a[pcngv

aco\n
Imn
tN\
tNv
a[pcngv
DjvWtaJem Imemhbn hfcpp. th\mehnfbmbn kap{Z\ncn \nv 1500
apX 1800 ao hsc Dbcap efn CXv Irjn sNmw. 75 apX 150 sk. ao.
hsc agbmWv CXn\v tbmPnXv. kqcy{]Imiw IqSpXep ]Iepw XWpp
cm{Xnbpw IqSpX IngpmIm klmbnpw.
\ \ohmbp ]inacmin amWv a[pcngv Irjnv ]nbXv.
agsb B{ibnv Irjn sNptm Pq Pqsse amkfnepw sk]vw_HIvtSm_
amkfnepw a[pcngv \Smw. PetkN\w \Sn Irjn sNptm
HIvtSm_\hw_ amkfn Ic{]tZifnepw, P\phcn s^{_phcn
amkfn ]mSfnepw a[pcngv hnI \Smw.
{iohn\n, ]qkmsdUv, t{Imkv4 Fnh AXypev]mZ\tijnbp C\fmWv.
`{ZImfnphe, sIm"mcw Nphe, No\sh, Nchn, B\sm FnhbmWv
km[mcW Irjn sNp \mS C\.
\nesamcpepw \Soepw
15 apX 25 sk.ao hsc Bgn av \Xpt]me InfbvpI. 60
sk.ao.AIen 2536 sk.ao Dbcnep hmc Xmdmn AXn hnI
\SWw.
hnI apdnp\"mWv a[pcngv hwih\ \SpXn. hnI Dev]mZnnm
BZyambn XhmcWI XmdmWw. Hcp slIvS ev \Sm\mbn CScw
henapXpw hns B{IaWw CmXpamb 80 Intem{Kmw a[pcngv thnhcpw.
XhmcWbn 60 sk. ao AIen Xmdmnb hmcfn hmcfn 2525 sk.ao
AIen Ingv \SpI. BZyw XhmcWbn DmIp apfI 25 sk. ao. hoXw AIew
hchn[w cmw XhmcWbn amn\SWw. A{K`mKpw AXn\Sppw D
hnIfmWv \Sm \Xv. Hcamkw Ignbptm hnI \Sm ]mIamhpw. cmas
XhmcWbn slIvSsdmn\v 30 Intem ]mIyP\Iw e`nhn[w cmkhfw
tNWw. \SpXn\v cp Znhkw apv hnI apdnv ASpns"n \\hmgbnebn
s]mXnv XWen kqnmw.
20 25 sk. ao \ofn Xmdmnb hnI 60 sk. ao AIenembn Xmdmnb
hmcfn \SWw. hcnIfn, hnI Xn 15 20 sk. ao AIew DmbncnWw.
hnbpsS ay`mKw an\Snbnepw chpw an\v ]pdpw hchn[amWv
hnI \tSXv. \" DS an \ Cuw DmbncnWw. Fm Hcnepw shw
sI"n\nm A\phZncpXv.
hf{]tbmKw
\nesamcpp kabv slIvSsdmn\v 10 S Imenhftam Itmtm tNWw.
CXn\p]pdsa slIvSsdmn\v 75 Intem{Kmw ]mIyP\Iw, 50 Intem{Kmw `mhlw, 75
Intem{Kmw mcw Fnh e`nhn[w cmkhffpw \IWw.

\Sp kabv ip]mi sNbvX `mhlhpw, mchpw apgph\pw, ]IpXn ]mIyP\Ihpw

tNWw. _mn ]mIyP\Iw \"v 45 BgvNI Ignbptm tNmhpXmWv.
\"v BZys 10 Znhkw HnShn"p Znhkfn shsamgnWw. AXn\ptijw
BgvNbnsemcn \\m aXn.
kkykwcWw
a[pcngns\ B{Ianp {][m\ IoSamb hns\ \nb{nm hnI
\SpXn\papv 0.05 iXam\w s^Xtbm Asn s^\nt{"mXtbm emb\nbn 510
an\n"pt\cw apnhbvWw. apnes IrjnbpsS AhinjvSamb IngpIfpw,
thcpIfpw apw \ow sNbvXtijw ASp IrjnbndpI. IoS_m[bnm
IngpI \Sm\mbn XncsSppI. \"v Hcp amkn\p tijw IyqWnv ]
slIvSdn\v 3 S D]tbmKnv ]pXbnSpI. IqSmsX \"v 65 ZnhkamIptmgpw 80
ZnhkamIptmgpw 0.5 iXam\w hocyap, s^Xtbm, s^\nt{"mXtbm,
FtUmk^m Chbnsemcp IoS\min\n D]tbmKnv av IpXnpI.
aqc apX 4 amkamIptmtgbvpw a[pcngv hnfshSpm\mIpw. CeI
a\ndambnpSptm IngpI ]mIambn Fp a\nemIpw.
imkv{Xob ]cnNcWapdI kzoIcnpIbmsWn Hcp slIvSdn \nv 12 apX 16 S
hsc hnfhv e`npw.
apIfntev
aco\n
apw Imemhbpw
Fmmehpw kmam\yw \ ag e`npXpw NqSpw CuhpapXpamb DjvataJem
Imemhbn aco\n \mbn hfcpw. hcsb AXnPohnphm Ignhp
hnfbmWnsXnepw \Sp kabv an th{X Afhn CuapmbncnWw.
XWp Imemhbpw aqSapw aco\n Irjnbvv A\ptbmPya.
NceSnb ]inacmin amWv aco\n Irjnv ]nbXv. \ohmbp GXpXcw
anepw CXv IrjnsNmhpXmWv. shw sIn \nevp {]tZi Cu Irjnv
tbmPnX.
C\
Fv97, Fv165, Fv226, Fv1587, Fv 168, Fv 2304, Fw4, {io hnimJv,
{iokly, {io{]Imiv Fnh tIcfn\v tbmPn AXypevmZ\tijnbp
C\fmWv.
\nesamcpepw \Soepw
\SpXn\papv \new 25 apX 30 skoao hsc Bgn cp aqp XhW \mbn
DgptXm Inftm CfpI. \SpXn\mbn Ip tiJcnptm
tcmKIoS_m[Ifnm sNSnIfn \nsSpphm {]tXyIw {inWw.
XncsSp IpIfpsS NphSv 10 sk.ao. \ofnepw, apI`mKw 2530 skoao
\ofnepw apdnpampI. _mnbp `mKw aqbp InsImv 1520 sk.ao
\ofnep IjWfmn apdnWw. hnfshSppIgntijw \SpXn\p
apI XWep ev Ips\ ASpn hbvWw. ASpnh IpIfn 0.05
iXam\w hocyn aossX ]mcntbm Asn ssUtatmtbv XfnpXv
ievIoSfpsS B{IaWapmImXncnm klmbnpw.

G{]n tabv amkfnepw, sk]vw_HIvtSm_ amkfnepw

Imehjamcw`nptXmsS IpI \Smw. Fm G{]ntabv amkfn
\SpXmWv IqSpX \Xv. ans kz`mhw, `qanbpsS InSv Fnh A\pkcnv
Iq\I Iqntbm hmc Xmdmntbm, IpgnIsfSptm IpI \SmhpXmWv.
Iq\I Iqn\SpXmWv IqSpX Daw. IpIfpsS NphSv apdntijw Iq\IfpsS
apIfn 4 6 sk.ao Xmgvn \SpI. 90 x 90 sk.ao AIen IpI \SWw.
(imJIfpmIm C\ 75 x 75 sk.ao AIen \SmhpXmWv.
hf{]tbmKw
\nesamcpXnt\msSmw Hcp sNSnv 1 Intem{Kmw F tXmXn NmWItam,
Itmtm slIvSsdmn\v 12.5 S tNWw. CXn\p]pdta Xmsg ]dbp tXmXn
cmkhffpw tNpI.
C\w
]mIyP\Iw `mhlw
mcw
Fv 97, F v 226
75
75
75
Fv 165, F v 1687, Fv 2304 100
100
100
Fw 4, \mS C\
50
50
50
ip]mi sNbvXnp apgph `mhlhpw, ]mIyP\Insbpw, mcnsbpw
aqnsemp`mKhpw ASnhfambn tNmw. \v cv amkw Ignbptm ]
mIyP\Insbpw, mcnsbpw aqnsemp `mKw tahfambn
tNpsImSpWw. hopw Hcp amkw Ignbptm ap]d tXmXn Hcp {]mhiyw
IqSn hf{]tbmKw \SWw. (aqphjw XpSbmbn icnbmb hf{]tbmKw \Sn
IrjnsNp efn ASphjw `mhlhfw ]IpXn Afhv am{Xw tNm
aXnbmIpw.)
BKvsk]vw_ amkfn aco\n \Sptm ASnhfambn ip]mjsNbvXnp
`mhlw apgphpw, ]IpXn ]mIyP\Ihpw, ]IpXn mchpw tNWw. \v 45
Znhkn\ptijw tijnp ]mIyP\Ihpw mchpw CSbnfn tNpsImSptXmWv.
ap IrjnWnI
ctm aqtm {]mhiyw CSbnfn av Ddpt]mImXncnm {inpI. IfI DmhpIbmsWn AXv \ow sNpI. FXnZniIfn hfcp cv imJI am{Xw
\nnbnv _mnbph apdnpIfbWw.
Imehjw icnbmbn e`npIbmsWn aco\nv PetkN\w \St Bhiyan.
Fnepw Iv \tijw IqSpX Imew agbnsn PetkN\w \StXmWv.
CShnf
aco\n 90 x 90 sk.ao AIen \Sptm 3 3 1/2 amkmew sImpam{Xta
hfv imJIfpw apw DmhpIbpp. AXn\m A{Xbpw Imew an th{X
kqcy{]Imiw e`npw. AXv {]tbmP\sSpn aco\nnSbn CShnfI Irjn
sNmhpXmWv. aco\nv tbmPn CShnfbmWv \neSe. IpnsSnbmbn hfcp n.
Fw. hn 2, n. Fw. hn 7, n. Pn 3, n. Pn 14 Fo C\ CShnfbmbn Irjn
sNm tbmPnhbmWv.
\neSe \Sm tbmPn kabw taSv Pq amkfmWv. aco\n \ DSXs cphcn aco\nnSbn \neSehnv ]mImhpXmWv. hcnI Xn 30 sk.aodpw
hcnIfn sNSnI Xn 20 sk. aodpw AIew DmbncnWw. Cs\ \SpXn\v
slIvSsdmn\v 4050 Intem hnv thnhcpw. ]pfnckw IqSpXep efn

slIvSsdmn\v 1000 Intem {Kmw Ipmbw tNpXpw \XmWv. IqSmsX ASnhfambn

50 In. {Kmw ]mIyP\Iw, 100 Intem{Kmw `mhlw, 50 Intem{Kmw mcw Fnh
e`nhn[w cmkhf aco\npw, \neSebvpw {]tXyIw {]tXyIw
tNpI. \neSe hnXv Hcp amkn\ptijw CSbnfpXnt\msSmw 10
Intem{Kmw `mhlw, 20 Intem{Kmw ]mIyP\Iw, 20 Intem{Kmw mcw Fnh
e`nhn[n cmkhf \neSebvv tNp sImSppI. 100 110
ZnhkamIptmtgbvpw \neSe hnfshSpmw. hnfshSptijw sNSnbpsS
_mn`mK an DgpXptNWw. CXnt\msSmw aco\nv tahfambn 50
Intem ]mIyP\Ihpw, 50 Intem mchpw e`nImI th cmkhf an
tNpI. C{]Imcw Irjn sNpXp aqew 20 apX 25 iXam\w hsc A[nI
hcpam\w e`npp.
\neSebvv ]pdsa h]b, Dgpv, sNdp]b apXembhbpw aco\nbpsS
CShnfbmbn Irjn sNmw.
kkykwcWw
samtkIv
sshdkv aqeapmIp Cu tcmKamWv aco\nsb _m[np {][m\ tcmKw. Cu
tcmK_m[ Dmbm hnfhv Ipdbm\nSbmIpp. tcmKw _m[n sNSnIsf \innv ap
sNSnIv tcmKw hcmsX kqnWw. tcmKw ]nSns]hbpsS Iv hopw \Sm
D]tbmKncpXv.
_mIvSocnb hmw
Cu tcmKs \nb{nm tcmK{]Xntcm[tijnbp C\ IrjnsNpI.
AXypevmZ\tijnbp C\fn Fv 97, Fv 226, Fv 1687, Fv 2304
Fnhbpw \mS C\fn Fw 4, ]mepsh, ]nnsh, B\adh, Fnhbpw
tcmK{]Xntcm[inbp C\fmWv.
acnbpsS B{IaWw cqambn DmIpIbmsWn 0.05 iXam\w hocyn
ssUsatmtbv amknsemcn kvt{] sNbvXv Ahsb \nb{nmw. NnXens
D]{Zhap eamsWn Iv \SpXn\papv 10 iXam\w _n. Fv. kn, s]mSn
Aev]w Iq\Ifn hnXdnbtijw Iv \SWw.
hnfshSpv
9 apX 10 amkamIptmtgbvpw aco\n hnfhshSpmdmIpw. Fv 226,Fv 97,
Fv 65 apXemb kcbn\v slISsdmn\v 40 5 S aco\n e`npw. \mS
Cpw Fw 4 C\n\pw, slIvSsdmn\v 12 14 S hsc hnfhv DmIpw.
apIfntev
Imn
DjvWtaJem Imemhbvv tbmPn HcnS hnfbmWnXv. \ hmbqkmchpw,
\ohmbpw hfqdpapXmb anemWv Imn \mbn hfcpXv.
amv G{]n amkfmWv Imn \Sm ]nb kabw. \So kabw Xmaknm
Imnhnv kqnp ephpXs apfbvm XpSpw. Ccw
Imn ]noSv \Sm ]nbX.
{ioIon, {iocq] Fnh AXypev]mZ\tijnbp Imn C\fmWv.
\nesamcpepw \Soepw

\new 15 20 sk. ao Bgn Infv 45 sk. ao hoXw \ofhpw hoXnbpw Bghpap

IpgnI 1 ao hoXw AIen XmdmpI. 11 1/4 Intem{Kmw NmWItam,
Itmtm taapambn tNnfn IpgnbpsS apm `mKw \ndbvWw.
IpgnbpsS \Spmbn Imn hnv \tijw CeIsImv ]pXbnSWw.
Imnhnv Xmdmm\mbn Imnens\ 250330 {Kmw `mcap IjWfmbn
apdnpI. Cu IjW \SpXn\p apv NmWI shn apn XWen
DWWw. Hcn slIvSdntebvv GItZiw 25003000 Intem{Kmw Imn hnv thnhcpw.
hf{]tbmKw
ASnhfambn slIvSsdmn\v 10 15 S Imenhftam Itmtm tNWw.
CXn\p]pdta Hcp slIvSdntebvv 80 Intem{Kmw ]mIyP\Iw, 60 In.{Kmw `mhlw, 80
In. {Kmw mcw F tXmXn cmkhfhpw tNtXmWv. CXn ip]mi
sNbvXnp ]mIyP\Insbpw mcnsbpw ]IpXnbpw, `mhlw apgph\pw
Imn apfv HcmgvNbvIw tNWw. hopw Hcp amkn\p tijw _mn
cmkhffpw IqSn CSbnftijw tNp sImSpWw.
ievIoSfpsS B{IaWns\Xnsc apIcpXembn Imn hnv \SpXn\papv
0.05 iXam\w hocynep tamtWmt{Imtmt^mkv emb\nbn appXv \XmWv.
Imn hnIv ]Scm th kuIcyapmnsmSpWw. hnv apfv 15
Znhkn\pn Ib henpsIn hnI ]Scm\\phZnWw. CShnfbmbn
IrjnsNptm acfn hnI ]SmhpXmWv.
\v 89 amkn\Iw Imn hnI DWm XpSpw. Atm hnfshSpmdmbn
Fv a\nemmw.
apIfntev
tN\
hjn 150 sk. ao agbpw \ \ohmbpff apamWv tN\Irjnbvv
tbmPnXXv.
tN\bpsS IjvWfmWv \Sm\mbn D]tbmKnpXv. agmew XpSpXn\v apv
s^{_phcn amv amkfn tN\ \Smw.
\nesamcpepw \Soepw
90 sk. ao AIenembn 60 sk.ao \ofhpw hoXnbpw 45 sk.ao Bghpap
IpgnI XmdmpI. 15 apX 20 sk.ao Bgnep taav \onhbvWw.
IpgnI Xbmbdmnb tijw Cu taav AXn \ndbvpI. Hmtcm Ipgnbnepw 2
1/2 In. {Kmw NmWIw taapambn tNnfpI. GItZiw 1 Intem `mcap
tN\jvW NmWIshn apn XWen DWnbmWv \Sm\mbn
XmdmpXv. Hcp slIvSdn \Sm\mbn 12,000 tN\jW (12 S tN\) thnhcpw.
tN\ \"tijw ]pXbnSWw. hnptN\bn aoen_ns B{IaWw DmIm CSbpv.
AXn\m Acw tN\ \Sm\mbn D]tbmKncpXv. apIcpXse \nebn
\SpXn\v apv 0.025 hocyap tamtWmt{Imt"mt^mkv emb\nbn 10 an\np t\cw
apnhbvWw.
hf{]tbmKw
slIvSsdmn\v 40 Intem ]mIyP\Iw, 60 Intem{Kmw `mhlw, 50 In. {Kmw mcw Fnh
e`nhw cmkhf tNWw. \v HcamkamIptm IfI amn

CSbnfnb tijw ip]mi sNbvX ]mIyP\Insbpw mcnsbpw ]

IpXnbpw apgph `mhlhpw tNWw. BZyhf{]tbmKw Ignv Hcp
amkn\ptijw hopw IfI amn CSbnfn _mnbp ]mIyP\Ihpw mchpw
tNmhpXmWv.
kkykwcWw
CepntcmKw \nb{nm, 1 % hocyap t_mtUman{inXtam atsXnepw
tIm Ipan \min\ntbm, 0.2 % hocyn aqmgvN CShnv XfnpsImSpWw.
CeXnp ]pgpsf \innm Im_dn 0.15 % hocyn kvt{] sNWw.
8 apX 9 amkamIptm tN\ hnfshSpmdmIpw. Hcp slIvSdn \nv 40 S hsc
hnfhv e`npw.
apIfntev
tNv
NqSpT Cuhpapff ImemhbmWv tNv Irjnv tbmPnXv. kmam\yT \
agbpT AXmbXv hjn 120 apX 150 sk.ao hsc agbpT \
\ohmbpapff an tNv \mbn hfcpT.
agsb B{ibnv IrjnsNptm sabvPq apX HIvtSm_\hT_ hscbpT
PetkN\T \SpIbmsWn hjT apgph\pT CXp IrjnsNmT.
{iocivan {io]hn Fnh tNnsd AXypev]mZ\ tijnbpff C\fmWv.
\nesamcp
\neT 2025sk.ao Bgn Infv ]cphsSppI. 60 sk.ao AIen
Xmdmnb hmcfn 45 sk. ao AIenembn ]ntv \SWw. Hcp slIvS
ev \Sm\mbn 25 apX 35 {Kmw hsc `mcap 37,000 ]ntpI thnhcpw.
AXmbXv slISsdmn\v 1500 Intem{Kmw ]ntv thWw.
hf{]tbmKw
ASnhfambn \nesamcpp kabv slIvSsdmn\v 12 S Imenhftam, Itmtm
tNWw. IqSmsX slIvSsdmn\v 80 In. {Kmw ]mIyP\Iw, 50 In. {Kmw `mhlw, 100 In.
{Kmw mcw Fnh e`nhn[w cmkhf tNWw. ip]mi sNbvX
apgph `mhlhpw ]mIyP\Insbpw mcnsbpw ]IpXnbpw \v
HcmgvNbvw apfhmepS tNWw. _mn cmkhf BZyhf{]tbmKn\v
Hcp amkw Ignv CSbnfent\msSmw an tNWw. \v
Hcpamkn\ptijhpw Hmtcm {]mhiyw hoXw If]dnepw CSbnfepw apw
\SWw.
\Sp kabv an CuapmbncnWw. \ DSs\bpw HcmgvNbvptijhpw
PetkN\w \SpI, shw sIn \ndpm\p Ignh\pkcnv 12 apX 15 Znhkw
hsc CShnv PetkN\w \SWw. hnfshSppXn\v Hcp amkw apv PetkN\w
aXnbmpI.
\ DS Xs XSfn ]pXbnSpXv Cuw \jvSsSmXncnm klmbnpw.
kkykwcWw
CeIsf _m[np ssv tcmKs \nb{nm kndw, kn\_v, amtImsk_v
Chbnsemv 2 {Kmw Hcp en shn Ien XfnpI.

F^nUpIsf \nb{nm 0.05% hocyn ssUsatmtbv kvt{] sNpI. Ce

Xnp {]mWnIsf \innm amentbm, Im_dn, FtUmk^m
Chbnsemp kvt{] sNWw.
\"v 5 6 amkamIptm tNv hnfshSpmdmIpw. Hcp slIvSdn \nv 20 S hschnfhp
e`npw.
hnp sNv kqnp hn[w
]ntmWv \Sm D]tbmKnpXv. CXns\ Xtn \nv Cfnamn Xdbn
aW \ncn AXns apIfn kqnmw.
apIfntev