2.3.4.1.iu ch BPSK.

Tn hiu bng gc b(t) l xung NRZ lng cc v s iu ch ny s dng mt

trong hai pha lch nhau 180o v c gi l PSK nh phn (BPSK).Nh vy, bin ca
tn hiu BPSK khng i trong qu trnh truyn dn, nhng b chuyn i trng thi.

Hnh 2.12.iu ch BPSK.

Trong BPSK, ng vi tn hiu vo l cc in th biu din cc logic 1, 0 ta c tn
hiu ra l cc sng mang hnh sin c pha lch nhau 180 .
2.3.4.2.Gii iu ch BPSK.
Tn hiu BPSK c tng hp vi sng mang chun thng qua b lc thng thp
loi b thnh phn hi bc cao cho ta thu c tn hiu ban u.

Hnh 2.13.Gii iu ch tn hiu BPSK.

Tn hiu thu BPSK b tp m y(t) c a n b tng quan so snh vi sng
mang c to ra ti my thu.
Kt qu so snh c a qua b lc v b quyt nh khi phc li s liu
pht.

2.3.5.Phng php iu ch v gii iu ch QPSK.

2.3.5.6.S iu ch v gii iu ch QPSK.

*iu ch QPSK
-S mch iu ch QPSK:

Hnh 2.19. S khi b iu ch QPSK

-Nguyn l hot ng:
Trong iu ch tn hiu QPSK,ta thc hin thay i tn hiu theo 4 pha khc
nhau. Khi ,mi thay i pha mang thng tin ca 2 bit.
+)Li vo:Chui bt li vo c tch thnh 2 chui bt song song.Nu mt
bt vo knh I th bt kia vo knh Q.Cc bit knh I c iu ch cng pha vi
dao ng ni(I ngha l In phase-cng pha). Cc bt knh Q c iu ch bi
sng mang dch pha 900 so vi dao ng ni(Q ngha l Quarature-vung pha).
+)Li ra: QPSK gm 2BPSK mc t hp song song. Hai trng thi ng ra ca
b iu ch cn bng I ( sin c .t ) v hai trng thi ng ra ca b iu ch cn
bng Q ( cos c .t ) n b cng tuyn tnh, to nn 4 t hp pha ng ra tng ng
vi cc trng thi:

( + sin c .t cos c .t ) ; ( + sin c .t + cos c .t ) ;

( sin c .t + cos c .t ) ; ( sin c .t + cos c .t )

Cc pha dch pha 900.

-Bng s tht v gin pha QPSK
+Bng s tht ca tn hiu QPSK
Binary input
Q
I
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1

Pha ca tn hiu QPSK

output
-1350
-450
+1350
+450

+Gin pha ca tn hiu QPSK

Hnh 2.20.Gin pha ca tn hiu QPSK

Gi s Q=0, I=0 ta c ng ra b iu ch cn bng

I = ( 1) .sin c .t = sin c .t

Ng ra ca b iu ch cn bng Q = ( 1) .cosc t = cosct . Ng ra

0
ca b cng tuyn tnh = sin c t cosct =1, 414.sin ( c t 135 ) .
Tng t vi cc cp bit 01,10,11 c cc trng thi pha tng ng. T gin
pha QPSK,ta thy 4 trng thi ng ra QPSK c cng bin . Tn hiu nh phn
ng vo c m ha(iu ch) hon ton bng pha sng mang cao tn.
+Dng sng tn hiu QPSK:

Hnh 2.21.Dng sng tn hiu QPSK

*Gii iu ch QPSK
-S mch gii iu ch

Hnh 2.22.S b gii iu ch QPSK.

RLO: Receiver Local Oscillator: B dao ng ni thu
Carrier recovery :khi phc sng mang
Timing recovery: khi phc nh thi
Matched Filter: b lc (c th thay th bng b tng quan)
Decision Device: mch quyt nh
MUX: Multiplexer :ghp lung
-Nguyn l hot ng:
Tn hiu QPSK a vo my thu s c bin i a ra 2 tn hiu 1v 2
Cc tn hiu ny s c a ti b tng quan. u ra ca b tng quan,
tn hiu y1 v y2 s c so snh vi ngng quyt nh.
Knh ng pha I: y1>0:quyt nh l 1; y1<0 : quyt nh l 0.
Knh vung pha Q: y2>0 :quyt nh l 1 ; y2<0 quyt nh l 0
Hai chui bit nh phn t hai knh I v Q c tng hp ti u ra, cho ta
chui ban u pht.

2.4.iu ch cu phng QAM .

2.4.1.nh ngha.

iu ch bin vung gc QAM ( Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) l phng

php iu ch kt hp gia iu ch bin ASK v iu ch pha PSK. Trong phng
thc iu ch ny, ta thc hin iu ch bin nhiu mc 2 sng mang m 2 sng mang
ny c dch pha 1 gc 90 0. Tn hiu tng c 2 sng mang ny c dng va iu bin
va iu pha:

Q1 ( t ) = a ( t ) .cos [ 0t + 1t ] v Q2 ( t ) = b ( t ) .sin [ 0t +2t ]

Tn hiu s(t) l tng ca 2 thnh phn ss(t) v sc(t) v c biu din nh sau:

r
r
r
Q ( t ) = Q1 ( t ) + Q2 ( t ) = a ( t ) .cos [ 0t + 1t ] + b ( t ) .sin [ 0t + 2t ]

Nh c bin thay i m cc trng thi pha ca sng mang cch xa nhau, do

vy kh nng mc li s gim, y cng chnh l u im ca QAM.

2.4.2.iu ch:

Hnh 2.28.S nguyn l iu ch tn hiu M-QAM.

B chuyn i SPC chuyn i tn hiu iu ch co thnh phn 2 chui tn hiu
NRZ song song. B bin i 2/L c chc nng chuyn i chui NRZ thnh chui tn
hiu c L = M mc. Vi L=4 th M=16, ta c iu ch 16-QAM, v L=8 th M=64, ta
c iu ch 64-QAM.

.Gii iu ch.
Tn hiu M-QAM vo: Q ( t ) = a ( t ) .cos0t + b ( t ) .sin 0t
Tn hiu chun: Qref 1 ( t ) = 2 cos 0t v Qref 2 ( t ) = 2 sin 0t .
Sau khi loi b thnh phn hi bc cao cc b lc thng thp ta s c:
QLPF 1 ( t ) = a ( t ) v QLPF 2 ( t ) = b ( t )

Hnh 2.35.S nguyn l gii iu ch M-QAM.

Bin ca tn hiu gii iu ch c L = M mc, trong M l s trng thi tn
hiu. Tn hiu L mc c bin i bi b bin i ADC thnh n/2 tn hiu 2 mc, trong
o L=2n/2 v M=L2. Vi 16-QAM th n=4, L=4 v vi 64-QAM th n=6, L= 8. T n tn
hiu ny, b bin i PSC s to nn tn hiu gii iu ch.

2.3.6.iu ch M-PSK
Phng trnh tn hiu

si ( t ) =

2 Es
2

cos 2 f ct +
( i 1)
Ts
M

0 t Ts

f c = nc / T
i= 1,2,3,,M
Ts l chu k ca mt symbol
Es l nng lng ca mt symbol

Hnh 2.25.Minh ha khng gian tn hiu cho M-PSK hng M=8.

*Biu thc tnh xc sut li trung bnh bng:

2 Eb log 2 M

Pe 2Q
.sin

N0
M

Vi M 4 :

4 Eb

Pe 2Q
.sin

2M
N0

2E

Pe erfc
sin
vi M 4
N0
2M

*Ph cng sut ca M-PSK

Hnh 2.26.Ph cng sut ca M-PSK

Hiu qu nng lng v hiu qu bng thng
Khi M tng th hiu qu bng thng tng. ng thi M tng ko theo chm sao l
dy c hn v do hiu qu nng lng gim.
2 Rb
2
BW = =
Trong
Ts log 2 M
log 2 M
Do vy =
2

Bng 2.2.Hiu qu bng thng v nng lng ca tn hiu M-PSK

Hnh 2.27.T l li symbol so vi t l tn hiu trn nhiu cho cc iu ch M-PSK