4

4.1
3

(pump) (Compressor)
(surrounding)
(system)




.. 1840 (Reciprocating)

4.2

4.2.1

. (Centrifugal)
Roto-dynamic
. (Rotary)
. (Reciprocating)
. (Special)
4.2.2

.
(Non-Positive Displacement)

87

.
Rotary Reciprocal

(Centrifugal)

(Rotary)

Volute
Diffuser
Regenerative-turbine
Vertical-turbine
Mixed-flow
Axial-flow (propeller)
Gear
Vane
Lobe
Screw
etc.

(Reciprocating)

Direct-acting
Diaphragm
Rotary-piston
etc.

(Special)

Jet
Gas lift
Hydraulic ram
etc.
4.1

Single-stage
Multistage

Simplex
Duplex
Triplex
Quadruplex
etc.

88

4.3 (Reciprocating)

Simplex single action

4.2

4.3 Discharge curves

Simplex
double acting 4.2 4.3 discharge curve

89

Simplex
, Duplex , Triplex , Quaduplex

4.3
4.4 (Rotary Pump)

80 85 %
(Gear pump), (Vane pump), (Lobe
pump) (Screw pump)
4.4.1 Gear Pump Rotary pump

4.4 Internal Gear Pump

4.4

4.4.2 (Vane Pump)

90

4.5

4.4.3 (Lobe pump) gear pump

Gear pump

4.6

4.4.4 (Screw pump)

Single Screw
Screw

91

4.7 Screw pump a) Single Screw b)Double

4.5 (Centrifugal Pump)

4.8

, Tong of the casing

92

(Discharge opening)

4.9

4.5.1 (Volute Type)

()

4.5.2 (Diffuser) Volute

type

4.10
4.5.3 (Turbine Type) Vertex, periphery
Regenerative Turbine

93

4.11 Regenerative Turbine

2 50
4.5.4 Vertical Turbine
Volute type
Centrifugal

Deep Well type
Deep Well Turbine radial
flow Mixed flow

Stage Vertical Turbine, Three Stage Deep
Well Turbine

4.12 Vertical Turbine

94

4.5.5 Mixed Flow

45 80
head Redial
flow Vertical Turbine
Mixed Flow 3 50 1 7000
1,450
4.5.6 Axial Flow Type

50 7 1
100,000 1,160
4.6

(Shroud)
4.6.1 (Open Impeller)

4.6.2 (Semi-open Impeller)

4.6.3 (Closed Impeller)

(Closed - Single suction impeller) (ClosedDouble suction impeller)
4.6.4 Paper Stock Impeller

Paper Stock Impeller

4.6.5 Propeller
Axial Flow Type
4.6.6 Mixed Flow
45 80

95

4.6.7 Radial Flow

4.13

96

4.7
3
v 2
p
+ z g + 2 VdP + F

2g
p1
gc
c

W'f

(3.14)

Velocity head Potential head

Pressure head Friction head W'f
head W'f
W'f head
energy balance Total
dynamic head (TDH) Total discharge head N m/kg, ft lbf/lb

Watt 745.7 Watt (745.7 N.m/s) 550 ftlbf/s , Theoretical horse power, Water horse
power (Whp)
Whp
=

W'f w

(4.2)

W'f Q

Q 3/ break hourse
power (Bhp)

Bhp

Whp

(kW)
kW

0 . 746

(4.3)

= x
4.8 (System Head Curve)
System Head Curve Total
Discharge head

97

Pump Characteristic Curve (Q) , ,

v 2

+ z g +
2g
gc
c

p2

p1

VdP + F

(3.14)

W'f

2 gv , pp2 VdP , z gg
1
c
c
()
( P
) z Friction Head
boiler
Potential head
pressure head
Graph Pump Characteristic y total dynamic head x
total discharge
head 3.14 head ft-lbf/lb head y
ft total
2

head
ft;

ft lb f
lb

ft lb
2
s lb
f

gc
g

s 2

ft

English

engineering

gc
g

graph
SI head

4.14 Characteristic Curve of Gear Pump

gc
g

Nm
kg

N m kg m s 2

m
kg
s 2N m

4.1
It is necessary to pump a
constant flow of a liquid with density

98

and viscosity similar to water into a reactor at a rate of 90 gal/min. The pump must operate
agains a pressure of 200 psi, as determined by an energy balance on the flow system. A
pump with the characteristics shown in Figure 4.13.is avaible, with a variable-speed drive.
At what speed should the pump be operated? What horsepower would be required to
maintain flow?
4.14
400 600

200-400 400-600 interpolation 520 rpm
21 200 psi
4.9

4.15 H-Q

4.9.1 H-Q , H-Q head capacity curve

99

Design Operating Point H-Q

4.16 Characteristic Curve of Centrifugal Pump, 1750 rpm(upper),

3550 rpm(lower)

4.2
A pump with the characteristics given in Figure 4.16 is to deliver 350 gal/min at a
head of 80 ft. What size impeller should be used? What power will be required?

100

4.16 1750
350 gal/min, head 80ft
9 10 9 175 gal/min
80 ft 10
10 interpolation 11
4.9.2 (Specific Speed)
() 1 gal/min
1
Ns

n Q
H0 .75

=
Ns
speed, rpm

(4. 4)
specific

n= actual speed, rpm

H

4.17 (Specific Speed)

= total head per speed, ft

Q =
pump
capacity, gal/min at speed n and
total head z

Ns SI
Ns

1 . 633 rpm lps

H0 .75

Ns, rpm rpm

4.3
It is necessary to pump a liquid with properties similar to water at a rate of 300
gal/min against a head of 70 ft. Recommed a pump type and size.

Characteristic Ns guide line pump

101

H = 70, Q = 300 gal/min n n =

1750 rpm
Ns

1750

1252 . 5

300

( 70 ) 0 .75

4.18

4.19 H-Q ,3*4*8,

3- discharge ,4- suction ,8 impeller diameter

102

Ns 4.17 pump type radial flow

Ns rang
4.19 3 4 10 ( 3 , 4
10 )
4.10 (Water Hammer)
(Water Hummer)

(Elasticity)

4.11 Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)

NPSH (Absolute pressure)

103

NPSH
NPSH


(Cavitation)
NSPH 2 NPSH (Required NPSH, NPSHr) NPSH
(Available NPSH, NPSHa)

NPSHa
NPSH

NPSH

( 101.325 kN/m2 10.33
)


(NPSHa)

NPSHa

NPSHa
NPSHr
(Head losses) NPSHr

5
5 3
3 NPSH

4.20 4.21

104

4.20 NPSHa

4.21 NPSHa

NPSHa = Hp-Hvp-Hf-Hz

(4.5)

105

Hp

Hvp

= (Absolute pressure)

Hp

= (Head loss)
=
(Static Suction Lift)

(4.6)
NPSHa = Hp+ Hz - Hvp - Hf

(4.7)
Hp = 10.33 0.00108 El
Hf
Hz

Hp 4C El

4.4
NPSH 5.18
300
0.60
30C

300
() 4C
Hp = 10.33 0.00108 El
= 10.33 0.00108 x 300 = 10.01

106

Hp = 10.01/0.9957 = 10.05 .

4.1 (Sp.gr.)
(mb) 4C

Hz = 10.05 0.60 0.43 5.18 = 3.84

= 0.60 .

NPSHr = 5.18 .
Hvp 30C = 0.43 .

4.22 Dfferent Heads in Exam.4.4

4.1

107

30C = 0.9957
30C = 0.43 4C
(Hp) (Hvp)
30C
Hp = 10.01/0.9957 = 10.05
Hvp = 0.43/0.9957 = 0.43

NPSH = Hp Hz Hf Hvp
5.18 = 10.05 Hz 0.60 0.43
= 10.05 0.60 0.43 5.18 = 3.84
Hz
3.84
4.5
90C

4.1
90C = 0.965
90C
= 7.15 4C
= 7.15/0.965 = 7.41 90C

90C
=

10 . 01
0 . 965

= 10.37

108

Hf = 0.60 .

Hp = 10.01/0.965 = 10.37 .

(0.60 + 5.18 + 7.41) - 10.37 = 2.82 .

NPSHr = 5.18 .

Hvp = 7.41 90C

4.23 Dfferent Heads in Exam.4.4

NPSH = Hp Hz Hf Hvp
5.18 = 10.37 Hz 0.60 7.41
Hz
= 10.37 0.60 7.41 5.18 = 2.82
2.82
NPSH
(Pressure gage)
(Velocity head, V2/2g)
NPSH
NPSHa = Hp + Hg +

Hp
Hg
V2
2g

Hvp

V2
2g

- Hvp

(4.8)

=
=

(Velocity Head)

109

4.6
300 25C
60 kN/m2
3.6 / NPSH

300 =
10.33 0.00108 x 300
=
10.01 4C
0.9971
.. 25C =
Hp 25C =
10.01/0.9971 = 10.04

60 1000
1000 9 . 81 0 . 9971

- 6.13

V2
2g

(3.6) 2
2 9 . 81

Hvp

=
=

0.32 4C
0.32/0.9971 = 0.32 25C

NPSH

Hg

= 0.66

Hp + Hg + V2 g - Hvp

10.04 6.13 + 0.66 0.32 = 4.25

4.12 (Cavitation)

NPSH NPSH

NPSH

110

1.
30 3
2.
3. (Suction lift) NPSHa

4.
5.
Axial flow Propeller

Axial flow
1.

2.
3. (Suction lift) NPSHa
4.
5.

111

4.13 ( Pump Selection)

(total discharge head)

4.2 PUMP CHARACTERISTICS
Centrifugal
Propeller
Standard
Turbine
(Radial Flow) (Mixed Flow) (Axial Flow)

Head
High, single
(or discharge stagepressure)
Up to 600 ft:
Multistage-up
to 6000 psi
Capacity
Low (100
(or delivered gal/min) to very
flow rate)
high (200,000
gal/min)
Liquids
Clean or dirty
handled
Metering or
flowControl
Capability

No

Intermediate Low, up to
, up to 200 ft 60 ft

Intermediate
, up to
16,000
gal/min
High solids
contents
No

Rotary
(Gear or
Screw)
Intermediate,
up to 600 psi

Reciprocating
(Piston or Plunger)
Highest available
up to 100,000 psi

High, up to
100,000
gal/min

Low(1 gal/min) Intermediate up to

to intermediate 500 gal/min
(500 gal/min)

Abrasive

Up to high
viscosity;
nonabrasive
Yes

No

Clean; no solids

Yes

112

4.14 (Compressing Gases)

Compressible fluid
Fan, blower Compressor
( 0.4 psi) blower 4.0 psi
Compressor (4.0-60,000 psi)

4.14.1 Fan and Blower
-
axial flow radial flow Radial flow
axial flow

(a)

4.24 axial flow (a) centrifugal fan(b)

113

4.14.2 Compressor

15000 psi



Compressor, cooling, expansion and heating refrigerant
4.14.2.1
(Reciprocating Compressor)
35,000 psig

single stage multiple stage
4.15
4.12.1 From the data in Figure 4.14 plot the pump efficciency as a function of
capacity at 400 rpm.
4.12.2 A rotary pump with the characteristics shown in Figure 4.14 is to be used to
pump and meter 25 gal/min of a liquid of 2 cp viscosity and 0.8 specific gravity through a
piping system equivalent to 100 ft of 1-in. sch.-40 steel pipe. The suction pressure is 25
psig. Velocvity head and static energies are negligible. Can the pump be used? At what
speed? What power is required?
4.12.3 Contrast the results of closing a value just downstream of a positivedisplacement pump with the case of a centrifugal pump, assuming power to the pump
continues.
4.12.4 Check a point on the efficiency curve of Figure 4.14 by calculating the
efficiency using head and horse-power curves.
4.12.5 A pump with the characteristics given in Figure 4.16 and a 10-in. impeller are
availble in the storage warehouse. Can it be used to pump 400 gal/min against a head of
300 ft? What will be the speed and power consumption? Is there any disadvantage in using
this pump?

114

4.12.6 A centrifugal pump must be selected to deliver 50m3/hr of water against a

head of 20 m. Can any of the pumps of Figure 4.1 be used? What power (watts) must be
supplied?
4.12.7 A centrifugal pump with characteristics shown in Figure 4.15 is operating at
1600 rpm, delivering 2500 gal/min of water at a head of 61 ft. Over a period of months, scale
buidup in the line increases the head to 70 ft. What happens to the delivery rate of water if
no other changes are made? Suggest a modification to restore the original delivery rate.
4.12.8 A plastic intermediate is to be pumped from a storage tank into a batch
reactor. Pumping time is to be held to a minimum. Preliminary plans call for placing the
storage tank on the second floor, the pump being on the ground floor. System specifications
are:
Fluid properties:
CP

0 . 65

Btu / lbF

500

cp

45

lb / ft 3

0 . 36

Btu / hr ft 2 (F / ft )

M.wt. = 3000

Vapor pressure at 80F = 100 mm Hg

System geometry: See the accompanying illustration.
Pump: Any one of centrifugal pumps of from 10 to 1000 gal/min capacity can be purchased.
All of these pumps specify a minimum NPSH of 10 ft of water, and develop ample head.
What pump capacity should be specified (use a friction factor of 0.033)?