65

ti gm 6 chng :
LI NI U
CHNG 1: TNG QUAN H THNG THNG TIN DI NG
V GII THIU CNG NGH LTE
CHNG 2: KIN TRC MNG V GIAO THC
Trong nhng nm gn y, mng khng dy ngy cng tr nn ph bin vi s
ra i ca hng lot nhng cng ngh khc nhau nh Wi-Fi (802.1x), WiMax
CHNG 3: TRUY NHP V TUYN TRONG LTE
(802.16)... Cng vi
l tc4:
LP
phtVT
trin L
nhanh,
CH
NG
LTEmnh ca mng vin thng phc
v nhu cu s dng ca hng triu ngi mi ngy. H thng di ng th h th hai,
vi GSM v CDMA
d in
hnh
pht
trin
mnh m nhiu quc
CHl
nhng
NG 5:vCC
TH
TC
TRUY
NHP
gia. Tuy nhin, th trng vin thng cng m rng cng th hin r nhng hn ch
NG
TRIN
TRN
v dung lng vCH
bng
thng6:ca
cc hKHAI
thngLTE
thng
tin diTH
ngGII
th hV
thTI
hai.VIT
S
NAM
thc hin n tt nghip ny, em s dng nhng kin thc c trang b
ra i5ca
hi
thng
thkin
h th
bachn
vi cc
tiuca
biucc
nhthy
WCDMA
trong
nm
hcdivng
nhng
thc
lc cng
t ccngh
ti liu
gio,
hay
HSPA
l
mt
tt
yu

c
th
p
ng

c
nhu
cu
truy
cp
d
liu,
m
c gio trong v ngoi trng . Ngoi ra, n cn s dng nhng ti liu ph bin
thanh,rihnh
vi tc cao, bng thng rng ca ng i s dng.
rng
trnnh
Internet.
Mc d rt c gng, nhng do hn ch v thi gian cng nh nhng hiu
bit
c hn
cah
mt
sinhthng
vin nn
ng
n khng
st.ang

ntrin
c
Mc
d cc
thng
tin di
th htrnh
2.5Gkhi
hay thiu
3G vn
pht
khng ngng nhng cc nh khai thc vin thng ln trn th gii bt u tin
hnh trin khai th nghim mt chun di ng th h mi c rt nhiu tim nng v
hon
emchun
rt mong
nhn4G
trong
c cct ng
kinlai,
ng
gp
ca(Long
cc thy
gio, c
c ththin
s trhn,
thnh
di ng
l
LTE
Term
gio cng nh cc bn sinh vin.
Evolution). Cc cuc th nghim v trnh din ny chng t nng lc tuyt vi
ca cng ngh LTE v kh nng thng mi ha LTE n rt gn.
Trc y, mun truy cp d liu, phi cn c 1 ng dy c nh kt ni.
Trong tng lai khng xa vi LTE, c th truy cp tt c cc dch v mi lc mi
ni trong khi vn di chuyn: xem phim cht l ng cao HDTV, in thoi thy hnh,
chi game, nghe nhc trc tuyn, ti c s dSinh
liu vin
v.vthc
vi hin
mt tc
siu
tc.
: Nguyn
Tun
Anh
chnh l s khc bit gia mng di ng th h th 3 (3G) v mng di ng th

h th t (4G). Tuy vn cn kh mi m nh ng mng di ng bng rng 4G ang

c k vng s to ra nhiu thay i khc bit so vi nhng mng di ng hin
nay. Chnh v vy, em la chn lm n tt nghip v ti Nghin cu h
thng thng tin di ng tin 4G LTE (Long Term Evolution).
n i vo tm hiu tng quan v cng ngh LTE cng nh l nhng k
thut v thnh phn c s dng trong cng ngh ny c th hiu r thm v
nhng tim nng hp dn m cng ngh ny s mang li v tnh hnh trin khai cng
ngh ny trn th gii v ti VIT NAM .

MC LC
T BA.....................................................................................................1
NHIM V THIT K TT NGHIP3
LI NI U ................................................................................................. 5
MC LC7
DANH MC T VIT TT........................................................................ 11
DANH MC HNH V ................................................................................ 18
DANH MC BNG BIU ........................................................................... 21
CHNG 1 - TNG QUAN V H THNG THNG TIN DI NG &
GII THIU V CNG NGH LTE ........................................................ 22
1.1. Tng quan v h thng thng tin di ng ...................................................22
1.1.1. H thng thng tin di ng th h th nht ( 1G) ....................................22
1.1.2. H thng thng tin di ng th h th hai ( 2G) ......................................23
1.1.3. H thng thng tin di ng th h th 3 ( 3G) .........................................25
1.2. Gii thiu v cng ngh LTE .......................................................................27

CHNG 2 KIN TRC MNG V GIAO THC............................ 30

2.1. Kin trc mng LTE ....................................................................................30
2.1.1. Tng quan v cu hnh kin trc c bn h thng....................................31
2.1.2. Thit b ngi dng ( UE) ........................................................................32
2.1.3. E-UTRAN nodeB (eNodeB) ....................................................................33
2.1.4. Thc th qun l tnh di ng (MME) .....................................................34
2.1.5. Cng phc v ( S-GW) .............................................................................36
2.1.6. Cng mng d liu gi( P-GW) ...............................................................38
2.1.7. Chc nng chnh sch v tnh cc ti nguyn ( PCRF) .........................40
2.1.8. My ch thu bao thng tr (HSS) ........................................................41
2.2. Cc giao din v giao thc trong cu hnh kin trc c bn ca h thng
...............................................................................................................................41
2.3. QoS v kin trc dch v mang chuyn ......................................................45

2.4. Giao thc trng thi v chuyn tip trng thi..........................................46

2.5. H tr tnh di ng lin tc ..........................................................................47
2.6. Kin trc h thng pht qung b a im ................................................50

CHNG 3 - TRUY NHP V TUYN TRONG LTE ......................... 54

3.1. Cc ch truy nhp v tuyn ....................................................................54
3.2. Bng tn truyn dn .....................................................................................54
3.3. Cc bng tn c h tr ............................................................................55
3.4. K thut a truy nhp cho ng xung OFDMA ...................................56
3.4.1. OFDM ......................................................................................................56
3.4.2. Cc tham s OFDMA ...............................................................................58
3.4.3. Truyn dn d liu hng xung .............................................................61
3.5. K thut a truy nhp ng ln LTE SC-FDMA ...................................63
3.5.1. SC-FDMA ................................................................................................63
3.5.2. Cc tham s SC-FDMA ...........................................................................64
3.5.3. Truyn dn d liu hng ln ..................................................................66
3.5.4. So snh OFDMA v SC-FDMA ..............................................................67
3.6. Tng quan v k thut a ng ten MIMO..................................................69
3.6.1. n u vo n u ra (SISO) ..............................................................70
3.6.2. n u vo a u ra (SIMO) ................................................................70
3.6.3. a u vo n u ra (MISO) ................................................................70
3.6.4. a u vo a u ra (MIMO) .................................................................70
3.6.5. K hoch LTE a ng ten .........................................................................72
3.6.5.1. Ch truyn dn a ng ten ng xung LTE .......................... 73
3.6.5.2. Ch a ng ten hng ln LTE ............................................... 75

CHNG 4 - LP VT L LTE ............................................................... 76

4.1. Cc knh truyn ti v nh x ca chng ti cc knh vt l ..................76
4.2. iu ch ..........................................................................................................77
4.3. Truyn ti d liu ngi s dng hng ln .............................................78
4.4. Truyn dn d liu ngi dng hng xung ...........................................83

4.5. Truyn dn tn hiu lp vt l h ng ln ...................................................87

4.5.1. Knh iu khin ng ln vt l ( PUCCH) ..........................................88
4.5.2. Cu hnh PUCCH .....................................................................................89
4.5.3. Bo hiu iu khin trn PUSCH .............................................................89
4.6. Cu trc PRACH (Knh truy nhp ngu nhin vt l) ............................92
4.7. Truyn dn bo hiu lp vt l hng xung ............................................93
4.7.1. Knh ch th nh dng iu khin vt l (PCFICH) ................................93
4.7.2. Knh iu khin hng xung vt l ( PCDCH) ....................................94
4.7.3. Knh ch th HARQ vt l ( PHICH) .......................................................95
4.7.4. Cc ch truyn dn hng xung ........................................................95
4.7.5. Knh qung b vt l ( PBCH) .................................................................96
4.7.6. Tn hiu ng b.......................................................................................97
4.8. Cc th tc lp vt l....................................................................................98
4.8.1. Th tc HARQ .........................................................................................98
4.8.2. ng trc nh thi ..................................................................................99
4.8.3. iu khin cng sut ..............................................................................100
4.8.4. Nhn tin ..................................................................................................101
4.8.5. Th tc bo co phn hi knh ...............................................................101
4.8.6. Hot ng ch bn song cng ...........................................................102
4.8.7. Cc lp kh nng ca UE v cc c im c h tr .........................102
4.9. o lng lp vt l......................................................................................103
4.9.1. o lng eNodeB...................................................................................103
4.9.2. o lng UE ..........................................................................................104
4.10. Cu hnh tham s lp vt l .....................................................................104

CHNG 5 CC TH TC TRUY NHP ......................................... 106

5.1. Th tc d tm ..........................................................................................106
5.1.1. Cc bc ca th tc d tm ................................................................106
5.1.2. Cu trc thi gian/tn s ca tn hiu ng b .......................................108
5.1.3. D tm ban u v d tm ln cn........................................................109

10

5.2. Truy nhp ngu nhin ................................................................................110

5.2.1. Bc 1 : Truyn dn phn m u truy nhp ngu nhin ......................111
5.2.2. Bc 2 : p ng truy nhp ngu nhin ................................................115
5.2.3. Bc 3: Nhn dng thit b u cui ......................................................116
5.2.4. Bc 4: Gii quyt tranh chp................................................................117

CHNG 6 TNH HNH TRIN KHAI LTE TRN TH GII V

TI VIT NAM .......................................................................................... 118
6.1. Trin khai LTE trn th gii .....................................................................118
6.2. Trin khai LTE ti VIT NAM ................................................................122

KT LUN V HNG PHT TRIN TI .................................. 124

NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN ....................................... 125
NHN XT CA GIO VIN C DUYT ........................................ 125
LI CM N .............................................................................................. 126
TI LIU THAM KHO .......................................................................... 127

11

DANH MC T VIT TT

3GPP
Third Generation Partnership
Project
AAAAuthentication, Authorization
and Accounting
ACFAnalog Channel Filter
ACIRAdjacent Channel Interference
Rejection
ACKAcknowledgement
ACLRAdjacent Channel Leakage Ratio
ACSAdjacent channel selectivity
ADCAnalog-to Digital Conversion
ADSLAsymmetric Digital Subscriber
Line
AMAcknowledged Mode
AMBRAggregate Maximum Bit Rate
AMDAcknowledged Mode Data
AMRAdaptive Multi-Rate
AMR-NB Adaptive Multi-Rate Narrowband
AMR-WB Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband
ARPAllocation Retention Priority
ATBAdaptive Transmission
Bandwidth
AWGNAdditive White Gaussian Noise
AMPSAdvanced Mobile Phone Sytem

BB
BCCH
BCH
AMPS

Baseband
Broadcast Control Channel
Broadcast Channel
Advanced Mobile Phone Sytem

BPF
BPSK
BS
BSC
BSR
BTS
BW
CAZAC

Band Pass Filter

Binary Phase Shift Keying
Base Station
Base Station Controller
Buffer Status Report
Base Transceiver Station
Bandwidth
Constant Amplitude Zero
Autocorrelation Codes

D n cc i tc th h th ba
Xc thc, cp php v tnh cc
B lc knh tng t
Loi b nhiu knh ln cn
S bo nhn
T l d knh ln cn
Chn lc knh ln cn
Chuyn i tng t - s
ng dy thu bao s khng i
xng
Ch bo nhn
Tc bt ti a cp pht
D liu ch bo nhn
a tc thch ng
Bng hp a tc thch ng
Bng rng a tc thch ng
u tin duy tr cp pht
Bng thng truyn dn thch nghi

Nhiu Gauss trng thm vo

H thng in thoi di ng tin
tin
Bng gc
Knh iu khin pht qung b
Knh pht qung b
H thng in thoi di ng tin
tin
B lc bng tn
Kha dch pha nh phn
Trm gc
iu khin trm gc
Bo co tnh trng b m
Trm thu pht gc
Di thng
M t tng quan zero bin
khng i

12

CBR
CCE
CCCH
CDD
CDF
CDM
CDMA
AIR
CP
CPICH
CQI
CRC
C-RNTI

Constant Bit Rate

Control Channel Element
Common Control Channel
Cyclic Delay Diversity
Cumulative Density Function
Code Division Multiplexing
Code Division Multiple Access
Carrier to Interference Ratio
Cyclic Prexx
Common Pilot Channel
Channel Quality Information
Cyclic Redundancy Check
Radio Network Temporary
Identixer
Circuit Switched
Call Session Control Function

CS
CSCF
D-BCH
DCCH
DCI
DFCHA
DFT
DL
UL
DL-SCH
DPCCH
DTX
DwPTS
E-DCH
EDGE
EPC
EPDG
EUTRAN
EDO
FD
FDD
FDM

Dynamic Broadcast Channel

Dedicated Control Channel
Downlink Control Information
Dynamic Frequency and Channel
Allocation
Discrete Fourier Transform
Downlink
uplink
Downlink Shared Channel
Dedicated Physical Control
Channel
Discontinuous Transmission
Downlink Pilot Time Slot

Enhanced DCH
Enhanced Data Rates for GSM
Evolution
Evolved Packet Core
Evolved Packet Data Gateway
Evolved Universal Terrestrial
Radio Access
Evolution Data Only
Frequency Domain
Frequency Division Duplex
Frequency Division Multiplexing

Tc bt khng i
Phn t knh iu khin
Knh iu khin chung
Phn tp tr vng
Chc nng mt tch ly
Ghp knh phn chia theo m
a truy nhp phn chia theo m
T s sng mang trn tp m
Tin t vng
Knh iu khin chung
Thng tin cht lng knh
Kim tra d vng
Nhn dng tm thi mng v tuyn
t bo
Chuyn mch knh
Chc nng iu khin phin cuc
gi
Knh pht qung b ng
Knh iu khin ring
Thng tin iu khin ng xung
Cp pht knh v tn s ng

Bin i fourier ri rc
ng xung
ng ln
Knh chia s ng xung
Knh iu khin vt l ring
Truyn pht khng lin tc
Khe thi gian iu khin ng
xung
DCH c tng cng
Tc d liu tng cng cho
GSM pht trin
Mng li gi pht trin
Cng d liu gi pht trin
Truy nhp v tuyn mt t ton
cu pht trin
Ch c d liu pht trin
Min tn s
Song cng phn chia tn s
Ghp knh phn chia tn s

13

FDPS
FFT
FS
GERAN

Frequency Domain Packet

Scheduling
Fast Fourier Transform
Frequency Selective

Lp biu gi min tn s

GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network

Mng truy nhp v tuyn

GSM/EDGE

GGSN
Gateway GPRS Support Node
GP Guard Period
GPRS
General packet radio service
GPS Global Positioning System
GREGeneric Routing Encapsulation
GSMGlobal System for Mobile
Communications
GTPGPRS Tunneling Protocol
GTP-CGPRS Tunneling Protocol,
Control Plane
GUTIGlobally Unique Temporary
Identity
GWGateway
HARQHybrid Automatic Repeat
reQuest
HOHandover
HSDPAHigh Speed Downlink Packet
Access
HS-DSCH High Speed Downlink Shared
Channel
HSCSDHigh Speed Circuit Switched
Data
HSPAHigh Speed Packet Access
HS-High Speed Physical Downlink
PDSCHShared Channel
HSSHome Subscriber Server
HS-SCCH High Speed Shared Control
Channel
HSUPAHigh Speed Uplink Packet
Access
ICIInter-carrier Interference
ICICInter- Interference Control
IDIdentity
IFFTInverse Fast Fourier Transform
IMSIP Multimedia Subsystem
IMTInternational Mobile
Telecommunications

Bin i furier nhanh

La chn tn s

Nt cng h tr GPRS
Khong bo v
Dch v v tuyn gi chung
H thng nh v ton cu
ng gi nh tuyn chung
H thng truyn thng di ng
ton cu
Giao thc ng hm GPRS
Mt phng iu khin, giao thc
ng hm GPRS
Nhn dng tm thi duy nht ton
cu
Cng
Yu cu lp li t ng h hp

S chuyn vng
Truy nhp gi ng xung tc
cao
Knh chia s ng xung tc
cao
S liu chuyn mch knh tc
cao
Truy nhp gi tc cao
Knh chia s ng xung vt l
tc cao
My ch thu bao thng tr
Knh iu khin chia s tc cao

Truy nhp gi ng ln tc
cao
Nhiu lin sng mang
iu khin nhiu lin
Nhn dng
Bin i furier nhanh nghch o
H thng con a phng tin IP
Truyn thng di ng quc t

14

IP
ISDN
ISI
LNA
LO
LOS
LTE
MAC
MAP
MBMS

MBR
MCH
MCS
MGW
MIMO
MIP
MM
MME
MPR
MSC
NACK
NAS
NAS
NB
NMT
OFDM

OFDMA
O&M
PAPR
PAR
PC
PCCC
PCCPCH
PCFICH
PCH

Internet Protocol
Integrated Services Digital
Network
Inter Symbols Interference
low noise amplifier
Local Oscillator
Line of Sight
Long Term Evolution
Medium Access Control
Mobile Application Part
Multimedia Broadcast Multicast
System
Maximum Bit Rate
Multicast Channel
Modulation and Coding Scheme
Media Gateway
Multiple Input Multiple Output
Mobile IP
Mobility Management
Mobility Management Entity
Maximum Power Reduction
Mobile Switching Center
Negative Acknowledgement
Non-access Stratum
Network Address Table
Narrowband
Nordic Mobile Telephone
Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing
Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiple Access
Operation and Maintenance
Peak to Average Power Ratio
Peak-to-Average Ratio
Power Control
Parallel Concatenated
Convolution Coding
Primary Common Control
Physical Channel
Physical Control Format
Indicator Channel
Paging Channel

Giao thc Internet

Mng s dch v tch hp
Nhiu lin k t
Khuych i m nhiu thp
B dao ng ni
Tm nhn thng
S pht trin di hn
iu khin truy nhp mi trng
Phn ng dng di ng
H thng pht qung b a im
a phng tin
Tc bt ti a
Knh a im
S m ha v iu ch
Cng phng tin
a u vo a u ra
IP di ng
Qun l tnh di ng
Phn t qun l tnh di ng
S gim cng sut ti a
Chung tm chuyn mch di ng
Bo nhn khng thnh cng
Tng khng truy nhp
Bng a ch mng
Bng hp
in thoi di ng Bc u
Ghp knh phn chia tn s trc
giao
a truy nhp phn chia tn s trc
giao
Vn hnh v bo dng
T l cng sut nh ti trung bnh
T l nh-trung bnh
iu khin cng sut
M xon ghp song song

Knh vt l iu khin chung s

cp
Knh ch th dng iu khin vt l
Knh nhn tin

15

PCI
PCM
PCRF
PCS
PDCCH
PDCP
PDN
PDU
PDSCH
P-GW
PHICH
PHY
PLL
PLMN
PMIP
PN
PRACH
PRB
PS
PSD
PSS
PUCCH
PUSCH
QAM

QCI
QoS
QPSK
RACH
RAN
RAR
RB
RBG
RF
RI

Physical Identity
Pulse Code Modulation
Policy and Charging Resource
Function
Personal Communication
Services
Physical Downlink Control
Channel
Packet Data Convergence
Protocol
Packet Data Network
Payload Data Unit
Physical Downlink Shared
Channel
Packet Data Network Gateway
Physical HARQ Indicator
Channel
Physical Layer
Phase Locked Loop
Public Land Mobile Network
Proxy Mobile IP
Phase Noise
Physical Random Access
Channel
Physical Resource Block
Packet Switched
Power Spectral Density
Primary Synchronization Signal
Physical Uplink Control Channel
Physical Uplink Shared Channel
Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation
QoS Class Identixer
Quality of Service
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
Random Access Channel
Radio Access Network
Random Access Response
Resource Block
Radio Bearer Group
Radio Frequency
Rank Indicator

Nhn dng vt l
iu ch xung m
Chc nng tnh cc ti nguyn v
chnh sch
Dch v truyn thng c nhn
Knh iu khin ng xung vt
l
Giao thc hi t d liu gi
Mng d liu gi
n v d liu ti tin
Knh chia s ng xung vt l
Cng mng d liu gi
Knh ch th HARQ vt l
Lp vt l
Vng kha pha
Mng di ng mt t cng cng
IP di ng y nhim
Ting n pha
Knh truy nhp ngu nhin vt l
Khi ti nguyn vt l
Chuyn mch gi
Mt ph cng sut
Tn hiu ng b s cp
Knh iu khin hng ln vt l
Knh chia s hng ln vt l
iu ch bin cu phng

Nhn dng cp QoS

Cht lng dch v
Kha dch pha vung gc
Knh truy nhp ngu nhin
Mng truy nhp v tuyn
p ng truy nhp ngu nhin
Khi ti nguyn
Nhm truyn ti v tuyn
Tn s v tuyn
Ch th bc

16

RLC
RNC
RRC
RRM
RS
RSCP
RSRP

RSRQ
RSSI
SAE
SCCPCH
SCM
SCFDMA
SCH
SCTP
SDU
SFBC
SFN
SGSN
S-GW
SIB
SIMO
SMS
SNR
SON
SR
S-RACH
SRB
SRS
SSS

SUMIMO
S1AP
TA
TBS

Radio Link Control

Radio Network Controller
Radio Resource Control
Radio Resource Management
Reference Signal
Received Symbol Code Power
Reference Symbol Received
Power
Reference Symbol Received
Quality
Received Signal Strength
Indicator
System Architecture Evolution
Secondary Common Control
Physical Channel
Spatial Channel Model
Single Carrier Frequency
Division Multiple Access
Synchronization Channel
Stream Control Transmission
Protocol
Service Data Unit
Space Frequency Block Coding
System Frame Number
Serving GPRS Support Node
Serving Gateway
System Information Block
Single Input Multiple Output
Short Message Service
Signal to Noise Ratio
Self Optimized Networks
Scheduling Request
Short Random Access Channel
Signaling Radio Bearer
Sounding Reference Signals
Secondary Synchronization
Signal
Single User Multiple Input
Multiple Output
S1 Application Protocol
Tracking Area
Transport Block Size

iu khin kt ni v tuyn
iu khin mng v tuyn
iu khin ti nguyn v tuyn
Qun l ti nguyn v tuyn
Tn hiu chun
Cng sut m k hiu nhn c
Cng sut thu c k hiu chun

Cht lng thu c k hiu chun

Ch th cng tn hiu thu c
Pht trin kin trc h thng
Knh vt l iu khin chung th
cp
Ch knh khng gian
a truy nhp phn chia tn s n
sng mang
Knh ng b
Giao thc truyn dn iu khin
lung
n v d liu dch v
M khi tn s khng gian
S khung h thng
Nt h tr dch v GPRS
Cng phc v
Khi thng tin h thng
n u vo a u ra
Dch v bn tin ngn
T l tn hiu trn nhiu
Mng t ti u
Yu cu lp lch biu
Knh truy nhp ngu nhin ngn
Phn t mang bo hiu v tuyn
Tn hiu chun thm d
Tn hiu ng b th cp

n ngi dng - a u vo a
u ra
Giao thc ng dng S1
Khu vc theo di
Kch thc khi truyn ti

17

TACS
TD
TDD
TD-LTE
TDSCDMA
TPC
TRX
TTI
UDP
UE
UL
UL-SCH
UMTS

Total Access Communication

Sytem
Time Domain
Time Division Duplex
Time Division Long Term
Evolution
Time Division Synchronous Code
Division Multiple Access
Transmit Power Control
Transceiver
Transmission Time Interval
Unit Data Protocol
User Equipment
Uplink
Uplink Shared Channel
Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System
Uplink Pilot Time Slot

UpPTS
USIM
UTRA
UTRAN
V-MIMO
VoIP
WCDMA
WLAN
X1AP

Universal Subscriber Identity

Module
Universal Terrestrial Radio
Access
Universal Terrestrial Radio
Access Network
Virtual MIMO
Voice over IP
Wideband Code Division
Multiple Access
Wireless Local Area Network
X1 Application Protocol

H thng truyn thng truy nhp

ton phn
Min thi gian
Song cng phn chia thi gian
Phn chia theo thi gian - LTE
Phn chia theo thi gian a truy
nhp phn chia theo m ng b
iu khin cng sut pht
B thu pht
Khong thi gian truyn
Giao thc n v d liu
Thit b u cui
ng ln
Knh chia s ng ln
H thng thng tin di ng ton
cu
Khe thi gian dn hng ng
ln
Modun nhn dng thu bao ton
cu
Truy nhp v tuyn mt t ton
cu
Mng truy nhp v tuyn mt t
ton cu
MIMO o
Thoi qua IP
a truy nhp phn chia theo m
bng rng
Mng ni b khng dy
Giao thc ng dng X1

18

DANH MC HNH V

Hnh 1.1 Tin trnh pht trin ca thng tin di ng ............................................ 22

Hnh 2.1 Pht trin kin trc 3GPP hng ti kin trc phng hn ...................... 30
Hnh 2.2. Kin trc h thng cho mng ch c E-UTRAN ................................... 31
Hnh 2.3 eNodeB kt ni ti cc nt logic khc v cc chc nng chnh ............... 34
Hnh 2.4 MME kt ni ti cc nt logic khc v cc chc nng chnh .................. 36
Hnh 2.5. Cc kt ni S-GW ti cc nt logic khc v cc chc nng chnh .......... 37
Hnh 2.6 P-GW kt ni ti cc node logic khc v cc chc nng chnh ............... 39
Hnh 2.7 PCRF kt ni ti cc nt logic khc & cc chc nng chnh .................. 40
Hnh 2.8 Ngn xp giao thc mt phng iu khin trong EPS ............................ 42
Hnh 2.9 ngn xp giao thc mt phng ngi dng trong EPC ........................... 44
Hnh 2.10 Cc ngn xp giao thc mt phng iu khin v mt phng ng i dng
cho giao din X2...44
Hnh 2.11 Kin trc dch v mang truyn EPS .................................................... 46
Hnh 2.12. Trng thi ca UE v chuyn tip trng thi ....................................... 47
Hnh 2.13. Hot ng chuyn giao ..................................................................... 48
Hnh 2.14. Khu vc theo di cp nht cho UE trng thi RRC rnh ri ............. 49
Hnh 2.15. Khu vc dch v eMBMS v cc khu vc MBSFN ........................... 51
Hnh 2.16 Kin trc logic eMBMS ..................................................................... 52
Hnh 2.17 Kin trc mt phng ngi dng eMBMS cho ng b ni dung ......... 53
Hnh 3.1 Biu din tn s-thi gian ca mt tn hiu OFDM ............................... 57
Hnh 3.2 S to ra k hiu OFDM c ch s dng IFFT ...................................... 57
Hnh 3.3 S to ra chui tn hiu OFDM ............................................................ 58
Hnh 3.4 Cp pht sng mang con cho OFDM & OFDMA .................................. 58
Hnh 3.5 Cu trc khung loi 1 ........................................................................... 59
Hnh 3.6 Cu trc khung loi 2 ........................................................................... 59

19

Hnh 3.7 li ti nguyn ng xung ............................................................... 60

Hnh 3.8 Ghp knh thi gian tn s OFDMA .................................................. 61
Hnh 3.9 Pht v thu OFDMA ............................................................................ 62
Hnh 3.10 S khi DFT-S-OFDM ................................................................. 64
Hnh 3.11 Li ti nguyn ng ln ................................................................. 65
Hnh 3.12 Pht & thu hng ln LTE ................................................................. 67
Hnh 3.14 Cc ch truy nhp knh v tuyn ................................................... 69
Hnh 3.15 MIMO 22 , khng c tin m ha ..................................................... 71
Hnh 3.16 X l tn hiu cho phn tp pht v ghp knh khng gian (MIMO).73
Hnh 3.17 a ngi s dng MIMO trong hng ln .......................................... 75
Hnh 4.1 nh x ca cc knh truyn ti hng ln ti cc knh vt l ................ 77
Hnh 4.2 nh x cc knh truyn ti h ng xung ti cc knh vt l .................. 77
Hnh 4.3 Cc chm im iu ch trong LTE ..................................................... 78
Hnh 4.4 Cp pht ti nguyn hng ln c iu khin bi b lp biu eNodeB 79
Hnh 4.5 Cu trc khung LTE FDD .................................................................... 79
Hnh 4.6 Tc d liu gia cc TTI theo hng ng ln ............................... 80
Hnh 4.7 Cu trc khe ng ln vi tin t vng ngn v di ............................. 80
Hnh 4.8 Chui m ha knh PUSCH ................................................................. 82
Hnh 4.9 Ghp knh ca thng tin iu khin v d liu ...................................... 82
Hnh 4.10 Cp pht ti nguyn ng xung ti eNodeB .................................... 83
Hnh 4.11 Cu trc khe ng xung cho bng thng 1,4MHz ............................ 84
Hnh 4.12 Chui m ha knh DL-SCH.............................................................. 84
Hnh 4.13 V d v chia s ti nguyn ng xung gia PDCCH & PDSCH ...... 85
Hnh 4.14 S to thnh tn hiu hng xung ..................................................... 86
Hnh 4.15 Ti nguyn PUCCH ........................................................................... 88
Hnh 4.16 Nguyn tc iu ch d liu v iu khin .......................................... 90
Hnh 4.17 Cp pht cc trng d liu & iu khin khc nhau trn PUSCH ....... 90
Hnh 4.18 Cc dng phn m u LTE RACH cho FDD ..................................... 92

20

Hnh 4.19 V tr PBCH ti cc tn s trung tm ................................................... 96

Hnh 4.20 Cc tn hiu ng b trong khung ....................................................... 97
Hnh 4.21 Vn hnh LTE HARQ vi 8 tin trnh ................................................ 98
Hnh 4.22 nh thi LTE HARQ cho mt gi tin ng xung duy nht ............. 99
Hnh 4.23 iu khin nh thi hng ln .......................................................... 99
Hnh 4.24 Cng sut hng ln LTE vi thay i tc d liu ........................ 100
Hnh 4.25 Th tc bo co thng tin trng thi knh (CSI) ................................ 101
Hnh 4.26 T cu hnh cho PCI ........................................................................ 104
Hnh 5.1 Cc tn hiu ng b s cp & th cp ...104
Hnh 5.2 S hnh thnh tn hiu ng b trong min tn s ................................ 108
Hnh 5.3 Tng quan v th tc truy nhp ngu nhin ......................................... 111
Hnh 5.4 Minh ha c bn cho truyn dn phn m u truy nhp ngu nhin .... 113
Hnh 5.5 nh thi phn m u ti eNodeB cho cc ng i s dng truy nhp ngu
nhin khc nhau..113
Hnh 5.6 S pht hin phn m u truy nhp ngu nhin trong min tn s ...... 114
Hnh 6.1 Samsung Craft - Chic in thoi 4G s dng mng LTE u tin trn th
gii..118
Hnh 6.2 Laptop X430 ..................................................................................... 122
Hnh 6.3 Ericsson phi hp vi Cc Tn s V tuyn in th nghim cng ngh
LTE ti H Ni122
Hnh 6.4 Trm gc LTE ................................................................................... 123

21

DANH MC BNG BIU

Bng 1. 1 Cc c im chnh ca cng ngh LTE..27

Bng 2.1 Cc giao thc v giao din LTE45
Bng 3.1 Cc bng tn vn hnh E-UTRAN....55
Bng 3.2 s lng cc khi ti nguyn cho bng thng LTE khc nhau.....60
Bng 3.3 Tham s cu trc khung ng xung (FDD & TDD).....61
Bng 3.4 Cc tham s cu trc khung ng ln (FDD&TDD).......65
Bng 4.1 Dng PDCCH v kch thc ca chng....94
Bng 4.2 Cc loi thit b LTE... 103

22

CHNG 1 - TNG QUAN V H THNG THNG TIN DI

NG & GII THIU V CNG NGH LTE

1.1. Tng quan v h thng thng tin di ng

1.1.1. H thng thng tin di ng th h th nht ( 1G)
Cng ngh di ng u tin l cng ngh t ng t, l h thng truyn tn hiu
tng t, l mng in thoi di ng u tin ca nhn loi, c khi mo Nht
vo nm 1979. Nhng cng ngh chnh thuc th h th nht ny c th k n l:
x NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone in thoi di ng Bc u) c s dng
cc nc Bc u, Ty u v Nga.
x AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Sytem H thng in thoi di ng tin
tin) c s dng M v c.
x TACS (Total Access Communication Sytem H thng truyn thng truy
nhp ton phn) c s dng Anh.

Hnh 1.1 Tin trnh pht trin ca thng tin di ng

Hu ht cc h thng u l h thng t ng t v dch v truyn ch yu l
thoi. Vi h thng ny, cuc gi c th b nghe trm bi bn th ba. Nhng im
yu ca th h 1G l dung lng thp, xc sut rt cuc gi cao, kh nng chuyn
cuc gi khng tin cy, cht lng m thanh km, khng c ch bo mtdo
vy h thng 1G khng th p ng c nhu cu s dng .

23

1.1.2. H thng thng tin di ng th h th hai ( 2G)

H thng di ng th h th 2 s dng truyn v tuyn s cho vic truyn ti.
Nhng h thng mng 2G th c dung lng ln hn nhng h thng mng th h
th nht. Mt knh tn s th ng thi c chia ra cho nhiu ng i dng (bi vic
chia theo m hoc chia theo thi gian). S sp xp c trt t cc t bo, mi khu vc
phc v th c bao bc bi mt t bo ln, nhng t bo ln v mt phn ca
nhng t bo lm tng dung lng ca h thng xa hn na.
C 4 chun chnh i vi h thng 2G: H Thng Thng Tin Di ng Ton Cu
(GSM) v nhng dn xut ca n; AMPS s (D-AMPS); a Truy Cp Phn Chia
Theo M IS-95; v Mng t bo S C Nhn (PDC). GSM t c thnh cng
nht v c s dng rng ri trong h thng 2G.

x GSM
GSM c bn s dng bng tn 900MHz. S dng k thut a truy nhp theo thi
gian TDMA. nhng y cng c mt s nhng pht sinh, 2 vn quan trng l
h thng m hnh s 1800 (DCS 1800; cng c bit nh GSM 1800) v PCS
1900 (hay GSM 1900). Sau ny ch c s dng Bc M v Chil, v DCS
1800 th c tm thy mt s khu vc khc trn th gii. Nguyn do u tin v
bng tn s mi l do s thiu dung l ng i vi bng tng 900 MHz. Bng tn
1800MHz c th c s dng ngha v ph bin hn i vi ng i s dng. v
th n tr nn hon ton ph bin, c bit trong nhng khu vc ng dn c . V
th ng thi c 2 bng tn di ng u c s dng, y in thoi s dng
bng tn 1800MHz khi c thnh phn khc s dng ln trn mng 900MHz.
H thng GSM 900 lm vic trong mt bng tn hp, di tn c bn t (890960MHz). Trong bng tn c bn c chia lm 2 phn :
+ ng ln t (890 915) MHz.
+ ng xung t (935 960)MHz.
Bng tn gm 124 sng mang c chia lm 2 bng, mi bng rng
25MHz,khong cch gia 2 sng mang k nhau l 200KHz. Mi knh s dng 2 tn
s ring bit cho 2 ng ln v xung gi l knh song cng. Khong cch gia 2
tn s l khng i bng 45MHz. Mi knh v tuyn mang 8 khe thi gian TDMA
v mi khe thi gian l mt knh vt l trao i thng tin gia MS v mng GSM.
Tc t 6.5 13 Kbps.
GSM mi ch cung cp c cc dch v thoi v nhn tin ngn, trong khi nhu cu
truy nhp internet v cc dch v t ng i s dng l rt ln nn GSM pht trin ln
2.5G.

24

Trong :
xHSCSD ( High Speed Circuit Switched Data) - S liu chuyn mch knh
tc cao: Mt vn quan trng ln nht i vi GSM n gin l v tc d
liu chm. GSM c s c th ci thin tc ng i dng tr c ch l 9.6Kbps. Sau
theo l thuyt tc ngi dng l 14.4Kbps, mc d n khng c thng
dng cho lm. HSCSD l cch n dng nht cho mi th c ti ln. Nhng
phng php ny chnh l s thay th mt khe thi gian, mt tram di ng c th
s dng nhiu khe thi gian cho mt kt ni d liu.Nhng b sung trong dng
thng mi, gi tr ti a thng l 4 khe thi gian. Mt khe thi gian c th s
dng tc 9.6Kbps hoc 14.4Kbps. Ton b tc chnh l s khe thi gian nhn
vi tc d liu ca mt khe thi gian. y chnh l mi t ng quan khng phc
tp nng cp dung lng ca h thng, v n ch l nhng yu cu trong vic
nng cp phn mm i vi mng nhng n c nhiu tr ngi. Vn quan trng
nht trong vic s dng ti nguyn sng v tuyn mt cch khan him. Bi v n l
chuyn mch- mch, HSCSD phn b vic s dng khe thi gian mt cch lin tc
ngay c khi khng c bt c th g c truyn i.
xGPRS (General Packet Radio Service) - Dch v v tuyn gi chung:
GPRS l mt h thng v tuyn thuc giai on trung gian, nh ng vn l h thng
3G nu xt v mng li. GPRS cung cp cc kt ni s liu chuyn mch gi vi
tc truyn ln ti 171,2Kbps (tc s liu nh) v h tr giao thc Internet
TCP/IP v X25, nh vy tng cng ng k cc dch v s liu ca GSM. Cng
vic tch hp GPRS vo mng GSM ang tn ti l mt qu trnh n gin. Mt
phn cc khe trn giao din v tuyn dnh cho GPRS, cho php ghp knh s liu
gi c lp lch trnh trc i vi mt s trm di ng. Phn h trm gc ch cn
nng cp mt phn nh lin quan n khi iu khin gi (PCU- Packet Control
Unit) cung cp kh nng nh tuyn gi gia cc u cui di ng cc nt cng
(gateway). Mt nng cp nh v phn mm cng cn thit h tr cc h thng
m ho knh khc nhau. Mng li GSM c to thnh t cc kt ni chuyn mch
knh c m rng bng cch thm vo cc nt chuyn mch s liu v gateway
mi, c gi l GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node) v SGSN (Serving GPRS
Support Node). GPRS l mt gii php c chun ho hon ton vi cc giao
din m rng v c th chuyn thng ln 3G v cu trc mng li.
xEDGE ( Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution): Tc s liu tng
cng pht trin GSM: EDGE c th pht nhiu bit gp 3 ln GPRS trong mt
chu k. y l l do chnh cho tc bit EDGE cao hn. ITU nh ngha
384kbps l gii hn tc d liu cho dch v thc hin chun IMT-2000 trong
mi trng khng l tng. 384kbps tng ng vi 48kbps trn mi khe thi gian,
gi s mt u cui c 8 khe thi gian.

25

EDGE l mt k thut truyn dn 3G c chp nhn v c th trin khai

trong ph tn hin c ca cc nh khai thc TDMA v GSM. EDGE ti s dng
bng tn sng mang v cu trc khe thi gian ca GSM, v c thit k nhm tng
tc s liu ca ngi s dng trong mng GPRS hoc HSCSD bng cch s
dng cc h thng cao cp v cng ngh tin tin khc. V vy, c s h tng v
thit b u cui hon ton ph hp vi EDGE hon ton t ng thch vi GSM v
GRPS.

x IS-95
H thng mng t bo IS-95A c Qualcomm cho ra mt vo nhng nm
1990 s dng k thut truy nhp v tuyn CDMA. CDMA chia s cng mt gii
tn chung. Mi khch hng c th ni ng thi v tn hiu c pht i trn cng
mt gii tn. Cc knh thu bao c tch bit bng cch s dng m ngu nhin.
Cc tn hiu ca nhiu thu bao khc nhau s c m ho bng cc m ngu nhin
khc nhau, sau c trn ln v pht i trn cng mt gii tn chung v ch c
phc hi duy nht thit b thu bao (my in thoi di ng) vi m ngu nhin
tng ng. IS 95A(2G) pht trin tip ln IS 95B(2.5G)
Mc d h thng thng tin di ng 2G c coi l nhng tin b ng k
nhng vn gp phi cc hn ch sau: Tc thp v ti nguyn hn hp. V th cn
thit phi chuyn i ln mng thng tin di ng th h tip theo ci thin dch
v truyn s liu, nng cao tc bit v ti nguyn c chia sMt khc, khi
cc h thng thng tin di ng ngy cng pht trin, khng ch s l ng ng i s
dng in thoi di ng tng ln, m rng th tr ng m ng i s dng cn i hi
cc dch v tin tin hn khng ch l cc dch v cuc gi thoi truyn thng v
dch v s liu tc thp hin c trong mng hin ti. Nhu cu ca th tr ng c
th phn loi thnh cc lnh vc nh : Dch v d liu my tnh, dch v vin thng,
dch v ni dung s nh m thanh hnh nh. Nhng l do trn thc y cc t chc
nghin cu pht trin h thng thng tin di ng trn th gii tin hnh nghin cu
v p dng trong thc t chun mi cho h thng thng tin di ng: Thng tin di
ng 3G

1.1.3. H thng thng tin di ng th h th 3 ( 3G)

Vo nm 1992, ITU cng b chun IMT-2000 (International Mobil
Telecommunication -2000) cho h thng 3G vi cc u im chnh c mong i
em li bi h thng 3G l:
+ Cung cp dch v thoi cht l ng cao.
+Cc dch v tin nhn (e-mail, fax, SMS, chat, ...).
+ Cc dch v a phng tin (xem phim, xem truyn hnh, nghe nhc,...).

26

+ Truy nhp Internet (duyt Web, ti ti liu, ...).

+S dng chung mt cng ngh thng nht, m bo s t ng thch ton cu
gia cc h thng.
tho mn cc dch v a phng tin cng nh m bo kh nng truy cp
Internet bng thng rng, IMT-2000 ha hn cung cp bng thng 2Mbps, nh ng
thc t trin khai ch ra rng vi bng thng ny vic chuyn giao rt kh, v vy
ch c nhng ngi s dng khng di ng mi c p ng bng thng kt ni
ny, cn khi i b bng thng s l 384 Kbps, khi di chuyn bng t s l
144Kbps. Cc h thng 3G in hnh l:
x UMTS (W-CDMA)
UMTS (Universal Mobile Telephone System), da trn cng ngh W-CDMA, l
gii php c a chung cho cc nc ang trin khai cc h thng GSM mun
chuyn ln 3G. UMTS c h tr bi Lin Minh Chu u v c qun l bi
3GPP t chc chu trch nhim cho cc cng ngh GSM, GPRS. UMTS hot ng
bng thng 5MHz, cho php cc cuc gi c th chuyn giao mt cch hon ho
gia cc h thng UMTS v GSM c. Nhng c im ca WCDMA nh sau:
+WCDMA s dng knh truyn dn 5 MHz chuyn d liu. N cng cho
php vic truyn d liu tc 384 Kbps trong mng di ng v 2 Mbps trong h
thng tnh.
+Kt cu phn tng: H thng UMTS da trn cc dch v c phn tng,
khng ging nh mng GSM. trn cng l tng dch v, em li nhng u im
nh trin khai nhanh cc dch v, hay cc a im c tp trung ha. Tng gia l
tng iu khin, gip cho vic nng cp cc quy trnh v cho php mng l i c th
c phn chia linh hot. Cui cng l tng kt ni, bt k cng ngh truyn d liu
no cng c th c s dng v d liu m thanh s c chuyn qua ATM/AAL2
hoc IP/RTP.
+Tn s: hin ti c 6 bng s dng cho UMTS/WCDMA, tp trung vo
UMTS tn s cp pht trong 2 bng ng ln (1885 MHz 2025 MHz) v ng
xung (2110 MHz 2200 MHz).
S pht trin ca WCDMA ln 3.5G l HSxPA
x CDMA2000
Mt chun 3G quan trng khc l CDMA2000, chun ny l s tip ni i vi
cc h thng ang s dng cng ngh CDMA trong th h 2. CDMA2000 c
qun l bi 3GPP2, mt t chc c lp v tch ri khi 3GPP ca UMTS.
CDMA2000 c tc truyn d liu t 144Kbps n Mbps.
x TD-SCDMA
Chun c t bit n hn l TD-SCDMA ang c pht trin ti Trung Quc
bi cc cng ty Datang v Siemens. Hin ti c nhiu chun cng ngh cho 2G nn

27

s c nhiu chun cng ngh 3G i theo, tuy nhin trn thc t ch c 2 tiu chun
quan trng nht c sn phm thng mi v c kh nng c trin khai rng ri
trn ton th gii l WCDMA (FDD) v CDMA 2000. WCDMA c pht trin
trn c s tng thch vi giao thc ca mng li GSM (GSM MAP), mt h thng
chim ti 65% th trng th gii. Cn CDMA 2000 nhm tung thch vi mng li
IS-41, hin chim 15% th trng.

1.2. Gii thiu v cng ngh LTE

LTE l th h th t ca chun UMTS do 3GPP pht trin. UMTS th h th ba
da trn WCDMA c trin khai trn ton th gii. m bo tnh cnh
tranh cho h thng ny trong tng lai, thng 11/2004 3GPP bt u d n nhm
xc nh bc pht trin v lu di cho cng ngh di ng UMTS vi tn gi Long
Term Evolution (LTE). 3GPP t ra yu cu cao cho LTE, bao gm gim chi ph
cho mi bit thng tin, cung cp dch v tt hn, s dng linh hot cc bng tn hin
c v bng tn mi, n gin ha kin trc mng vi cc giao tip m v gim ng
k nng lng tiu th thit b u cui.
Giao din khng gian v cc thuc tnh lin quan ca h thng LTE c
tm tt trong bng 1.1.
Bng tn1,25 20 MHz
Song cngFDD , TDD , bn song cng FDD

Di ng
a truy nhp
MIMO
Tc d liu nh
trong 20MHz
iu ch
M ha knh
Cc cng ngh khc

350km/h
ng xung OFDMA
ng ln SC-FDMA
ng xung 2 * 2 ; 4 * 2 ; 4 * 4
ng ln1*2;1*4
ng xung : 173 v 326 Mb/s tng ng vi cu hnh
MIMO 2 * 2 v 4 * 4
ng ln : 86Mb/s vi cu hnh 1 * 2 anten
QPSK ; 16 QAM v 64 QAM
M tubo
Lp biu chnh xc knh; lin kt thch ng ; iu khin
cng sut ; ICIC v ARQ hn hp

Bng 1. 1 Cc c im chnh ca cng ngh LTE

Mc tiu ca LTE l cung cp 1 dch v d liu tc cao , tr thp , cc gi
d liu c ti u , cng ngh v tuyn h tr bng thng mt cch linh hot khi
trin khai. ng thi kin trc mng mi c thit k vi mc tiu h tr l u

28

lng chuyn mch gi cng vi tnh di ng linh hot , cht l ng ca dch v ,

thi gian tr ti thiu.
Tng tc truyn d liu : Trong iu kin l t ng h thng h tr tc
d liu ng xung nh ln ti 326Mb/s vi cu hnh 4*4 MIMO ( multiple
input multiple output ) trong vng 20MHZ bng thng. MIMO cho ng ln l
khng c s dng trong phin bn u tin ca chun LTE. Tc d liu nh
ng ln ti 86Mb/s trong 20MHZ bng thng. Ngoi vic ci thin tc d
liu nh h thng LTE cn cung cp hiu sut ph cao hn t 2 n 4 ln ca h
thng HSPA phin bn 6.
Di tn co gin c : Di tn v tuyn ca h thng LTE c kh nng m
rng t 1.4 MHz, 3MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz v 20 MHz c chiu ln v
xung. iu ny dn n s linh hot s dng c hiu qu bng thng .Mc
thng sut cao hn khi hot ng bng tn cao v i vi mt s ng dng
khng cn n bng tn rng ch cn mt bng tn va th cng c p ng.
m bo hiu sut khi di chuyn : LTE ti u ha hiu sut cho thit b
u cui di chuyn t 0 n 15km/h, vn h tr vi hiu sut cao (ch gim i mt
t) khi di chuyn t 15 n 120km/h, i vi vn tc trn 120 km/h th h thng
vn duy tr c kt ni trn ton mng t bo ,chc nng h tr t 120 n
350km/h hoc thm ch l 500km/h ty thuc vo bng tn.
Gim tr trn mt phng ngi s dng v mt phng iu khin :
x Gim thi gian chuyn i trng thi trn mt phng iu khin : Gim thi
gian mt thit b u cui ( UE - User Equipment) chuyn t trng thi ngh
sang ni kt vi mng, v bt u truyn thng tin trn mt knh truyn.Thi gian
ny phi nh hn 100ms.
x Gim tr mt phng ngi dng: Nh c im ca cc mng t ong ()
hin nay l tr truyn cao hn nhiu so vi cc mng ng dy c nh. iu
ny nh hng ln n cc ng dng nh thoi v chi game ,v cn thi gian
thc. Giao din v tuyn ca LTE v mng l i cung cp kh nng tr d i
10ms cho vic truyn ti 1 gi tin t mng ti UE.
S khng cn chuyn mch knh : Tt c s da trn IP. Mt trong nhng
tnh nng ng k nht ca LTE l s chuyn dch n mng li hon ton da
trn IP vi giao din m v kin trc n gin ha. Su xa hn, phn ln cng
vic chun ha ca 3GPP nhm n s chuyn i kin trc mng li ang tn ti
sang h thng ton IP. Trong 3GPP. Chng cho php cung cp cc dch v linh
hot hn v s lin hot ng n gin vi cc mng di ng phi 3GPP v cc
mng c nh. EPC da trn cc giao thc TCP/IP ging nh phn ln cc
mng s liu c nh ngy nay- v vy cung cp cc dch v ging PC nh thoi,
video, tin nhn v cc dch v a phng tin. S chuyn dch ln kin trc ton

29

gi cng cho php ci thin s phi hp vi cc mng truyn thng khng dy v

c nh khc.VoIP s dng cho dch v thoi.
ph s ng t 5-100km : Trong vng bn knh 5km LTE cung cp ti u
v lu lng ngi dng, hiu sut ph v di ng. Phm vi ln n 30km th
c mt s gim nh cho php v lu lng ng i dng cn hiu sut ph th li
gim mt cch ng k hn nhng vn c th chp nhn c, tuy nhin yu cu
v di ng vn c p ng. dung lng hn 200 ng i/ (bng thng
5MHz).
Kin trc mng s n gin hn so vi mng 3G hin thi. Tuy nhin
mng LTE vn c th tch hp mt cch d dng vi mng 3G v 2G hin ti.
iu ny ht sc quan trng cho nh cung cp mng trin khai LTE v khng cn
thay i ton b c s h tng mng c.
OFDMA ,SC-FDMA v MIMO c s dng trong LTE :H thng ny
h tr bng thng linh hot nh cc s truy nhp OFDMA & SC-FDMA.
Ngoi ra cn c song cng phn chia tn s FDD v song cng phn chia thi
gian TDD. Bn song cng FDD c cho php h tr cho cc ng i s dng
vi chi ph thp .khng ging nh FDD, trong hot ng bn song cng FDD th
mt UE khng cn thit truyn & nhn ng thi . iu ny trnh vic phi u
t mt b song cng t tin trong UE. Truy nhp ng ln v c bn da trn
a truy nhp phn chia tn s n sng mang SC-FDMA ha hn s gia tng
vng ph sng ng ln do t s cng sut nh-trung bnh thp ( PARR) lin
quan ti OFDMA.
Gim chi ph : Yu cu t ra cho h thng LTE l gim thiu c chi ph
trong khi vn duy tr c hiu sut nhm p ng c cho tt c cc dch
v.Cc vn ng truyn,hot ng v bo dng cng lin quan n yu t
chi ph,chnh v vy khng ch giao tip m vic truyn ti n cc trm gc v
h thng qun l cng cn xc nh r, ngoi ra mt s vn cng c yu
cu nh l phc tp thp,cc thit b u cui tiu th t nng l ng.
Cng tn ti vi cc chun v h thng tr c: H thng LTE phi cng
tn ti v c th phi hp hot ng vi cc h thng 3GPP khc .Ng i s
dng LTE s c th thc hin cc cuc gi t thit b u cui ca mnh v thm
ch khi h khng nm trong vng ph sng ca LTE. Do , cho php chuyn
giao cc dch v xuyn sut, tri chy trong khu vc ph sng ca HSPA,
WCDMA hay GSM/GPRS/EDGE. Hn th na, LTE h tr khng ch chuyn
giao trong h thng, lin h thng m cn chuyn giao lin min gia min
chuyn mch gi v min chuyn mch knh.

30

CHNG 2 KIN TRC MNG V GIAO THC

2.1. Kin trc mng LTE
Nhiu cc mc tiu vi ng rng mt kin trc phng s cn c pht trin .
kin trc phng vi t nt tham gia s lm gim tr v ci thin hiu sut. Pht
trin theo hng ny c bt u t phin bn 7. Ni t ng ng hm trc
tip cho php mt phng ngi dng ( UP) b qua SGSN.

--------mt phng iu khin

Mt phng ngi dng
Hnh 2.1 Pht trin kin trc 3GPP hng ti kin trc phng hn

Kin trc mng LTE c thit k vi mc tiu h tr l u l ng chuyn mch

gi vi tnh di ng linh hot , cht l ng dch v (QoS) v tr ti thiu. Mt
phng php chuyn mch gi cho php h tr tt c cc dch v bao gm c thoi
thng qua cc kt ni gi. Kt qu l trong mt kin trc phng hn , rt n gin
ch vi 2 loi nt c th l nt B pht trin ( eNB) v phn t qun l di ng /cng
( MME/GW). iu ny hon ton tri ngc vi nhiu nt mng trong kin trc
mng phn cp hin hnh ca h thng 3G. Mt thay i ln na l phn iu khin
mng v tuyn (RNC) c loi b khi ng d liu v chc nng ca n hin
nay c thnh lp eNB. Mt s ch li ca mt nt duy nht trong mng truy
nhp l gim tr v phn phi ca vic x l ti RNC vo nhiu eNB. Vic loi
b RNC ra khi mng truy nhp c th mt phn do h thng LTE khng h tr
chuyn giao mm.

31

2.1.1. Tng quan v cu hnh kin trc c bn h thng

Hnh 2.2 miu t kin trc v cc thnh phn mng trong cu hnh kin trc ni
ch c mt E-UTRAN tham gia. Hnh ny cng cho thy s phn chia kin trc
thnh bn vng chnh: thit b ngi dng (UE) ; UTRAN pht trin( E-UTRAN);
mng li gi pht trin(EPC); v cc vng dch v.

Hnh 2.2. Kin trc h thng cho mng ch c E-UTRAN

UE, E-UTRAN v EPC i din cho cc giao thc internet (IP) lp kt ni.
y l mt phn ca h thng c gi l h thng gi pht trin (EPS). Chc nng
chnh ca lp ny l cung cp kt ni da trn IP v n c ti u ha cao cho
mc tiu duy nht. Tt c cc dch v c cung cp da trn IP, tt c cc nt
chuyn mch v cc giao din c nhn thy trong kin trc 3GPP tr c khng
c mt E-UTRAN v EPC. Cng ngh IP chim u th trong truyn ti, ni m
mi th c thit k hot ng v truyn ti trn IP.
Cc h thng con a phng tin IP ( IMS) l mt v d tt v my mc thit b
phc v c th c s dng trong lp kt ni dch v cung cp cc dch v da

32

trn kt ni IP c cung cp bi cc lp thp hn. V d , h tr dch v thoi

th IMS c th cung cp thoi qua IP ( VoIP) v s kt ni ti cc mng chuyn
mch-mch c PSTN v ISDN thng qua cc cng a ph ng tin ca n iu
khin.
S pht trin ca E-UTRAN tp chung vo mt nt, nt B pht trin ( eNode B).
Tt c cc chc nng v tuyn kt thc , tc l eNB l im kt thc cho tt c
cc giao thc v tuyn c lin quan. E-UTRAN ch n gin l mt mng l i ca
cc eNodeB c kt ni ti cc eNodeB ln cn vi giao din X2.
Mt trong nhng thay i kin trc ln l trong khu vc mng li l EPC khng
c cha mt vng chuyn mch-mch, v khng c kt ni trc tip ti cc mng
chuyn mch mch truyn thng nh ISDN v PSTN l cn thit trong lp ny. Cc
chc nng ca EPC l tng ng vi vng chuyn mch gi ca mng 3GPP hin
ti. Tuy nhin nhng thay i ng k trong vic b tr cc nt chc nng v kin
trc phn ny nn c coi nh l hon tan mi.
C hai hnh 2.1 v 2.2 cho thy c mt phn t gi l SAE GW. Nh hnh 2.2 cho
thy l s kt hp ca hai cng l cng phc v (S-GW) v cng mng d liu
gi( P-GW) iu ny c nh ngha cho cc x l UP trong EPC. Gp chng li
vi nhau thnh SAE GW. Cu hnh kin trc c bn h thng v chc nng ca n
c ghi trong 3GPP TS 23.401.

2.1.2. Thit b ngi dng ( UE)

UE l thit b m ngi dng u cui s dng lin lc. Thng th ng n l
nhng thit b cm tay nh in thoi thng minh hoc mt th d liu nh mi
ngi vn ang s dng hin ti trong mng 2G v 3G. Hoc n c th c nhng
vo, v d mt my tnh xch tay. UE cng c cha cc moun nhn dng thu bao
ton cu( USIM). N l mt moun ring bit vi phn cn li ca UE, th ng
c gi l thit b u cui (TE). USIM l mt ng dng c t vo mt th
thng minh c th tho ri c gi l th mch tch hp ton cu ( UICC). USIM
c s dng nhn dng v xc thc ng i s dng ly kha bo mt nhm
bo v vic truyn ti trn giao din v tuyn.
Cc chc nng ca UE l nn tng cho cc ng dng truyn thng, m c tn hiu
vi mng thit lp, duy tr v loi b cc lin kt thng tin ng i dng cn. iu
ny bao gm cc chc nng qun l tnh di ng nh chuyn giao, bo co v tr ca
thit b, v cc UE phi thc hin theo hng dn ca mng. C l quan trng nht
l UE cung cp giao din ngi s dng cho ng i dng cui cc ng dng nh
VoIP c th c s dng thit lp mt cuc gi thoi.

33

2.1.3. E-UTRAN NodeB (eNodeB)

Nt duy nht trn E-UTRAN l E-UTRAN NodeB ( eNodeB). n gin t eNB
l mt trm gc v tuyn kim sot tt c cc chc nng v tuyn lin quan trong
phn c nh ca h thng. Cc trm gc nh eNB th ng phn b trn ton khu
vc ph sng ca mng. Mi eNB thng c tr gn cc anten v tuyn hin ti ca
chng.
Chc nng ca eNB hot ng nh mt cu ni gia 2 lp l UE v EPC, n l
im cui ca tt c cc giao thc v tuyn v pha UE, v tip nhn d liu gia
cc kt ni v tuyn v cc kt ni IP c bn t ng ng v pha EPC. Trong vai tr
ny cc EPC thc hin m ha / gii m cc d liu UP, v cng c nn / gii nn
tiu IP, trnh vic gi i lp li ging nhau hoc d liu lin tip trong tiu IP.
eNB cng chu trch nhim v nhiu cc chc nng ca mt phng iu khin
(CP). eNB chu trch nhim v qun l ti nguyn v tuyn (RRM), tc l kim sat
vic s dng giao din v tuyn , bao gm : phn b ti nguyn da trn yu cu,
u tin v lp lch trnh lu lng theo yu cu QoS, v lin tc gim st tnh hnh
s dng ti nguyn.
Ngoi ra eNodeB cn c vai tr quan trng trong qun l tnh di ng (MM).
iu khin eNB v o c phn tch mc ca tn hiu v tuyn c thc hin
bi UE. iu ny bao gm trao i tn hiu chuyn giao gia eNB khc v MME.
Khi mt UE mi kch hot theo yu cu ca eNB v kt ni vo mng, eNB cng
chu trch nhim v vic nh tuyn khi ny n s ngh cc MME m tr c y
phc v cho UE, hoc la chn mt MME mi nu mt tuyn ng n cc
MME trc khng c sn hoc thng tin nh tuyn vng mt.
Hnh 2.3 cho thy cc kt ni vi eNB n xung quanh cc nt logic, v tm
tt cc chc nng chnh trong giao din ny. Trong tt c cc kt ni eNB c th l
trong mi quan h mt nhiu hoc nhiu nhiu. Cc eNB c th phc v ng
thi nhiu UE trong vng ph sng ca n nhng mi UE ch c kt ni ti mt
eNB trong cng mt thi im. Cc eNB s cn kt ni ti cc eNB ln cn vi n
trong khi chuyn giao c th cn thc hin.
C hai MME v S-GW c th c gp li, c ngha l mt tp hp cc nt c
phn cng phc v cho mt tp hp cc eNB. T mt vin cnh eNB n ny c
ngha l n c th cn phi kt ni ti nhiu MME v S-GW. Tuy nhin mi UE s
c phc v bi ch c mt MME v S-GW ti mt thi im v eNB phi duy tr
theo di cc lin kt ny.
S kt hp ny s khng bao gi thay i t mt im eNodeB duy nht, bi v
MME hoc S-GW ch c th thay i khi kt hp vi s chuyn giao lin eNodeB.

34

Hnh 2.3 eNodeB kt ni ti cc nt logic khc v cc chc nng chnh

2.1.4. Thc th qun l tnh di ng (MME)
Thc th qun l tnh di ng(MME) l thnh phn iu khin chnh trong EPC.
Thng thng MME s l mt my ch mt v tr an ton ti cc c s ca nh
iu hnh. N ch hot ng trong cc CP, v khng tham gia vo con ng ca
UP d liu.
Ngoi giao din cui vo MME trong kin trc th hin trong hnh 2.2, MME cn
c mt kt ni logic trc tip ti UE, v kt ni ny c s dng nh l knh iu
khin chnh gia UE v mng. Sau y l danh sch cc chc nng chnh ca MME
trong cu hnh kin trc c bn h thng :
xXc thc v bo mt : khi mt UE ng k vo mng ln u tin, MME s
khi to s xc thc, bng cch thc hin nhng iu sau: n tm ra danh tnh
thng tr ca UE, hoc t cc mng truy nhp tr c hoc chnh bn thn UE,
yu cu t b phc v thu bao thng tr (HSS) trong mng ch ca UE cc iu
khin chng thc c cha cc mnh lnh chng thc tr li cc cp tham s, gi
cc th thch vi UE v so snh cc tr li nhn c t UE vo mt trong nhng
ci nhn t mng ch. Chc nng ny l cn thit m bo cc yu cu bo
v vi UE. Cc MME c th lp li chc nng xc thc khi cn thit hoc theo chu
k. Cc chc nng ny dng bo v cc thng tin lin lc khi vic nghe trm
v t s thay i ca bn th ba tng ng tri php. bo v s ring t ca
UE, MME cng phn b cho mi UE mt m tm thi gi l m nhn dng tm
thi duy nht ton cu(GUTI), do cn phi gi m nhn dng th ng tr UE

35

m nhn dng thu bao di ng quc t ( IMIS) qua giao din v tuyn c gim
thiu. Cc GUTI c th c cp tr li, v d nh k ngn chn theo di UE.
xQun l tnh di ng: MME theo di v tr ca tt c cc UE trong khu vc
ca mnh, khi mt UE ng k vo mng ln u tin, MME s to ra mt li vo
cho UE v tn hiu vi v tr ti HSS trong mng ch ca UE. MME yu cu ti
nguyn thch hp c thit lp trong eNodeB, cng nh trong cc S-GW m n
la chn cho UE. Cc MME sau tip tc theo di v tr ca UE hoc l da trn
mc ca eNB, nu UE vn kt ni, tc l truyn thng ang hot ng hoc
mc khu vc theo di (TA). MME iu khin cc thit lp v gii phng ngun
ti nguyn da trn nhng thay i ch hot ng ca UE. MME cng tham gia
vo vic iu khin tn hiu chuyn giao ca UE trong ch hot ng gia cc
eNB, S-GW hoc MME. MME tham gia vo mi thay i ca eNB v khng c
phn t iu khin mng v tuyn ring bit nn n n hu ht cc s kin ny.
Mt UE trng thi rnh di n s bo co v tr ca n hoc l nh k, hoc l
khi n chuyn ti mt khu vc theo di. Nu du liu nhn c t bn ngoi cho
mt UE rnh di, MME s c thng bo, n s yu cu cc eNB trong TA
c lu gi cho UE ti v tr nh ca UE.
xQun l h s thu bao v dch v kt ni: vo thi im mt UE ng k
vo mng, cc MME s chu trch nhim ly h s ng k ca n t mng ch v.
Cc MME s lu tr thng tin ny trong sut thi gian phc v UE. H s ny xc
nh nhng g cc kt ni mng d liu gi c phn b ti cc mng tp tin
nh km. Cc MME s t ng thit lp mc nh phn t mang, cho php cc UE
kt ni IP c bn. iu ny bao gm tn hiu CP vi eNB v S-GW. Ti bt k thi
im no sau ny, cc MME c th cn ti c tham gia vo vic thit lp phn t
mang dnh ring cho cc dch v c hng li x l cao hn. Cc MME c th
nhn c cc yu cu thit lp mt phn t mang dnh ring, hoc t cc S-GW
nu yu cu bt ngun t khu vc dch v iu hnh, hoc trc tip t UE, nu UE
yu cu kt ni cho mt dch v m khng c bit n bi khu vc dch v iu
hnh, v do khng th c bt u t .
Hnh 2.4 cho thy cc kt ni MME n quanh cc nt logic, v tm tt cc chc
nng chnh trong giao din ny. V nguyn tc MME c th c kt ni vi bt k
MME khc trong h thng, nhng thng kt ni c gii hn trong mt nh iu
hnh mng duy nht. Cc kt ni t xa gia cc MME c th c s dng khi mt
UE i xa, trong khi i ng k vi mt MME mi sau tm kim nhn dng
thng tr mi ca UE, sau ly nhn dng th ng tr ca UE, m nhn dng
thu bao di ng quc t (IMIS), t MME truy cp tr c . Cc kt ni gia cc
MME vi cc MME ln cn c s dng trong chuyn giao.

36

Hnh 2.4 MME kt ni ti cc nt logic khc v cc chc nng chnh

Kt ni ti mt s HSS cng cn c h tr, cc HSS nm trong mng ch ca
ngi dng , v mt tuyn ng c th c tm thy da trn IMIS. Mi MME
c cu hnh iu khin mt tp hp cc S-GW v eNodeB. C hai S-GW v
eNodeB cng c th c kt ni ti cc MME khc. Cc MME c th phc v
mt s UE cng mt lc, trong khi mi UE s ch kt ni ti mt MME ti mt thi
im.

2.1.5. Cng phc v ( S-GW)

Trong cu hnh kin trc c bn h thng, chc nng cao cp ca S-GW l qun
l ng hm UP v chuyn mch. S-GW l mt phn ca h tng mng n c
duy tr cc phng iu hnh trung tm ca mng.
Khi giao din S5/S8 da trn GTP, S-GW s c ng hm GTP trn tt c cc
giao din UP ca n. nh x gia cc lung dch v IP v ng hm GTP c
thc hin trong P-GW, v S-GW khng cn c kt ni vi PCRF. Ton b iu
khin c lin quan ti cc ng hm GTP, n t MME hoc P-GW. Khi s dng
giao din PMIP S5/S8. S-GW s thc hin vic nh x gia cc dng dch v IP
trong cc ng hm S5/S8 v ng hm GTP trong giao din S1-U, v s kt ni
ti PCRF nhn c thng tin nh x.
S-GW c mt vai tr rt nh trong cc chc nng iu khin. N ch chu trch
nhim v ngun ti nguyn ca ring n, v n cp pht chng da trn cc yu cu
t MME, P-GW hoc PCRF, t m cc hnh ng c thit lp , sa i hoc
xa sch cc phn t mang cho UE. Nu cc lnh trn c nhn t P-GW hoc
PCRF th S-GW cng s chuyn tip cc lnh ti MME n c th iu khin

37

cc ng hm ti eNodeB. Tng t, khi MME bt u c yu cu th S-GW s

bo hiu ti mt trong hai P-GW hoc PCRF ty thuc vo S5/S8 c da trn
GTP hoc PMIP tng ng. Nu giao din S5/S8 c da trn PMIP th d liu
trong giao din s c cc lung IP trong mt ng hm GRE truyn ti mi
UE. Khi trong giao din S5/S8 da trn GTP mi phn t mang s c ng
hm ca ring mnh. Do S-GW h tr PMIP S5/S8 c trch nhim lin kt cc
phn t mang, v d : nh x cc lung IP trong giao din S5/S8 vo cc phn t
mang trong giao din S1. Chc nng ny trong S-GW c gi l chc nng lin
kt phn t mang v bo co s kin ( BBERF). Bt k ni m tn hiu phn t
mang bt u, BBERF lun nhn cc thng tin lin kt phn t mang t PCRF.

Hnh 2.5. Cc kt ni S-GW ti cc nt logic khc v cc chc nng chnh

Trong khi di chuyn gia cc eNodeB, S-GW hot ng nh nt cui di ng a
phng. MME s lnh S-GW chuyn sang ng hm t mt eNodeB khc.
MME cng c th yu cu S-GW cung cp ti nguyn ng hm cho d liu
chuyn tip khi c nhu cu cn chuyn d liu t eNodeB ngun ti eNodeB ch
trong thi im UE c chuyn giao v tuyn. Cc tnh hung di chuyn cng bao
gm s thay i t mt S-GW ti mt ci khc, v MME s iu khin s thay i
ny cho ph hp bng cch loi b cc ng hm trong S-GW c v thit lp
chng trong S-GW mi.
i vi tt c cc lun d liu thuc v mt UE trong ch kt ni th S-GW s
chuyn tip d liu gia eNodeB v P-GW. Tuy nhin khi mt UE ch nhn
ri th cc ngun ti nguyn ny trong eNodeB s c gii phng, cc ng dn
d liu c kt thc trong S-GW. Nu S-GW nhn c gi d liu t P-GW th
n s lu cc gi vo b m v yu cu MME bt u nhn tin ti UE. Tin nhn s

38

lm cho UE ti ch ti kt ni, v khi cc ng hm c ti kt ni th cc gi

tin t b m s c gi v. S-GW s theo di d liu trong cc ng hm v n
cng c th thu thp cc d liu cn thit cho vic hch ton v tnh chi ph ca
ngi dng.
Trong hnh 2.5 cho thy S-GW c kt ni ti cc nt logic khc v danh sch
cc chc nng chnh trong cc giao din ny. Tt c cc giao din c cu hnh
theo kiu mt nhiu t S-GW c thy. Mt S-GW c th ch phc v mt khu
vc a l nht nh vi mt tp gii hn cc eNodeB, v t ng t c th c mt tp
gii hn ca cc MME iu khin khu vc . S-GW c th kt ni ti bt k PGW no trong ton b mng li, bi v P-GW s khng thay i trong khi di
chuyn, trong khi S-GW c th c nh v li trong khi UE di chuyn. Vi cc kt
ni c lin quan ti mt UE, S-GW s lun bo hiu vi ch mt MME v cc im
UP ti mt eNodeB ti mt thi im. Nu mt UE c php kt ni ti nhiu cc
PDN thng qua cc P-GW khc nhau , th S-GW cn kt ni ti cc thnh phn
ring bit. Nu giao din S5/S8 l da trn PMIP th S-GW s kt ni ti mt PCRF
cho mi P-GW ring c UE s dng.
Trn hnh cng cho thy trng hp chuyn d liu gin tip ni m d liu UP
c chuyn tip gia cc eNodeB thng qua cc S-GW. Khng c tn giao din c
th lin quan n giao din gia cc S-GW, v nh dng chnh xc ging nh trong
giao din S1-U, v c th cho rng cc S-GW lin quan chng truyn thng trc
tip vi cng mt eNodeB. y s l trng hp khi chuyn tip d liu gin tip
din ra thng qua ch mt S-GW, tc l c hai eNodeB c th c kt ni ti cng
mt S-GW.

2.1.6. Cng mng d liu g i( P-GW)

Cng mng d liu gi ( P-GW, cng th ng c vit tt l PDN-GW) l tuyn
bin gia EPS v cc mng d liu gi bn ngoi. N l nt cui di ng mc cao
nht trong h thng, v n thng hot ng nh l im IP ca cc thit b cho UE.
N thc hin cc chc nng chn lu lng v lc theo yu cu bi cc dch v
c cp. Tng t nh S-GW, cc P-GW c duy tr ti cc phng iu hnh
ti mt v tr trung tm.
in hnh l P-GW cp pht cc a ch IP cho UE, v UE s dng n giao tip
vi cc my ch IP khc trong cc mng bn ngoi. ( v d nh Internet ). N cng
c th l PDN bn ngoi m UE c kt ni cp pht cc a ch l s
dng bi cc UE, cc ng hm P-GW cho tt c l u l ng vo mng . a ch
IP lun c cp pht khi UE yu cu mt kt ni PDN, n s din ra t nht l khi
UE c gn vo mng, v n c th sy ra sau khi c mt kt ni PDN mi. Cc
P-GW thc hin chc nng giao thc cu hnh my ch ng (DHCP) khi cn, hoc

39

truy vn mt my ch DHCP bn ngoi, v cung cp a ch cho UE. Ngoi ra t

cu hnh ng c h tr bi cc tiu chun. Ch IPv4, ch IPv6 hoc c hai, cc
a ch c th c phn b ty theo nhu cu. UE c th bo hiu rng n mun
nhn a ch ngay trong tn hiu kt ni hoc nu n mun thc hin cu hnh a
ch sau khi lp lin kt c kt ni.
P-GW bao gm c PCEF, c ngha l n thc hin cc chc nng chn l u l ng
v lc theo yu cu bi cc chnh sch c thit lp cho UE v cc dch v ni
n, n cng thu thp cc bo co thng tin chi ph lin quan.
Lu lng UP gia P-GW v cc mng bn ngoi d i dng cc gi tin IP thuc
v cc dng dch v IP khc nhau. Nu giao din S5/S8 h ng ti S-GW l da trn
GTP th P-GW thc hin nh x cc dng d liu IP ti cc ng hm GTP, cc PGW thit lp cc phn t mang c bn da trn yu cu qua PCRF hoc t S-GW,
m chuyn tip cc thng tin t MME. Nu giao din S5/S8 l da trn PMIP, PGW s nh x tt c cc lung dch v IP t cc mng bn ngoi thuc v mt UE
ti mt ng hm GRE duy nht, v tt c cc thng tin iu khin ch c trao
i vi PCRF. P-GW cng c chc nng gim st cc lun d liu cho mc ch
hoch ton cng nh cho ngn xen theo lut.
P-GW l im cui di ng mc cao nht trong h thng. Khi mt UE di chuyn
t mt S-GW ti mt ci khc, cc phn t mang phi c chuyn vo P-GW. PGW s nhn c ch dn chuyn cc lung t cc S-GW mi.
Hnh 2.6 cho thy cc kt ni P-GW n xung quanh cc nt logic, v danh
sch cc chc nng chnh trong giao din ny.

Hnh 2.6 P-GW kt ni ti cc node logic khc v cc chc nng chnh

40

Mi P-GW c th c kt ni ti mt hoc nhiu PCRF, S-GW v mng bn

ngoi. i vi mt UE lin kt vi P-GW th ch c duy nht mt S-GW, nh ng c
cc kt ni ti nhiu cc mng bn ngoi v t ng ng c nhiu cc PCRF c th
cn phi c h tr, nu c kt ni ti nhiu cc PDN c h tr thng qua mt
P-GW.

2.1.7. Chc nng chnh sch v tnh c c ti nguyn ( PCRF)

Chc nng chnh sch v tnh cc ti nguyn(PCRF) l phn t mng chu trch
nhim v chnh sch v iu khin tnh cc ( PCC). N to ra cc quyt nh v
cch x l cc dch v v QoS, v cung cp thng tin cho PCEF c t trong PGW, v nu c p dng cho c BBERF c t trong S-GW, cho vic thit
lp cc phn t mang thch hp v vic lp chnh sch. PCRF l mt my ch v
thng c t vi cc phn t CN khc ti cc trung tm iu hnh chuyn mch.
Cc thng tin PCRF cung cp cho PCEF c gi l cc quy tc PCC. PCRF s
gi cc quy tc PCC bt c khi no mt phn t mang mi c thit lp. Thit lp
phn t mang l cn thit, v d khi UE bc u c gn vo mng v phn t
mang mc nh s c thit lp, v sau khi c mt hoc nhiu cc phn t mang
dnh ring c thit lp. PCRF c kh nng cung cp cc quy tc PCC da trn
yu cu, hoc t P-GW v cng nh S-GW trong tng hp PMIP, ging nh trong
trng hp kt ni, v cng da trn yu cu t chc nng ng dng(AF) nm trong
cc dch v tn min. V d, vi IMS v AF s thc y dch v QoS thng tin ti
PCRF, t to ra mt quyt nh PCC v n s y cc quy tc PCC n P-GW,
v mang thng tin nh x ti S-GW trong trng hp S5/S8 l PMIP. Cc phn t
mang EPC sau s c thit lp da trn nhng iu .

Hnh 2.7 PCRF kt ni ti cc nt logic khc & cc chc nng chnh

41

Cc kt ni gia PCRF v cc nt khc c th hin nh trong hnh 2.7, mi

PCRF c th c kt ni vi mt hoc nhiu AF, P-GW v S-GW. Ch c mt
PCRF lin kt vi mi kt ni PDN l mt UE duy nht c.
2.1.8. My ch thu bao thng tr (HSS)
My ch thu bao thng tr (HSS) l kho d liu thu bao cho tt c d liu
ngi dng thng xuyn. N cng ghi li v tr ca ng i s dng mc ca
nt iu khin mng tm tr, chng hn nh MME. N l mt my ch c s d
liu v c duy tr ti cc phng trung tm ca nh iu hnh.
HSS lu tr bn gc ca h s thu bao, trong cha cc thng tin v cc dch
v c p dng i vi ngi s dng, bao gm thng tin v cc kt ni PDN
c cho php, v liu c chuyn ti mt mng tm tr ring c hay khng. HSS
cng lu nhng nhn dng ca cc P-GW c s dng. Kha th ng trc c s
dng tnh ton xc thc v c gi ti mng tm tr xc thc ng i dng v
cc kha pht sinh tip sau m ha v bo v tnh ton vn l c l u tr ti cc
trung tm xc thc(AUC), thng l mt phn ca HSS. Trong tt c cc tn hiu
lin quan ti cc chc nng ny th HSS phi t ng tc vi MME. Cc HSS s cn
phi c kh nng kt ni vi mi MME trong ton b h mng l i, ni m cc UE
ca n c php di chuyn. i vi mi UE, cc h s HSS s ch ti mt MME
phc v ti mt thi im, v ngay sau l bo co v mt MME mi m n phc
v cho UE, HSS s hy b v tr ca MME trc.

2.2. Cc giao din v giao thc trong cu hnh kin trc c bn ca h

thng
Hnh 2.8 cho thy cc giao thc CP lin quan ti kt ni ca UE yi mt PDN.
Cc giao din t mt MME c th hin bi hai phn, phn trn hng u l cc
giao thc hng ti E-UTRAN v UE, v phn di hin th cc giao thc h ng
ti cc cng. Cc giao thc hin th trong nn trng c pht trin bi 3GPP, trong
khi cc giao thc trong nn xm c pht trin trong IETF, v i din cho cc
cng ngh mng tiu chun c s dng cho truyn ti trong EPS. 3GPP ch xc
nh nhng cch c th m cc giao thc ny c s dng.
Lp trn cng trong CP l cc lp khng truy cp (NAS), bao gm c hai giao
thc ring bit c thc hin truyn ti tn hiu trc tip gia UE m MME. Cc
giao thc lp NAS l :
Qun l tnh di ng EPS ( EMM): cc giao thc MME c trch nhim v
iu khin tnh di ng ca UE trong h thng. N bao gm cc chc nng kt ni
vo v tch ra t mng, v thc hin vic cp nht v tr. iu ny c gi l cp
nht khu vc theo di (TAU), v n din ra trong ch nhn di. Ch rng cc

42

chuyn giao trong ch kt ni c x l bi cc giao thc lp thp hn, nh ng

cc lp EMM khng bao gm cc chc nng ti kch hot cc UE t ch nhn
ri.

Hnh 2.8 Ngn xp giao thc mt phng iu khin trong EPS

Qun l phin EPS ( ESM): Giao thc ny c th c s dng iu
khin vic qun l phn t mang gia UE v MME, v n c s dng b sung
cho E-UTRAN trong vic qun l phn t mang. L u rng s khng s dng cc
th tc ESM nu tnh trng ca cc phn t mang l c sn trong mng l i v
quy trnh E-UTRAN c th chy ngay lp tc.
iu khin ti nguyn v tuyn (RRC) : Giao thc ny nhm kim sot
vic s dng ngun ti nguyn v tuyn. N qun l bo hiu ca UE v cc kt
ni d liu, v n cng bao gm cc chc nng chuyn giao.
Giao thc hi t d liu g i ( PDCP) : Cc chc nng chnh ca PDCP l
nn tiu IP (UP), m ha v bo v s ton vn ( ch vi CP).

43

iu khin lin kt v tuyn (RLC) : Giao thc RLC c trch nhim phn
on v ghp ni cc PDCP-PDU truyn cho giao din v tuyn. N cng thc
hin vic sa li vi phng php yu cu truyn li t ng (ARQ).
iu khin truy nhp mi trng (MAC) : Lp MAC c trch nhim lp
k hoch d liu theo cc u tin v ghp knh d liu ti cc khi truyn ti
lp 1. Lp MAC cng cung cp vic sa li vi HARQ.
Lp vt l (PHY) : y l lp 1 ca giao din v tuyn LTE-UU n c cc
chc nng ging nh ca DS-CDMA.
Trong EPC c hai giao thc khc cho giao din S5/S8. Cc giao thc sau
c lin quan khi GTP c s dng trong S5/S8 :
xMt phng iu khin giao thc ng hm GPRS ( GTP-C) : N
qun l cc kt ni UP trong EPC. N bao gm bo hiu QoS v cc thng
s khc. Nu GTP c s dng trong giao din S5/S8 th n cn qun l
cc ng hm GTP-U. GTP-C cng thc hin cc chc nng qun l di
ng trong EPC. Nh vic khi cc ng hm GTP-U ca mt UE cn
phi c chuyn t mt nt ti mt nt khc.
xTruyn ti UDP-IP : giao thc d liu n v ( UDP) v IP c s
dng nh l truyn ti IP cn bn v tiu chun. UDP c s dng thay v
giao thc iu khin truyn dn (TCP) bi v cc lp cao hn c cung
cp s truyn ti tin cy vi c ch khc phc li v truyn li. Cc gi tin
IP trong EPC c th c vn chuyn trn mt lot cc cng ngh lp 1
v lp 2.
Cc giao thc sau c s dng khi S5/S8 da trn PMIP:
xIP di ng y nhim (PMIP) : PMIP l giao thc khc cho giao din
S5/S8. n gi vic qun l tnh di ng, nh ng khng bao gm cc chc
nng nh qun l phn t mang. Tt c cc l u l ng thuc v mt kt ni
ca UE vi mt PDN ring l c x l nh nhau.
xIP : PMIP chy trc tip trn IP, v n c s dng nh l truyn ti
IP tiu chun.
Hnh 2.9 minh ha cu trc giao thc UP cho UE kt ni vi P-GW. UP c
th hin nh trong hnh 2.9 bao gm cc lp ca ng i dng IP cui, tc l cc giao
thc thnh hnh thnh nn lp 2 v c s dng vn chuyn cc gi tin IP n
ngi s dng cui. Cu trc giao thc l t ng t vi CP. iu ny n nh mt
thc t l ton b h thng c thit k vn chuyn d liu gi chung, v c hai
tn hiu CP v d liu UP cui cng u l d liu gi. Ch c kch th c khc
nhau.

44

Hnh 2.9 ngn xp giao thc mt phng ngi dng trong EPC
Hu ht cc giao thc c a ra c nu trn, ngoi tr hai iu sau
c la chn trong b giao thc ca giao din S5/S8:
Mt phng ngi dng giao thc ng hm GPRS ( GTP-U) : GTP-U
c s dng khi S5/S8 l da trn GTP. Dng thc ca GTP-U l ng hm
GTP-U c dng gi cc gi tin ca ng i dng IP cui v mt mang chuyn
EPS. N c s dng trong giao din S1-U v s dng trong S5/S8 nu CP s
dng GTP-C.
ng g i nh tuyn chung ( GRE) : GRE s dng giao din S5/S8 kt hp
vi PMIP. Dng thc ca GRE l mt IP trong ng hm IP vn chuyn tt c
cc d liu thuc v mt kt ni ca UE ti mt PDN c th. GRE l chy trc
tip trn IP v UDP l khng s dng.
Hnh 2.10 minh ha cu trc giao thc giao din X2, m t ng t nh ca giao
din S1. Ch c giao thc ng dng CP l khc nhau.

Hnh 2.10 Cc ngn xp giao thc mt phng iu khin v mt phng ngi dng
cho giao din X2

45

Giao din X2 c s dng trong khi di chuyn gia cc eNodeB, v X2AP bao
gm cc chc nng cho s chun b chuyn giao v duy tr tan b s lin h gia
cc eNodeB ln cn. UP trong giao din X2 c s dng cho chuyn tip d liu
tm thi trong qu trnh chuyn giao, khi cc giao din v tuyn c ngt kt
ni pha ngun v cha kt ni li pha ch. Chuyn tip d liu l c thc
hin cho cc d liu hng xung, khi cc d liu h ng ln c th c iu chnh
hiu qu bi UE.
Bng 2.1 tm tt cc giao thc v giao din trong cu hnh kin trc h thng c
bn.
Giao dinGiao thcc t k thut
LTE-UuCP:RRC/PDCP/RLC/MAC/PHY36.300 [6]
UP: PDCP/RLC/MAC/PHY
X2CP: X2AP/SCTP/IP36.423 [7]
UP: GTP-U/UDP/IP29.274 [8]
S1-MMES1AP/SCTP/UDP/IP36.413 [9]
S1-UGTP-U/UDP/IP29.274 [8]
S10GTP-C/UDP/IP29.274 [8]
S11GTP-C/UDP/IP29.274 [8]
S5/S8 (GTP)GTP/UDP/IP29.274 [8]
S5/S8 (PMIP)CP: PMIP/IP29.275 [10]
UP: GRE/IP
SGiIP (also Diameter & Radius)29.061 [11]
S6aDiameter/SCTP/IP29.272 [12]
GxDiameter/SCTP/IP29.212 [13]
GxcDiameter/SCTP/IP29.212 [13]
RxDiameter/SCTP/IP29.214 [14]
UE-MMEEMM, ESM24.301 [15]
Bng 2.1 Cc giao thc v giao din LTE

2.3. QoS v kin trc dch v mang chuyn

Cc ng dng nh void IP , duyt WEB , thoi video v to lung video (video
treaming) c nhu cu QoS c bit. Do mt c im quan trng ca bt k
mng ton gi no l cung cp mt c ch QoS cho php phn bit cc dng gi tin
da trn nhu cu QoS. Trong EPS, dng QoS c gi l mang chuyn EPS c
thit lp gia UE v P-GW.

46

Hnh 2.11 Kin trc dch v mang truyn EPS

Mt phn t mang v tuyn vn chuyn cc gi tin ca mt mang chuyn EPS
gia mt UE v mt eNB. Mi dng IP ( v d void IP ) c kt hp vi mt mang
chuyn EPS khc nhau v cc mng c th u tin l u l ng cho ph hp. Khi nhn
mt gi tin IP t internet , P-GW thc hin phn loi gi da trn cc thng s nht
nh bit v gi n mt mang chuyn EPS thch hp. Cn c vo mang chuyn
EPS , eNB nh x cc gi tin ti phn t mang v tuyn c QoS thch hp. C mt
s nh x mt mt gia mt mang chuyn EPS v mt phn t mang v tuyn.

2.4. Giao thc trng thi v chuyn tip trng thi

Trong h thng LTE , iu khin ti nguyn v tuyn (RRC) c 2 ch l ch
RRC rnh di v ch RRC kt ni c m t nh trong hnh 2.12. Mt UE
chuyn t trng thi RRC rnh di ti trng thi RRC kt ni khi mt kt ni RRC
c thit lp thnh cng. Mt UE c th chuyn t trng thi RRC kt ni ti trng
thi RRC rnh di bng cch gii phng kt ni RRC. trng thi RRC rnh di ,
UE c th nhn cc d liu pht qung b / pht a im , gim st mt knh tm
gi pht hin cc cuc gi n, thc hin cc php o ln cn, la chn / la
chn li v thu c cc thng tin v h thng. Hn na, trong trng thi RRC
rnh di, mi UE c chu k DRX ( thu khng lin tc) ring c th c cu hnh
bi cc lp pha trn cho php tit kim in nng cho UE. Ngoi ra , tnh di
ng c iu khin bi UE trong trng thi RRC rnh ri.

47

Hnh 2.12. Trng thi ca UE v chuyn tip trng thi

Trong ch RRC kt ni, vic truyn d liu n h ng ti / t UE v truyn
d liu pht qung b / a im ti UE c th din ra. Ti cc lp thp hn ,UE c
th c cu hnh vi mt UE c th DRX / DTX ( truyn dn gin on ). Hn
na, cc knh iu khin gim st UE c lin kt vi knh d liu dng chung
xc nh d liu v lp biu cho n, cung cp knh thng tin phn hi v cht
lng, thc hin cc php o ln cn, bo co o c v thu nhn cc thng tin h
thng. Khc vi trng thi RRC rnh di tnh di ng c iu khin bi mng
trng thi ny.

2.5. H tr tnh di ng lin tc

Mt c im quan trng ca mt h thng khng dy di ng nh LTE l h tr
tnh di ng lin tc gia cc eNB v gia cc MME/GW. Chuyn giao nhanh
chng v lin tc (HO) l c bit quan trng vi cc dch v nhy cm vi tr nh
VoIP. Vic chuyn giao sy ra thng xuyn hn gia cc eNB hn l gia cc
mng li bi v khu vc c bao ph bi MME/GW phc v mt s l ng ln cc
eNB v thng ln hn nhiu so vi cc khu vc c bao ph bi mt eNB n.
Tn hiu trn giao din X2 gia cc eNB c s dng chun b chuyn giao. SGW hot ng nh nt cui cho cho chuyn giao gia cc eNB.
Trong h thng LTE, mng da vo UE pht hin cc ln cn chuyn
giao v do khng c thng tin ln cn no l tn hiu t mng. i vi tm
kim v o c tn s gia cc ln cn, ch c cc tn s sng mang l cn c
ch ra. Mt v d v chuyn giao hot ng trong trng thi RRC kt ni c th
hin trong hnh 2.13, ni mt UE di chuyn t vng ph sng ca eNB ngun
(eNB1) vo vng ph sng ca eNB ch (eNB2). Vic chuyn giao trong trng
thi RRC kt ni c mng iu khin v c h tr bi cc UE. UE gi mt bo
co v o lng v tuyn ti ngun eNB1 v ch ra rng cht l ng tn hiu vo
eNB2 l tt hn so vi eNB1. Khi chun b chuyn giao, ngun eNB1 s gi cc
thng tin ghp ni v hon cnh ca UE ti eNB2 ch ( HO yu cu ) vo giao din
X2. ch eNB2 c th thc hin iu khin nhp vo ph thuc vo cc thng tin
QoS mang EPS nhn. eNB ch s cu hnh ti nguyn cn thit theo thng tin
QoS nhn v d tr mt C-RNTI ( nhn dng tm thi mng v tuyn ) v ty

48

chn m u mt RACH. C-RNTI cung cp mt s nht bit UE duy nht cp

nhn din kt ni RRC. Khi eNB2 pht tn hiu ti eNB1 bo rng n sn sng
thc hin chuyn giao thng qua bn tin phn hi HO, eNB1 lnh cho UE (lnh HO
) thay i phn t mang v tuyn ti eNB2. UE nhn lnh HO vi cc thng s cn
thit v c iu khin bi cc eNB ngun thc hin cc lnh HO. UE khng
cn tr khi thc hin chuyn giao vi vic cung cp cc phn hi HARQ/ARQ ti
eNB ngun.

Hnh 2.13. Hot ng chuyn giao

Sau khi nhn lnh HO, UE thc hin ng b vi eNB ch v truy nhp ch
thng qua knh truy nhp ngu nhin ( RACH) sau mt th tc tranh chp-t do nu
mt phn m u RACH dnh ring c phn b trong cc lnh HO hoc sau mt
th tc tranh chp c bn nu khng c phn m u ginh ring no c cp
pht. Mng s tr li vi vic cp pht ti nguyn ng ln v s nh thi tr c
c t vo bi UE. Khi UE truy nhp thnh cng vo ch, UE gi bn tin
xc nhn HO (C-RNTI) cng vi bo co tnh trng b m ng ln cho bit th
tc chuyn giao hon thnh vi UE. Sau khi nhn bn tin xc nhn HO, eNB

49

ch gi mt thng ip chuyn i ng dn ti MME thng bo rng UE

thay i . MME gi mt thng ip cp nht mt phng ng i dng ti S-GW. SGW s chuyn ng dn d liu ng xung ti eNB ch v s gi mt hoc
nhiu gi du hiu kt thc trn ng dn c ti eNB ngun v sau gii
phng mi ti nguyn mt phng ngi dng / TNL vi eNB ngun. Sau S-GW
gi mt thng bo hi p cp nht mt phng ng i dng ti MME. Sau MME
xc nhn thng bo chuyn i ng dn t eNB ch vi thng bo phn hi
chuyn i ng dn. Sau khi thng bo phn hi chuyn i ng dn c
nhn t MME, eNB ch thng bo thnh cng HO ti eNB ngun bng cch gi
thng bo gii phng ti nguyn ti eNB ngun v kch hot gii phng ti nguyn.
Nhn c thng bo gii phng ti nguyn, eNB ngun c th gii phng ti
nguyn v tuyn v ti nguyn lin quan ti mt phng iu khin c kt hp vi
hon cnh ca UE.
Trong khi chun b chuyn giao th cc ng hm mt phng ng i dng c th
c thit lp gia eNB ngun v eNB ch. Mt ng hm c thit lp
truyn d liu hng ln v mt ci khc truyn d liu h ng xung cho mi
mang chuyn EPS m d liu chuyn tip c t vo. Trong khi thc hin chuyn
giao, d liu ngi dng c th c chuyn t eNB ngun ti eNB ch.

Hnh 2.14. Khu vc theo di cp nht cho UE trng thi RRC rnh ri
i vi vic qun l tnh di ng trong trng thi RRC rnh di, khi nim khu
vc theo di (TA) c a ra. Mt khu vc theo di th ng bao gm nhiu eNB

50

nh c miu t trong hnh 2.14. Nhn dng khu vc theo di (TAI) cho bit
thng tin m mt eNB thuc v TA v c pht qung b nh l mt phn ca h
thng thng tin. Mt UE c th pht hin c s thay i ca khu vc theo di khi
n nhn c mt TAI khc so vi trong hin ti. Cc UE cp nht MME cng
vi thng tin TA mi ca n khi n di chuyn qua TA khc. Khi P-GW nhn d
liu ca mt UE, n lu cc gi vo b m v hi MME v v tr ca UE. Sau
MME s nhn tin ti UE trong hu ht cc TA hin ti ca n. Mt UE c th c
ng k ng thi nhiu TA. iu ny cho php tit kim nng l ng cho cc UE
trong iu kin c ng cao bi v n khng cn lin tc cp nht v tr ca n vi
cc MME. Tnh nng ny cng gim thiu ti trn bin ca TA.

2.6. Kin trc h thng pht qung b a im

Trong h thng LTE, MBMS s dng hoc truyn n hoc truyn a .
Trong truyn n , MBMS ch c truyn trong phm vi mt c th v do
truyn dn MBMS t nhiu l khng c h tr. Truyn dn MBMS n c
thc hin trn DL-SCH v do s dng kin trc mng ging nh l u l ng
truyn n hng. Cc MTCH v MCCH c nh x vo DL-SCH cho truyn
dn im-a im v s lp biu c thc hin bi cc eNB. Cc UE c th c
cp pht knh phn hi ng ln dnh ring ging vi ng i dng trong truyn
n hng, n cho php HARQ ACK/NACK v phn hi CQI.
Vic truyn li HARQ c thc hin bng cch s dng mt nhm ( dch v c
th ) RNTI ( nhn dng tm thi mng v tuyn ) kt hp vi truyn MTCH gc.
Tt c cc UE nhn c MBMS c th nhn c truyn li v kt hp vi bn
gc c truyn i cp HARQ. Cc UE c cp pht mt knh thng tin phn
hi dnh ring cho ng ln khi ang trong trng thi RRC kt ni. trnh
vic truyn MBMS khng cn thit trn MTCH trong mt m khng c ng i s
dng MBMS, mng c th pht hin s c mt ca ng i s dng quan tm ti dch
v MBMS bi s hi vng hoc thng qua s yu cu dch v t UE. Vic truyn
pht a gip pht trin cc dch v truyn thng a ph ng tin ( eMBMS) c
thc hin bng cch truyn sng ging nhau cng mt lc t nhiu mng. Trong
trng hp ny, MTCH v MCCH c nh x vo MCH cho truyn im a
im. Hnh thc truyn a ny c gi l mng n tn s pht qung b a
im (MBSFN). Truyn mt MBSFN t nhiu trong mt khu vc MBSFN c
xem nh l truyn n l ca UE. Mt khu vc MBSFN bao gm mt nhm cc
trong mt khu vc MBSFN ng b ca mt mng c phi hp truyn
MBSFN. Mt khu vc MBSFN ng b c nh ngha l mt khu vc ca mng
trong tt c cc eNB u c th c ng b v thc hin truyn MBSFN. Mt
khu vc dch v MBMS c th gm nhiu khu vc MBSFN. Mt trong mt khu

51

vc ng b MBSFN c th hnh thnh mt phn ca nhiu SFN mi khu vc c

c trng bi ni dung khc nhau v tp hp cc mng tham gia. Mt v d v
khu vc dch v MBMS gm 2 khu vc MBSFN , khu vc A v khu vc B c
m t nh hnh 2.15

Hnh 2.15. Khu vc dch v eMBMS v cc khu vc MBSFN

Khu vc MBSFNA bao gm cc t A1 ti A5 , AB1 v AB2. Khu vc
MBSFNB bao gm cc t B1 ti B5, AB1 v AB2. Cc AB1 v AB2 l mt
phn ca c 2 khu vc MBSFN A v B. B5 l mt phn ca khu vc B nh ng
khng gp phn vo truyn MBSFN. Mt c gi l khu vc dnh ring
MBSFN. khu vc dnh ring MBSFN c th c php truyn ti cc dch v
khc ngun ti nguyn phn b cho cc MBSFN nh ng vi kh nng hn ch. Khu
vc ng b MBSFN, khu vc MBSFN v cc dnh ring c th c cu hnh
bn tnh bi O & M.
Kin trc MBMS cho truyn dn a c m t trong hnh 2.16. phn t phi
hp pht a im a ( MCE) l mt phn t logic, c ngha l n cng c th l
mt phn ca mt b phn ca mng nh eNB. MCE thc hin cc chc nng nh
phn b ngun ti nguyn v tuyn c s dng bi tt c cc eNB trong khu vc
MBSFN cng nh xc nh cu hnh v tuyn bao gm s iu ch v m ha.

52

Cc MBMS GW cng l mt phn t logic m chc nng chnh l gi / pht qung

b cc gi MBMS vi giao thc SYNC ti mi eNB truyn dch v. MBMS GW
ch lp DPCP ca mt phng ngi dng v pht a im s dng IP cho vic
chuyn tip d liu ngi dng MBMS ti eNB.

Hnh 2.16 Kin trc logic eMBMS

Cc eNB c kt ni vi eMBMS GW thng qua mt giao din mt phng
ngi dng thun ty M1. M1 l mt giao din mt phng ng i dng thun ty, n
khng c phn ng dng mt phng iu khin c nh ngha cho giao din ny.
Hai giao din mt phng iu khin M2 v M3 c xc nh. Phn ng dng trn
giao din M2 vn chuyn d liu cu hnh v tuyn cho cc eNB c ch truyn
dn a . Phn ng dng trn giao din M3 gia MBMS GW v MCE thc hin
vic iu khin phin MBMS truyn tn hiu ln cp mang chuyn EPS trong
bao gm cc th tc nh bt u phin v dng li.
Mt yu cu quan trng i vi truyn ti cc dch v MBMS a l vic ng
b ni dung MBMS cho php hot ng MBSFN. Kin trc mt phng ng i
dng eMBMS cho ng b ni dung c th hin nh trong hnh 2.17.

53

Hnh 2.17 Kin trc mt phng ngi dng eMBMS cho ng b ni dung
Lp giao thc SYNC c nh ngha da trn lp mng vn chuyn (TNL)
h tr c ch ng b ha ni dung. Giao thc SYNC mang thng tin b sung cho
php cc eNB xc nh thi im cho truyn khung v tuyn cng nh pht hin
mt gi. Cc eNB tham gia truyn MBMS a c yu cu phi tun theo c ch
ng b ha ni dung. Cc eNB ch truyn theo dch v n th khng bt buc
phi tun theo cc yu cu thi gian nghim ngt c ch nh bi giao thc
SYNC. Trong trng hp PDCP c s dng nn tiu , n nm trong
eMBMS GW.
Cc UE thu c MTCH truyn v tham gia vo t nht mt k hoch phn hi
MBMS cn phi c t trong mt trng thi RRC kt ni. Mt khc, cc UE nhn
MTCH truyn m khng tham gia vo mt c ch phn hi MBMS c th mt
trong hai ch RRC rnh di hoc RRC kt ni. nhn c truyn n ca
MTCH, mt UE c th cn phi ch RRC kt ni. Tn hiu m kch hot UE
chuyn sang ch RRC kt ni ch dnh cho mc ch thu nhn n c mang
trn MCCH.

54

CHNG 3 - TRUY NHP V TUYN TRONG LTE

3.1. Cc ch truy nhp v tuyn
Giao din khng gian LTE h tr c hai ch l song cng phn chia theo tn
s ( FDD) v song cng phn chia theo thi gian ( TDD), mi ch c mt cu
trc khung ring. Ch bn song cng FDD cho php chia s phn cng gia
ng ln v ng xung v ng ln v ng xung khng bao gi s dng
ng thi. K thut ny c s dng trong mt s di tn v cng cho php tit
kim chi ph trong khi gim mt na kh nng truyn d liu.
Giao din khng gian LTE cng h tr pht a ph ng tin v cc dch v pht
qung b a im (MBMS). Mt cng ngh tng i mi cho ni dung pht sng
nh truyn hnh k thut s ti UE bng cch s dng cc kt ni im- a im.
Cc thng s k thut 3GPP cho MBMS u tin c xut hin trong UMTS phin
bn 6. LTE xc nh l mt cp cao hn dch v MBMS pht trin (eMBMS), m
n s hot ng qua mt mng n tn s pht qung b / a im(MBSFN), bng
cch s dng mt dng sng ng b thi gian chung m c th truyn ti a
trong mt khong thi gian nht nh. MBSFN cho php kt hp qua v tuyn ca
truyn a ti UE, s dng tin t vng (CP) bo v cc s sai khc do tr khi
truyn ti, cc UE truyn ti nh l t mt t bo ln duy nht. Cng ngh ny
gip cho LTE c hiu sut cao cho truyn ti MBMS. Cc dch v eMBMS s c
xc nh y trong thng s k thut ca 3GPP phin bn 9.

3.2. Bng tn truyn dn

LTE phi h tr th trng khng dy quc t , cc quy nh v ph tn trong khu
vc v ph tn sn c. t c iu ny cc thng s k thut bao gm bng
thng knh bin i c th la chn t 1,4 ti 20MHz. Vi khong cch gia cc
sng mang con l 15kHz. Nu eMBMS mi c s dng , cng c th khong
cch gia cc sng mang con l 7,5kHz. Khong cch gia cc sng mang con l
mt hng s v n khng ph thuc vo bng thng ca knh. 3GPP xc nh
giao din v tuyn ca LTE l bng thng khng th bit, n cho php giao din v
tuyn thch ng vi bng thng knh khc nhau vi nh h ng nh nht vo hot
ng ca h thng.
Gi tr nh nht ca ti nguyn c th c phn b ng ln v ng xung
c gi l mt khi ti nguyn (RB). Mt RB c rng l 180kHz v ko di
trong mt khe thi gian l 0,5ms. Vi LTE tiu chun th mt RB bao gm 12 sng
mang con vi khong cch gia cc sng mang con l 15kHz, v cho eMBMS vi
ty chn khong cch gia cc sng mang con l 7,5kHz v mt RB gm 24 sng
mang con cho 0,5ms.

55

3.3. Cc bng tn c h tr
Cc thng s k thut ca LTE l c tha h ng tt c cc bng tn xc nh
cho UMTS, l mt danh sch m vn tip tc c pht trin thm. Ti thi
im hin nay c ng k c 15 bng tn FDD v 8 bng tn TDD ang c
khai thc. Quan trng l s chng cho gia mt vi bng tn ang tn ti, nh ng
iu ny khng cn thit phi n gin ha cc thit k t khi c th c cc yu cu
v hiu sut bng tn c th da trn cc nhu cu ca khu vc. khng c s nht tr
no v vic bng tn LTE u tin s c trin khai , v cu tr li ny ph thuc
nhiu vo cc bin i ca tng vng. S thiu ng thun ny n dn ti mt s
phc tp ng k cho cc nh sn xut thit b, tri ng c vi s khi u ca GSM
v WCDMA, c hai u c xc nh vi ch mt bng tn. Cc bng tn vn
hnh cho E-UTRAN c ch ra trong bng 3.1.

Bng tn vn hnh
E-UTRAN

Bng tn vn hnh
ng ln (UL) ;
BS thu , UE pht

FUL _ low FUL _ high

-

Bng tn vn hnh
ng xung (DL);
BS pht , UE thu

Ch song
cng

FDL _ low x FDL _ high

1920 - 1980 MHz

2110 2170 MHz

FDD

1850 - 1910 MHz

1930 1990 MHz

FDD

1710 1785 MHz

1805 1880 MHz

FDD

1710 1755 MHz

2110 2155 MHz

FDD

824 849 MHz

869 894 MHz

FDD

830 840 MHz

875 885 MHz

FDD

2500 2570 MHz

2620 2690 MHz

FDD

880 915 MHz

925 960 MHz

FDD

1749,9-1784,9MHz

1844,9-1879,9MHz

FDD

10

1710 1770 MHz

2110 2170 MHz

FDD

11

1427,9-1452,9 MHz

1475,9-1500,9 MHz

FDD

12

698 716 MHz

728 746 MHz

FDD

13

777 787 MHz

746 756 MHz

FDD

56

788 798 MHz

758 768 MHz

FDD

704 716 MHz

734 746 MHz

FDD

33

1900 1920 MHz

1900 1920 MHz

TDD

34

2010 2025 MHz

2010 2025 MHz

TDD

35

1850 1910 MHz

1850 1910 MHz

TDD

36

1830 1990 MHz

1830 1990 MHz

TDD

37

1910 1930 MHz

1910 1930 MHz

TDD

38

2570 2620 MHz

2570 2620 MHz

TDD

39

1880 1920 MHz

1880 1920 MHz

TDD

40

2300 2400 MHz

2300 2400 MHz

TDD

14

17

Bng 3.1 Cc bng tn vn hnh E-UTRAN ( TS 36.101 )

3.4. K thut a truy nhp cho ng xung OFDMA

3.4.1. OFDM
K hoch truyn dn ng xung cho E-UTRAN ch FDD v TDD l c
da trn OFDM truyn thng. Trong h thng OFDM, ph tn c sn c chia
thnh nhiu sng mang, c gi l cc sng mang con. Mi sng mang con c
iu ch c lp bi mt dng d liu tc thp. OFDM cng c s dng trong
WLAN, WIMAX v cc cng ngh truyn qung b nh DVB. OFDM c mt s
li ch nh bn ca n vi phaing a ng v kin trc thu nhn hiu qu ca
n. Hnh 3.1 cho thy mt minh ha ca mt tn hiu OFDM. Trong hnh ny mt
tn hiu vi bng thng 5MHz c biu th, nh ng nguyn tc l t ng t nh cho
cc bng thng E-UTRAN khc. Cc k hiu d liu c iu ch mt cch c
lp v c truyn qua mt s lng ln ca cc sng mang con trc giao t gn
nhau. Trong E-UTRAN cc phng n iu ch cho ng xung QPSK, 16 QAM
v 64QAM l sn c.

57

Hnh 3.1 Biu din tn s-thi gian ca mt tn hiu OFDM

Trong min thi gian, mt khong bo v c th c thm vo mi k hiu
chng li nhiu lin k hiu OFDM do knh lan truyn tr. Trong E-UTRAN, cc
khong bo v l mt tin t vng m c chn vo tr c mi k hiu OFDM.
Trong thc t, tn hiu OFDM c th c to ra bng cch s dng IFFT ( bin i
Fourier nhanh nghch o ). IFFT chuyn i s l ng N cc k hiu d liu phc
c s dng nh cc phu bin i tn hiu min tn s sang tn hiu min thi
gian. N im IFFT c minh ha nh trong hnh 3.2, ni m c a(mN+n) tham
chiu ti k hiu d liu iu ch sng mang con th n, trong khong thi gian
mTU x t x (m x 1)TU
.

Hnh 3.2 S to ra k hiu OFDM c ch s dng IFFT

Vector Sm c xc nh l k hiu OFDM c ch. N l s chng cht v mt
thi gian ca N cc sng mang con c iu ch bng hp. V vy, t mt dng
song song ca N ngun d liu, mi ngun c iu ch mt cch c lp, mt
dng sng bao gm N cc sng mang con trc giao c hnh thnh.
Hnh 3.3 minh ha s nh x t mt lung ni tip cc k hiu QAM n N cc
lung song song, s dng nh l phiu min tn s cho IFFT. N im cc khi min

58

thi gian thu c t IFFT sau c xp theo th t to ra mt tn hiu min

thi gian. iu ny khng c biu din trong hnh 3.3, n l mt qu trnh chn
vo tin t vng.

Hnh 3.3 S to ra chui tn hiu OFDM

Tri ngc vi phng thc truyn OFDM, OFDMA cho php truy nhp ca
nhiu ngi s dng trn bng thng sn c.

Hnh 3.4 Cp pht sng mang con cho OFDM & OFDMA
Mi ngi s dng c n nh mt ti nguyn thi gian-tn s c th. Nh
mt nguyn tc c bn ca E-UTRAN, cc knh d liu l cc knh chia s. v d,
i vi mi khong thi gian truyn ca 1ms, mt quyt nh lch biu mi c
ly v trong ngi s dng c gn vi cc ngun ti nguyn thi gian / tn s
trong sut khong thi gian truyn ti.

3.4.2. Cc tham s OFDMA

C hai loi cu trc khung c nh ngha cho E-UTRAN: cu trc khung loi 1
cho ch FDD, cu trc khung loi 2 cho ch TDD.
i vi kiu cu trc khung loi 1, khung v tuyn 10ms c chia thnh 20 khe
c kch thc nh nhau l 0,5ms. Mt khung con bao gm c 2 khe lin tip, nn
mt khung v tuyn cha 10 khung con. iu ny c minh ha nh trong hnh
3.5 ( Ts l th hin ca n v thi gian c bn t ng ng vi 30,72MHz).

59

Hnh 3.5 Cu trc khung loi 1

i vi cu trc khung loi 2, khung v tuyn 10ms bao gm hai na-khung vi
mi na chiu di 5ms. Mi na-khung c chia thnh 5 khung con vi mi khung
con 1ms, nh c th hin trong hnh 3.6.

Hnh 3.6 Cu trc khung loi 2

Tt c cc khung con m khng phi l khung con c bit c nh ngha l hai
khe c chiu di 0,5ms cho mi khung con. Cc khung con c bit bao gm c ba
trng l DwPTS ( khe thi gian dn hng ng xung ), GP (khong bo v) v
UpPTS ( khe thi gian dn hng ng ln ). Cc tr ng ny c bit n t
TD-SCDMA v c duy tr trong LTE TDD. DwPTS, GP v UpPTS c chiu di
cu hnh ring v chiu di tng cng l 1ms.
Hnh 3.7 th hin cu trc ca li ti nguyn ng xung cho c FDD v TDD.

60

Hnh 3.7 li ti nguyn ng xung

Cc sng mang con trong LTE c mt khong cch c nh f = 15kHz trong min
tn s, 12 sng mang con hnh thnh mt khi ti nguyn. Kch th c khi ti
nguyn l nh nhau vi tt c cc bng thng. S l ng cc khi ti nguyn ng vi
bng thng c lit k nh trong bng 3.2.
Bng thng
knh ( MHz)
1,435101520
S lng
cc khi ti
nguyn

15

25

50

75

Bng 3.2 s lng cc khi ti nguyn cho bng thng LTE khc nhau
(FDD&TDD)
Vi mi k hiu OFDM, mt tin t vng (CP) c ni thm nh l khong thi
gian bo v, so snh vi hnh 1. Mt khe ng xung bao gm 6 hoc 7 k hiu
OFDM, iu ny ty thuc vo tin t vng c cu hnh l m rng hay bnh
thng. Tin t vng di c th bao ph cc kch th c ln hn vi s lan truyn
tr cao hn ca cc knh v tuyn. Cc chiu di tin t vng c ly mu ( n v
o bng s ) v c tm tt trong bng 3.3.

100

61

Cu hnh

Kch thc
khi ti
nguyn
RB

Tin t vng
bnh thng
xf = 15kHz

S lng cc
k hiu
N Symbol

DL

Chiu di tin
t vng trong
cc mu

Chiu di
tin t vng
s

N SC

12

160 cho k hiu 5,2s cho k

u tinhiu u tin.
4,7s cho cc
144 cho cc k k hiu khc.
hiu khc

Tin t vng
m rng12651216,7s
xf = 15kHz
Bng 3.3 Tham s cu trc khung ng xung ( FDD & TDD )
3.4.3. Truyn dn d liu hng xung
D liu c cp pht ti UE theo cc khi ti nguyn, v d , mt UE c th
c cp pht cc bi s nguyn ca mt khi ti nguyn trong min tn s. Cc
khi ti nguyn khng cn phi lin k vi nhau. Trong min thi gian, quyt nh
lp biu c th b bin i trong mi khong thi gian truyn ca 1ms. Quyt nh
lp biu c thc hin trong cc trm gc (eNodeB). Cc thut ton lp biu c
tnh n tnh trng cht lng lin kt v tuyn ca nhng ng i s dng khc
nhau, tnh trng can nhiu tng th, cht l ng ca cc dch v yu cu, cc dch v
u tin, ..v.v. Hnh 3.8 cho thy mt v d cho vic cp pht d liu ng i dng
hng xung cho nhng ngi s dng khc nhau ( gi s c 6 UE ).
D liu ngi dng c mang trn knh chia s ng xung vt l ( PDSCH).

Hnh 3.8 Ghp knh thi gian tn s OFDMA

62

V nguyn tc trong mi h thng OFDMA l s dng bng hp, cc sng mang

con trc giao vi nhau. Trong LTE khong cch sng mang con l 15kHz bt k
bng thng h thng l bao nhiu. Cc sng mang con khc nhau l trc giao vi
nhau. My pht ca mt h thng OFDMA s dng khi IFFT to ra tn hiu. d
liu ngun c cung cp ti b chuyn i ni tip- song song v sau tip tc
vo khi IFFT. Mi u vo ca khi IFFT t ng ng l biu din u vo cho mt
sng mang con ring (hoc thnh phn tn s c th ca tn hiu min thi gian )v
c th c iu ch c lp vi cc sng mang con khc. Tip sau khi IFFT l
c thm vo tin t vng m rng, nh th hin trong hnh 3.9.

Hnh 3.9 Pht v thu OFDMA

Mc ch ca vic thm tin t vng m rng l trnh c nhiu lin k t.
khi my pht thm vo mt tin t vng m rng di hn so vi p ng xung knh
th s nh hng ca k hiu trc y c th c loi b bng cch b qua ( g
b ) tin t vng m rng pha thu. Mt s in hnh ca gii php thu l cn bng
min tn s, trong v c bn l s tc ng tr li knh vi mi sng mang con.
B cn bng min tn s trong OFDMA ch n gin l nhn mi sng mang con(
vi php nhn gi tr phc tp ) da trn p ng tn s knh c tnh ( iu
chnh bin v pha ca mi sng mang con bit ) ca knh.
Cc knh iu khin hng xung
x Knh iu khin ng xung vt l (PDCCH) : n phc v cho
nhiu mc ch. Ch yu n c s dng chuyn cc quyt nh lp lch
biu ti cc UE ring l, tc l n c nhim v lp lch biu cho h ng ln
v hng xung. PDCCH c t trong k hiu OFDM u tin ca mt

63

khung con. i vi cu trc khung loi 2, PDCCH cng c th c nh x

vo 2 k hiu OFDM u tin ca trng DwPTS.
x Mt knh ch th dng iu khin vt l (PCFICH) c mang trn
cc phn t ti nguyn c trng trong k hiu OFDM u tin ca khung
con c s dng ch ra s lng cc k hiu OFDM cho PDCCH ( c
th l 1, 2, 3, hoc 4 k hiu ). PCFICH l cn thit bi v ti trn PDCCH c
th khc nhau, ty thuc vo s lng ng i s dng trong mt v cc
dng tn hiu c truyn trn PDCCH.
x Thng tin c mang trn PDCCH c gi l thng tin iu khin
ng xung ( DCI). Ty thuc vo mc ch ca cc thng ip iu khin,
cc dng khc nhau ca DCI s c xc nh.

3.5. K thut a truy nhp ng ln LTE SC-FDMA

Vic truyn OFDMA phi chu mt t l cng sut nh-n-trung bnh (PAPR)
cao, iu ny c th dn n nhng h qu tiu cc i vi vic thit k mt b pht
sng nhng trong UE. l, khi truyn d liu t UE n mng, cn c mt b
khuch i cng sut nng tn hiu n ln mt mc cao mng thu c.
B khuch i cng sut l mt trong nhng thnh phn tiu th nng l ng ln
nht trong mt thit b, v v th nn hiu qu cng sut cng cao cng tt lm
tng tui th pin ca my. 3GPP tm mt phng n truyn dn khc cho h ng
ln LTE. SC-FDMA c chn bi v n kt hp cc k thut vi PAPR thp ca
cc h thng truyn dn n sng mang, nh GSM v CDMA, vi kh nng chng
c a ng v cp pht tn s linh hot ca OFDMA.

3.5.1. SC-FDMA
Trong hng ng ln 3GPP s dng SC-FDMA ( a truy nhp phn chia tn
s n sng mang ) cho a truy nhp hp l cho c hai ch vn hnh FDD v
TDD kt hp vi tin t vng. Cc tn hiu SC-FDMA c c tnh PAPR tt hn so
vi tn hiu OFDMA. y l mt trong nhng l do chnh chn SC-FDMA l
phng thc truy nhp ng ln LTE. Cc c im PAPR l quan trng cho k
hoch hiu qu v gi thnh ca cc b khuych i cng sut UE. Tuy nhin,
vic s l tn hiu SC-FDMA c mt s im t ng ng vi vic x l tn hiu
OFDMA, do cc tham s ca ng xung v ng ln c th c cn i.
C nhiu cch khc nhau to ra mt tn hiu SC-FDMA. DFT-tri-OFDM (
DFT-S-OFDM) c la chn cho E-UTRAN. Nguyn tc c minh ha trong
hnh 3.10.

64

Hnh 3.10 S khi DFT-S-OFDM

Vi DFT-S-OFDM, mt DFT kch thc M trc tin c p dng ti mt khi
cc k hiu iu ch M. QPSK,16QAM v 64QAM c s dng nh l cc
phng n iu ch ng ln E-UTRAN, sau ny c ty chn cho UE. DFT
bin i cc k hiu iu ch vo min tn s. Kt qu c nh x vo cc sng
mang con c sn. Trong ng ln E-UTRAN, ch c truyn dn tp trung trn cc
sng mang con lin tip l c cho php. N im IFFT ni m N->M sau c
thc hin nh trong OFDM, tip l thm tin t vng v chuyn i song song
thnh ni tip.
S x l DFT l s khc bit c bn gia vic to tn hiu SC-FDMA v
OFDMA. iu ny c th hin bng thut ng DFT-tri-OFDM. Trong mt tn
hiu SC-FDMA, mi sng mang con c s dng cho vic truyn dn thng tin
bao gm tt c cc k hiu iu ch c truyn, k t khi dng d liu u vo
c lan truyn bi s bin i DFT qua cc sng mang con sn c. Tri ng c vi
iu ny, mi sng mang con trong mt tn hiu OFDMA ch mang thng tin lin
quan ti cc k hiu iu ch c th.

3.5.2. Cc tham s SC-FDMA

Cu trc ng ln LTE cng tng t nh ng xung. trong cu trc khung
loi 1, mt khung v tuyn ng ln bao gm 20 khe vi mi khe c chiu di
0,5ms, v mt khung con c hai khe. Cu trc khe ng th hin nh trong hnh
3.11.

65

Hnh 3.11 Li ti nguyn ng ln

Trong cu trc khung loi 2 bao gm mi khung con, nh ng mt hoc hai trong
s l khung c bit. chng bao gm cc tr ng DwPTS, GP v UpPTS, nh
hnh 3.6.
Mi khe mang 7 k hiu SC-FDMA trong trng hp cu hnh tin t vng thng
thng, v 6 k hiu SC-FDMA trong trng hp cu hnh tin t vng m rng.
K hiu SC-FDMA s 3 ( k hiu th 4 trong mt khe ) mang tn hiu chun cho
vic gii iu ch knh.
Bng 3.4 hin th cc thng s cu hnh tng quan .
Cu hnhS cc k di tin t vng di tin t vng
hiutrong cc mu thtrong s

UL

Tin t vng
thng thng
f=15kHz

N symbol

160 cho k hiu u

tin
144 cho cc k hiu
khc
512

5,2s cho k hiu u

tin
4,7s cho cc k hiu
khc
16,7s

Tin t vng6
m rng
f=15kHz
Bng 3.4 Cc tham s cu trc khung ng ln ( FDD&TDD)

66

3.5.3. Truyn dn d liu hng ln

Lp k hoch ngun ti nguyn hng ln c thc hin bi eNodeB. eNodeB
s cp cc ti nguyn thi gian/tn s nht nh cho cc UE v cc UE thng bo v
cc dng truyn ti m n s dng. Cc quyt nh lp lch biu c th da trn cc
thng s QoS, tnh trng b nh m ca UE, cc thng s cht l ng knh ng
ln, kh nng ca UE, cc o c khong cch ca UE, v.v.
Trong ng ln, d liu c cp pht trong bi s ca mt khi ti nguyn.
Kch thc khi ti nguyn ng ln trong min tn s l 12 sng mang con, tc l
ging trong ng xung. Tuy nhin khng phi tt c cc bi s u c php
c th n gii ha vic thit k DFT trong qu trnh x l tn hiu h ng ln. Ch
c cc ch s 2,3 v 5 l c php. Khng ging nh trong ng xung, cc UE
lun c gn cc khi ti nguyn lin tip trong ng ln LTE.
Khong thi gian truyn dn hng ln l 1ms ( ging nh ng xung ). D
liu ngi dng c mang trn knh chia s ng ln vt l ( PUSCH).
Bng cch s dng nhy tn hng ln trn PUSCH, cc tc dng ca s phn tp
tn s c th c khai thc v nhiu c th c ly trung bnh.
Xut pht t UE vic cp pht ti nguyn ng ln cng nh thng tin nhy tn
t vic tr cp lp lch biu h ng ln l c nhn tr c bn khung con. DCI (
thng tin iu khin hng xung ) dng 0 l c s dng trn PDCCH vn
chuyn tr cp lp lch biu hng ln.
Vic pht tn hiu trong min tn s c th hin nh trong hnh 3.12. B sung
thm cho OFDMA thuc tnh ca dng sng ph tt hn tri ng c vi vic pht tn
hiu trong min thi gian vi mt b iu ch QAM thng th ng. Do nhu cu
v bng tn bo v gia cc ngi dng khc nhau l c th trnh c, t ng t
nh nguyn l ng xung ca OFDMA. Nh trong h thng OFDMA, mt tin
t vng cng c thm vo theo nh k, nh ng khng phi sau mi k hiu nh
l tc k hiu l nhanh hn trong min thi gian so vi trong OFDMA, cho
vic truyn d liu c th ngn nga c nhiu lin k t v n gin ha vic
thit k my thu. My thu vn cn phi i ph vi nhiu lin k t nh l tin t
vng by gi s ngn cn nhiu lin k t gia mt khi cc k hiu, do s vn
cn nhiu lin k t gia cc tin t vng. Do my thu s chy b cn bng cho
mt khi cc k hiu cho n khi t c tin t vng m ngn chn s lan truyn
nhiu lin k t sau .

67

Hnh 3.12 Pht & thu hng ln LTE

LTE h tr c hai l nhy tn bn trong v lin khung con. N c cu hnh
trn mi bi cc lp cao hn cho d nhy c hai bn trong v lin khung con hoc
ch nhy lin khung con l c h tr.
Knh iu khin hng ln PUCCH
Knh iu khin hng ln vt l (PUCCH) mang thng tin iu khin h ng ln
(UCI), tc l thng tin ACK/NACK lin quan ti vic nhn cc gi d liu trong
ng xung, bo co ch s cht lng knh (CQI), thng tin ma trn tin m ha
(PMI) v ch s bc (RI) cho MIMO, v cc yu cu lp k hoch (SR). PUCCH
c truyn trn mt vng tn s dnh ring trong h ng ln m n c cu hnh
bi cc lp cao hn. Cc khi ti nguyn PUCCH c t vo c hai bin ca
bng thng ng ln, v nhy tn lin khe c s dng trn PUCCH.

3.5.4. So snh OFDMA v SC-FDMA

Mt s so snh gia OFDMA v SC-FDMA c th hin nh trong hnh 3.13.
Vi v d ny, ch s dng bn (M) sng mang con trong hai chu k k hiu vi d
liu ti trng c biu din bi iu ch kha dch pha cu ph ng (QPSK). Nh
m t, cc tn hiu LTE c cp pht trong cc n v ca 12 sng mang con
ln cn.
Bn tri hnh 3.13, M cc sng mang con 15kHz lin k c t vo a im
mong mun trong bng thng knh v mi sng mang con c iu ch vi chu k
k hiu OFDMA l 66,7s bi mt k hiu d liu QPSK. Trong v d ny, bn

68

sng mang con, bn k hiu c a ra song song. y l cc k hiu d liu

QPSK do ch c pha ca mi sng mang con l c iu ch v cng sut ca
sng mang con vn gi khng i gia cc k hiu. Sau mt chu k k hiu
OFDMA tri qua, cc CP c chn vo v bn k hiu tip theo c truyn i
song song. cho hnh nh nhn c r dng nn cc CP c hin th nh mt
khong trng, tuy nhin, n thc s c lp y vi mt bn sao ca s kt thc
ca k hiu tip theo, c ngha l cng sut truyn dn l lin tc nh ng c mt s
gin on pha bin ca k hiu. to ra tn hiu truyn i, mt IFFT c thc
hin trn mi sng mang con to ra M tn hiu min thi gian. Chng ln l t l
vec t tng hp to ra dng sng min thi gian cui cng c s dng
truyn dn.

Hnh 3.13 So snh OFDMA & SC-FDMA truyn mt chui cc k hiu d liu
QPSK
S to thnh tn hiu SC-FDMA c bt u vi mt qui trnh ng tr c c
bit ri sau n cng tip tc mt cch t ng t nh OFDMA. Tuy nhin tr c
ht ta s xem hnh bn phi ca hnh 3.13. S khc bit r dng nht l OFDMA
truyn bn k hiu d liu QPSK song song trn mi sng mang con, trong khi SCFDMA truyn bn k hiu d liu QPSK trong lot bn ln , vi mi k hiu d
liu chim M 15kHz bng thng.
Nhn mt cch trc quan, tn hiu OFDMA r dng l a sng mang vi mt k
hiu d liu trn mi sng mang con, nh ng tn hiu SC-FDMA xut hin nh
nhiu hn mt sng mang n ( v th m c SC trong tn SC-FDMA ) vi mi
k hiu d liu c biu din bng mt lot tn hiu. L u rng chiu di k hiu
OFDMA & SC-FDMA l nh nhau vi 66,7s, tuy nhin, k hiu SC-FDMA c

69

cha M cc k hiu con m biu din cho d liu iu ch. l vic truyn ti
song song ca nhiu cc k hiu to ra PAPR cao khng mong mun vi OFDMA.
Bng cch truyn M cc k hiu d liu trong dy vo M thi im, SC-FDMA
chim bng thng cng nh a sng mang OFDMA nh ng ch yu l PAPR t ng
t nh c s dng cho cc k hiu d liu gc. Thm vo cng nhau nhiu dng
sng QPSK bng hp trong OFDMA s lun to ra cc nh cao hn c th thy
trong bng thng rng hn, dng sng QPSK n sng mang SC-FDMA.

3.6. Tng quan v k thut a ng ten MIMO

Trung tm ca LTE l tng ca k thut a ng ten, c s dng tng
vng ph sng v kh nng ca lp vt l. Thm vo nhiu ng ten hn vi mt h
thng v tuyn cho php kh nng ci thin hiu sut bi v cc tn hiu pht ra s
c cc ng dn vt l khc nhau. C ba loi chnh ca k thut a ng ten. u
tin n gip s dng trc tip s phn tp ng dn trong mt s bc x ng
dn c th b mt mt do fading v mt ci khc c th khng. Th hai l vic s
dng k thut hng bp sng(beamforming) bng cch iu khin mi t ng quan
pha ca cc tn hiu in pht ra vo cc ng ten vi nng l ng truyn li theo t
nhin. Loi th ba s dng s phn tch khng gian ( s khc bit ng dn bng
cch tch bit cc ng ten ) thng qua vic s dng ghp knh theo khng gian v
s to chm tia, cn c gi l k thut a u vo, a u ra (MIMO ).
Hnh 3.12 cho thy, c 4 cch thc hin vic s dng knh v tuyn. n
gin cc v d c miu t ch s dng mt hoc hai ng ten.

Hnh 3.14 Cc ch truy nhp knh v tuyn

70

3.6.1. n u vo n u ra (SISO)
Ch truy nhp knh v tuyn n gin nht l n u vo n u ra (SISO),
trong ch c mt ng ten pht v mt ng ten thu c s dng. y l hnh thc
truyn thng mc nh k t khi truyn v tuyn bt u v n l c s da vo
tt c cc k thut a ng ten c so snh.
3.6.2. n u vo a u ra (SIMO)
Mt ch th hai th hin trong hnh 3.14 l n u vo a u ra (SIMO),
trong s dng mt my pht v hai hoc nhiu hn my thu. SIMO th ng c
gi l phn tp thu. Ch truy nhp knh v tuyn ny c bit thch hp cho cc
iu kin tn hiu-nhiu(SNR) thp. Trong c mt li l thuyt c th t
c l 3dB khi hai my thu c s dng, khng c thay i v tc d liu khi
ch c mt dng d liu c truyn, nh ng vng ph sng bin c ci thin
do s gim ca SNR s dng c.

3.6.3. a u vo n u ra (MISO)
Ch a u vo n u ra (MISO) s dng s my pht l hai hoc nhiu hn
v mt my thu( hnh 3.14 cho thy ch c 2 my pht v mt my thu cho n gin
). MISO thng c gi l phn tp pht. Cng mt d liu c gi trn c hai
ng ten pht nhng vi ch m ha nh vy m my thu ch c th nhn bit
tng my pht. Phn tp pht lm tng mnh ca tn hiu b phading v c th lm
tng hiu sut trong nhng iu kin SNR php. MISO khng lm tng tc d
liu, nhng n h tr cc tc d liu t ng t nhau bng cch s dng t nng
lng hn. Phn tp pht c th c tng c ng vi phn hi vng ng t my
thu ch ra s truyn cn bng ti u ca pha v cng sut c s dng cho mi
ng ten pht.

3.6.4. a u vo a u ra (MIMO)
Phng thc truyn cui cng c th hin trong hnh 3.14 l truyn y
MIMO, n yu cu hai hoc nhiu my pht v hai hoc nhiu my thu. MIMO lm
tng cng sut ph bng cch pht nhiu lung d liu cng mt lc trong cng mt
tn s v thi gian, tn dng y cc li th ca cc ng dn khc nhau trong
knh v tuyn. i vi mt h thng c m t nh MIMO, n phi c t nht l
nhiu my thu vi nhiu lung pht. S l ng cc lung pht khng c nhm ln
vi s lng cc ng ten pht. Hy xem xt trng hp phn tp pht (MISO) trong
c hai my pht nhng ch c mt dng d liu. Thm na s phn tp thu
(SIMO) khng chuyn cu hnh ny vo MIMO, mc d hin ti c hai ng ten pht
v hai ng ten thu c lin quan. Ni cch khc SIMO+MISO # MIMO. N lun c

71

th c s my pht nhiu hn s lung d liu nh ng cch ny khng khc cch

trn. Nu N lung d liu c truyn t t hn N ng ten, d liu c th khng
c gii xo trn mt cch y bi mt s bt k cc my thu t to ra s
chng cho cc lung m khng c s b sung ca phn tp theo khng gian th ch
to ra nhiu. Tuy nhin v mt khng gian vic tch bit N cc lung qua ti thiu
N ng ten, N my thu s c th ti to li y d liu ban u v cc lung cung
cp s tng quan ng dn v nhiu trong knh v tuyn l thp.
Mt yu t quan trng cho hot ng MIMO l vic truyn t mi ng ten phi
c nhn dng duy nht mi my thu c th xc nh c ci g kt hp trong
vic truyn m n nhn c. vic nhn dng ny th ng c thc hin vi cc
tn hiu ch o, trong s dng cc mu trc giao cho mi ng ten. S phn tp
khng gian ca knh v tuyn ngha l MIMO c kh nng lm tng tc d liu.
Hnh thc c bn nht ca MIMO l gn mt dng d liu cho mi ng ten v
c th hin nh trong hnh 3.15.

Hnh 3.15 MIMO 22 , khng c tin m ha

Trong dng ny, mt lung d liu duy nht c gn cho mt ng ten v c
bit n nh nh x trc tip. Knh ny sau c trn ln nh l s truyn c hai
vi bn nhn, mi ng ten s nhn thy mt s kt hp ca mi lung. Gii m cc
tn hiu nhn c l mt qu trnh kho lo bn nhn, bi vic phn tch cc mu
nhn dng duy nht mi my pht xc nh xem kt hp ci g ca mi lung
truyn hin ti. Vic p dng mt b lc nghch o v tng hp cc lung nhn
c ti to li d liu gc.
Mt dng tin tin hn ca MIMO bao gm tin m ha c bit ph hp vi
vic truyn dn ch c bit ca knh. Kt qu ny ti u trong mi lung
c lan truyn qua nhiu hn mt ng ten pht. Vi k thut ny lm vic hiu
qu my pht phi c s hiu bit v cc iu kin knh truyn, v trong tr ng hp
FDD cc iu kin ny phi c cung cp trong thi gian thc bi thng tin phn
hi t UE. Nh vy n s lm phc tp thm mt cch ng k cho vic ti u ha
nhng h thng c th cung cp vi hiu sut cao hn. Tin m ha vi h thng

72

TDD khng yu cu nhn phn hi bi v my pht s xc nh mt cch c lp

cc iu kin ca knh truyn bi vic phn tch cc tn hiu nhn c trn cng
mt tn s.
Nhng li ch v mt l thuyt ca MIMO l mt chc nng ca s l ng cc ng
ten truyn v nhn, cc iu kin lan truyn v tuyn, kh nng ca my pht
thch nghi vi cc iu kin thay i, v SNR. Tr ng hp l t ng l mt trong
cc ng dn trong knh truyn v tuyn l hon ton khng t ng quan, nh th
ring bit, cc kt ni cp vt l khng c xuyn m gia my pht v my thu. Cc
iu kin nh vy gn nh l khng t c trong khng gian t do. Cc gii hn
trn ca MIMO t c trong cc iu kin l t ng l d dng xc nh, v cho
mt h thng 22 vi hai lung d liu ng thi lm tng gp i cng sut v tc
d liu l c th. MIMO hot ng tt nht trong cc iu kin SNR cao vi
ng cc tiu ca tm nhn. Kt qu l, MIMO c bit ph hp vi mi tr ng
trong nh, c th to ra mt mc cao ca a ng v cc tiu ca tm nhn.

3.6.5. K hoch LTE a ng ten

Cc vn c bn ca k thut ng ten c trnh by trn, by gi xt ti
cc quy nh ca LTE, bt u vi mt s thut ng. nh ngha mt s thut ng
c s dng nh sau :
x T m: mt t m biu din d liu ng i dng tr c khi n c nh dng
truyn. Mt hoc hai t m , CW0 v CW1, c th c s dng ty
thuc vo iu kin knh truyn chim u th v tr ng hp s dng. Trong
trng hp ph bin nht l MIMO mt ng i s dng (SU-MIMO), hai t
m c gi n mt UE duy nht, nh ng trong tr ng hp t ph bin l
ng xung MIMO nhiu ngi dng (MU-MIMO), mi t m c gi
cho ch mt UE.
x Lp: thut ng lp l ng ngha vi lung. i vi ghp knh khng gian,
ti thiu l hai lp phi c s dng. c cho php ln ti bn lp. S
lng cc lp biu th bng biu t ng v. S l ng ca lp lun nh hn
hoc bng s lng ca ng ten.
x Tin m ha(Precoding): Tin m ha s chnh sa cc tn hiu lp tr c
khi truyn. iu ny c th c thc hin vi s phn tp, to chm tia
hoc ghp knh khng gian.

73

Hnh 3.16 X l tn hiu cho phn tp pht v ghp knh khng gian (MIMO)
Cc biu tng d,x v y c s dng trong cc chi tit k thut biu th tn
hiu trc v sau lp nh x,v sau tin m ha
3.6.5.1. Ch truyn dn a ng ten ng xung LTE
C 7 ch truyn dn a ng ten c xc nh cho LTE ti u hiu sut
ng xung di cc iu kin v tuyn khc nhau. l :
x Cng n-ngten; cng 0-MIMO
x Phn tp pht MISO
x Ghp knh khng gian vng m MIMO , khng c tin m ha
x Ghp knh khng gian vng ng MIMO, khng c tin m ha
x MIMO a-ngi s dng MIMO, UE tch bit
x Vng ng bc =1 tin m ha-MISO, li chm tia (beamsteering)
x Cng n- ng ten; cng 5 MISO, li chm tia
Ch u tin ch s dng cho mt my pht, UE phi c t nht 2 my thu,
y l mt cu hnh MISO, ch ny quy nh kh nng c bn ca my thu m
cc yu cu v hiu sut s c xc nh. N th ng c thc hin bng cch s
dng t l ti a vic kt hp cc lung nhn c ci thin SNR trong iu kin
km. Phn tp thu cung cp li rt t trong cc iu kin tt.
Ch ng xung th hai, phn tp pht. LTE h tr hai hoc bn ng ten cho
phn tp pht. v d th hin trong hnh 3.15 l pht hai ng ten, trong mt lung
d liu c gn cho cc lp khc nhau v c m ha bng cch s dng m khi
tn s khng gian (SFBC). V hnh thc phn tp pht khng tng tc d liu,
cc t m CW0 v CW1 u ging nhau. SFBC t c bn thng qua s phn
tp tn s bng cch s dng cc sng mang con khc nhau cho d liu lp li trn
mi ng ten.

74

Ch th 3 l ch ghp knh khng gian MIMO vng m, c h tr cho

cc cu hnh hai hoc bn ng ten. Gi s mt my thu UE hai knh, thit k ny
cho php 22 hoc 42 MIMO. Mt my thu UE bn knh, c yu cu cho mt
cu hnh 44, c xc nh nhng cha c kh nng thc hin c trong t ng
lai gn. Cc cu hnh ph bin nht l 22 hoc 42 SU-MIMO. Trong tr ng hp
ny ti d liu s c chia thnh hai t m l cc lung CW0 v CW1v c x
l theo cc bc nh trn hnh 3.13.
Ch th t l MIMO vng kn, trong yu cu tin m ha ca cc lung d
liu. Ty thuc vo tin m ha c s dng, mi t m c biu din cho cc
pha v cng sut khc nhau trn cc ng ten.
i vi trng hp FDD my pht phi c kin thc v knh truyn, iu ny
c cung cp bi UE trn cc knh iu khin ng ln. Cc kin thc ny bao
gm CQI, cc ch s ma trn tin m ha (PMI), v ch s bc(RI). Cc phn hi
PMI s dng mt phng php bng m cung cp mt ch s vo mt tp c
xc nh trc ca cc ma trn tin m ha. Vi cu hnh 22 c ba t m khc
nhau; vi 42 c 16 t m.
Ch truyn dn th nm l MU-MIMO. y l tr ng hp c bit ca ch
3 trong cc t m l dnh cho cc UE khc nhau. MU-MIMO vng kn khng
p dng trong trng hp ny.
Ch truyn dn th su l mt hnh thc ca li chm tia, c m t y l
tin m ha vng ng bc=1 v ch d phng khi cc phn hi ch 4 c bc
=1. Theo qui nh s li chm tia c nh pha-theo gin, m c th c p dng
c lp ca tiu chun v tuyn, a ra cc lch v pha v bin vi ton b
tn hiu c cung cp cho mi ng ten pht. Mc ch l tp chung nng l ng
ca tn hiu theo mt hng c th. K thut t ng t trong vic p dng cc
lch bin v pha c th c s dng trn cc ng ten thu lm cho s thu nhy
cm hn vi tn hiu n t mt hng c th. Trong LTE bin v pha trong cc
RB ring l c th c iu chnh lm cho h ng bp sng c xa v linh hot
hn.
Ch truyn dn th by cng l mt dng ca li chm tia. N t ng t nh
ch 6, ngoi tr mt ng ten b sung ( cng 5) c s dng to thnh mt
chm tia dnh ring hng ti UE m cng mang tn hiu chun to chm tia UEc trng.
Mt trong nhng thch thc i vi vic h tr c hai MIMO v h thng h ng
bp sng l s hn ch bi s xung t nhau c t trn cc thit k ca ng ten.
H thng li chm tia da vo s tng quan ca cc tn hiu truyn i trong khi
MIMO da vo s khng tng quan, theo bo co hot ng tt nht vi cc ng
ten phn cc ngang.

75

3.6.5.2. Ch a ng ten hng ln LTE

C ba loi k thut a ng ten c xc nh cho h ng ln l :
x Phn tp thu ti eNodeB ( trnh by phn trc)
x SU-MIMO cho UE n
x MU-MIMO cho nhiu UE
SU-MIMO nm trong phm vi ca LTE nh ng khng hon ton c nh
ngha trong 3GPP phin bn 8. thc hin SU-MIMO cc UE s yu cu hai my
pht. y l mt thch thc ng k v chi ph v kch c v mc tiu th pin, v v
nhng l do ny SU-MIMO hin khng c u tin pht trin. Ngoi ra, tc d
liu tng ln trong ng ln m c th c c t MU-MIMO khng phi l quan
trng nh ang c trong cc ng xung do vic phn phi l u l ng bt i
xng. Hn na, nu h thng c trin khai vi ng ln-hiu nng-hn ch, c
th khng thc t tng cng cng sut pht t UE t c SNR cn thit
eNodeB nhn.
MU-MIMO khng lm gia tng tc d liu ng i dng ring l m li cung
cp s gia tng dung lng tng t nhau, hoc tt hn so vi SU-MIMO.

Hnh 3.17 a ngi s dng MIMO trong hng ln

Trong hnh 3.17, hai lung d liu c ngun gc t hai UE khc nhau. Hai thit b
pht c tch ring ra xa hn nhiu so vi tr ng hp mt ng i dng duy nht,
v s thiu kt ni vt l c ngha l khng c c hi ti u m ha cc ch
ring knh bng cch trn hai lung d liu. Tuy nhin, s tch bit v khng gian
tng thm c lm tng c hi ca eNodeB chn ln cc cp UE m c cc ng
dn khng tng quan. iu ny lm tng ti a khuych i cng sut tim
nng, tri ngc vi trng hp SU-MIMO, trong chnh xc ca ng ten c
th c vn , c bit l cc tn s d i 1GHz. MU-MIMO c mt li th b
sung quan trng : UE khng i hi s tiu hao v cng sut v chi ph ca hai my
pht, nhng vn c li t s gia tng cng sut. tn dng c nhiu nht li
ch ca MU-MIMO, UE cng phi c sp xp theo ng thi gian v cng sut
nh nhn c.

76

CHNG 4 - LP VT L LTE

4.1. Cc knh truyn ti v nh x ca chng ti cc knh vt l

Bi bn cht ca vic thit k, LTE ch cha cc knh truyn ti chung, knh
truyn ti dnh ring ( knh dnh ring : DCH , nh trong WCDMA ) l khng tn
ti. Cc knh truyn ti l giao din gia lp iu khin truy nhp mi tr ng
(MAC) v lp vt l. Mi knh truyn ti c c tr ng bi s x l ca lp vt l
lin quan, c p dng cho cc knh vt l t ng ng v s dng mang cc
knh truyn ti. Lp vt l cn c kh nng cung cp ngun ti nguyn ng
phn phi u cho cc tc d liu khc nhau v vi vic phn chia ti nguyn
gia nhng ngi s dng khc nhau. Phn ny trnh by cc knh truyn ti v s
nh x ca chng vo cc knh vt l.
Knh qung b (BCH): L mt knh pht qung b ng xung c s
dng pht qung b cc thng s h thng cn thit cho php cc thit b
truy cp vo h thng ( v xc nh nh iu hnh ). Cc thng s ny bao
gm, v d , cc thng s lin quan n truy nhp ngu nhin m n thng bo
cho thit b v cc thnh phn ti nguyn c dnh ring cho hot ng truy
cp ngu nhin.
Knh chia s ng xung (DL-SCH) : Mang d liu ng i dng cho cc
kt ni im im theo hng ng xung. Tt c cc thng tin ( hoc l d
liu ngi s dng hoc l thng tin iu khin lp cao hn ) dnh cho duy
nht mt ngi s dng hoc UE c truyn i trn DL-SCH, gi s UE
trng thi RRC kt ni. Tuy nhin, vai tr ca BCH ch yu l thng bo cho
cc thit b v lch trnh thng tin ca h thng, iu khin thng tin cho nhiu
thit b c thc hin trn DL-SCH . Trong tr ng hp d liu trn DL-SCH
c dnh cho ch mt UE duy nht, th thch ng lin kt ng v truyn li
lp vt l c th c s dng.
Knh nhn tin (PCH) : c s dng mang cc thng tin bng tin nhn
cho cc thit b theo hng ng xung chuyn cc thit b t trng thi
RRC rnh di ti trng thi RRC kt ni.
Knh pht a im (MCH) : c s dng truyn ni dung ca cc dch
v pht a im ti UE theo hng ng xung.
Knh chia s ng ln (uplink-SCH) : Mang d liu ca ng i dng cng
nh thng tin iu khin xut pht t thit b theo h ng ng ln trng thi
RRC kt ni. Tng t nh DL-SCH, thch ng lin kt ng v truyn li l
sn c.

77

Knh truy cp ngu nhin (RACH) : c s dng trong ng ln tr

li cc thng ip tin nhn hoc bt u chuyn t RRC rnh di ti trng
thi RRC kt ni theo nhu cu truyn d liu ca UE. Khng c d liu lp cao
hn hoc d liu ngi dng c truyn trn RACH ( iu ny c th c
thc hin vi WCDMA), nhng n ch c s dng ni cho php truyn ti
uplink-SCH.
Trong hng ng ln uplink-SCH c mang bi knh chia s h ng ln vt
l(PUSCH). Tng ng, RACH c mang bi knh truy cp ngu nhin vt l
(PRACH). Tn ti knh vt l b sung nhng n ch c s dng truyn thng
tin iu khin lp vt l. Knh truyn ti h ng ln nh x ti cc knh vt l c
minh ha nh trong hnh 4.1

Hnh 4.1 nh x ca cc knh truyn ti hng ln ti cc knh vt l

Trong hng ng xung, PCH c nh x ti knh chia s ng xung vt
l (PDSCH).

Hnh 4.2 nh x cc knh truyn ti hng xung ti cc knh vt l

BCH c nh x ti knh qung b vt l (PBCH). DL-SCH c nh x ti
PDSCH v MCH c nh x ti knh pht a im vt l, c th hin nh trong
hnh 4.2.

4.2. iu ch
Trong iu ch hng ln l s dng b iu ch truyn thng l iu ch bin
cu phng(QAM). Trong cc phng php iu ch sn c ( cho d liu ng i
dng ) l kha dch pha vung gc(QPSK), 16QAM v 64QAM. Trong QPSK &
16QAM l sn c trong tt c cc thit b, trong khi vic h tr cho 64QAM
theo hng ng ln l mt kh nng ca UE. Cc chm im iu ch khc nhau
c th hin nh trong hnh 4.3

78

Hnh 4.3 Cc chm im iu ch trong LTE

iu ch PRACH l iu ch pha v cc chui c s dng l c to ra t
cc chui ZadoffChu vi nhng s khc bit v pha gia cc k hiu khc nhau
ca cc chui. Ty thuc vo chui c chn dn n t l nh- trung bnh (PAR)
hoc hn na gi tr Metric khi (CM) thc t l c phn thp hn hoc cao hn so
vi gi tr ca QPSK.
S dng iu ch QPSK cho php hiu qu cng sut pht tt khi vn hnh ti
ch cng sut truyn ti y cng nh iu ch s quyt nh kt qu ca CM
( i vi SC-FDMA) v do n cng yu cu thit b khuych i ch truyn.
Cc thit b s s dng cng sut pht ti a thp hn khi vn hnh vi iu ch
16QAM hoc 64QAM.
Trong hng ng xung, cc phng php iu ch cho d liu ng i s dng
cng tng t nh trong hng ln. Theo l thuyt th h thng OFDM c th s
dng cc iu ch khc nhau cho mi sng mang con. c knh thng tin cht
lng ( v bo hiu ) vi chi tit nh vy l s khng th kh thi do dn n chi
ph qu mc. Nu iu ch ring tng sng mang con s c qu nhiu bt trong
hng ng xung dnh cho bo nhn trong cc tham s ca mi sng mang con
v trong hng ng ln phn hi ch th cht l ng knh ( CQI) s cn phi qu
chi tit t c mc chi tit cc sng mang con c th thch ng.
Ngoi ra kha dch pha nh phn(BPSK) c xc nh cho cc knh iu
khin, trong s dng hoc l BPSK hoc l QPSK cho truyn dn cc thng tin
iu khin.

4.3. Truyn ti d liu ngi s dng hng ln

D liu ngi s dng trong hng ln l c mang trn PUSCH , trong mt
cu trc khung 10ms v c da trn s cp pht ti nguyn min thi gian v
min tn s vi 1ms v khong chia 180kHz. Vic phn b ti nguyn i km t
mt b lp biu c t ti eNodeB, c minh ha trong hnh 4.4. Do khng
c s c nh cc ngun ti nguyn cho cc thit b, v cng khng cn tn hiu
trc t eNodeB cc ngun ti nguyn ch cn truy nhp ngu nhin l c th c

79

s dng. i vi mc ch ny cc thit b c nhu cu cn phi cung cp thng tin

cho cc b lp lch biu ng ln ca cc yu cu truyn dn ( b m trng thi)
n c cng nh da trn cc ngun ti nguyn cng sut truyn ti hin sn c.

Hnh 4.4 Cp pht ti nguyn hng ln c iu khin bi b lp biu eNodeB

Cu trc khung thng qua cu trc khe 0,5ms v s dng 2 khe (1 khung con )
thi gian c cp pht. Chu k cp pht ngn hn 0,5ms ( nh lc u d kin
trong 3GPP gim thiu thi gian i ht mt vng) c th c c qua c ng
tn hiu nht l vi mt s lng ln ngi s dng. Cu trc khung 10ms c
minh ha trong hnh 4.5. Cu trc khung v c bn l ph hp cho c hai ch
FDD v TDD, nhng ch TDD c cc phn b sung cho cc im chuyn tip
ng ln / ng xung trong khung.

Hnh 4.5 Cu trc khung LTE FDD

Trong khe 0,5ms c c cc k hiu tham chiu v cc k hiu d liu ng i s
dng . Tc d liu ca ngi dng l tm thi do nhng s thay i nh l

80

mt chc nng ca phn b ti nguyn ng ln ty thuc vo bng thng tm thi

c cp pht. Bng thng c th c cp pht gia 0 v 20MHz trong cc bc ca
180kHz. Cp pht l lin tc nh truyn dn ng ln l FDMA c iu ch ch
vi mt k hiu c truyn ti mt thi im. Bng thng khe c iu chnh
gia cc TTI lin tip c minh ha nh trong hnh 5.6 . Ni m tng gp i tc
d liu kt qu l tng gp i bng thng c s dng. Cc k hiu tham chiu
lun chim cng mt khng gian trong min thi gian v do tc d liu cao
hn kt qu l s tng tng ng vi tc d liu k hiu tham chiu.

Hnh 4.6 Tc d liu gia cc TTI theo hng ng ln

Tin t vng(Cyclic Prefix) s dng trong ng ln c hai gi tr c th ph
thuc vo vic mt tin t vng l ngn hoc di c p dng. Cc thng s khc
l khng thay i v do khe 0,5ms c th cha c 6 hoc 7 k hiu nh c ch
ra trong hnh 4.7. Cc ti trng d liu b gim bt nu mt tin t vng m rng
c s dng. Nhng n khng c s dng th ng xuyn th ng l c li v
hiu sut v c 7 k hiu ln hn nhiu so vi s suy gim c th c t nhiu lin k
t do s tr ca knh di hn so vi tin t vng.

Hnh 4.7 Cu trc khe ng ln vi tin t vng ngn v di

81

Kt qu l tc d liu hng ln tc thi trn mt khung con 1ms l mt chc

nng ca iu ch, s lng cc khi ti nguyn c cp pht, v tng s chi ph
cho thng tin iu khin cng nh l tc m ha knh c p dng. Phm vi
ca tc d liu nh hng ln tc thi khi c tnh tan t cc ngun ti
nguyn lp vt l l trong khong t 700kbps ti 86Mbps. Khng c a ng ten cho
truyn ti hng ln c xc nh trong phin bn 8. Tc d liu tc thi cho
mt UE ph thuc vo cc c im ng ln LTE t cc yu t sau :
Phng thc iu ch c p dng: vi 2 , 4 hoc 6 bits trn k hiu iu
ch ty thuc vo trnh t iu ch vi QPSK , 16QAM v 64QAM t ng ng.
Bng thng c p dng : i vi 1,4MHz c chi ph l ln nht do c cc
knh chung v cc tn hiu ng b. Bng thng tm thi ca knh c th bin
i gia s cp pht ti thiu l 12 sng mang con ( mt khi ti nguyn l
180kHz) v bng thng ca h thng ln n 1200 sng mang con vi bng
thng 20MHz.
Tc m ha knh c p dng.
Tc d liu trung bnh ph thuc vo thi gian phn b ti nguyn min.
Cc hoc cc khu vc c th, nng sut d liu ti a c th c tng ln vi
MIMO o ( V-MIMO). Trong V-MIMO th eNodeB s x l truyn t hai UE khc
nhau ( vi mi mt ngten pht n ) nh l mt kiu truyn dn MIMO. V-MIMO
khng gp phn vo tc d liu ti a cho ng i dng n l.
M ha knh c chn cho d liu ng i dng LTE l m turbo. M ha l m
chp ghp song song ( PCCC) b m ha kiu turbo. M turbo an xen ca
WCDMA c sa i ph hp hn vi c tnh ca LTE, cu trc khe v cng
cho php s linh hot hn thc hin vic s l tn hiu song song vi tc d
liu tng ln.
LTE cng s dng kt hp vi s pht li lp vt l, th ng c gi l yu cu
lp li thch ng hn hp (HARQ). Trong khi vn hnh lp vt l HARQ cng nhn
lu tr cc gi tin khi vic kim tra CRC tht bi v kt hp gi tin nhn c khi
nhn c mt s truyn li.
Chui m ha knh cho ng ln c th hin nh trong hnh 4.8, ni m d
liu v cc thng tin iu khin c m ha ring v sau c nh x ti cc k
hiu ring truyn. Thng tin iu khin c a im ring quanh cc k hiu
tham chiu, thng tin iu khin lp vt l c m ha ring bit v c t vo
mt tp cc k hiu iu ch c xc nh tr c.

82

Hnh 4.8 Chui m ha knh PUSCH

D liu v thng tin iu khin c ghp knh theo thi gian mc thnh phn
ti nguyn. D liu c iu ch mt cch c lp vi cc thng tin iu khin,
nhng thi gian iu ch trong 1ms TTI l nh nhau.

Hnh 4.9 Ghp knh ca thng tin iu khin v d liu

83

4.4. Truyn dn d liu ngi dng hng xung

D liu ngi dng hng xung c mang trn knh chia s ng xung vt
l ( PDSCH). Tng t vic phn b ti nguyn 1ms cng l hp l trn ng
xung. Cc sng mang con c cp pht cc n v ti nguyn ca 12 sng mang
con dn n cc n v cp pht l 180kHz ( khi ti nguyn vt l, PRBs). Vi
PDSCH, a truy nhp l OFDMA, mi sng mang con c truyn i song song
vi 15kHz v do tc d liu ca ng i s dng ph thuc vo s l ng cc
sng mang con c cp pht ( hoc cc khi ti nguyn trong thc t ) cho mt
ngi dng nht nh. eNodeB cp pht khi ti nguyn da trn ch s cht l ng
knh (CQI) t thit b u cui. Tng t nh ng ln, cc khi ti nguyn c
cp pht trong min thi gian v min tn s, c minh ha nh trong hnh 4.10

Hnh 4.10 Cp pht ti nguyn ng xung ti eNodeB

Knh iu khin ng xung vt l ( PDCCH) thng bo cho thit b cc khi
ti nguyn c cp pht cho n, t ng vi chi tit cp pht l 1ms. D liu
PDSCH s chim gi t 3 n 6 k hiu trn mi khe 0,5ms ty thuc vo vic cp
pht cho PDCCH v n cng ph thuc xem liu mt tin t vng c s dng l
ngn hay di. Trong mt khung con 1ms, ch c khe 0,5ms u tin cha PDCCH
trong khi khe 0,5ms th 2 l hon ton cho d liu ( cho PDSCH) . i vi mt tin
t vng di th 6 k hiu s c gn trong khe 0,5ms. Trong khi vi mt tin t
vng ngn th 7 k hiu c th c gn vo nh trong hnh 4.11. V d nh trong
hnh 4.11, gi s c 3 k hiu cho PDCCH nh ng iu ny c th thay i gia 1 v

84

3. Vi bng thng nh nht l 1,4MHz s cc k hiu thay i gia 2 v 4 cho php

c dung lng truyn tn hiu v cc bit cho php m ha knh tt
trong cc trng hp quan trng.

Hnh 4.11 Cu trc khe ng xung cho bng thng 1,4MHz

Hnh 4.12 Chui m ha knh DL-SCH

85

Ngoi cc k hiu iu khin cho PDCCH, khng gian d liu ca ng i s dng

c b gim bt do cc tn hiu chun, cc tn hiu ng b v d liu qung b. Do
c lng knh l c li khi cc tn hiu chun c phn b u trong min
thi gian v min tn s. iu ny lm gim bt cc chi ph cn thit, nh ng n yu
cu mt s quy tc phi c xc nh c hai my thu v my pht hiu c
nh x ti nguyn mt cch ging nhau. T tng khng gian cp pht ti nguyn vi
mt nhu cu vn chuyn ton b vo ti khon cho cc knh chung nh PBCH, c
th tiu tn khng gian ti nguyn ca ring h. Mt v d v PDCCH v vic cp
pht ti nguyn PDSCH c th hin trong hnh 4.12

Hnh 4.13 V d v chia s ti nguyn ng xung gia PDCCH & PDSCH

M ha knh cho d liu ngi dng theo ng xung l s dng m turbo 1/3
nh trong hng ng ln. Kch thc ti a cho khi m ha turbo c gii hn
trong 6144 bit gim bt gnh nng x l, cc cp pht cao hn sau s c
phn on n cc khi m ha a. Bn cnh vic m ha turbo, ng xung
cng c lp vt l HARQ vi cc phng php kt hp t ng t nh trong h ng
ln. Cc loi thit b cng phn nh s l ng b nh m c sn kt hp pht li.
Chui m ha ng xung c minh ha nh trong hnh 4.13. khng c ghp
knh cc ngun ti nguyn lp vt l vi PDCCH khi chng c ngun ti nguyn
ring ca mnh trong khung con 1ms.

86

Mt khi d liu c m ha, cc t m c cung cp v sau cho cc chc

nng iu ch v xo trn. nh x iu ch c p dng cc iu ch mong mun
( QPSK, 16QAM hoc 64QAM ) v sao cc k hiu c np cho lp nh x
trc khi m ha. i vi vic truyn dn a ng ten ( 2 hoc 4 ) th cc d liu ny
sau c chia thnh nhiu lung khc nhau v sau c nh x iu chnh
cc thnh phn ti nguyn sn c cho PDSCH v sau tn hiu OFDMA thc t
c to ra, c th hin trong hnh 4.14 vi v d l truyn dn 2 ng ten. Nu ch
c mt ng ten pht l sn c, th r dng l cc chc nng ca lp nh x v tr c
m ha l khng c vi tr trong truyn dn tn hiu.

Hnh 4.14 S to thnh tn hiu hng xung

Hiu qu ca tc d liu hng xung tc thi ph thuc vo :
iu ch, vi phng php tng t c th nh h ng ng ln.
Cp pht s lng cc sng mang con. L u rng trong ng xung cc
khi ti nguyn l khng cn thit phi cp pht lin tc trong min tn s.
Phm vi ca vic cp pht bng thng l t ng t nh h ng ng ln t
12 sng mang con ( 180kHz) ti 1200 sng mang con.
Tc m ha knh.
S lng ng ten pht ( cc lung c lp ) vi s hot ng ca MIMO.
Tc d liu nh tc thi cho ng xung ( gi s tt c cc ti nguyn l
cho mt ngi dng duy nht v ch tnh cc ngun ti nguyn vt l c sn) l
khong t 0,7Mbps ti 170Mbps. Thm ch c th l 300Mbps hoc c th cao hn
nu s dng cu hnh MIMO 4 4 ng ten. Khng c gii hn v tc d liu nh
nht, v cn c cc n v cp pht nh nht ( 1 khi ti nguyn) l qu cao th
khong m c th c p dng.

87

4.5. Truyn dn tn hiu lp vt l hng ln

ng ln lp 1 / lp 2 ( L1/L2) tn hiu iu khin c chia thnh hai lp
trong h thng LTE :
Tn hiu iu khin trong trng hp khng c d liu h ng ln, din
ra PUCCH ( knh iu khin h ng ln vt l ).
Tn hiu iu khin khi c d liu h ng ln, din ra PUSCH ( knh
chia s hng ln vt l ).
Do nhng gii hn mang n l, m truyn dn ng thi ca PUCCH v
PUSCH l khng c php. iu ny c ngha l cc ti nguyn iu khin ring
bit c nh ngha cho cc trng hp c v khng c d liu h ng ln. La
chn thay th c xem xt l truyn song song trong min tn s ( c hi cho pht
bin ) hoc phn chia thi gian thun ty ( c hi cho vng ph sng ca knh
iu khin ). Phng php s la chn ti a l qu lin kt cho PUCCH v phi
lun duy tr thuc tnh truyn ti n l trn tn hiu c truyn i.
PUCCH l ngun ti nguyn thi gian / tn s c chia s dnh ring cho
thit b ngi s dng (UE) ch truyn cc tn hiu iu khin L1/L2. PUCCH
c ti u ha cho mt s lng ln cc UE ng thi vi mt s t ng i nh
ca cc bt bo hiu iu khin trn UE.
PUSCH mang cc tn hiu iu khin L1/L2 h ng ln khi UE c ln k
hoch truyn d liu. PUSCH c kh nng truyn cc tn hiu iu khin vi mt
phm vi ln cc kch c bo hiu c h tr. D liu v cc tr ng iu khin
khc nh ACK/NACK v CQI c tch bit bng cch ghp knh phn chia theo
thi gian (TDM) bi vic nh x chng vo cc k hiu iu ch ring bit tr c
khi bin i fourier ri rc ( DFT). Cc tc m ha khc nhau cho iu khin l
t c bi vic chim gi mt s khc nhau ca cc k hiu cho mi tr ng iu
khin.
C hai loi thng tin bo hiu iu khin L1 & L2 cho ng ln :
D liu lin quan ti bo hiu ( nh vn chuyn nh dng v thng tin
HARQ) , c kt hp vi truyn dn d liu h ng ln.
D liu khng lin quan ti bo hiu ( ACK/NACK v truyn dn d liu
ng xung, CQI ng xung, v yu cu lp lch biu cho truyn dn
ng ln ).
c quyt nh l khng c bo hiu iu khin lin quan ti d liu trong
ng ln LTE. Hn na, ngi ta cho rng eNodeB khng cn phi thc hin vic
d tm nh dng truyn ti khng bit. V c bn iu ny c ngha l UE ch cn
tun theo s lp lch biu ng ln c cp m khng c quyn t do trong la
chn nh dng truyn ti. Hn na, c mt ch s d liu mi ( 1 bt ) cng vi
thng tin ngm nh v kiu d phng c trong vic cp cho ng ln. iu ny

88

m bo rng eNodeB lun c nhng hiu bit chnh xc v dnh dng truyn ti
ng ln.
4.5.1. Knh iu khin ng ln vt l ( PUCCH)
T vin cnh UE duy nht, PUCCH bao gm mt ti nguyn tn s ca mt khi
ti nguyn ( 12 sng mang con ) v mt ti nguyn thi gian ca mt khung con.
x l cc trng hp vng ph b hn ch , vic truyn cc ACK/NACK m rng ra
ton b khung con 1ms. Hn na, nhng s h tr cc tr ng hp ph sng l cc
k b hn ch n c ng rng s lp li ACK/NACK l c h tr trong
ng ln LTE. Khe da trn s nhy tn gii hn ca gii bng i xng nhau
qua tn s trung tm l lun c s dng trn PUCCH, c th hin nh trong
hnh 4.15. Nhy tn cung cp s phn tp tn s cn thit cn c bo hiu iu
khin khi s tr nghim trng.

Hnh 4.15 Ti nguyn PUCCH

Cc UE khc nhau c tch ring trn PUCCH bng cch ghp knh phn chia
theo tn s ( FDM) v ghp knh phn chia theo m ( CDM). FDM c s dng
duy nht gia cc khi ti nguyn trong khi CDM l c s dng bn trong cc
khi ti nguyn PUCCH.
C hai cch thc hin CDM bn trong khi ti nguyn PUCCH l :
x CDM bng cch dch chuyn theo chu k ca mt chui cc m t ng quan
zero bin khng i (CAZAC).
x Knh dopper tri di hu hn trc giao gia cc chui lan truyn khi chn
lc (block-wise).

89

4.5.2. Cu hnh PUCCH

S lng ca cc khi ti nguyn trong mt khe dnh ring cho PUCCH truyn
HO

N RB . Tham s h thng pht c th c xem nh ti l c cu hnh bi tham s

l s lng ti a ca cc khi ti nguyn dnh ring cho PUCCH trong thc t kch
thc ca PUCCH l thay i ng da trn knh ch s nh dng iu khin vt l
( PCFICH). Tham s c s dng xc nh khu vc PUSCH nhy tn. S l ng
cc khi ti nguyn dnh ring cho chu k CQI ( v d PUCCH dng 2/2a/2b ) l
c cu hnh bi tham s h thng khc l N RB .
Nhn chung n to ra ngha cho vic cp pht cc khi ti nguyn PUCCH
ring cho PUCCH dng 1/1a/1b v PUCCH dng 2/2a/2b. Vi bng thng h thng
hp ty chn nh 1,4MHz, tuy nhin iu ny s dn n chi ph cho PUCCH qu
cao. V vy, chia s cc khi ti nguyn PUCCH gia cc ng i dng dng 1/1a/1b
v dng 2/2a/2b l c h tr trong cc thng s k thut ca LTE. Khi ti

nguyn hn hp l c cu hnh bi tham s h thng pht CS , trongN n l s

cc thay i theo chu k dnh ring cho PUCCH dng 1/1a/1b trn khi ti nguyn
PUCCH hn hp.
Ti nguyn c s dng truyn ti PUCCH dng 2/2a/2b l c xc nh
bi ch s ti nguyn
nht.

nPUCCH , l nh x trc tip vo mt ti nguyn CS duy

4.5.3. Bo hiu iu khin trn PUSCH

PUSCH mang cc tn hiu iu khin L1/L2 ng ln trong s c mt ca d
liu ng ln. Bo hiu iu khin l c thc hin bi mt ti nguyn iu khin
dnh ring, m n ch c hiu lc trong khung con ng ln khi UE c ln k
hoch cho truyn d liu trn PUSCH. Nhng vn chnh lin quan n vic thit
k tn hiu iu khin trn PUSCH l :
x Lm th no b tr vic ghp knh gia d liu ng ln v cc lch
vc iu khin khc nhau.
x Lm th no iu chnh cht l ng ca cc tn hiu L1/L2 truyn i trn
PUSCH.
Hnh 4.16 cho thy cc nguyn tc ca vic iu khin v ghp knh d liu
trong cc k hiu SC-FDMA. duy tr cc c tnh ca sng mang n, cc k
hiu tn hiu pht d liu v iu khin khc nhau s c ghp knh tr c khi ti
DFT. Cc trng d liu v iu khin khc nhau ( ACK/NACK, CQI / ch s ma
trn tin m ha [PMI], ch th hng [RI] ) c m ha v iu ch ring bit tr c
khi ghp knh chng thnh khi k hiu SC-FDMA ging nhau. Cp khi ghp

90

knh cng c xem xt, nhng s dn n chi ph iu khin l qu ln. S dng

k hoch ghp knh mc k hiu c chn t l gia cc k hiu k hiu d liu
v k hiu iu khin c th c iu chnh mt cch chnh xc trong mi khi
SC-FDMA.

Hnh 4.16 Nguyn tc iu ch d liu v iu khin

Hnh 4.17 cho thy nguyn tc ca vic ghp knh cc tr ng iu khin khc
nhau v d liu hng ln trn PUSCH. S kt hp thc t ca cc tn hiu iu
khin L1/L2 khc nhau v kch thc ca chng thay i t khung con ti khung
con. C UE v eNodeB u c s hiu bit v s l ng cc k hiu thuc v phn
iu khin. Phn d liu ca PUSCH l phn b chm thng bi s cc k hiu iu
khin phn b trong khung con cho.

Hnh 4.17 Cp pht cc trng d liu & iu khin khc nhau trn PUSCH
Ghp knh d liu v iu khin c thc hin iu khin l c mt c hai
khe ca khung con ny. iu ny m bo rng cc knh iu khin c th c li t
nhy tn khi n c p dng. ACK/NACK l c t cui cc k hiu SCFDMA bn cnh cc tn hiu chun. Ln nht l c hai k hiu SC-FDMA trn mi

91

khe c cp pht bo hiu ACK/NACK. Cng p dng cho RI, trong n

c t vo cc k hiu SC-FDMA bn cnh ACK/NACK. Cc k hiu CQI/PMI
c t vo u ca cc k hiu SC-FDMA v chng c lan truyn trn tt c
cc k hiu SC-FDMA sn c.
CQI/PMI c truyn i trn PUSCH s dng s iu ch t ng t nh phn
d liu. ACK/NACK v RI c truyn cho m ha , xo trn v iu ch
pht huy ti a khong cch Eclude mc k hiu. iu ny c ngha l mt k
hiu iu ch c s dng cho mt sng mang ACK/NACK l 2 bt ti a cho
thng tin iu khin c m ha n khng ph thuc vo k hoch iu ch
PUSCH. Cc im bn ngoi cng c nng sut truyn ti cao nht c dng
bo hiu ACK/NACK v RI cho 16QAM v 64QAM. La chn ny cung cp mt
khuych i cng sut nh cho cc k hiu ACK/NACK v RI, hn so vi d
liu PUSCH s dng iu ch bc cao hn.
Bn phng php m ha knh khc nhau c p dng vi cc tn hiu iu
khin c truyn i trn PUSCH l :
x Ch c m ha lp li : 1-bt ACK/NACK
x M ha n cng : 2-bt ACK/NACK/RI
x M ha khi Reed-Muller ( 32-N) : CQI/PMI < 11 bt
x M chp kp cui(tail-biting) ( 1/3) : CQI/PMI 11 bt
Mt vn quan trng lin quan ti iu khin tn hiu trn PUSCH l lm sao
gi cho hiu sut ca tn hiu iu khin mc ch. Cn l u rng iu khin
cng sut s thit lp mc tiu SIRN ca PUSCH ph hp vi knh d liu. Do ,
knh iu khin c phi thch nghi vi im hot ng SIRN thit lp cho d
liu. C mt cch iu chnh cc ti nguyn c sn c th c p dng cho cc
gi tr b p cng sut khc nhau cho d liu v cc phn iu khin khc nhau.
Nhng vn ca k hoch b cng sut l tnh cht sng mang n s b ph hy
phn no. Do k hoch ny khng c s dng trong h thng ng ln LTE.
Nh cp, tham s b p c s dng iu chnh cht l ng ca cc tn
hiu iu khin cho knh d liu PUSCH. N l mt tham s ring ca UE c
cu hnh bi tn hiu lp cao hn. Cc knh iu khin khc nhau cn thit lp cc
tham s b p ring ca chng. C mt s vn cn c tnh n khi cu hnh
tham s b p l:
x im hot ng BLER cho knh d liu PUSCH
x im hot ng BLER cho knh iu khin L1/L2
x S khc nhau trong li m ha gia cc phn iu khin v d liu, do
cc k hoch m ha khc nhau v kch th c khi m ha khc nhau (
khng c li m ha vi 1-bt ACK/NACK ).
x Hiu sut DTX

92

Cc im vn hnh BLER khc nhau cho d liu v cc phn iu khin l bi v

HARQ c s dng cho cc knh d liu trong khi cc knh iu khin khng
c hng li t HARQ. S khc bit cao hn l trong im vn hnh BERL gia
d liu v cc knh iu khin, ln hn cc thng s b p. ng thi t ng t
cng lin quan ti kch thc gi tin. Cc gi tr b p cao nht l cn thit vi cc
tn hiu ACK/NACK do khng c li m ha.

4.6. Cu trc PRACH (Knh truy nhp ngu nhin vt l)

Truyn dn truy cp ngu nhin ch l mt kiu truyn dn khng ng b
hng ln LTE. Mc d thit b u cui phi ng b vi tn hiu ng xung
nhn c trc khi truyn v RACH, n khng th xc nh c khong cch ca
n t trm gc. V vy, s nh thi khng chc chn gy ra bi phn d tr lan
truyn hai chiu trn truyn dn RACH.
Knh truy nhp ngu nhin vt l (PRACH) c thit k mt cch thch hp,
cung cp s cc c hi truy cp ngu nhin, h tr cc khu vc mong mun v
mt tn tht ng truyn v nh thi khng chc chn h ng ln, n cho php
c lng nh thi tng i chnh xc. Ngoi ra, PRACH cn c cu hnh cho
hng lot cc tnh hung, c cho ti RACH v mi tr ng vt l. V d, LTE c
yu cu phi h tr phm vi ca cc ln ti 100km, m trong khong dch do
tr lan truyn theo hai hng ti 667s, to iu kin thun li cho khong thu tn
hiu trc khi nh thi trong lp MAC.

Hnh 4.18 Cc dng phn m u LTE RACH cho FDD

93

Trong cu trc khung ca LTE loi 1 ( FDD), ch c mt ti nguyn PRACH c

th c cu hnh thnh mt khung con. Tnh chu k ca cc ti nguyn PRACH c
th c thu nh li theo ti trng RACH d kin, v cc ti nguyn PRACH c th
xut hin t mi khung con mt ln trong 20ms. Truyn dn PRACH bao gm mt
chui phn m u v mt tin t vng ng tr c vi bn nh dng khc nhau
nh uc th hin trong hnh 4.18.
Nhiu cc nh dng phn m u l cn thit v di rng ca mi tr ng. V d,
cc CP di trong cc nh dng phn m u h tr 1 v 3 vi cc khong ph sng
ln xt v mt dung sai bt nh nh thi tng ln trong khi cc chui phn
m u lp li trong cc dng 2 v 3 b cho tn tht ng dn tng ln. Khong
thi gian bo v l cn thit sau khi mt phn m u khng ng b l khng c
quy nh r dng, nhng v tr PRACH trong cu trc khung con cung cp mt
khong thi gian bo v y . Xem xt c th l ch cn thit trong cc tr ng
hp rt c bit. i vi mi , 64 chui phn m u l c cu hnh v do c
64 c hi truy cp ngu nhin trn mi PRACH ngun. PRACH chim 1,08MHz
bng thng, cung cp chnh xc hp l tnh ton nh thi.
Cc chui ZadoffChu thuc CAZAC c s dng nh l cc chui phn m
u RACH

4.7. Truyn dn bo hiu lp vt l hng xung

Thng tin iu khin theo hng ng xung c mang s dng ba kiu khc
nhau ca thng ip iu khin :
Ch s nh dng iu khin (CFI), cho bit s l ng ti nguyn dnh cho
vic iu khin knh s dng. CFI c nh x vo knh ch th nh dng
iu khin vt l ( PCFICH).
Ch th HARQ ( HI), s thng bo v s thnh cng ca cc gi d liu
hng ln nhn c.HI c nh x ln knh ch th HARQ vt l
(PHICH).
Thng tin iu khin hng xung ( DCI), iu khin vi cc nh dng khc
nhau v c bn l tt c cp pht ta nguyn lp vt l trong c hai h ng
ng ln v ng xung v c nhiu cc nh dng cho cc nhu cu khc
nhau. DCI c nh x ln knh iu khin h ng xung vt l ( PDCCH).

4.7.1. Knh ch th nh dng iu khin vt l (PCFICH)

Mc ch duy nht ca PCFICH l t ng cho bit xem c bao nhiu k hiu
OFDMA c dnh ring cho thng tin iu khin. iu ny c th bin i gia 1
v 3 cho mi khung con 1ms. T PCFICH, UE bit c trong c cc k hiu
cho vic x l thng tin iu khin. V tr v iu ch ca PCFICH l c nh. Vic

94

s dng kh nng truyn tn hiu ng cho php h thng h tr cho c mt s

lng ln ngi s dng d liu tc thp( v d nh VoIP) cng nh n cung
cp chi ph truyn tn hiu thp khi tc d d liu cao c s dng bi t ng i s
dng ng thi.
Khi hot ng 1,4MHz, ngun ti nguyn PDCCH l 2 , 3 hoc 4 k hiu
m bo kch thc trng ti v c khong sng cho tt c cc tnh hung
truyn tn hiu. Trong cc mng ln quan trng l phi c ch cho knh m
ha cng vi truyn tn hiu, c bit l cho hot ng vi RACH.

4.7.2. Knh iu khin hng xung vt l ( PCDCH)

UE s thu c thng tin t PDCCH cho c cc cp pht ti nguyn h ng xung
v hng ln m UE c th s dng. DCI c nh x vo PDCCH c cc dng
khc nhau v ty thuc vo kch thc DCI c truyn i bng cch s dng mt
hoc nhiu cc phn t knh iu khin ( CCE). Mt CCE bng 9 nhm phn t ti
nguyn. Mi nhm ln lt bao gm 4 phn t ti nguyn. Cc nh dng PDCCH
khc nhau c th hin nh trong bng 4.1
Dng PDCCH S lng CCES lng cc nh mS lng cc bt
phn t ti nguynPDCCH

72

18

144

36

288

72

576

Bng 4.1 Dng PDCCH v kch thc ca chng

Ta c th thy nh l PDCCH ang c s dng iu ch QPSK, sau mt
phn t ti nguyn n l mang 2 bt v c 8 bt trong mt nhm phn t ti
nguyn.
UE s lng nghe cc tp PDCCH v c gng gii m chng ( kim tra tt c cc
nh dng ) trong tt c cc khung con tr nhng ni m DRX c cu hnh. Cc
tp PDCCH gim st ln ti 6 knh. Ty thuc vo cc tham s mng, mt s
cc PDCCH c gi l PDCCH chung v cng c th cha thng tin iu khin
cng sut.
DCI c nh x ti PDCCH c bn nh dng khc nhau v cc bin i khc
nhau hn na cho mi nh dng. N c th cung cp thng tin iu khin cho cc
trng hp sau y :
x Thng tin cp pht PUSCH ( DCI dng 0 )
x Thng tin PDSCH vi mt t m ( DCI dng 1 v cc bin th ca n )
x Thng tin PDSCH vi hai t m ( DCI dng 2 v cc bin th ca n )

95

x Thng tin iu khin cng sut h ng ln ( DCI dng 3 v cc bin th ca

n )
PDCCH c cha thng tin lin quan ti PDSCH v th ng c gi l s phn
cng ng xung. Cc thng tin di y c mang trn phn cng ng xung
khi cung cp thng tin cp pht ti nguyn ng xung lin quan ti PDSCH :
x Thng tin cp pht khi ti nguyn. N ch ra v tr ca cc ti nguyn c
cp pht cho ngi s dng trong vn min ti nguyn khi.
x Phng thc iu ch v m ha c s dng cho d liu ng i dng
hng xung. 5 bt bo hiu ch ra bc iu ch v kch th c khi truyn ti
( TBZ).
x S tin trnh HARQ cn c bo hiu, nh l truyn li HARQ t eNodeB
quan im l khng ng b v ngay lp tc truyn dn chnh xc ti chc
nng lp lch biu ca eNodeB.
x Mt ch s d liu mi cho bit vic truyn dn i vi tin trnh c th l c
truyn li hay khng.
x Phng n d phng l mt tham s HARQ c th c s dng vi d
gia tng cho phng n truyn li c s dng.
x Cc lnh iu khin cng sut cho PUCCH cng c a vo PDCCH. Cc
lnh iu khin cng sut c 2 bt v c th c 2 s dng l iu chnh tng
v gim cng sut.

4.7.3. Knh ch th HARQ vt l ( PHICH)

Nhim v i vi knh ch th HARQ vt l (PHICH) ch n gin l ch ra
theo hng ng xung xem mt gi tin ng ln c nhn chnh xc hay
khng. Cng c ny s gii m cc PHICH da trn thng tin cp pht h ng ln
nhn c trn PDCCH.
4.7.4. Cc ch truyn dn hng xung
vn hnh h thng mnh m v hiu qu, iu quan trng l UE phi bit
trc loi hnh truyn dn ch i. Nu ch truyn c th thay i ng t
mt khung con ti mt khung con khc th UE s cn phi gim st tt c cc nh
dng DCI c th c mt cch ng thi, s dn ti mt s gia tng ng k v s
lng vng m gii m v s phc tp my thu ( v c th c s gia tng s l ng
cc li bo hiu ). Hn na, UE khng th cung cp knh phn hi c ngha t .
Do mi UE c cu hnh na n nh qua tn hiu RRC cho mt ch truyn
dn. Ch truyn dn s xc nh loi hnh truyn dn ng xung m UE mong
mun. Trong LTE phin bn 8, by phng thc truyn dn c xc nh :

96

x Cng n ng ten ; port 0. y l ch n gin nht ca vn hnh khng

c tin m ha.
x Phn tp pht. Vi hai hoc bn cng ng ten s dng SFBC.
x Ghp knh khng gian vng h . y l ch vng h vi kh nng thch
ng bc da trn phn hi RI. Trong trng hp bc = 1 th phn tp pht
c p dng tng t nh truyn dn ch 2. Vi ghp knh khng gian
bc cao hn ln ti 4 lp vi tr ln, CDD c s dng.
x Ghp knh khng gian vng kn. y l mt ch ghp knh khng gian
vi phn hi tin-m ha h tr thch ng bc ng.
x MIMO nhiu ngi s dng. Ch truyn dn cho hot ng MU-MIMO
ng xung.
x Vng kn bc 1 tin-m ha . vng kn tin-m ha t ng t nh truyn dn
ch 5 m khng c kh nng ghp knh khng gian.
x Cng n ng ten ; port 5 . Ch ny c th c s dng trong vn hnh
to chm tia khi cc tn hiu chun ring cho UE ang s dng.

4.7.5. Knh qung b vt l ( PBCH)

Knh qung b vt l (PBCH) mang cc thng tin h thng cn thit cho vic
truy nhp h thng, nh l cc thng s RACH. Knh ny lun c cung cp vi
bng thng 1,08MHz, nh trong hnh 4.19.

Hnh 4.19 V tr PBCH ti cc tn s trung tm

V vy cu trc PBCH l c lp vi bng thng thc t ca h thng c s
dng , tng t nh cc knh khc / cc tn hiu cn phi truy nhp h thng

97

bc u. Thng tin qung b l mt phn c mang trn PBCH, ni m khi

thng tin chnh(MIB) c truyn i trong khi cc khi thng tin h thng thc
(SIB) sau c truyn trn PDSCH. Trong 600 sng mang con nh trn hnh
4.20 ch cn 9MHz ( 50 khi ti nguyn ) trong min ti nguyn nh ng bng thng
h thng cn c cho s suy gim i vi cc nh khai thc lin k v vy lm
tng tng bng thng cn thit n 10MHz. Vi mt h thng bng thng 1,4MHz
khng c cc khi ti nguyn hai bn ca PBCH trong min tn s c s dng,
do ch c 6 khi ti nguyn c th c s dng cho p ng cc yu cu mt n
ph.

4.7.6. Tn hiu ng b
C 504 cc gi tr nhn dng vt l (PCI) trong h thng LTE, so vi 512 m
xo trn chnh trong WCDMA. Tn hiu ng b chnh (PSS) v tn hiu ng b
th cp (SSS) c truyn i, tng t nh PBCH, lun c bng thng 1,08MHz,
nm cui ca cc khe 1 v khe th 11( khe 0 v khe 10 ) ca khung 10ms nh
trong hnh 4.20.

Hnh 4.20 cc tn hiu ng b trong khung

PSS v SSS c khng gian v tr cng nhau ca 504 cc c tnh lp vt l
(PCI) duy nht. Cc PCI hnh thnh 168 nhm PCI, mi nhm PCI c 3 PCI ( nh
vy tng cng l 504 PCI ). Cu trc v v tr ca cc PCI c ngha l dng ly
mu t cc tn s trung tm ( vi bng thng 1,08MHz) vi ti a l 5ms c cha
cc thng tin cn thit cho vic nhn dng .

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4.8. Cc th tc lp vt l
Cc th tc lp vt l quan trng trong LTE l iu khin cng sut, HARQ, ng
trc nh thi v truy cp ngu nhin. ng tr c nh thi l da trn truyn tn
hiu trong lp iu khin truy nhp bt buc (MAC) , nh ng v n lin quan trc
tip ti lp vt l, ng trc nh thi chi tit c cp trong ch ng ny.
4.8.1. Th tc HARQ
HARQ trong LTE l da trn vic s dng th tc HARQ dng v ch. Mt
khi gi tin c truyn i t eNodeB, UE s gii m n v cung cp thng tin phn
hi trong PUCCH. i vi s bo nhn ph nh (NACK) th eNodeB s truyn li.
UE s kt hp bn truyn li vi bn gc v n s khi ng vic gii m turbo tr
li. Sau khi gii m thnh cng( da trn vic kim tra CRC) UE s gi bo nhn
tch cc(ACK) cho eNodeB. Sau eNodeB s gi mt gi tin mi qu trnh
HARQ. Do vic vn hnh c ch dng- v ch, vy phi cn c nhiu tin trnh
HARQ cho php mt lung d liu lin tc. Trong LTE th s cc tin trnh l c
nh ti 8 tin trinh trong c 2 h ng ln v xung. V d c minh ha nh trong
hnh 4.21. Vi nhiu ngi s dng, n s ph thuc vo lp lch biu eNodeB
khi truyn li s c gi i theo hng ln hoc h ng xung,v khi truyn li
cng yu cu ngun ti nguyn c cp pht.
Cc hot ng HARQ trong LTE h tr c kt hp mm v s dng d phng
tng.

Hnh 4.21 Vn hnh LTE HARQ vi 8 tin trnh

i vi d phng tng, vic pht li c th c tc khc nhau ph hp vi
cc thng s ging nh truyn ti ban u. tr ti thiu gia hai im cui ca

99

mt gi tin v s bt u truyn li l 7ms. UE s gi ACK/NACK ca mt gi tin

trong khung n, trong khung n+4 cho ng ln. iu ny li khong 3ms cho
thi gian x l ca UE, ty thuc vo vic nh thi ng xung / ng ln m
lch c iu khin bi th tc ng trc nh thi. nh thi ng xung
cho mt gi tin ng xung c truyn i duy nht th hin nh trong hnh 4.22

Hnh 4.22 nh thi LTE HARQ cho mt gi tin ng xung duy nht
Khong thi gian truyn li trong ng xung l ty thuc vo vic lp lch biu
trong eNodeB v do thi gian th hin nh trong hnh 4.23 l thi im sm nht
khi mt s truyn li sy ra.
4.8.2. ng trc nh thi
Th tc iu khin nh thi l cn thit cho s truyn dn h ng ln t cc
ngi s dng khc nhau ti eNodeB v bn cht l trong phm vi tin t vng.
Nh vy ng b hng ln l cn thit trnh nhiu gia nhng ng i s dng
bng vic lp lch truyn dn hng ln trn cng khung con. eNodeB lin tc c
cc bin php nh thi tn hiu h ng ln ca UE v iu chnh thi im truyn
dn ng ln nh th hin trong hnh 4.23.

Hnh 4.23 iu khin nh thi hng ln

Cc lnh ng trc nh thi c gi ch khi vic iu chnh nh thi l thc s
cn thit. phn gii ca mt lnh ng tr c nh thi l 0,52s, v ng tr c
nh thi c xc nh mt cch tng i so vi thi im ca khung v tuyn
ng xung nhn c trn UE.
Gi tr ng trc nh thi c o t khi truyn RACH m UE khng c mt
ng trc nh thi hp l, v d, ng ln cho UE l khng ng b. Cc tr ng

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hp nh vy c h thng truy cp, khi UE trng thi RRC_IDLE hoc khi UE

c mt giai on khng hot ng v t qu thi gian cho php, chuyn giao
khng ng b, v sau khi lin lc v tuyn tht bi. Ngoi ra, eNodeB c th gn
cho UE mt phn m u dnh ring( tranh chp t do) trn RACH i vi vic o
c nh thi hng ln khi eNodeB mun thit lp s ng b h ng ln. Tnh
hung nh vy phi i mt vi vic chuyn giao hoc khi d liu h ng xung ti
cho mt UE khng ng b. T khong c xc nh cho ng tr c nh thi,
kch thc ln ti 100km s c to iu kin, v thm ch cao hn bng cch b
mt s ti nguyn cha s dng.

4.8.3. iu khin cng sut

i vi LTE, iu khin cng sut l chm i vi h ng ng ln. Trong
hng ng xung khng c iu khin cng sut. Khi bng thng thay i do s
thay i tc d liu, cng sut truyn dn tuyt i ca UE cng s thay i.
iu khin cng sut hin nay cha thc s l iu khin cng sut tuyt i m l
mt ph cng sut ( PSD ), cng sut trn mi Hz, i vi mt thit b ring bit.
iu g to iu kin cho vic s dng mt tc chm hn iu khin cng
sut l vic s dng cc ngun ti nguyn trc giao trong ng ln LTE, trong
n trnh c cc vn gn-xa do yu cu v iu khin cng sut nhanh trong
WCDMA. Cc ng lc chnh cho s iu khin cng sut l lm gim mc cng
sut tiu th ca thit b u cui v cng trnh di ng qu ln trong eNodeB
thu, hn l lm gim s can nhiu. Nguyn l iu khin cng sut h ng ln
trong LTE c minh ha nh trong hnh 4.24, ni m s thay i tc d liu
m PSD s gi khng i nhng kt qu l tng cng sut truyn ti c iu
chnh tng i vi s thay i tc d liu.

Hnh 4.24 Cng sut hng ln LTE vi thay i tc d liu

Vic iu khin cng sut thc t c da trn s xc nh tn tht ng
truyn, c tnh n cc thng s ring ca v sau p dng cc gi tr( tch ly)
ca h s iu chnh nhn c t eNodeB. Ty thuc vo cc thng s thit lp lp

101

cao hn, lnh iu khin cng sut hoc l 1dB ln hoc xung hoc sau cc
thit lp ca[-1dB, 0, +1dB, +3dB] c s dng. Cc c im k thut cn bao
gm iu khin cng sut da trn cc gi tr tuyt i. Tng di ng ca iu
khin cng sut l nh hn so vi trong WCDMA, v cc thit b hin nay c mt
mc cng sut ti thiu l -41dBm so vi -50dBm vi WCDMA.

4.8.4. Nhn tin

Cho php nhn tin, UE s c cp pht mt khong nhn tin v mt khung con
ring trong khong thi gian m thng ip tin nhn c th c gi i. S nhn tin
c cung cp trong PDSCH ( vi thng tin c cp pht trn PDCCH ). Cc tiu
ch thit k chnh trong nhn tin l nhm m bo mt chu k DRX cho cc thit
b tit kim nng lng v cng m bo thi gian p ng nhanh cho
cuc gi n. E-UTRAN c cc thng s khong thi gian ca chu k nhn tin
m bo y kh nng nhn tin.

4.8.5. Th tc bo co phn hi knh

Hnh 4.25 Th tc bo co thng tin trng thi knh (CSI)

Mc ch ca bo co phn hi trng thi knh l cung cp cho eNodeB thng
tin v trng thi knh ng xung nhm gip ti u ha quyt nh lp lch biu
gi tin. Nguyn tc ca bo co phn hi trng thi knh c trnh by trong hnh
4.25. Trng thi knh c nh gi bi UE da trn vic truyn dn ng xung (
cc k hiu chun) v bo co ti eNodeB bng cch s dng PUCCH hoc
PUSCH. Cc bo co phn hi trng thi knh c cha cc thng tin v cc thng
s lin quan n vic lp lch biu v thch ng lin kt ( MCS/TBS v MIMO ) UE
c th h tr trong vic tip nhn d liu. Sau eNodeB c th tn dng li ch

102

ca thng tin phn hi trong vic ra quyt nh lp k hoch s dng mt cch

ti u cc ngun ti nguyn tn s.
Nhn chung bo co phn hi knh bi UE ch l mt li ngh v cc eNodeB
khng cn phi tun theo n trong vic lp lch biu ng xung. Trong LTE bo
co phn hi knh l lun c iu khin y bi eNodeB v UE khng th gi
bt k bo co phn hi trng thi knh no m eNodeB khng bit tr c. Th tc
tng ng cho vic cung cp thng tin v trng thi knh ng ln c gi l s
d knh v n c thc hin bng cch s dng tn hiu chun thm d (SRS).
S khc bit chnh ca phn hi thng tin trng thi knh trong LTE so vi
WCDMA/HSDPA l tnh chn lc tn s ca cc bo co, v d, thng tin lin quan
n vic phn phi trng thi knh trong min tn s cng c th uwocj cung cp.
iu ny to ra mt kh nng cho vic lp lch biu gi tin trong min tn s
(FDPS), y l mt phng php nhm phn chia cc ngun ti nguyn v tuyn
trong min tn s cho cc ngi s dng khc nhau nhm ti u ha hiu sut h
thng.

4.8.6. Hot ng ch bn song cng

Cc thng s k thut ca LTE cng cho php ch hot ng bn song cng,
trong v c bn l hot ng trong ch FDD ( v d, tn s thu v pht l
ring r ) nhng truyn dn v thu nhn khng din ra ng thi nh trong ch
TDD. Cc d nh trong 3GPP c mt la chn cho cc tr ng hp v s sp
xp tn s v kt qu l cc yu cu i vi b lc song cng s l khng hp l, s
dn n chi ph cao v cng sut tiu th cao. eNodeB s cn phi hiu c nu
mt s thit b c da trn hot ng bn song cng. Tc ng i vi tc d
liu c th l ng ln hoc ng xung s khng cn c c lp nh ng tc
d liu sn c trong mt hng truyn dn s ph thuc vo vic cc ngun ti
nguyn c cp pht cho cc hng khc nhau. T ng t vi hot ng TDD,
ngi ta s cn ti vic lp lch biu da trn c s thit b ( khng phi da trn c
s h thng ging nh trong FDD) khng c xung t gia vic cp pht ng
ln v ng xung cho mt UE. Ngoi ra thi gian cng s l cn thit cho UE
thay i gia truyn v nhn.

4.8.7. Cc lp kh nng ca UE v cc c im c h tr
Trong LTE c nm lp kh nng ca thit b c xc nh. D liu c h tr
trong phm vi t 5 ti 75Mbps theo h ng ng ln v t 10 ti 300Mbps theo
hng ng xung. Tt c cc thit b h tr cho 20MHz bng thng cho vic
truyn v nhn, gi s rng bng tn a ra c xc nh. l d on tr c
m i vi hu ht cc trng hp cn vi cc bng tn c quan tm l d i

103

1GHz l vi bng thng nh nht v khi s h tr ln ti 20MHz l khng c

ch nh. Vi bng tn trn 1GHz, bng thng d i 5MHz l khng cn thit. ch
c mt loi 5 thit b s thc hin 64QAM trong ng ln, cc loi khc s dng
QPSK v 16QAM. S phn tp thu v MIMO c trong tt c cc chng loi, tr loi
1 l khng h tr MIMO. Cc chng loi UE c th hin nh trong bng 4.2
Loi 1Loi 2Loi 3Loi 4Loi5
Tc
nh10 / 5Mbps50 /100 /150/50Mbps 300/75Mbps
DL/UL25Mbps 50Mbps
iu chQPSK /QPSK /QPSK /QPSK /QPSK /
DL16QAM / 16QAM / 16QAM /16QAM /16QAM /
64QAM64QAM64QAM64QAM64QAM
iu chQPSK /QPSK /QPSK /QPSK /QPSK /
UL16QAM16QAM16QAM16QAM16QAM +
64QAM
Ty chn
MIMO DL (khng bt22222224
buc)
Bng 4.2 Cc loi thit b LTE
Cc bc trong tc d liu ln ti 300Mbps vi loi 5 l t c vi vic
truyn dn MIMO vi bn ng ten, trong khng c h tr vi cc loi khc.

4.9. o lng lp vt l
4.9.1. o lng eNodeB
Tt c cc chc nng v tuyn c t ti eNodeB, c mt vi php o eNodeB
m c th cn phi c bo co qua giao din bt k v khng c chc nng RRB
tp chung ring bit nh b iu khin mng v tuyn trong WCDMA. o eNodeB
c quy nh trong cc thng s k thut lp vt l trong phin bn 8 ng
xung nh sau :
x Cng sut s dng cho cc thnh phn ti nguyn c s dng truyn
cc tn hiu chun c th t eNodeB ( trong bng thng h thng).
x Cng sut can nhiu nhn c trn mi khi ti nguyn vt l
x Cng sut nhiu nhit qua bng thng h thng
ng c thc y cho vic thc hin cc php o l ng ny l cho php h xem
xt trong cc quyt nh chuyn giao v sc mnh trm gc t ng i to iu
kin cho s phi hp can nhiu gia cc .
Trong 3GPP c b sung thm cc ch s nh l mt phn ca cc thng s k
thut vn hnh v bo dng ( O & M) h tr vic gim st hiu nng ca h
thng.

104

4.9.2. o lng UE
i vi UE cc php o sau y c thc hin bn trong h thng LTE :
x Cng sut thu tn hiu chun (RSRP), m i vi mt ring bit l mc
trung bnh ca cng sut o c ( v mc trung bnh gia cc nhnh thu
c ) ca cc thnh phn ti nguyn c cha cc tn hiu chun c th.
x Cht lng thu tn hiu chun ( RSRQ) n l t s ca RSRP v E-UTRAN
mang ch th cng tn hiu nhn c (RSSI), vi cc tn hiu chun.
x E-UTRAN RSSI, y l tng cng sut di rng thu c trn mt tn s
nht nh, n bao gm nhiu t ton b v tr vo tn s c th, cho d l
s can nhiu gia cc hoc t mi ngun nhiu no khc. E-UTRAN RSSI
khng phi l bo co ca UE nh l mt php o ring l, nh ng n ch
c s dng trong vic tnh ton cc gi tr RSRQ bn trong UE.

4.10. Cu hnh tham s lp vt l

Cc tham s lp vt l cu hnh cho kt ni trong mt c th l trch nhim
ca eNodeB c th. S c mt s vn t cc thit lp O&M, chng hn nh
di tin t vng c s dng. i vi mt s cc tham s, 3GPP pht trin gii
php mng t t chc ( SON ). Trong lp vt l ny bao trm l ID vt l ( PCI),
c th hin nh trong hnh 4.26.

Hnh 4.26 T cu hnh cho PCI

105

Khi lp t mt mng mi, theo nguyn tc l c th chn ngu nhin PCI v

khi bo co o lng u tin thu c t UE bt k, n s nghin cu cc PCI
ang s dng gn. Sau khi eNodeB bit c cc ln cn v n c th
thit lp cc kt ni X2 ( UE sau cn phi c h ng dn gii m BCH c
c ID ton cu v sau h thng O&M c th cung cp thng tin kt ni cho
vic to ra X2 ). Mt khi cc kt ni X2 cung cp thng tin v cc gi tr PCI c
s dng trong cc ln cn, c th xc nh xem PCI n la chn c cn phi
iu chnh hay khng. Hoc, PCI c th c ly trc tip t O&M, nh vy trnh
c cc xung t ban u cho PCI gia cc gn nhau.

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CHNG 5 CC TH TC TRUY NHP

5.1. Th tc d tm
D tm l th tc m theo thit b u cui tm thy mt mng c kh
nng kt ni ti. Nh l mt phn ca th tc d tm , thit b u cui tm c
nhn dng ca mt v c tnh s nh thi khung ca c xc nh. Hn na,
th tc d tm cng cung cp s c tnh cc thng s cn thit thu nhn thng
tin ca h thng trn knh qung b, c cha cc thng s cn li cn thit cho vic
truy nhp vo h thng.
trnh vic lp k hoch phc tp, s l ng cc nhn dng lp vt l phi
c ln. LTE h tr 510 nhn dng khc nhau, c chia thnh 170 nhm nhn
dng .
gim s phc tm trong vic d tm , d tm trong LTE th ng c thc
hin trong mt vi bc, tng t nh th tc d tm ba b c trong WCDMA.
h tr thit b u cui trong th tc ny, LTE cung cp mt tn hiu ng b s cp
v mt tn hiu ng b th cp trn ng xung. Cc tn hiu ng b s cp v
th cp l cc chui ring, c chn vo hai k hiu OFDM cui cng trong khe
u tin ca khung con s 0 v s 5 nh c minh ho trong hnh 5.1. Ngoi cc
tn hiu ng b, th tc d tm cng c th li dng cc tn hiu tham chiu nh
l mt phn hot ng ca n.

5.1.1. Cc bc ca th tc d tm
Trong bc u tin ca th tc d tm , thit b u cui di ng s dng tn
hiu ng b s cp tm ra thi gian nh thi da trn mt c s l 5ms. L u
rng, tn hiu ng b s cp c truyn hai ln trong mi khung. Mt l do l
n gin ha vic chuyn giao t cc cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn khc nh GSM
ti LTE. Nh vy, tn hiu ng b s cp ch c th cung cp s nh thi khung
vi mt s khng r dng l 5ms.
Vic thc hin cc thut ton c tnh l c cung cp ring, nh ng c mt kh
nng l thc hin vic lc thch ng gia tn hiu nhn c v cc chui c
quy nh vi tn hiu ng b s cp. Khi u ra ca b lc thch ng t ti ti a
ca n, thit b u cui c kh nng tm thy gi tr nh thi trn c s 5ms.
Bc u cng c th c s dng kha tn s dao ng ni ca thit b u
cui di ng vi tn s sng mang ca trm gc. Kha tn s dao ng- ni vi tn
s trm gc gip gim bt cc yu cu chnh xc trn b to dao ng thit b
u cui di ng, nh vy n s gip lm gim bt chi ph.

107

Hnh 5.1 Cc tn hiu ng b s cp & th cp ( gi thit chiu di tin t vng

bnh thng )
V cc l do c tho lun trn, ba dy khc nhau c th c s dng nh
l tn hiu ng b s cp. c mt s nh x mt-mt gia mi chui trong ba chui
v nhn dng bn trong nhm nhn dng. Do , sau b c u tin thit b u
cui tm thy s nhn dng bn trong nhm nhn dng . Hn na, khi c mt
nh x mt-mt gia mi mt s nhn dng trong mt nhm nhn dng v mi
mt dy trc giao trong ba chui l c s dng khi to ra tn hiu chun. Thit b
u cui cng c c mt phn kin thc v cu trc tn hiu chun trong b c
ny. Nhm nhn dng, tuy nhin vn ch a bit n thit b u cui sau b c ny.
Trong bc tip theo, thit b u cui pht hin mt nhm nhn dng v n s
xc nh c s nh thi khung. iu ny c thc hin bng cch quan st cp
khe ni tn hiu ng b th cp c truyn i. V c bn, nu ( S1, S2) l mt
cp c php ca cc chui, ni m S1 v S2 biu din tn hiu ng b th cp
trong khung con s 0 v s 5, cp o ng c ( S2, S1) khng phi l mt cp chui
hp l. Bng cch khai thc tnh nng ny, thit b u cui c th phn gii c s
khng r dng v nh thi 5ms ca kt qu b c u tin trong th tc d tm
v xc nh s nh thi khung. Hn na, v mi s kt hp (S1, S2) th hin cho
mt trong cc nhm nhn dng , cng l nhm nhn dng thu c t b c d
tm th hai. T nhm nhn dng , thit b u cui cng thu c kin thc v
chui gi-ngu nhin c s dng to ra tn hiu chun trong .
Mt khi th tc d tm hon thnh, thit b u cui nhn thng tin h thng
c pht qung b c c cc thng s cn li, v d nh , bng thng truyn
ti c s dng trong .

108

5.1.2. Cu trc thi gian/tn s ca tn hiu ng b

Cu trc thi gian/tn s tng qut c m t tm tt trn v c minh ha
trong hnh 5.1. Nh thy trong hnh, cc tn hiu ng b s cp v th cp c
truyn trong hai k hiu OFDM lin tip. Cu trc ny c la chn cho
php x l nht qun ca tn hiu ng b th cp ti thit b u cui. Sau b c
u tin, tn hiu ng b s cp c bit v v th n c th c s dng
c lng knh. c lng knh ny sau c th c s dng x l nht
qun cc tn hiu nhn c trc khi ti b c th hai nhm nng cao hiu sut.
Tuy nhin, s b tr ca cc tn hiu ng b s cp v th cp cnh nhau mt khc
cng ng rng thit b u cui trong bc th hai cn phi c tnh di tin t
vng mt cch m mm. Tuy nhin, iu ny l mt hot ng t phc tp.
Trong nhiu trng hp, thi gian nh thi trong nhiu l c ng b nh
nhau do s bt u ca khung trong cc cnh nhau b trng nhau v thi gian. Mt
l do y l phi cho php MBSFN hot ng. Tuy nhin, hot ng ng b
cng ng l truyn cc tn hiu ng b s cp trong cc khc nhau sy ra ng
thi. S c lng knh da trn tn hiu ng b s cp v vy s phn nh s phi
hp knh t tt c cc nu tn hiu ng b s cp ging nhau c s dng trong
tt c cc . Hin nhin l vic gii iu ch nht qun ca cc tn hiu ng b th
cp, l khc nhau trong cc khc nhau, mt s c tnh knh t mng v li ch
l cn thit, khng phi l s c tnh ca vic phi hp knh t tt c cc . Do ,
LTE h tr nhiu cc chui cho tn hiu ng b s cp. Trong tr ng hp s thu
nht qun trong vic phn phi vi thi gian cc l ng b, cc ln cn c th
s dng cc chui ng b s cp khc lm gim bt cc vn v c l ngknh nh c m t trn. Hn na, nh m t trn tn hiu ng b s
cp cng mang mt phn ca vic nhn dng .

Hnh 5.2 S hnh thnh tn hiu ng b trong min tn s

T gc TDD, s b tr tn hiu ng b ti phn cui ca khe u tin trong
khung con, thay v khe th hai l c li v n ng rng t hn ch hn trong vic
to ra thi gian bo v gia ng ln v ng xung. Ngoi ra, nu cc tn hiu
ng b c t trong khe cui cng ca khung con, s khng c kh nng c

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c thi gian bo v cn thit. Ngoi ra, l u rng vi hot ng TDD, v tr ca

cc tn hiu ng b ng l lun nm khung con s 0 v s 5 trong cc khung
con ng xung.
Khi bt u th tc d tm , bng thng l khng cn thit phi bit n. V
nguyn tc, vic pht hin bng thng truyn dn c th c thc hin mt phn
trong cc th tc d tm . Tuy nhin iu ny s lm phc tp th tc d tm
chung, n l thch hp hn duy tr th tc d tm ging nhau, bt k bng thng
truyn dn tng th ca . Thit b u cui sau c th c thng bo v bng
thng thc t trong t knh qung b. V vy duy tr cu trc min tn s ging
nhau ca cc tn hiu ng b, bt k bng thng h thng ca , cc tn hiu ng
b lun c truyn bng cch s dng 72 sng mang con trung tm, t ng ng vi
mt bng thng trong th t ca 1MHz. Hnh 5.2 minh ha mt kh nng c th
thc hin cho vic to ra cc tn hiu ng b, 36 sng mang con trn mi bn ca
sng mang con DC trong min tn s c dnh ring cho tn hiu ng b. Bng
cch s dng mt IFFT, tn hiu min thi gian t ng ng c th c to ra. Kch
thc ca IFFT cng nh s lng cc sng mang con c a v khng nh
trong hnh 5.2, ty thuc vo bng thng h thng. Cc sng mang con khng c
s dng cho truyn cc tn hiu ng b c th c s dng cho truyn d liu.

5.1.3. D tm ban u v d tm ln cn
Vic tm mt kt ni n sau khi bt ngun ca thit b u cui r dng l
mt trng hp quan trng. Tuy nhin, mt vic quan trng khng km l kh
nng xc nh cc d phng cho vic chuyn giao nh l mt phn ca vic h
tr tnh di ng, khi thit b u cui kt ni di chuyn t mt ti mt khc.
Hai trng hp ny thng c gi tt l d tm ban u v d tm ln cn.
i vi vic d tm ban u, thit b u cui th ng khng bit tn s sng
mang ca cc m n ang tm kim. gii quyt tr ng hp ny, thit b u
cui cn phi d tm vi mt tn s sng mang ph hp, v c bn bng cch lp i
lp li cc th tc ni trn cho bt k tn s sng mang no c th c c a ra
bi s qut tn s. R dng l, iu ny th ng c th lm tng thi gian cn thit
cho vic d tm , nhng cc yu cu v thi gian d tm cho vic d tm ban u
thng tng i thoi mi. Cc phng thc thc hin ring cng c th c s
dng lm gim thi gian t khi bt ngun cho n khi tm c mt . V d,
thit b u cui c th s dng bt k thng tin b sung no m thit b u cui c
th c v bt u d tm trn cng tn s sng mang vi ln cui cng n kt ni
ti.
Vi vic d tm ln cn, c cc yu cu v thi gian cht ch hn. D tm ln
cn chm hn, cng di n s dn n thit b u cui c chuyn giao ti mt

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vi mc trung bnh v cht lng v tuyn tt hn. Nh ng iu ny r dng s lm

hng hiu sut ph tng th ca h thng. Tuy nhin, trong tr ng hp ph bin ca
chuyn giao lin- tn s, r dng l thit b u cui khng cn phi d tm i vi
tn s sng mang trong cc ln cn. Ngoi vic b qua s d tm trong nhiu tn
s sng mang, d tm - ln cn lin- tn s c th dng cc th tc t ng t nh
vic d tm ban u.
Cc s o c cho mc ch chuyn giao l c yu cu c khi thit b u cui
hin ang nhn d liu ng xung t mng. Do , thit b u cui phi c kh
nng thc hin vic d tm ln cn trong cc tr ng hp ny. i vi d tm -ln
cn lin-tn s, y khng phi l mt vn ln nh cc d phng ln cn,
truyn cng mt tn s nh l thit b u cui c thc hin trong khi ang
nhn d liu. Nhn d liu v d tm ln cn l cc chc nng bng gc ring n
gin, hot ng trn cng tn hiu thu c.
Trng hp chuyn giao lin-tn s, l phc tp hn khi tip nhn d liu v d
tm ln cn cn phi thc hin nhiu cc tn s khc nhau. Trang b cho thit b
u cui c mt mch thu RF ring cho vic d tm ln cn, mc d v nguyn tc
l c th s khng hp dn t mt gc ca s phc tp. V vy, cc khong trng
trong vic truyn ti d liu trong khi thit b u cui c th iu h ng li ti mt
tn s khc cho cc mc ch o c lin tn s, c th c to ra. iu ny c
thc hin trong cng mt cch nh i vi HSPA, c th l bng cch trnh lp k
hoch cho thit b u cui trong mt hoc mt s cc khung con ng xung.

5.2. Truy nhp ngu nhin

Mt yu cu c bn cho bt k mt h thng di ng t bo no l kh nng cho
thit b u cui yu cu thit lp mt kt ni. iu ny th ng c gi l truy
nhp ngu nhin v ph v hai mc ch chnh ca LTE, c th l thit lp ng b
hng ln v thit lp mt nhn dng thit b u cui duy nht, C-RNTI, c bit
n c hai l mng v thit b u cui. Do , truy nhp ngu nhin c s
dng khng ch cho truy nhp ban u m l khi chuyn giao t LTE_DETACHED
( LTE_tch bit ) hoc LTE_IDLE ( LTE_rnh di) ti LTE_ACTIVE ( LTE_tch
cc), nhng cng sau mt thi gian khng hot ng h ng ln khi ng b
hng ln b mt trong LTE_ACTIVE.
Tng quan v truy nhp ngu nhin c th hin nh trong hnh 5.3, n bao
gm bn bc :
x Bc u tin bao gm truyn ti mt phn m u truy nhp- ngu nhin,
cho php eNodeB c tnh s nh thi truyn ti ca thit b u cui. ng
b hng ln l cn thit nh l nu khng th thit b u cui khng th
truyn c bt k d liu no h ng ln.

111

x Bc th hai bao gm mng s truyn mt lnh ng tr c nh thi n

iu chnh s nh thi truyn ca thit b u cui, da trn php o nh
thi trong bc u tin. Ngoi vic thit lp ng b h ng ln, b c hai
cng ch nh cc ngun ti nguyn h ng ln cho thit b u cui c s
dng trong bc th ba trong cc th tc truy nhp ngu nhin.
x Bc th ba bao gm truyn dn s nhn dng thit b u cui di ng bng
cch s dng UL-SCH tng t nh d liu lp lch biu thng th ng. Ni
dung chnh xc ca tn hiu ny ph thuc vo trng thi ca thit b u
cui, c bit l d n trc y c bit n mng hay khng.
x Bc th t v cng l bc cui cng bao gm truyn dn thng ip phn
gii tranh chp t mng ti thit b u cui trn DL-SCH. B c ny cng
gii quyt mi tranh chp do c nhiu thit b u cui ang c gng truy
nhp vo h thng bng cch s dng cng ti nguyn truy nhp h thng.

Hnh 5.3 Tng quan v th tc truy nhp ngu nhin

5.2.1. Bc 1 : Truyn dn phn m u truy nhp ngu nhin
Bc u tin trong th tc truy nhp ngu nhin l vic truyn mt phn m u
truy nhp ngu nhin. Mc ch chnh ca phn m u l ch ra vi mng s
hin din ca mt c gng truy nhp ngu nhin v c c s ng b thi gian
hng ln trong phm vi mt phn nh ca tin t vng h ng ln.

112

Nhn chung, truyn dn phn m u truy nhp ngu nhin c th trc giao hoc
khng trc giao vi d liu ngi s dng. Trong WCDMA phn m u l khng
trc giao vi vic truyn d liu h ng ln. iu ny cung cp li ch ca vic
khng c s cp pht na tnh (semi-statically) bt k ngun ti nguyn cho truy
nhp ngu nhin. Tuy nhin, vi vic iu khin s nhiu ca truy nhp ngu nhin
ti d liu, cng sut truyn ca phn m u truy nhp ngu nhin phi c
iu khin cn thn. Trong WCDMA, iu ny c gii quyt thng qua vic s
dng mt th tc dc-cng sut( power-ramping), m thit b u cui s tng dn
dn cng sut ca phn m u truy nhp ngu nhin cho n khi n c pht hin
thnh cng ti trm gc. Mc d y l mt gii php ph hp vi vn nhiu, th
tc dc to ra mt tr trong th tc truy nhp ngu nhin ton b. Do , t quan
im s tr, mt th tc truy nhp ngu nhin khng i hi dc cng sut l c li.
Trong LTE, vic truyn ti phn tiu truy nhp ngu nhin c th c thc
hin trc giao vi truyn dn d liu ng i dng h ng ln, v kt qu l khng c
s dc cng sut l cn thit ( mc d cc thng s k thut tt c u cho php dc
cng sut). Trc giao gia vic truyn d liu ng i dng t cc thit b u cui
khc v cc c gng truy nhp ngu nhin l t c trong c hai min thi gian v
min tn s. Mng thng tin qung b ti tt c cc thit b u cui m trong
vic truyn dn phn m u truy nhp ngu nhin cc ti nguyn thi gian tn s
l c cho php. trnh can nhiu gia d liu v phn m u truy nhp ngu
nhin, mng trnh vic lp lch biu truyn dn h ng ln bt k trong cc ngun
ti nguyn thi gian- tn s . iu ny c minh ha trong hnh 5.4. T nhng
n v thi gian c bn cho truyn d liu trong LTE l 1ms, mt khung con c
dnh ring cho truyn dn phn m u. Trong phm vi cc ti nguyn dnh ring,
phn m u truy nhp ngu nhin c truyn.
Trong min tn s, phn m du truy nhp ngu nhin c mt bng thng t ng
ng vi su khi ti nguyn ( 1,08MHz). iu ny ph hp vi c bng thng nh
nht m trong LTE c th hot ng. Do , cu trc phn m u truy nhp
ngu nhin tng t nhau c th oc s dng, bt k bng thng truyn dn ca .
i vi cc trin khai s dng cc cp pht ph ln hn, nhiu cc ti nguyn truy
nhp ngu nhin c th c xc nh trong min tn s, cung cp mt kh nng
truy nhp ngu nhin tng ln.

113

Hnh 5.4 Minh ha c bn cho truyn dn phn m u truy nhp ngu nhin
Mt thit b u cui thc hin mt c gng truy cp ngu nhin, tr c khi truyn
dn phn m u, t c ng b ng xung t th tc d tm . Tuy nhin, s
nh thi ng ln l ( nh tho lun ) ch a c thit lp. Khi u ca mt
khung ng ln ti thit b u cui l c nh ngha t ng i vi s bt u
ca khung ng xung ti thit b u cui. Do tr lan truyn gia trm gc v
thit b u cui, vic truyn dn hng ln do s b chm tr t ng i vi s
nh thi truyn dn hng xung ti trm gc. V vy, khi khong cch gia thit
b u cui v trm gc l cha bit, s c mt s khng chc chn trong vic nh
thi hng ln tng ng vi hai ln khong cch gia trm gc v thit b u
cui, ln ti 6,7s/km. tnh ton cho s khng chc chn ny v trnh gy
nhiu vi cc khung con tip theo khng c s dng, mt khong thi gian bo
v c s dng, m do chiu di thc t ca phn m u l ngn hn 1ms.
c minh ha trong hnh 5.5, di phn m u v khong thi gian bo v.

Hnh 5.5 nh thi phn m u ti eNodeB cho cc ngi s dng truy nhp ngu
nhin khc nhau
Vi chiu di phn m u khong 0,9ms, c 0,1ms thi gian bo v cho php
kch thc ln ti 15km. Trong cc ln hn m thi gian nh thi l khng
chc chn th thi gian bo v c th ln hn thi gian bo v c bn, thi gian bo

114

v b sung c th c to ra bng cch khng lp lch biu mi truyn dn h ng

ln trong khung con sau ngun ti nguyn truy nhp ngu nhin.
Cc chui phn m u c chia thnh cc nhm ca 64 chui trong mi
nhm. Nh mt phn ca cu hnh h thng, mi c cp pht mt nhm nh
vy bng cch xc nh mt hoc mt vi chui ZadoffChu gc v s dch vng
cn thit to ra tp cc phn m u. S l ng cc nhm l phi ln trnh
c s cn thit phi lp k hoch chui cn thn gia cc .
Khi thc hin mt c gng truy nhp ngu nhin, thit b u cui s chn mt
chui ngu nhin t tp cc chui c cp pht cho cc m thit b u cui ang
c gng truy nhp. Mt khi khng c thit b u cui no khc ang thc hin mt
c gng truy nhp ngu nhin bng cch s dng chui t ng t ti thi im tc
thi tng t, khng c xung t sy ra v c gng ny s c mt kh nng cao
c pht hin bi mng.
X l trm gc l vic thc hin ring, nh ng nh c tin t vng km trong phn
m u nn vic x l trong min tn s c phc tp thp. Mt v d ca quy ch
ny c minh ha trong hnh 5.6.

Hnh 5.6 S pht hin phn m u truy nhp ngu nhin trong min tn s
Cc mu trn mt ca s c thu thp v c chuyn i n thnh biu din
trn min tn s bng cch s dng mt FFT. Chiu di ca s l 0,8ms, t ng
ng vi chiu di ca chui ZC m khng c mt tin t vng. iu ny cho
php x l nh thi khng chc chn ln ti 0,1ms v ph hp vi thoi gian bo
v c xc nh.
u ra ca FFT, th hin cho tn hiu nhn c trong min tn s, c nhn ln
vi s biu din trong min tn s lin hp phc ca chui ZadoffChu gc v cc
kt qu c cho qua mt IFFT. Bng cch quan st cc u ra IFFT, c th pht

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hin c nhng thay i ca chui ZadoffChu gc c truyn v tr ca n.

V c bn, mt nh ca IFFT u ra trong khong i l t ng ng vi chui dch
chuyn chu k th i v tr c a ra bi v tr ca nh trong khong. iu ny
thc hin trong min tn s c tnh ton hiu qu v cho php pht hin nhiu c
gng truy nhp ngu nhin bng cch s dng cc chui dch vng khc nhau c
to ra t chui ZadoffChu gc; trong trng hp c nhiu cc c gng truy nhp s
ch n gin l mt nh trong mi khong t ng ng.

5.2.2. Bc 2 : p ng truy nhp ngu nhin

p ng cc c gng truy nhp ngu nhin c pht hin, khi b c th hai
ca th tc truy nhp ngu nhin mng s truyn mt thng ip trn DL-SCH, c
cha :
x Ch s ca chui phn m u truy nhp ngu nhin mng pht hin v
vi phn hi ny l hp l.
x Tnh ton hiu chnh nh thi bng cch thu nhn phn m u truy nhp
ngu nhin.
x Mt s tr cp lp lch biu, ch ra cc ngun ti nguyn m thit b u cui
c s dng cho vic truyn ti cc thng ip trong b c th ba.
x Mt nhn dng tm thi c s dng cho truyn thng c tip din gia
thit b u cui v mng.
Trong trng hp mng pht hin nhiu cc c gng truy nhp ngu nhin ( t cc
thit b u cui khc nhau ), cc thng ip phn hi ring l ca nhiu cc thit b
u cui di ng c th c kt hp vo trong mt truyn dn n. V vy, thng
ip phn hi c lp lch biu trn DL-SCH v c ch ra trn mt knh iu
khin L1/L2 bng cch s dng mt nhn dng dnh ring cho phn hi truy nhp
ngu nhin. Tt c cc thit b u cui c truyn mt phn m u gim st
cc knh iu khin L1/L2 cho phn hi truy nhp ngu nhin. S nh thi ca
thng ip phn hi l khng c nh trong cc c t k thut nhm c th p ng
y nhiu cc truy nhp ng thi. N cng cung cp mt vi s linh hot trong
vic vn hnh trm gc.
Min l cc thit b u cui thc hin truy nhp ngu nhin trong cng ngun ti
nguyn th cc phn m u khc nhau c s dng, nu khng xung t s sy ra
v t vic truyn tn hiu ng xung iu ny r dng l vi cc thit b u cui
m c thng tin l b lin quan. Tuy nhin, c mt xc xut nht nh ca s tranh
chp, l nhiu cc thit b u cui s dng phn m u truy nhp ngu nhin
ging nhau cng mt lc. Trong trng hp ny, nhiu cc thit b u cui s phn
ng li khi thng ip phn hi ng xung din ra cng lc v mt s xung t
s sy ra. Vic gii quyt c xung t l mt phn ca cc b c tip theo nh c

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trnh by di y. Tranh chp cng l mt trong cc nguyn nhn m ti sao

HARQ khng c s dng cho truyn dn cc phn m u truy nhp ngu nhin.
Mt thit b u cui nhn mt phn m u truy nhp ngu nhin c dnh cho
thit b u cui khc th s c s nh thi h ng ln khng chnh xc. Nu HARQ
c th c dng, s nh thi ca ACK/NACK cho thit b u cui nh vy s
khng ng v c th gy nhiu cho tn hiu iu khin h ng ln t cc ng i s
dng khc.
Sau khi thu nhn phn hi truy nhp ngu nhin b c hai, thit b u cui s
hiu chnh nh thi truyn dn hng ln v tip tc ti b c ba.

5.2.3. Bc 3: Nhn dng thit b u cui

Sau bc th hai, hng ln ca cc thit b u cui l c ng b v thi
gian. Tuy nhin, trc khi d liu ng i s dng c th c truyn ti / t thit b
u cui, mt s nhn dng duy nht trong ( C-RNTI) phi c gn cho thit b
u cui. Ty thuc vo trng thi thit b u cui, cng c th cn phi trao i
thng ip b sung.
Trong bc th ba, thit b u cui trao i cc thng ip cn thit vi mng
bng cch s dng cc ngun ti nguyn c phn cng trong phn hi truy
nhp ngu nhin bc th hai. Truyn dn thng ip h ng ln theo cch ging
nh vi vic lp lch biu d liu hng ln thay v gn n vo phn m u trong
bc u tin l c li v mt s l do. Th nht, s l ng thng tin c truyn
trong l thiu s ng b hng ln nn phi c hn ch ti a l cn thit phi
c khong thi gian bo v ln nh vy s lm cho vic truyn dn l t ng i tn
km. Th hai, vic s dng k hoch truyn dn hng ln thng th ng cho
php vic truyn dn thng ip vi s tr gip kch th c v ph ng n iu ch
cn phi c iu chnh, v d, vi cc iu kin v tuyn khc nhau. Cui cng,
n cho php HARQ vi kt hp mm cho thng ip h ng ln. Sau l mt kha
cnh quan trng, c bit l trong cc tnh hung m s ph sng b hn ch, khi
n cho php s dng mt hoc mt vi vic truyn pht li thu thp nng
lng cho tn hiu hng ln nhm m bo mt xc sut ln ca truyn dn
thnh cng. Lu , vic truyn pht li RLC l khng c s dng cho tn hiu
RRC hng ln trong bc ba.
Mt phn quan trng ca thng ip h ng ln l bao gm nhn dng thit b u
cui m vic nhn dng ny c s dng nh mt phn ca c ch gii quyt tranh
chp trong bc th t. Trong trng hp thit b u cui l trong ch
LTE_ACTIVE ( LTE_tch cc), l c kt ni n mt bit v do c
mt C-RNTI c gn, C-RNTI ny c s dng nh nhn dng thit b u cui
trong thng ip hng ln. Nu khng th mt nhn dng thit b u cui mng

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li c s dng v mng truy nhp v tuyn cn phi tham gia vo mng li tr c

khi tr li thng ip ng ln trong b c 3.
5.2.4. Bc 4: Gii quyt tranh chp
Bc cui cng trong th tc truy nhp ngu nhin gm mt thng ip ng
xung cho gii quyt tranh chp. Lu rng, t b c hai, nhiu cc thit b u
cui thc hin c gng truy nhp ngu nhin ng thi bng cch s dng chui
phn m u tng t nhau trong bc u tin lng nghe thng ip phn hi
tng t trong bc th hai v do c s nhn dng tm thi t ng t nhau. Do
, trong bc th t, mi thit b u cui tip nhn thng ip ng xung s so
snh nhn dng trong thng ip vi nhn dng chng c truyn trong b c th
ba. Ch mt thit b u cui m quan st thy mt s ph hp gia nhn dng nhn
c trong bc th t v nhn dng c truyn nh l mt phn ca b c th ba
s khai bo th tc truy nhp ngu nhin thnh cng. Nu thit b u cui ch a
c gn mt C-RNTI, nhn dng tm thi t b c th hai l c nng cp ti CRNTI.
Thng ip gii quyt tranh chp l c truyn trn DL-SCH, bng cch s dng
nhn dng tm thi t bc th 2 cho vic gn a ch thit b u cui trn knh
iu khin L1/L2. T khi ng b hng ln c thit lp, HARQ c p
dng cho tn hiu ng xung trong b c ny. Cc thit b u cui c s ph hp
gia nhn dng m chng c truyn trong b c th ba v thng ip chng nhn
c trong bc th t cng s truyn mt xc nhn HARQ trong h ng ln.
Cc thit b u cui m khng tm thy s ph hp gia nhn dng nhn c
trong bc th t v nhn dng c truyn t ng ng nh l mt phn ca b c
th ba th c coi nh l tht bi trong th tc truy nhp ngu nhin v cn phi
khi ng li th tc truy nhp ngu nhin t b c u tin. R dng l khng c
phn hi HARQ c truyn t nhng thit b u cui ny.

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CHNG 6 TNH HNH TRIN KHAI LTE TRN TH

GII V TI VIT NAM
6.1. Trin khai LTE trn th gii
Theo cc cuc kho st gn y c hn 80% nh cung cp dch v di ng
(telco) trn th gii hin ang s dng cng ngh GSM (gm GSM, GPRS/EDGE,
HSPA). Theo gii chuyn gia phn tch v nh gi, li th v h tng sn c v s
lng ngi s dng ng o l l do chnh pht trin th tr ng di ng bng
thng rng vi cng ngh HSPA v tip theo s l LTE. c t k thut ca cng
ngh LTE c kh nng tng thch gn nh hon ho vi cng ngh nn tng GSM.
Khng ch GSM, cc telco s dng cng ngh CDMA cng khng b qua c hi
chuyn tip ln 4G vi cng ngh LTE.
Bn cnh sn phm mi, hi ngh th gii di ng (MWC) th ng nin cng l
ni cc cng ngh mi v nh hng pht trin ca ngnh vin thng di ng c
gii thiu rng ri n cng chng. Ti MWC 2011 Barcelona (Ty Ban Nha),
LTE l mt trong nhng ti c quan tm nhiu nht.
Thc t cho thy, hu ht cc hng sn xut thit b vin thng hng u th gii:
Alcatel-Lucent, Ericsson, Motorola, Nokia, Nokia Siemens Networks, Huawei, LG
Electronics, Samsung, NEC, Fujitsu... nhn ra tim nng to ln ny v cng
bt tay vi cc telco ln trn th gii (Verizon Wireless, AT&T, France TelecomOrange, NTT DoCoMo, T-Mobile, China Mobile, ZTE...) thc hin cc cuc th
nghim quan trng trn cng ngh LTE v t nhng thnh cng ng k.
Trong , Nokia Siemens Networks cng b th nghim thnh cng LTE vi
tc ln n 173Mbps trong mi trng th vi nhiu thu bao cng lc trn
tn s 2,6GHz, bng thng 20MHz. Alcatel-Lucent thng bo th nghim thnh
cng LTE vi tc ti v t 80Mbps. ZTE (Trung Quc) cng cho bit trnh
din thnh cng LTE vi mc tc ti v 130Mbps. Tip , Motorola cng tuyn
b, h cng tc vi cc nh khai thc di ng ca Anh hon thnh cuc th
nghim kt ni ngoi tri i vi cng ngh LTE, tn s 700MHz v 2,6GHz. Mi
y, Motorola tip tc cng b h hon tt th nghim giai on mt cng ngh
TD-LTE (TD Mode LTE) vi B Cng nghip v CNTT (MIIT) Trung Quc, tc
ti xung thc t t c 80Mbps.
Cc cuc th nghim v trnh din ny chng t kh nng tuyt vi ca cng
ngh LTE v kh nng thng mi ha LTE n rt gn. K hoch th nghim
v trin khai cng ngh LTE vn ang c cc cng ty trn cng hp tc thc y
v n nay chnh thc c dch v LTE th ng mi.

119

Thng mi h a
Trong cuc chy ua tr thnh tr thnh nh khai thc mng u tin a
vo vn hnh thng mi cc dch v LTE, TeliaSonera v ch sm nht.
TeliaSonera l telco u tin trn th gii th ng mi ha cng ngh LTE ti hai
th Stockholm (Thy in) v Oslo (Na Uy) vo nm 2010 v tip tc trin khai
sang Phn Lan. Song hnh vi chin dch trin khai mng 4G LTE, TeliaSonera
cng tip tc m rng mng Turbo-3G (cng ngh HSPA) nhm tng dung l ng
v khu vc ph sng. Trong nm nay, TeliaSonera tip tc m rng mng 4G n
25 thnh ph ln ca Thy in v 4 thnh ph ca Na Uy. Hng ny s dng cng
ngh LTE tn s 2,6GHz cng vi bng thng 20MHz, tc ti a ln n
100Mbps.
Telstra (c) l mt trong nhng nh mng u tin trn th gii chnh thc xc
nhn v vic trin khai LTE ca mnh mt cch rng ri. Theo nh mng ny, h s
th nghim LTE t cui nm 2011 ti khu vc trung tm cc thnh ph ln ca c.
Song song , Ericsson c th l nh sn xut thit b u tin pht trin cc h tng
phc v h thng mng trn tn s 1.800 MHz. V Sierra Wireless cng s a ra
th trng cc thit b lng tnh h tr ng i dng t ng thch ng c vi h
mng 3G khi ra khi vng ph sng LTE.
Theo Wireless Intelligence, c khong 10-15 mng LTE c a vo phc v
vo cui nm 2010 v ln n 30 mng vo cui nm 2012. Ti th tr ng M,
Verizon Wireless cho bit, mng LTE ca h s s dng ph 10MHz v h tr tc
t 5Mbps -12Mbps. i din hng Verizon Wireless cho bit, nhng chic in
thoi LTE u tin ca hng s c hai b chip v tuyn. V vy, chng s lm vic
trn c mng LTE v mng vin thng trn cng ngh CDMA hin nay. Verizon
Wireless d kin s cho ra mt chic in thoi khng dy u tin tch hp cng
ngh LTE vo gia nm 2011. Ericsson v Alcatel-Lucent l cc i tc cung cp
thit b cho mng LTE ca Verizon Wireless.
Tip theo, AT&T cng c k hoch th ng mi ha LTE vo nm 2011. Hng
ny tuyn b c bng thng 20MHz dnh cho LTE ph sng cho hn 100
thnh ph ln nht ca M. NTT DoCoMo l nh khai thc di ng u tin ca
Nht Bn th nghim thnh cng LTE vi tc t n 250Mbps tuyn b s bt
u a ra cc dch v LTE t 2010. Giai on u mng LTE ca NTT DoCoMo
s s dng tn s 2GHz, bng thng 15MHz v anten MIMO cho khong 20 nghn
trm gc. V n cui nm 2012 s chuyn sang s dng tn s 1,5GHz. Hin nay,
Ericsson cng l hng cung cp c s h tng mng cho NTT DoCoMo.
Song hnh vi NTT DoCoMo KDDI, cc telco nh KDDI, Softbank Mobile,
eMobile u c c quan qun l vin thng Nht Bn B ni chnh v
truyn thng (MIC) ph chun k hoch trin khai mng LTE. C quan pht trin

120

Vin thng v CNTT Singapore (IDA) ang cn nhc v vic cho ra mt bng tn
LTE v WiMAX vo nm 2012, trc 3 nm so vi thi gian d kin ban u.
Cng lc ny, c ba nh khai thc di ng Singtel, StarHub v MobileOne cng cho
lp t th nghim dch v LTE tn s 2,5GHz.
Ti trin lm CES hi u nm ti Las Vegas, Verizon Wireless gii hn thiu
rt nhiu sn phm s dng cng ngh LTE : gm 3 mu tablet, 4 mu smartphone,
2 mu laptop v mt mu hotspot di ng. Tt c chng n t 4 n v OEM khc
nhau, s dng 4 loi chipset khng dy khc nhau.
Hin c 10 mng di ng (MNO) h tr LTE trn phm vi ton cu. D kin
trong 2011 s c thm 30 MNO khc. V pha WiMAX, a s cc MNO tp trung
chu u, tip n l chu TBD, vng Trung ng ri mi n M.
i din cc nh mng vi s thu bao ln nht th gii nh China Mobile
(Trung Quc) hay Bharti Airtel (n ) lin kt thnh lp nhm pht trin chun
LTE gi tt l GTI. Ch tch Softbank (Nht) Masayoshi Son cho bit nh mng
ny cng ng h vic a LTE tr thnh chun mng th h tip theo da trn cc
u im gi thnh thp, tc mng cao v hiu sut tn s tt hn hn cc h
mng khc. ng cng ch ra rng s ng lun ng vai tr quyt nh trong cc
vn tng t v v th vi 2/3 dn s th gii, khi hu thun cho LTE, cc nh
mng Chu gn nh quyt nh xong s phn ca mt chun mng 4G chung
cho ton cu.
Theo s liu ca Hip hi cc nh sn xut di ng ton cu GSA, ti gia nm
2010, th gii c 80 nh mng ti 33 quc gia cam kt pht trin ln LTE, trong
c 21 nh mng khu vc chu -Thi Bnh D ng. Ti ng Nam c
M1, SingTel v StarHub u Singapore trin khai LTE.
Cc nh pht trin thit b
Qualcomm cng thng bo mt l trnh sn phm mi, b sung cng ngh
4G LTE cho tt c cc modem Gobi ca h. Da trn s thnh cng ca Gobi,
Qualcomm (i tc ca cc hng sn xut my tnh: Sony, Acer, Lenovo, Dell,
HP...) chun b tp trung vo cc dng sn phm: e-reader, thit b chi game,
modem USB v cc ng dng thng mi M2M (mobile to mobile di ng ti di
ng). Cc chipset mi gm: MDM9200 h tr tc ln n 100Mbps, t ng
thch ngc vi HSPA, MDM9600 h tr tc 100Mbps, t ng thch ng c vi
HSPA+ v EV-DO (Rev. A v Rev. B).
Cng ti MWC, RIM - nh sn xut ni ting vi sn phm BlackBerry - xc
nhn kt ni LTE s c trang b cho dng sn phm mi PlayBook ca mnh t
gia nm 2011. PlayBook l my tnh bng chuyn nghip u tin dnh cho
nhng ngi thc s mun hon tt mi vic - i din RIM cho bit. V vi

121

mong mun gip ngi dng tn dng c ht mi chc nng ca sn phm, mt

kt ni mnh m nh LTE chnh l yu cu khng th thiu cho PlayBook.
Trong khi , vi khong 170 thit b di ng ang chnh thc hot ng trn h
iu hnh Android, Google ng h mnh m LTE. Eric Schmidt - CEO ca Google
- cho rng LTE s l nn tng cho nhng ng dng mnh m m hin gi chng ta
ch mi tng tng n. ng tin tng rng thit b di ng vi h iu hnh m
(nh Android), in ton m my, v h tng LTE chnh l nhng iu kin a
con ngi bc vo giai on mi ca s pht trin cng ngh.
Samsung Craft l chic in thoi 4G u tin tnh cho n thi im ny s
dng cng ngh khng dy tc cao LTE. Cng theo Samsung, nh mng
MetroPCS (M) LTE u tin s c chn l n v phn phi chnh thc ca mu
my ny sau khi vt qua cc i th tn tui khc nh Verizon, AT&T, T-Mobile,
v Cricket. Cc d liu hng thng l 55 USD.

Hnh 6.1 Samsung Craft - Chic in thoi 4G s dng mng LTE u tin trn th
gii
Nh khai thc dch v vin thng TeliaSonera lin kt vi hng in t
Samsung gii thiu chic MTXT c h tr dch v LTE ti Thy in. l
chic MTXT X430 ca Samsung c khi lng 2kg, mn hnh 14 ( ng cho
35,6 cm) v b vi x l i3 ca Intel. Bn cnh vic h tr LTE, X430 cng dng
c vi mng 3G hay GSM truy cp Internet.

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Hnh 6.2 Laptop X430

Theo tin t TeliaSonera v Samsung, X430 l chic MTXT h tr LTE u tin
c mt trn th trng. Cng ti cuc trin lm in t tiu dng quc t CES 2011
ti Las Vegas, M hi thng trc, hng vin thng Verizon thng bo trong thi
gian ti s c 2 chic MTXT ca HP h tr LTE. Verizon vn ch a cho bit thi
im c th tung ra 2 MTXT ny, ch ni chng s sm c mt, vo gia nm nay.
Cc sn phm ca Verizon khng th truy cp vo h thng mng LTE ca
TeliaSonera v ngc li. Do c hai nh khai thc vin thng ny s dng cng
ngh mng di ng th h mi LTE vi cc di bng tn khc nhau. TeliaSonera
cng khng h h l v k hoch tung ra cc sn phm in thoi thng minh v
nhng thit b khc tng thch vi LTE, nh ng h c tit l rng s l ng thit b
mi h tr LTE s dn xut hin trong nm nay v c nm ti.

6.2. Trin khai LTE ti VIT NAM

B TT&TT va cho bit hin ang hon thin th tc cp php th nghim
LTE cho EVN Telecom v Gtel. Nh vy, c 7 doanh nghip c th nghim
cng ngh tin 4G ny.

Hnh 6.3 Ericsson phi hp vi Cc Tn s V tuyn in th nghim cng ngh

LTE ti H Ni.

123

Trc , B TT&TT ng cho VNPT, Viettel, FPT Telecom, CMC v

VTC c th nghim mng di ng cng ngh LTE. Thi gian th nghim l 1
nm.
Theo Lut Vin thng, cc doanh nghip s phi u gi tn s ly giy php
ny. Sau khi u gi, cc doanh nghip c th chuyn nh ng tn s nu mun.
Vic u gi tn s l nhm trnh tnh trng xin giy php gi ch.
Ngy 10/10/2010, VNPT tuyn b hon thnh trm BTS theo cng ngh LTE
u tin t ti ta nh Internet, l 2A, lng Quc t Thng Long, Cu Giy, H Ni
vi tc truy cp Internet c th ln n 60 Mbps. Giai on 1 d n th nghim
cung cp dch vv tuyn bng rng cng ngh LTE ca VNPT s c VDC trin
khai vi 15 trm BTS ti H Ni, bn knh ph sng mi trm khong 1km.

Hnh 6.4 Trm gc LTE

V pha Viettel, tp on ny cng cho bit, s phi hp vi Huawei
tin hnh lp t, tch hp thit b LTE ti qun Tn Bnh, TP.HCM. Tr c ,
Viettel cng tin hnh th nghim H Ni. C th, Viettel s tin hnh th
nghim mt h thng mng mi hon chnh vi 40 trm LTE ti hai qun ng a
v Ba nh. Sau , d kin trong qu 1/2011, Viettel s cung cp dch v 4G cho
mt s khch hng dng th.Mng ny cho bit, khi trin khai, mng 4G s khng
nh hng n cht lng mng 3G v 2G ang cung cp cho khch hng.
Theo gii chuyn mn, t khi Vit Nam bt u th nghim cng ngh 3G n
khi chnh thc thng mi ha mt ti 6 nm. V vy, mt vi nm ti s khng
phi l thi im thch hp trin khai cng ngh ny.
Theo Lut Vin thng, cc doanh nghip s phi u gi tn s ly giy php
ny. Sau khi u gi, cc doanh nghip c th chuyn nh ng tn s nu mun.
Vic u gi tn s l nhm trnh tnh trng xin giy php gi ch.
B TT&TT cho bit sp ti B s tin hnh tng kt 1 nm cp php trin khai dch
v di ng 3G. Vic tng kt ny s tp trung nh gi hiu qu v bi hc kinh
nghim trong qu trnh trin khai mng 3G. y s l c s quan trng B
TT&TT tin hnh cp php 4G trong thi gian ti.

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KT LUN V HNG PHT TRIN TI

Cng ngh LTE l mt cng ngh mi, v ang c tip tc nghin cu v

trin khai trn ton th gii, vi kh nng truyn ti tc cao kin trc mng n
gin , s dng bng tn hiu qu v hon ton t ng thch vi cc h thng tr c
( GSM & WCDMA ) v da trn mt mng ton IP. LTE c th tr thnh h thng
thng tin di ng ton cu trong tng lai. V vy vic tm hiu v cng ngh LTE
l cn thit v c ngha thc t.

Trong n ny em cp mt cch tng quan v cng ngh LTE, trng tm

gm cc phn :
x Tm hiu qu trnh pht trin ca cc h thng thng tin di ng cho
n nay, gii thiu v cng ngh LTE.
x Tm hiu v kin trc mng LTE, cc thnh phn chnh v cc giao
thc s dng.
x Nm bt c cc cng ngh OFDMA, SC_FDMA v MIMO s
dng trong giao din v tuyn ca LTE.
x Tm hiu v lp vt l LTE
x Cc th tc truy nhp LTE
x Tnh hnh trin khai LTE trn th gii v ti VIT NAM
LTE l mt cng ngh pht trin sau so vi WIMAX, nh ng vi cc c tnh
tuyt vi m n em li, nn hin nay c rt nhiu cc nh mng ln trn th gii
ng h v la chn trin khai. Cc nh ch to thit b u cui cng tin
hnh tch hp cng ngh LTE vo sn phm ca mnh. Ti vit nam th cc nh
mng cng tin hnh th ngim cng ngh LTE v cng t c nhng kt
qu kh quan. Do vy, vic nm bt cng ngh LTE l ht sc cn thit.

125

NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN

..

Ngy thng

nm 2011

ThS. M M HNH

NHN XT CA GIO VIN C DUYT

..

Ngy thng nm 2011

..

126

LI CM N
Trong qu trnh thc hin n, em nhn c s gip nhit tnh t pha
cc thy gio, c gio. Qua y, em xin gi li cm n chn thnh ti cc thy c
gio trong B mn K THUT VIN THNG v cc thy c trong tr ng v c
bit l thc s m M Hnh gip v h ng dn em hon thnh bn n
ny.
Em xin chn thnh cm n!

H Ni ngy thng nm 2011

Sinh vin Nguyn Tun Anh

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TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Harri Holma, Antti Toskala (2009) , LTE for UMTS OFDMA and SCFDMA Based Radio Access, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
2. Agilent Technologies (2009), 3GPP Long Term Evolution: System Overview,
Product Development,and Test Challenges.
3. Farooq Khan (2009),

LTE for 4G Mobile Broadband: Air

Technologies and Performance, Cambridge University Press.

4. C.Gessner (2008), UMTS Long Term Evolution (LTE) Technology
Introduction, Rohde-Schwarz.
5. Erik Dahlman, Stefan Parkvall, Johan Skld, Per Beming (2007), 3G
EVOLUTION: HSPA and LTE FOR for mobile broadband, Academic Press.
6. Cc website tham kho :
www.Thongtincongnghe.com
www.Vntelecom.org
www.Tapchibcvt.gov.vn
www.Tudiencongnghe.net
www.Xahoithongtin.com

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