4/29/2014

TIU LUN
Mn: H thng thng tin qun l Thng mi in t.
Ging vin: Phm Th Qu Sinh vin: Kim Nguyt H Lp: D10HTTT2

D10HTTT2
HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

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SEMANTIC WEB ..................................................................................................................................... 3 Chng 1: Tng quan v Semantic Web ............................................................................................ 4
1.1 S ra i ca Semantic Web........................................................................................................... 4 1.2 Semantic Web l g?........................................................................................................................ 5 1.3 Semantic Web mang li nhng g? ................................................................................................. 6 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 1.3.4 My c th hiu c thng tin trn Web. ........................................................................ 6 Thng tin c tm kim nhanh chng v chnh xc hn.. ................................................ 6 D liu lin kt ng... ........................................................................................................ 6 H tr cng c t ng ha.. .............................................................................................. 6

1.4 Kin trc ca Semantic Web ........................................................................................................... 6 1.4.1 1.4.2 Kin trc phn tng ca Semantic Web.. ............................................................................ 6 Vai tr ca cc tng trong Semantic Web........................................................................... 7

Chng 2: Cc ngn ng Semantic Web ......................................................................................... 12

2.1 XML (eXtensible Markup Language) Ngn ng nh du m rng ......................................... 12 2.2 DTDs v XML Schema.................................................................................................................... 13 2.3 RDF Biu din v d liu. ........................................................................................................... 13 2.4 RDF Schema nh ngha RDF vocabulary. .................................................................................. 13 2.5 DAML + OIL (DARPA Agent Markup Language + Ontology Interence Layer)................................ 14

TM HIU V CNG NGH WEB SERVICE............................................................................................ 15 Chng 1: Gii thiu v ng dng phn tn ................................................................................... 17
1.1 Gii thiu v ng dng phn tn. ................................................................................................. 17 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 Khi nim h phn tn.. .................................................................................................... 17 M hnh h thng phn tn.. ............................................................................................ 18 Cc vn ny sinh trong h thng phn tn.. ................................................................ 18

1.2 Cc h thng phn tn. ................................................................................................................. 18 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 RMI (Remote Method Invocation).. .................................................................................. 18 DCOM (Distribited Component Object Model).. .............................................................. 19 CORBA (Common Object Request Broker Architecture).. ................................................ 19

Chng 2: Gii thiu Web Service .................................................................................................... 20

2.1 Gii thiu v Web Service............................................................................................................. 20
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2.1.1 2.1.2

Khi nim Web Service.. ................................................................................................... 20 Hot ng ca Web Service.. ............................................................................................ 21

2.2 c im ca Web Service. .......................................................................................................... 21 2.2.1 2.2.2 c im.. ......................................................................................................................... 21 u v nhc im ca Web Service.. .............................................................................. 22

2.3 Cc thnh phn ca Web Service. ................................................................................................ 22 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 XML (eXtensible Markup Language)... .............................................................................. 22 WSDL (Web Service Desctiption Language)... ................................................................... 23 SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol)... .......................................................................... 24

H thng thng tin qun l

SEMANTIC WEB

Chng 1. Tng quan v Semantic Web

1.1 S ra i ca Semantic Web.
Th h web u tin bt u vi nhng trang HTML th cng, th h th hai to nn mt bc cho my thc hin v thng l cc trang HTML ng. Cc th h web ny mang ngha cho con ngi thao tc trc tip ( c , duyt , in vo mu). Th h web th ba c gi l Semantic Web , mang mc ch l thng tin s do my x l. iu ny trng khp vi quan im ca Tim Berners-Lee m t trong cun sch gn y nht ca ng Weaving the Web [Berners-Lee, 1999]. Semantic Web s lm cho cc dch v thng minh hn v d nh mi gii thng tin, tc nhn tm kim, b lc thng tin v.v. Nhng dch v thng minh trn h thng web giu ng ngha s nh th chc hn s vt tri hn nhng phin bn sn c hin ti ca cc dch v ny, m ch gii hn v chc nng.

Hnh 1-1. S hnh thnh v pht trin ca Semantic Web.

1.2

Semantic Web l g? Semantic Web c pht trin bi Tim- Berners Lee, cha ca WWW, URIs, HTTP v HTML. Theo ng, Web ng ngha l s m rng ca Web hin ti, cho php ngi dng c th truy tm, phi hp, s dng li v trch lc thng tin mt cch d dng v chnh xc . (Tim- Berners Lee, XML-2000).

Hnh 1-2. xut u tin v WWW ca Tim Berners Lee nm 1989 Semantic Web l mt mng li cc thng tin c lin kt sao cho chng c th c x l d dng bi cc my tnh phm vi ton cu. N c xem l cch m t thng tin rt hiu qu trn World Wide Web, v cng c xem l mt c s d liu c kh nng lin kt ton cu. Semantic Web l mt phng php cho php nh ngha v lin kt d liu mt cch c ng ngha hn nhm phc v cho my tnh c th hiu c. Semantic Web cn cung cp mt mi trng chia s v x l d liu mt cch t ng bng my tnh.

1.3

Semantic Web mang li nhng g? 1.3.1 My c th hiu c thng tin trn Web.

Internet ngy nay da hon ton vo ni dung. Web hin hnh ch cho con ngi c ch khng dnh cho my hiu. Semantic Web s cung cp ngha cho my hiu. V d nh: The Beatles l mt ban nhc ni ting ca Liverpool. John Lennon l mt thnh vin ca The Beatles. Bn nhc Hey Dude do nhm The Beatles trnh by. Nhng cu nh th ny c th hiu bi con ngi nhng lm sao chng khng th c hiu bi my tnh. Semantic Web l tt c nhng g v cch to mt Web m c ngi v my c th hiu. Ngi dng my tnh s vn c thng tin trnh by theo cch trc y, nhng i vi my tnh, Semantic Web l nh sng soi ri vo mn m ca Web hin hnh. By gi, my khng phi suy lun da vo ng php v cc ngn ng nh du (Markup Language) na v cu trc ng ngha ca vn bn (text) thc s cha n ri.

1.3.2 Thng tin c tm kim nhanh chng v chnh xc hn.

Vi Semantic Web, vic tm kim s d dng nu mi th c t trong ng cnh. tng chnh yu l ton b ng cnh m ngi s dng c bit n. Mc tiu ca Semantic Web l pht trin cc tiu chun v k thut gip my hiu nhiu thng tin trn Web hn, chng tm ra cc thng tin di do hn, tch hp, duyt d liu, v t ng ha cc thao tc. Vi Semantic Web, chng ta khng nhng nhn c nhng thng tin chnh xc hn khi tm kim thng tin t my tnh, m my tnh cn c th tch hp thng tin t nhiu ngun khc nhau, bit so snh cc thng tin vi nhau.

1.3.3 D liu lin kt ng.

Vi Semantic Web, chng ta c th kt hp cc thng tin c m t v giu ng ngha vi bt k ngun d liu no.

1.3.4 H tr cng c t ng ha.

Ngoi ra, chng cn cung cp cc loi dch v t ng t nhiu vng khc nhau: t gia nh v cc th vin k thut s cho n cc dch v kinh doanh in t v dch v sc khe.v.v. Semantic Web cn cung cp cc phng tin thm cc thng tin chi tit ln Web nhm h tr s t ng ha cho cc dch v.

1.4 Kin trc ca Semantic Web. 1.4.1 Kin trc phn tng ca Semantic Web.
Semantic Web l mt tp hp/ mt chng (stack) cc ngn ng. Tt c cc lp ca Semantic Web c s dng m bo an ton v gi tr thng tin tr nn tt nht.

Hnh 1-4. Kin trc phn tng ca Semantic Web Tng Unicode & URI: Unicode: l mt bng m chun chung c cc k t thng nht s giao tip trn tt c cc quc gia. URI (Uniform Resource Identifier): l k hiu nhn dng Web n gin. Tng XML: cng vi cc nh ngha v namespace v schema (lc ) bo m rng chng ta c th tch hp cc nh ngha Semantic Web vi cc chun da trn XML khc. Tng RDF v RDFchema (RDFS): to cc pht biu (statement) m t cc i tng vi nhng t vng v nh ngha ca URI, v cc i tng ny c th c tham chiu n bi nhng t vng v nh ngha ca URI trn. y cng l lp m chng ta c th gn cc kiu (type) cho cc ti nguyn v lin kt. V cng l lp quan trng nht trong kin trc Semantic Web . Tng Ontology : Ontology Vocabulary B t vng ontology c xy dng trn c s tng RDF v RDFS, cung cp biu din ng ngha mm do cho ti nguyn web v c kh nng h tr lp lun. Tng logic: Vic biu din cc ti nguyn di dng cc b t vng ontology c mc ch l my c th lp lun c. M c s lp lun ch yu da vo logic. Tng Proof: Tng ny a ra cc lut suy lun. C th t cc thng tin c ta c th suy ra cc thng tin mi. Tng Trust: m bo tnh tin cy ca cc ng dng trn Semantic Web. Tng Digital Signature: c dng xc nh ch th ca ti liu (vd: tc gi ca mt ti liu hay mt li tuyn b).

1.4.2 Vai tr ca cc tng trong kin trc Semantic Web

a. Tng nh danh ti nguyn URI. URI - Uniform Resource Identifier, URI n gin ch l mt nh danh Web ging nh cc chui bt u bng http hay ftp m bn thng xuyn thy trn mng. Bt k ai cng c th to mt URI, v c quyn s hu chng v vy chng hnh thnh nn mt cng ngh nn tng l tng xy dng mt h thng mng ton cu thng qua . Tht s th mng ch l mt ni m bt k th no c mt URI th cng c xem l trn mng. Khi s dng URI, chng ta c th dng cng mt cch t tn n gin cp n cc ti nguyn di cc giao thc khc nhau: HTTP, FPT, GOPHER, EMAIL,.... Mt dng thc quen thuc ca URI l URL - Uniform Resource Locator. Mt URL l mt a ch cho php chng ta thm mt trang Web, nh: http://www.w3.org/Addressing/. Nu click vo n, URL s bo my tnh ni tm thy . Mc d thng c cp n nh URL, nhng URI cng c cp n nh cc khi nim trong Semantic Web ch cc resource . V d, chng ta c mt quyn sch vi tiu Machine Learning, URI ca n nh sau: http://www.cs.bris.ac.uk/home/pw2538/book/title#machinelearning. URI l nn tng ca Semantic Web. Trong khi mi thnh phn khc ca Web gn nh c th c thay th nhng URI th khng. URI lin h cc thnh phn ca Web li vi nhau. nh danh cc thnh phn trn Web, chng ta s dng b nh danh. Bi v chng ta s dng mt h thng ng b v nh danh v cng bi v mi thnh phn c nh danh c xem nh l mt ti nguyn, nn chng ta gi nhng b nh danh ny l Cc B nh Danh Ti Nguyn hay URIs. Chng ta c th gn URI cho bt c th g, v bt c th g c URI u c th biu din trn Web. Mt nguyn tc chung to cc URI l bt u vi mt trang Web. Trang m t i tng c nh danh v gii thch rng URL ca trang l URI cho i tng . b. Tng XML v XML Schema. XML l mt m rng ca ngn ng nh du cho cc cc cu trc ti liu bt k, tri vi HTML, l mt loi ngn ng nh du ch dnh cho cc loi ti liu siu lin kt. Mt ti liu XML bao gm mt tp cc th ng v th m c lng vo nhau, mi mt th c mt cp cc thuc tnh v gi tr. Phn ct yu ca ti liu XML l b t vng ca cc th v s kt hp c cho php th khng c nh, nhng c th c xc nh thng qua mi ng dng XML. XML cho php ngi dng thm cu trc ty cho cc ti liu ca h nhng khng cp g n ngha ca cc cu trc. Tn cc tag khng cung cp ngha. Semantic Web ch dng XML cho mc ch c php. c. Tng RDF v RFD Schema. RDF (Resource Description Framework) l mt b khung c s dng m t cc ngun ti nguyn trn Internet. RDF l mt thnh phn quan trng ca Semantic Web, c t trn XML, RDF s dng c php ca XML biu din thng tin. Ngn ng XML dng biu din thng tin trong RDF c gi l RDF/XML. Thng qua nh dng ny, cc thng tin trong RDF c th c trao i d dng gia cc h thng my tnh cng nh cc h iu hnh hay cc ngn ng lp trnh ng dng khc nhau.
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M hnh c bn ca RDF gm ba i tng sau: Ti nguyn (Resources): l tt c nhng g c m t bng biu thc RDF. Thuc tnh (Properties): thuc tnh, c tnh, hoc quan h dng m t tnh cht ca ti nguyn. Pht biu (Statements): mi pht biu gm ba thnh phn sau: Subject: a ch hay v tr ti nguyn mun m t. Predicate: xc nh tnh cht ca ti nguyn. Object: c th l mt gi tr nguyn thy hoc cng c th l mt ti nguyn. Mi mt pht biu (subject, predicate, object) cn gi l mt b ba ( triple). V d: Xt pht biu sau: Sn c anh l Minh Pht biu trn c phn ra thnh cc phn sau: Subject Predicate Object sn c anh Minh

th RDF Mt tp hp cc RDF Triple c gi l mt th RDF (RDF Graph).

Hnh 1-4-2.c1. Mi quan h gia cc thnh phn trong triple. V d:

Hnh 1-4-2.c2. M hnh b ba triple Namespace. Namespace l mt tp cc tn (name), c nh danh bi cc URI, c s dng trong cc ti liu XML nh cc element type v attribute name. Literal. Literal c s dng biu din cc gi tr nh con s, ngy thng, chui...Bt c ci g c th biu din bi mt gi tri Literal cng c th c biu din di dng mt URI. Kiu d liu c cu trc.
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RDF Container: RDF s dng mt s phn t c bit xy dng cc danh sch, gi l cc b cha (RDF Container). Ba phn t chnh c dng m t cc nhm l rdf:Bag, rdf:Seq v rdf:Alt. RDF Collection: RDF collection cho php khai bo mt tp hp ng. Cu trc ca RDF Collection tng t nh mt danh sch, c phn t u (rdf:first), phn t k (rdf:rest)v phn t cui(rdf:nil).

RDFS c s dng nh ngha cc ngun ti nguyn v cc lp. Trong RDF, tt c mi th u c coi l cc ngun ti nguyn, bn thn cc lp cng l cc ngun ti nguyn, nhng bn trong n cng c th l tp hp cc ngun ti nguyn khc. RDF/RDFS trc y c coi l mt thnh phn ct yu biu din ni dung trong Semantic Web. Tuy nhin, chng khng mnh m t thng tin mt cch chi tit. C th hn, chng khng c cc rng buc cc b gia domain v range, cc rng buc tn ti, tp hp, cc thuc tnh bc cu nghch o, i xng (cc thuc tnh lin quan n logic), v c bit l chng khng c chun ng ngha nn kh h tr cho suy din, lp lun. d. Tng Ontology v ngn ng OWL Ontology cung cp mt b t vng chung dng m t mt lnh vc ngha l mt loi i tng hay khi nim hin hu, cng vi cc thuc tnh v quan h gia chng v li c t cho ngha ca nhng t trong b t vng. Cc kin trc ca Ontology. Trong mi trng m nh Web, cc ontology c pht trin v bo tr mt cch c lp trong mi trng phn tn. Do hai h thng c th s dng hai ontology khc nhau m t cho hai domain tng t nhau, vn ny c gi l khng thng nht ontology. C ba kin trc c bn nhm gii quyt vn ny, l: ontology n, a ontology, v ontology phc hp. Vai tr ca Ontology. Chia s s hiu bit chung gia cc ng dng v con ngi. Cho php s dng li tri thc. a ra cc gi thit r rng v min. Phn tch tri thc lnh vc vi tri thc thao tc. Phn tch tri thc lnh vc. Phn tch hnh thc ca cc khi nim, cn thit cho vic ti s dng v m rng Ontology. Cc thnh phn ca Ontology. Cc c th (Individuals): Cc c th l cc thnh phn c bn, nn tng ca mt Ontology. Cc lp (Classes): cc lp l cc nhm, tp hp cc i tng tru tng. Chng c th cha cc c th, cc lp khc, hay l s phi hp ca c hai. Cc thuc tnh (Properties): cc i tng trong Ontology c th c m t thng qua vic khai bo cc thuc tnh ca chng. Mi mt thuc tnh u c tn v gi tr ca thuc tnh . Cc thuc tnh c s dng lu tr cc thng tin m i tng c th c.

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Cc mi quan h (Relation): Mt mi quan h l mt thuc tnh c gi tr l mt i tng no trong Ontology. Ngn ng OWL OWL (The Web Ontology Language) l mt ngn ng gn nh XML dng m t cc h c s tri thc. OWL l mt ngn ng nh du dng xut bn v chia s d liu trn Internet thng qua nhng m hnh d liu gi l Ontology. OWL biu din ngha ca cc thut ng trong cc t vng v mi lin h gia cc thut ng ny m bo ph hp vi qu trnh x l bi cc phn mm. e. Tng logic. S tt hn nu c h hiu nhng khi nim c bn (subclass, inverse...), s tt hn nu chng ta c th khai bo cc nguyn tc logic v cho php my tnh suy din (bng cch suy lun) bng cch dng nhng nguyn tc ny. V d: mt cng ty quyt nh rng nu ngi no bn hn 100 sn phm, th h l thnh vin ca Super Salesman Club. Mt chng trnh thng minh hin nay c th hiu lut ny to mt din dch n gin Jonh bn 102 sn phm, v th John l thnh vin ca Super Salesman Club. f. Tng Proof. Tng proof cng cn thit cung cp cc thng tin cho cc agent t ng. Mt cch t nhin, chng ta c th kim tra cc kt qu c suy lun bi cc Agent. Tuy nhin, iu ny i hi s dch thut cc c cu suy lun ni ti ca agent thnh ngn ng th hin proof thng nht.

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Chng 2. Cc ngn ng Semantic Web

Ngn ng biu din d liu v tri thc l mt kha cnh quan trng ca Semantic Web. C nhiu ngn ng cho Semantic Web, hu ht nhng ngn ng ny da trn XML hay s dng XML lm c php. Mt s ngn ng s dng RDF v RDFschema.

Hnh 2: Cc tng ngn ng trn Web.

2.1 XML (eXtensible Markup Language) Ngn ng nh du m rng.

XML l mt c t cho cc ti liu (document) m my tnh c c. nh du (Markup) c ngha l cc chui k t no trong ti liu c cha thng tin ch ra vai tr ni dung ca ti liu. Markup m t s (layout) d liu ca ti liu (document) v cu trc logic. Markup lm thng tin t m t ty vo cm nhn. Markup c m t di dng cc t trong du ngoc nhn hay cn gi l tag. V d <name> hay <h1>, v kha cnh ny, XML ging nh HTML. Tuy nhin, tnh m rng ca ngn ng ch ra s khc bit quan trng v cng l c im chnh ca XML. XML thc s l mt siu ngn ng m t d liu (metalanguage), l mt c cu cho php biu din cc ngn ng khc mt cch chun ha. Ni cch khc XML ch cung cp nh dng d liu cho ti liu (document) c cu trc, khng c c t t vng (vocabulary) thc s. V vy XML ph bin ton cu, chng ta c th to nhng ngn ng nh du (markup) m chng ty s dng cho cc kiu ti liu khng gii hn - y l chun ang ph bin. Bn cnh nhiu ngn ng ring bit, mt s ngn ng chun c nh ngha trong XML (cn gi l cc ng dng XML). Cc thc th (entity) markup chnh trong XML l cc n v (element). Chng thng thng bao gm mt tag m v mt tag ng. V d <person> v </person>. Cc element c cha cc element khc hay text. Nu 1 element khng c ni dung, n c th c vit ngn gn nh <person/>. Cc element nn c xp lng nhau, tag m v tag ng ca element con phi nm trong tag m v tag ng ca element cha. Mi XML document phi c chnh xc mt root element. XML khng ng gii thch r rng v d liu. Thng qua tn ca tag m ngha ca on XMtrn tr nn r rng i vi cm nhn ca chng ta, nhng n khng c m t mt cch hnh thc. Ch c gii thch hp l l m XML cha cc thc th (entity), cc thc th con v gi tr c t tn. Mi XML document thit lp mt cy c nhn v th t. Tm li chng va l im
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mnh va l im yu ca XML. Chng ta c th m ha bt k kiu cu trc d liu no theo mt c php khng r rng, nhng XML khng c t s dng d liu v ng ngha (semantic) ca chng. Cc nh pht trin s dng XML trao i d liu phi tha thun trc v t vng, cch s dng v ngha.

2.2 DTDs v XML Schema

DTDs - Document Type Definitions (nh ngha kiu ti liu) v XML Schemas (lc XML) m t tn ca cc element, attribute (thuc tnh) v vic s dng cc element & attribute trong document (ti liu), d c hai khng c t ngha ca ti liu. Cc DTD ch cung cp mt lut cu trc n gin, chng m t cc element c php xp lng vo nhau, cc gi tr c th c ca element v nhng ni text (vn bn) c php. V d mt DTD c th ra lut mi element (n v) Person phi c mt attribute (thuc tnh) name v c th c mt element con c gi l phone, nhng ni dung ca chng phi l dng text (vn bn). C php ca DTD trng kh bt tin, nhng n thc s rt n gin. Cc XML Schema l bn nng cp ca DTD. XML Schema c nhiu thun li hn DTD. Trc tin, c cu XML Schema cung cp ng php phong ph cho vic m t cu trc cc element. V d, chng ta c th c t chnh xc cc th hin ca element con, chng ta c th c t gi tr mc nh v t cc element vo trong mt nhm c la chn, iu ny c ngha l mt trong cc element ca nhm c php ti mt ni c th. K n XML Schema cung cp kiu d liu. S khc bit cui cng i vi DTD l cc lut XML Schema dng XML nh c php m ha, lm n gin ha cc cng c pht trin v c lut cu trc (Structure Prescription) v c t ti liu (prescribed documents) s dng cng c php. Cc nh pht trin c t XML Schema tm thy im ny bng cch s dng mt ti liu XML Schema nh ngha lp (class) ca cc XML Schema document. Sau cng, v mt XML Schema rescription (lut) l mt ng dng XML, n phi tun theo cc lut cho cu trc ca n, m cc lut ny c nh ngha bi mt XML Schema prescription. Tuy nhin, cch nh ngha qui ny kh ri.

2.3 RDF - Biu din d liu v d liu.

XML cung cp c php m ha d liu, RDF l mt c cu ch ra iu g v d liu. Nh tn gi , RDF l mt m hnh biu din d liu v "Mi th trn Web". Mi th y chnh l cc ti nguyn trong RDF vocubulary (t vng). M hnh d liu c s ca RDF th n gin, bn cnh ti nguyn (resources), RDF cn cha thuc tnh (properties) v cu pht biu (statements). Mt property l mt kha cnh, tnh cht, thuc tnh, hay mi lin h m t cho mt ti nguyn. Mt statement bao gm mt ti nguyn ring bit, mt thuc tnh c t tn, v gi tr thuc tnh cho ti nguyn . Gi tr ny c bn c th l mt ti nguyn khc hay mt gi tr mang tnh ngha en (literal value) hay dng text ty (free text).

2.4 RDF Schema - nh ngha RDF vocabulary.

C bn, RDF Schema l mt h thng kiu n gin cho RDF. N cung cp mt c cu xc nh cc thuc tnh c min gi tr c th v cc lp ti nguyn chng ta p dng cho nhng thuc tnh ny.

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M hnh c bn ban u trong RDF Schema l cc nh ngha lp v lp con (class & subclass), thuc tnh v thuc tnh con (property & subproperty), domain v range ca cc statement - gii hn cc kt hp c th c gia cc lp v thuc tnh, v cc trnh by kiu ( khai bo mt ti nguyn nh mt thc th ca mt lp c th). Ban u, chng ta c th xy dng mt lc (schema) cho mt min gi tr c th. RDF Schema kh n gin so vi cc ngn ng biu din tri thc khc. RDF Schema cng khng cung cp chnh xc ng ngha (semantic). Tuy nhin, s b st ny mt phn l do c ch . W3C thy trc v ch trng m rng xa hn i vi RDF Schema. Do c t RDF Schema cng l mt kiu metadata, chng ta c th dng RDF m ha chng. iu ny chnh xc vi nhng g th hin trong c t RDF Schema document. Hn th na, c t cung cp mt RDF Schema document xc nh cc thuc tnh v cc lp c m t.

2.5 DAML+OIL (DARPA Agent Markup Language + Ontology Inference Layer)

DAML+OIL l ngn ng nh du ng ngha cho ti nguyn Web, c xy dng da trn cc chun ca W3C nh RDF, RDF Schema, v m rng nhng ngn ng ny vi cc m hnh nguyn thy phong ph hn. DAML+OIL cung cp cc m hnh nguyn thy (primitive) thng thng c tm thy trong cc h thng da trn frame (Frame l h thng biu din tri thc c gii thiu bi Marvin Minsky, c s dng lm phng tin chnh nhm biu din vng tri thc (domain knowlegde), l mt cu trc biu din mt khi nim hay tnh hung. Gn lin vi frame l vi kiu thng tin nh thng tin nh ngha, thng tin m t v cch s dng frame). DAML+OIL c k tha gi tr t cc kiu d liu XML Schema, c ng ngha trong sng v c nh ngha tt. DAML+OIL k tha RDF v RDFS bng cch thm nhiu s h tr cho kiu d liu v ng ngha. Nhng thc y ny c th thy thng qua vic b sung nhiu thuc tnh v class. Property (Thuc tnh): DAML thm mt thuc tnh kiu d liu nguyn nhm gii hn cc kiu d liu c nh ngha trong XML Schema hay cc kiu d liu ngi dng nh ngha, v d: float number, integer, ... . Trong DAML, mt thuc tnh c th c nhiu range, iu ny mang li s uyn chun cao. Hn th na, DAML cho php khai bo mt thuc tnh unique, v d, c hai thc th vi cng gi tr. y l mt hm ca mt daml:UniqueProperty nguyn .Chng ta cng khai bo mi lin h gia 2 thuc tnh m chng tng ng bi v daml:samePropertyAs hay daml:equivalentTo.

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Thng mi in t

Tm hiu v cng ngh Web Service

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M u
Ngy nay cng vi s pht trin mnh m ca mi trng Internet, cc ng dng trin khai trn nn Web ngy cng c pht trin rng ri v phong ph. Trong nn kinh t th trng hin nay, chuyn i d liu, thng tin ang l mt nhu cu thit yu cho s pht trin v tn ti ca cc doanh nghip. Web Service c coi l mt cng ngh mang n cuc cch mng trong cch thc hot ng ca cc dch v B2B (Business to Business) v B2C (Business to Customer). Gi tr c bn ca Web Service da trn vic cung cp cc phng thc theo chun trong vic truy nhp i vi h thng ng gi v h thng k tha. Web Service ra i m ra mt hng mi cho vic pht trin cc ng dng trn Internet gii quyt vn chuyn i d liu trong quy trnh thng mi ca cc doanh nghip. Web Service kt hp s dng nhiu cng ngh khc nhau cho php cc ng dng c vit bng cc ngn ng khc nhau, chy trn cc nn tng khc nhau c chuyn i d liu thng qua mi trng mng Internet. Cc cng ngh m web Service s dng nh XML, SOAP,WSDL,UDDI.

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Chng 1. Gii thiu v ng dng phn tn

Cng ngh Web Service thay i din mo v cch thc hot ng ca ng dng phn tn cng nh gii quyt kh khn ca ng ng phn tn trc y l vn vi Firewall v Proxy Server. Chng ta s tm hiu khi qut ng dng phn tn hiu hn v web service.

1.1

Gii thiu v ng dng phn tn. 1.1.1 Khi nim h phn tn.
H phn tn l mt h thng cc thnh phn (my tnh) x l phn tn v giao tip nhau qua mt c s h tng truyn thng chung. Phn loi H phn tn bao gm: H phn tn mang tnh h thng: h iu hnh phn tn. H phn tn mang tnh ng dng: cc h thng truyn tin phn tn. Mc tiu ca h phn tn: Gim ri ro v chi ph pht trin: + Chi ph pht trin nhng h thng x l ln l rt tn km v c th vt qu kh nng ca nhiu t chc. + Vic tp trung tt c thng tin ti mt ni l nguy c tim tng v mt mt d liu khi c s c xy ra. S hu thng tin: Thng tin c th nhiu dng, nhiu ngun, v thuc s hu ca nhiu t chc khc nhau. Vic gom ht tt c thng tin v mt ni l bt kh thi. Do vic phn tn thng tin l cn thit. an ton: i vi nhng d liu quan trng v nhy cm. nhu cu bo mt thng tin c a ln hng u. ng thi d liu phi c truy xut d dng. Bi vy, vic d liu c chia nh thnh nhiu phn v phn tn nhiu ni p ng vn bo mt v truy xut d dng. c trng c bn ca h phn tn: Kt ni ngi s dng vo chia s ti nguyn: gii quyt bi ton chia s ti nguyn trong h thng. Tnh trong sut: n du s ri rc v nhc im nu c ca h thng vi ngi s dng v nh lp trnh ng dng. Tnh nht qun: H phn tn cho php chy nhng ng dng khc nhau trn nhiu my khc nhau thnh mt h thng duy nht. Tnh m: h phn tn nhm cung cp cc dch v theo quy tc chun m t c php v ng ngha. Tnh uyn chuyn: Kh nng thay i ty theo quy m h thng cao. Tnh chu li.

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1.1.2

M hnh h thng phn tn.

Hnh 1-1-2. M hnh ng dng phn tn.

1.1.3 Cc vn ny sinh trong h thng phn tn

Cc h iu hnh khc nhau s h tr nhng kiu d liu khc nhau. i khi cc kiu d liu khng tng thch 100% trn cc nn tng h iu hnh khc nhau. Khi pht trin ng dng phn tn chng ta cn ch n vic ha hp d liu trn cc mi trng. Cc thnh phn ca mt ng dng phn tn thng nhiu ni khc nhau trn mng do kh nng pht sinh li cao hn bnh thng. Nu server lu trng thi ca client, khi client b ngng t ngt, h thng cn c bin php thng bo cho server v thu hi ti nguyn b chim gi cng nh d liu ang gi i. D liu h phn tn thng c gi qua li nhiu node trn mng, do o bo mt l vn quan trng cn gii quyt. Vn ng b thi gian ca client v server cng rt quan trng.

1.2 Cc h thng phn tn. 1.2.1 RMI (Remote Mothod Invocation).

c Sun a ra. L mt c ch cho php mt i tng ang chy trn my o java ny triu gi cc phng thc tn ti trn my o java khc. C ch hot ng: Thit lp kt ni Client Server: Server: cung cp dch v RMI. Client: triu gi cc phng thc trn i tng ca dch v do server cung cp c tch hp sn trong java.

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1.2.2 DCOM (Distribited Component Object Model).

c Microsoft a ra. Hot ng da trn giao thc TCP-IP, thng qua vic gi thng tin di dng nh phn (binary). Giao tip thng qua vic thit lp Client-Server

1.2.3 CORBA (Common Object Request Broker Architecture)

c OMG (Object Management Group) a ra nhm to nn mt h phn tn vt qua nhiu vn v tnh tng kt (interoperabiity) vi vic tch hp cc ng dng mng. CORBA l mt h phn tn m, c lp nn tng v c lp ngn ng.

Hn ch cc h thng phn tn trn. - Firewalls: cc h thng trn khi hot ng nhng mng c che chn bi firewall u phi c s cho php ca nhng ngi qun tr firewall c ra ngoi. y l mt l hng bo mt tim tng v kh chp nhn bi nhiu t chc. - S phi hp cc giao thc: cc m hnh trn u c c im v da trn cc giao thc tng di khc nhau. Vic xy dng chng trnh chuyn i qua li gia cc tng vi nhau dn n vic mt mt thng tin v cc tng khc nhau c th khng th cng lm vic c vi nhau.

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Chng 2. Web Service.

2.1 Gii thiu v Web Service. 2.1.1 Khi nim Web Service.
Theo nh ngha ca W3C (World Wide Web Consortium), Web Service l mt h thng phn mm c thit k h tr kh nng tng tc gia cc ng dng trn cc my tnh khc nhau thng qua mng Internet, giao din chung v s gn kt ca n c m t bng XML. Web Service l ti nguyn phn mm c th xc nh bng a ch URL, thc hin cc chc nng v a ra cc thng tin ngi dng yu cu. Mt dch v Web c to nn bng cch ly cc chc nng v ng gi chng sao cho cc ng dng khc d dng nhn thy v c th truy cp n nhng dch v m n thc hin, ng thi c th yu cu thng tin t dch v Web khc. N bao gm cc m un c lp cho hot ng ca khch hng v doanh nghip v bn thn n c thc thi trn server. Web Service m t mt cch thc chun tch hp cc ng dng da trn nn tng Web, s dng cc chun m XML (Extensible Markup Language), SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol), WSDL (Web Services Description Language) v UDDI (Universal Description Discovery and Integration) thng qua giao thc Internet.

Hnh 2-1-1. M hnh ng dng ca Web Service.

2.1.2 Hot ng ca Web Serivce

Mt ng dng web Service bao gm 2 phn: Client v Server giao tip vi nhau qua giao thc HTTP.
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Client gi yu cu qua cc li gi hm thng qua HTTP Request n Server. Server gi cc kt qu c thc thi cc cc hm thng qua HTTP Response.

M hnh hot ng ca ng dng Web Service gm 3 thnh phn chnh: UDDI register: Cng c gip nh pht trin Web Service cng b nhng thng tin v Web Service ca mnh cho cng ng cc nh pht trin ng dng. Ngi dng s da vo cc thng tin ny s dng Web Service trong ng dng ring ca mnh to thnh mt h phn tn. Web Service: cha cc giao thc SOAP nh dnh d liu, ti liu WSDL nh ngha cc hm trong Web Service, SML xy dng ng dng phn tn. Application Client: s dng Web Service xy dng ng dng ring cho mnh.

Cch thc hot ng ca ng dng Web Service c th c m t nh sau:

Application SOAP Client

HTTP request

SOAP processor
HTTP response

WSDL

Discrete business logic

UDDI registry

Web Service

Hnh 2-1-2. M hnh hot ng ca Web Service

u tin Application Client cn truy vn n cc mu tin UDDI theo mt thng tin no (v d: tn, loi,) xc nh Web Service cn tim. Khi xc nh c Web Service cn cho ng dng, Client c th ly thng tin v a ch ca ti liu WSDL ca Web Service ny da trn mu tin UDDI. Ti liu UUDI s m t cch thc lin lc vi Web Service, nh dng ca gi tin truy vn v phn hi. Da vo nhng thng tin ny Client c th to cc gi SOAP tng ng lin lc vi Server.

2.2

c im ca Web Service. 2.2.1 c im.

Web Service cho php Client v Server tng tc c vi nhau ngay c trong nhng mi trng khc nhau.
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Web Service lin lc vi th gii bn ngoi dng thng ip XML gi trc tip qua Web protocols Mt Web Service bao gm c nhiu m-un v c th cng b ln mng Internet. Mt ng dng Web Service khi c trin khai s hot ng theo m hnh clientserver. N c th c trin khai bi mt phn mm ng dng pha server v d nh J2EE, Microsoft.Net

2.2.2 u v nhc im ca Web Service a) u im.

Kh nng vt firewall: Web Service hot ng trn nn HTTP nn s dng port 80, l port m firewall cho php Hot ng trn a mi trng: Web Service da trn cng ngh XML c h tr bi tt c cc h iu hnh k c mi trng di ng. Tnh linh hot, d chuyn i: Web Service ch bao gm cc hm nn vic thay i d dng v gim chi ph ng truyn do truyn d liu khng km nh dng HTML. Web Service cung cp kh nng hot ng rng ln vi cc ng dng phn mm khc nhau chy trn nhng nn tng khc nhau. S dng cc giao thc v chun m. Giao thc v nh dng d liu da trn vn bn (text), gip cc lp trnh vin d dng hiu c. Nng cao kh nng ti s dng. Thc y u t cc h thng phn mm tn ti bng cch cho php cc tin trnh/chc nng nghip v ng gi trong giao din Web Service. To mi quan h tng tc ln nhau v mm do gia cc thnh phn trong h thng, d dng cho vic pht trin cc ng dng phn tn. Thc y h thng tch hp, gim s phc tp ca h thng, h gi thnh hot ng, pht trin h thng nhanh v tng tc hiu qu vi h thng ca cc doanh nghip khc. Nhng thit hi ln s xy ra vo khong thi gian cht ca Web Service, giao din khng thay i, c th li nu mt my khch khng c nng cp, thiu cc giao thc cho vic vn hnh. C qu nhiu chun cho Web Service khin ngi dng kh nm bt. Phi quan tm nhiu hn n vn an ton v bo mt ca Web Service.

b) Nhc im.
-

2.3

Cc thnh phn ca Web Service.

Web Service c cc thnh phn cu thnh nn : XML, SOAP, WSDL.

2.3.1

XML ( eXtensible Markup Language).

Web Service l s kt hp ca nhiu thnh phn khc nhau v dng cc c trng ca cc thnh phn ny giao tip vi nhau. gii quyt vn giao tip cc thnh phn, web service s dng XML l thnh phn chnh giao tip gia cc thnh phn vi nhau v l kin trc nn tng xy dng web service. a) Khi nim XML. - L mt chun m do W3C a ra cho cch thc m t d liu. - L mt ngn ng m t vn bn vi cu trc do ngi dng nh ngha.

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b) -

c im XML l mt ngn ng nh du c lp vi phn mm, phn cng v platform. Cho php cc my tnh truyn cu trc d liu gia h thng khng ng nht. V hnh thc: XML c cu trc ging HTML nhng khng tun theo mt c t quy c nh HTML. HTML nh ngha cc thnh phn c hin th nh th no, cn XML li nh ngha cc thnh phn cha ci g. - Cc th XML khng c nh ngha trc m do ngi lp trnh t nh ngha c) Cu trc XML Mt ti liu XML bao gm 2 phn: - Cu trc logic: nh ngha cc phn t, cc thuc tnh, cc kiu d liu - Cu trc vt l: cha d liu v cc phn t cha d liu nh text, image, media d) V d v XML. <?xml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8 ?> <Employer> <name>trn vn an</name> <old>25</old> </Employer>

2.3.2

WSDL ( Web Service Desctiption Language)

a) Khi nim - WSDL l mt ngn ng da trn XML nh ngha Web Service. - WSDL nh ngha cch m t web service theo c php tng qut XML bao gm cc thng tin: + Tn service. + Giao thc v kiu m ha s c s dng khi gi cc hm ca web service. + Loi thng tin bao gm thao tc, tham s, nhng kiu d liu. b) Thnh phn Mt WSDL bao gm 2 thnh phn chnh: - Phn giao din: m t giao din v giao thc kt ni. - Phn thi hnh: m t thng tin truy xut web service c) Cu trc ca WSDL Service implementation import types Service messages Port PortTypes binding Service interface import

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WSDL nh ngha cc phn t c bn nh sau: + Phn t types: nh ngha kiu d liu c bn cho thng ip trao i gia Client- Server. <definitions targetNamespace= name=> <type> <xsd:schema> </type> </definitions> + Phn t Message: nh ngha thng ip c gi i v hi p. Mi thng ip c th bao gm mt hoc nhiu phn. <wsdl:message name=> <wsdl:documentation/>? <part name= element=? type=?/> <wsdl:message> + Phn t portTypes: nh ngha cch m thng ip c gi v nhn nh th no. <wsdl:definitions> <wsdl:portType name=> <wsdl:operation name= />* </wsdl:portType> </wsdl:definitions> + Phn t binding: nh ngha cch thc truy cp web Service thng qua cc giao thc bn di. Mi phn t binding s m t cch thc lin kt mt portType vo 1 protocol nht nh. Web Service h tr bao nhiu protocol th phi xy dng by nhiu phn t binding. <binding name= type=> <soap:binding transport=http://shemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/http type=/> <operation name=> <soap:operation soapAction=/> <input> <soap:body use=literal/> </input> <ouput> <soap:body use=literal/> </ouput> </operation> </binding> 2.3.3 SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) a) Khi nim. - SOAP l giao thc c dng truyn d liu qua Internet trong mi trng phn tn. - SOAP c th c s dng cng cc giao thc khc nh HTTP/HTTPS, FTP, b) c trng ca SOAP. - SOAP c thit k n gin v d m rng. - Tt c cc message SOAP u c m ha s dng XML.
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SOAP s dng giao thc truyn d liu ring. SOAP Client khng gi bt k mt tham chiu no y v i tng xa. SOAP khng b rng buc bi bt k ngn ng lp trnh hoc cng ngh no.

V nhng c trng ny, n khng quan tm n cng ngh g c s dng thc hin min l ngi dng s dng cc message theo nh dng XML. c) Kin trc ca SOAP.

Hnh 2-3-3. Cu trc thng ip SOAP

Thnh phn Headers: ch ra a ch web service, host, content-Type, content-Length tng t nh mt thng ip HTTP. Thnh phn SOAP Envelope: bao trm ton b ni dung thng ip SOAP. + SOAP header: phn thng c dng thm cc thng tin b sung phc v cho mc ch ring ca chng trnh. Cc thng tin c thm vo header l authentication, qun l transaction phn haeder khng bt buc phi c trong mi gi tin SOAP. + SOAP Body: phn cha cc thng tin v li gi hm ( tn hm, tham s u vo, gi tr tr v,) phc v cho vic gi hm t xa. V d v SOAP: gi s c 1 Web Service h tr phng thc cng 2 s. khi SOAP Request v SOAP Response s nh sau: + SOAP Requsest. <?xml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8?> <S:Envelope xmlns:S= http://shemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/>
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<S:Header/> <S:Body> <ns2:Add2Number xmlns:ns2=http://tet/> <a>14.0</a> <b>65.0</b> </ns2:Add2Number> </S:Body> </S:Envelope> SOAP Response. <?xml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8?> <S:Envelope xmlns:S= http://shemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/> <S:Body> <ns2:Add2NumberResponse xmlns:ns2=http://tet/> <return>79.0</return> </ns2:Add2NumberResponse> </S:Body> </S:Envelope>

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