Thermodynamics

- came from thermal meaning energy related with heat and dynamic which means process or system. - science concerned with heat and their relation to work. Also thermodynamics is the study of transfer and transformation of energy that will help you understand the spontaneity or the behavior that are stimulated by internal processes.

 Spontaneous process

- time evolution of a system in which it releases free energy and moves to a lower, more thermodynamically stable energy of state. A spontaneous process is capable of proceeding in a given direction, as written or described, without needing to be driven by an outside source of energy

 Non-spontaneous process

-A reaction which cannot occur without the input of work from an external source.

- measure of the total energy of a thermodynamic system. Formula: H= Hfinal Hinitial By definition, the combustion reactions are always particularly exothermic and so enthalpies of combustion are always negative, although the values for individual combustions may vary. 4 Fe (s) + 3 O2 (g) 2 Fe2 O3 (s) H= 1644 kJ (joule kelvin)

 Entropy

-the degree of randomness of a system. The greater the disorder in a system , the greater is the entropy.
Spontaneous Processes
Dissolving of sugar pure sugar + pure water sugar solution Rusting of iron solid iron + air rust Burning of wood
wood + oxygen carbon dioxide and water mixed with air

Breaking of glass
unbroken glass pieces of broken glass

Formula: S= Sproducts - Sreactants

Sample Problem:
Urea hydrolyzes slowly in the presence of water to produce ammonia and carbon dioxide CO(NH2 )2 (aq) + H2O (I) CO2 (g) + 2 NH2 (g) Calculate the standard entropy change of the system in JK-4 using the given values.
Substance CO(NH2)2 (aq) H2O (I) CO (g) 173.8 69.96 213.9 S(JK1 mol1 )

NH2 (g)

192.5

-a thermodynamic potential that measures the "usefulness" or process-initiating work obtainable from a thermodynamic system at a constant temperature and pressure
The free energy of a system is defined as G = H TS H=enthalpy T=temperature in Kelvin S=entropy The change in free energy would be given by the equation:

G = H T S