKDO1\D.LWDWLGDNEROHKEHUXVDKDEDLNGHQJDQKDWLNLWD
SHUNLUDDQ NLWD OLVDQ NLWD XQWXN EHUWDQ\DWDQ\D WHQWDQJ EDJDLPDQD
VLIDWVLIDW1\D GDQ MXJD WLGDN EROHK PHQ\DPDNDQ1\D GHQJDQ VLIDW
VLIDWPDNKOXN
7DXKLG8OXKL\DK
7DXKLG8OXKL\DKDGDODKWDXKLGLEDGDK\DLWXPHQJHVDNDQ$OODK
GDODPVHOXUXKDPDODQLEDGDK\DQJ$OODKSHULQWDKNDQVHSHUWLEHUGRD
NKRXIWDNXWUDMD·KDUDSWDZDNNDOUDJKEDKEHUNHLQJLQDQUDKEDK
WDNXW .KXV\X· .KDV\DK WDNXW GLVHUWDL SHQJDJXQJDQ WDXEDW
PLQWD SHUWRORQJDQ PHQ\HPEHOLK QD]DU GDQ LEDGDK \DQJ ODLQQ\D
\DQJGLSHULQWDKNDQ1\D'DOLOQ\DILUPDQ$OODKWD·DOD
ÎÕ új¡ ¡¾·Ê
¡Þ÷¡ß¾« çÊþMôóÊ ¾³Ê ¢Èøó¡Mù
´'DQ VHVXQJJXKQ\D PHVMLGPHVMLG LWX DGDODK NHSXQ\DDQ $OODK 0DND
MDQJDQODK NDPX PHQ\HPEDK VHVHRUDQJSXQ GLGDODPQ\D GL VDPSLQJ
PHQ\HPEDK$OODKµ $O-LQ
0DQXVLD WLGDN EROHK PHPDOLQJNDQ VHGLNLWSXQ LEDGDKQ\D
NHSDGDVHODLQ$OODKWD·DODWLGDNNHSDGDPDODLNDWNHSDGDSDUD1DEL
GDQ WLGDN MXJD NHSDGD SDUD ZDOL \DQJ VKROHK GDQ WLGDN NHSDGD
VLDSDSXQ PDNKOXN \DQJ DGD .DUHQD LEDGDK WLGDN VDK NHFXDOL MLND
XQWXN $OODK PDND VLDSD \DQJ PHPDOLQJNDQQ\D NHSDGD VHODLQ$OODK
GLDWHODKEHUEXDWV\LULN\DQJEHVDUGDQVHPXDDPDOQ\DJXJXU
.HVLPSXODQQ\D DGDODK VHVHRUDQJ KDUXV EHUOHSDV GLUL GDUL
SHQJKDPEDDQ LEDGDK NHSDGD VHODLQ $OODK PHQJKDGDSNDQ KDWL
VHSHQXKQ\D KDQ\D XQWXN EHULEDGDK NHSDGD $OODK 7LGDN FXNXS
GDODP WDXKLG VHNHGDU SHQJDNXDQ GDQ XFDSDQ V\DKDGDW VDMD MLND
WLGDN PHQJKLQGDU GDUL DMDUDQ RUDQJRUDQJ PXV\ULN VHUWD DSD \DQJ
PHUHNDODNXNDQVHSHUWLEHUGRDNHSDGDVHODLQ$OODKPLVDOQ\DNHSDGD
RUDQJ \DQJ WHODK PDWL GDQ VHPDFDPQ\D DWDX PLQWD V\DIDDW NHSDGD
PHUHND RUDQJRUDQJ PDWL DJDU $OODK PHQJKLODQJNDQ NHVXVDKDQQ\D
GDQ PHQ\LQJNLUNDQQ\D GDQ PLQWD SHUWRORQJDQ NHSDGD PHUHND DWDX
\DQJODLQQ\D\DQJPHUXSDNDQSHUEXDWDQV\LULN
:XMXG Q\DWD 7DXKLG DGDODK PHPDKDPLQ\D GDQ EHUXVDKD
XQWXN PHQJHWDKXL KDNLNDWQ\D VHUWD PHODNVDQDNDQ NHZDMLEDQQ\D
EDLNGDULVLVLLOPXPDXSXQDPDODQKDNLNDWQ\DDGDODKPHQJDUDKNDQ
UXKDQL GDQ KDWL NHSDGD $OODK EDLN GDODP KDO PHQFLQWDL WDNXW
NKRXI WDXEDW WDZDNNDO EHUGRD LNKODV PHQJDJXQJJNDQ1\D
PHPEHVDUNDQ1\DGDQEHULEDGDKNHSDGD1\D.HVLPSXODQQ\DWLGDN
DGD GDODP KDWL VHRUDQJ KDPED VHVXDWXSXQ VHODLQ $OODK GDQ WLGDN
DGD NHLQJLQDQ WHUKDGDS DSD \DQJ $OODK WLGDN LQJLQNDQ GDUL
SHUEXDWDQSHUEXDWDQ V\LULN ELG·DK PDNVLDW \DQJ EHVDU PDXSXQ
NHFLOGDQWLGDNDGDNHEHQFLDQWHUKDGDSDSD\DQJ$OODKSHULQWDKNDQ
,WXODKKDNLNDWWDXKLGGDQKDNLNDW/DD,ODDKD,OODOODK
0DNQD/DD,ODDKD,OODOODK
0DNQDQ\D DGDODK WLGDN DGD \DQJ GLVHPEDK GL ODQJLW GDQ GL
EXPLNHFXDOL$OODKVHPDWDWLGDNDGDVHNXWXEDJL1\D6HVXDWX\DQJ
GLVHPEDK GHQJDQ EDWKLO EDQ\DN MXPODKQ\D WDSL \DQJ GLVHPEDK
GHQJDQKDNKDQ\D$OODKVDMD$OODKWD·DODEHUILUPDQ
ÓÏ ²k¡  ¦Êðó¡ôÊàó¡ÿ
È ¡Mù ôÊ×¢¦ó¡ÿ þÊ ûʽ ú÷Ê ù ß ¾ ¢÷Mù ê¸ó¡ÿ
È ¡Mù¥Ê î
Êó¿
´.XDVD$OODK\DQJGHPLNLDQLWXDGDODKNDUHQDVHVXQJJXKQ\D$OODK
'LDODK 7XKDQ <DQJ +DT GDQVHVXQJJXKQ\D DSD VDMD \DQJ PHUHND
VHUX VHODLQ $OODK LWXODK \DQJ EDWLO GDQ VHVXQJJXKQ\D $OODK 'LDODK
<DQJ0DKD7LQJJLODJL0DKD%HVDUµ$O+DMM
.DOLPDW /DD ,ODDKD ,OODOODK EXNDQ EHUDUWL ´7LGDN DGD SHQFLSWD
VHODLQ $OODKµ VHEDJDLPDQD \DQJ GLVDQJND VHEDJLDQ RUDQJ NDUHQD
VHVXQJJXKQ\DRUDQJRUDQJNDILU4XUDLV\\DQJGLXWXVNHSDGDPHUHND
5DVXOXOODKVROODOORKXµDOLKLZDVDODP PHQJDNXLEDKZD6DQJ3HQFLSWDGDQ
3HQJDWXU DODP LQL DGDODK $OODK WD·DOD DNDQ WHWDSL PHUHND
PHQJLQJNDUL SHQJKDPEDDQ LEDGDK VHOXUXKQ\D PLOLN $OODK VHPDWD
WLGDNDGD\DQJPHQ\HNXWXNDQQ\D6HEDJDLPDQDILUPDQ$OODKWD·DOD
Ò Í £
¢´ßÆ Ì
ó ¡Àÿ MùÊ ¡¾Ê·¡ ¢ óÊ ¨ ºÊó ¡ ò à³
´0HQJDSD LD PHQMDGLNDQ WXKDQWXKDQ LWX 7XKDQ <DQJ 6DWX VDMD "
6HVXQJJXKQ\D LQL EHQDUEHQDU VDWX KDO \DQJ VDQJDW PHQJKHUDQNDQµ
6KDG
'LSDKDPL GDUL D\DW LQL EDKZD VHPXD LEDGDK \DQJ GLWXMXNDQ
NHSDGDVHODLQ$OODKDGDODKEDWDO$UWLQ\DEDKZDLEDGDKVHPDWDPDWD
XQWXN $OODK $NDQ WHWDSL PHUHND NDILU 4XUDLV\ WLGDN PHQJKHQGDNL
GHPLNLDQ ROHK NDUHQDQ\D 5DVXOXOODK VROODOORKX µDOLKL ZD VDODP
PHPHUDQJL PHUHND KLQJJD EHUVDNVL EDKZD WLGDN DGD LODK \DQJ
GLVHPEDK VHODLQ $OODK VHUWD PHQXQDLNDQ KDNKDN1\D \DLWX
PHQJHVDNDQQ\DGDODPEHULEDGDKNHSDGD1\DVHPDWD
'HQJDQ SHPDKDPDQ LQL PDND NHOLUXODK DSD \DQJ GL\DNLQL ROHK
SDUD SHQ\HPEDK NXEXUDQ SDGD PDVD LQL GDQRUDQJRUDQJVHPDFDP
PHUHND \DQJ PHQ\DWDNDQ EDKZD PDNQD /DD LODDKD LOODOODK DGDODK
SHUVDNVLDQ EDKZD $OODK DGD DWDX EDKZD 'LD DGDODK .KDOLT VDQJ
3HQFLSWD\DQJPDPSXXQWXNPHFLSWDNDQGDQ\DQJVHPDFDPQ\DGDQ
EDKZD \DQJ EHUNH\DNLQDQ VHSHUWL LWX EHUDUWL GLD WHODK PHZXMXGNDQ
7DXKLG\DQJVHPSXUQDPHVNLSXQGLDPHODNXNDQEHUEDJDLKDOVHSHUWL
EHULEDGDK NHSDGD VHODLQ $OODK GDQ EHUGRD NHSDGD RUDQJ PDWL DWDX
EHULEDGDK NHSDGD PHUHND GHQJDQ PHODNXNDQ QD]DU DWDX WKDZDI
GLNXEXUDQQ\DGDQPHQJDPELOEHUNDKGHQJDQWDQDKNXEXUDQQ\D
2UDQJRUDQJNDILU4XUDLV\WHODKPHQJHWDKXLVHEHOXPQ\DEDKZD
/DD LODDKD ,OODOODK PHQJDQGXQJ NRQVHNZHQVL \DLWX GLWLQJJDONDQQ\D
LEDGDK NHSDGD VHODLQ $OODK GDQ KDQ\D PHQJHVDNDQ $OODK GDODP
LEDGDKQ\D 6HDQGDLQ\D PHUHND PHQJXFDSNDQ NDOLPDW WHUVHEXW GDQ
WHWDS PHQ\HPEDK NHSDGD EHUKDOD PDND VHVXQJJXKQ\D KDO LWX
PHUXSDNDQ SHUEXDWDQ \DQJ EHUWRODN EHODNDQJ GDQ PHUHND PHPDQJ
WHODK PHPXODLQ\D GDUL VHVXDWX \DQJ EHUWHQWDQJDQ 6HGDQJNDQ SDUD
SHQ\HPEDKNXEXUDQ]DPDQVHNDUDQJWLGDNPHPXODLQ\DGDULVHVXDWX
\DQJ EHUWHQWDQJDQ PHUHND PHQJDWDNDQ /DD LODDKD ,OODOODK
NHPXGLDQPHUHNDPHPEDWDONDQQ\DGHQJDQGRDWHUKDGDSRUDQJPDWL
\DQJ WHUGLUL GDUL SDUD ZDOL RUDQJRUDQJ VKROHK VHUWD EHULEDGDK GL
NXEXUDQ PHUHND GHQJDQ EHUEDJDL PDFDP LEDGDK &HODNDODK EDJL
PHUHNDVHEDJDLPDQDFHODNDQ\D$EX/DKDEGDQ$EX-DKDOZDODXSXQ
NHGXDQ\DPHQJHWDKXL/DD,ODDKD,OODOODK
%DQ\DNVHNDOLWHUGDSDWKDGLWV\DQJPHQHUDQJNDQEDKZDPDNQD
/DD ,ODDKD ,OODOODK DGDODK EHUOHSDV GLUL GDUL VHPXD LEDGDK WHUKDGDS
VHODLQ$OODKEDLNGHQJDQPHPLQWDV\DIDDWDWDXSXQSHUWRORQJDQVHUWD
PHQJHVDNDQ$OODKGDODPEHULEDGDKLWXODKSHWXQMXNGDQDJDPD\DQJ
,EQX5DMDEEHUNDWD
´6HVXQJJXKQ\D KDWL \DQJ PHPDKDPL /DD ,ODDKD ,OODOODK GDQ
PHPEHQDUNDQQ\D VHUWD LNKODV DNDQ WHUWDQDP NXDW VLNDS
SHQJKDPEDDQ NHSDGD $OODK VHPDWD GHQJDQ SHQXK SHQJKRUPDWDQ
UDVD WDNXW FLQWD SHQJKDUDSDQ SHQJDJXQJDQ GDQ WDZDNNDO \DQJ
VHPXD LWX PHPHQXKL UXDQJ KDWLQ\D GDQ GLVLQJNLUNDQQ\D
SHQJKDPEDDQ WHUKDGDS VHODLQ1\D GDUL SDUD PDNKOXN -LND VHPXD
LWX WHUZXMXG PDND WLGDN DNDQ DGD ODJL UDVD FLQWD NHLQJLQDQ GDQ
SHUPLQWDDQ VHODLQ DSD \DQJ GLNHKHQGDNL $OODK VHUWD DSD \DQJ
GLFLQWDL1\D GDQ GLWXQWXW1\D 'HPLNLDQ MXJD DNDQ WHUVLQJNLU GDUL
KDWL VHPXD NHLQJLQDQ QDIVX V\DKZDW GDQ ELVLNDQELVLNDQ V\DLWDQ
PDNDVLDSD\DQJPHQFLQWDLVHVXDWXDWDXPHQWD·DWLQ\DDWDXPHFLQWDL
GDQ PHPEHQFL NDUHQDQ\D PDNDGLDLWXDGDODKWXKDQQ\DGDQVLDSD
\DQJ PHQFLQWDL GDQ PHPEHQFL VHPDWDPDWD NDUHQD $OODK WD·DW GDQ
PHPXVXKL NDUHQD $OODK PDND $OODK EDJLQ\D DGDODK WXKDQ \DQJ
VHEHQDUQ\D 6LDSD \DQJ PHQFLQWDL NDUHQD KDZD QDIVXQ\D GDQ
PHPEHQFL MXJD NDUHQDQ\D DWDX WD·DW GDQ PHPXVXKL NDUHQD KDZD
QDIVXQ\DPDNDKDZDQDIVXEDJLQ\DDGDODKWXKDQQ\DVHEDJDLPDQD
ILUPDQ$OODKWD·DOD
ÑÐù¢ëÂèó¡ ý¡ÿ þ óÊÀ¼«¡Êú÷ ªÁ
´7LGDNNDK HQJNDX PHOLKDW RUDQJ \DQJ PHQMDGLNDQ KDZD QDIVXQ\D
VHEDJDLWXKDQ"µ$O)XUTRQ
.HXWDPDDQ/DD,ODDKD,OODOODK
'DODPNDOLPDW,NKODV/DD,ODDKD,OODOODKWHUNXPSXONHXWDPDDQ
\DQJ EDQ\DN GDQ IDHGDK \DQJ EHUPDFDPPDFDP $NDQ WHWDSL
NHXWDPDDQ WHUVHEXW WLGDN DNDQ EHUPDQIDDW EDJL \DQJ
PHQJXFDSNDQQ\DMLNDVHNHGDUGLXFDSNDQVDMD'LDEDUXPHPEHULNDQ
PDQIDDW EDJL RUDQJ \DQJ PHQJXFDSNDQQ\D GHQJDQ NHLPDQDQ GDQ
PHODNXNDQ NDQGXQJDQNDQGXQJDQQ\D 'LDQWDUD NHXWDPDDQ \DQJ
SDOLQJ XWDPD DGDODK EDKZD RUDQJ \DQJ PHQJXFDSNDQQ\D GHQJDQ
LNKODV VHPDWDPDWD NDUHQD PHQFDUL ULGKR1\D PDND $OODK WD·DOD
KDUDPNDQ EDJLQ\D DSL QHUDND 6HEDJDLPDQD VDEGD 5DVXOXOODK
VROODOORKXµDOLKLZDVDODP
þôßêè¬÷Ê
¡þ³îóÊÀ¥ÊÊ䬦É
¡MÊþóÊñ¢ëú÷ ÊÁ¢üó¡ôßõ· È
¡MùÊ
´6HVXQJJXKQ\D $OODK PHQJKDUDPNDQ QHUDND EDJL VLDSD \DQJ
PHQJDWDNDQ /DD ,ODDKD ,OODOODK VHPDWDPDWD NDUHQD PHQFDUL ULGKR
$OODKµ0XWWDIDT$ODLK
'DQEDQ\DNODJLKDGLWVKDGLWVODLQQ\D\DQJPHQ\DWDNDQEDKZD
$OODK PHQJKDUDPNDQ RUDQJRUDQJ \DQJ PHQJXFDSNDQ /DD ,ODDKD
,OODOODK GDUL DSL QHUDND $NDQ WHWDSL KDGLWVKDGLWV WHUVHEXW
PHQV\DUDWNDQGHQJDQEHUEDJDLV\DUDW\DQJEHUDW
%DQ\DN \DQJ PHQJXFDSNDQQ\D QDPXQ GLNKDZDWLUNDQ WHUNHQD
ILWQDK GLVDDW NHPDWLDQQ\D VHKLQJJD GLD WHUKDODQJ GDUL NDOLPDW
WHUVHEXW NDUHQD GRVDGRVDQ\D \DQJ VHODPD LQL VHODOX GLODNXNDQQ\D
GDQGLDQJJDSQ\DUHPHK%DQ\DNMXJD\DQJPHQJXFDSNDQQ\DGHQJDQ
GDVDU LNXWLNXWDQ DWDX DGDW VHPDWD VHPHQWDUD NHLPDQDQ WLGDN
PHUHVDS NHGDODP KDWLQ\D 2UDQJRUDQJ VHPDFDP PHUHNDODK \DQJ
EDQ\DN PHQGDSDWNDQ ILWQDK VDDW NHPDWLDQQ\D GDQ VDDW GL NXEXU
VHEDJDLPDQD WHUGDSDW GDODP VHEXDK KDGLWV ´6D\D PHQGHQJDUNDQ
PDQXVLD PHQJDWDNDQQ\D PDND VD\D PHQJDWDNDQQ\Dµ 5LZD\DW
$KPDGGDQ$EX'DXG
'HQJDQ GHPLNLDQ PDND WLGDN DGD \DQJ EHUWHQWDQJDQ GHQJDQ
KDGLWVKDGLWV\DQJDGDNDUHQDMLNDVHVHRUDQJPHQJXFDSNDQQ\D/DD
,ODDKD ,OODOODK GHQJDQ LNKODV GDQ SHQXK NH\DNLQDQ PDND GLD WLGDN
PXQJNLQ EHUEXDW GRVD WHUXV PHQHUXV NDUHQD NHVHPSXUQDDQ
NHLNKODVDQ GDQ NH\DNLQDQ PHQXQWXWQ\D XQWXN PHQMDGLNDQ $OODK
VHEDJDL VHVXDWX \DQJ OHELK GLFLQWDLQ\D GDUL VHJDOD VHVXDWX PDND
WLGDN DGD ODJL GDODP KDWLQ\D NHLQJLQDQ WHUKDGDS DSD \DQJ
GLKDUDPNDQ$OODKWD·DODGDQPHPEHQFLDSD\DQJ$OODKSHULQWDKNDQ
+DO VHSHUWL LWXODK \DQJ PHPEXDWQ\D
GLKDUDPNDQ GDUL DSL QHUDND
PHVNLSXQ GLD PHODNXNDQ GRVD VHEHOXPQ\D NDUHQD NHLPDQDQ
WDXEDWNHLNKODVDQNHFLQWDDQGDQNH\DNLQDQQ\DPHPEXDWGRVD\DQJ
DGDSDGDQ\DWHUKDSXVEDJDLNDQPDODP\DQJPHQJKDSXVVLDQJ
5XNXQ/DD,ODDKD,OODOODK
6\DKDGDWPHPLOLNLGXDUXNXQ
NHFXDOL\DQJGLNHKHQGDNL$OODK´$O$·UDI
+$/+$/<$1*0(0%$7$/.$1.(,6/$0$1
0HQJDGDNDQ SHUVHNXWXDQ V\LULN GDODP EHULEDGDK NHSDGD $OODK
WD·DOD$Q1LVD
7HUPDVXN GDODP KDO LQL SHUPRKRQDQ SHUWRORQJDQ GDQ
SHUPRKRQDQ GRD NHSDGD RUDQJ PDWL VHUWD EHUQDG]DU GDQ
PHQ\HPEHOLKTXUEDQXQWXNPHUHND
6LDSD\DQJPHQMDGLNDQVHVXDWXDWDXVHVHRUDQJVHEDJDLSHUDQWDUD
NHSDGD $OODK PHPRKRQ NHSDGD PHUHND V\DIDDW VHUWD VLNDS
WDZDNNDONHSDGDPHUHNDPDNDEHUGDVDUNDQLMPD·GLDWHODKNDILU
6LDSD \DQJ WLGDN PHQJNDILUNDQ RUDQJRUDQJ PXV\ULN DWDX
PHQ\DQJVLNDQ NHNDILUDQ PHUHND EDKNDQ PHPEHQDUNDQ PDG]KDE
PHUHNDPDNDGLDWHODKNDILU
%HUNH\DNLQDQ EDKZD SHWXQMXN VHODLQ \DQJ GDWDQJ GDUL 1DEL
0XKDPPDG VROODOORKX µDOLKL ZD VDODP OHELK VHPSXUQD GDQ OHELK EDLN
0HQJDQJJDS VXDWX KXNXP DWDX XQGDQJXQGDQJ ODLQQ\D OHELK EDLN
GLEDQGLQJNDQ V\DULDW 5DVXOXOODK VROODOORKX µDOLKL ZD VDODP VHUWD OHELK
PHQJXWDPDNDQ KXNXP WDJKXW EXDWDQ PDQXVLD GLEDQGLQJNDQ
NHWHWDSDQ5DVXOXOODKVROODOORKXµDOLKLZDVDODP
0HPEHQFL VHVXDWX \DQJ GDWDQJQ\D GDUL 5DVXOXOODK VROODOORKX µDOLKL
ZDVDODPPHVNLSXQGLDPDONDQQ\D0XKDPPDG
6LDSD \DQJ PHQJRORNRORN VHEDJLDQ GDUL 'LQ \DQJ GLEDZD
5DVXOXOODK VROODOORKX µDOLKL ZD VDODP PLVDOQ\D WHQWDQJ SDKDOD DWDX
EDODVDQ\DQJDNDQGLWHULPDPDNDGLDWHODKNDILU$W7DXEDK
0HODNXNDQ VLKLU GLDQWDUDQ\D ´$VVKDUIµ PHQJXEDK SHUDVDDQ
VHRUDQJ ODNLODNL PHQMDGL EHQFL NHSDGD LVWULQ\D GDQ ´$O $WKDIµ
0HQMDGLNDQ VHVHRUDQJ VHQDQJ WHUKDGDS DSD \DQJ VHEHOXPQ\D GLD
EHQFLSHOHWDWDVEDQWXDQV\HLWDQ
6LDSD\DQJPHODNXNDQNHJLDWDQVLKLUDWDXULGKDGHQJDQQ\DPDND
GLDNDILU$O%DTDUDK
0HQJXWDPDNDQ RUDQJ NDILU VHUWD PHPEHULNDQ SHUWRORQJDQ GDQ
EDQWXDQ NHSDGD RUDQJ PXV\ULN OHELK GDUL SDGD SHUWRORQJDQ GDQ
EDQWXDQ\DQJGLEHULNDQNHSDGDNDXPPXVOLPLQ$O0DLGDK
%HUDQJJDSDQ EDKZD PDQXVLD ELVD OHOXDVD NHOXDU GDUL V\DULDW
0XKDPPDG$OL,PURQ
%HUSDOLQJ GDUL 'LQXOODK EDLN NDUHQD GLD WLGDN PDX
PHPSHODMDULQ\D DWDX NDUHQD WLGDN PDX PHQJDPDONDQQ\D +DO LQL
EHUGDVDUNDQILUPDQ$OODKWD·DOD$V6DMDGDK
âà³íꤻíêßðàËíªä¤ãðàËðà»í