Chapter 2

BODY COORDINATION.
2.1 Body Coordination. the adjustment of our bodys reaction towards any stimulus around us and from the inside of our body. ensures that each part of the body is controlled so that it functions harmoniously with each other when it receives a stimulus. there are two types of body coordination : a) nervous coordination b) hormonal coordination Body Coordination. Body Coordination

Nervous Coordination controlled and coordinated by the nervous system

Hormonal Coordination controlled and coordinated by the endocrine system

Exam le walking, looking, running, writing, talking, listening, and reading

Exam le body growth, reproduction, controlling blood concentration, and food digestion

Im ortan!e o" #ody !oordination enables our body organs to function as a unit to detect stimuli and respond toward them. controls coordination between stimuli and body responses. helping us to avoid injuries or dangers. enables us to adapt to the changes around us.

2.2 Human Nervous $ystem. is divided into : o central nervous system o peripheral nervous system the massages carried by the nervous system are electrical signals called impulses.

Human Nervous $ystem

Central Nervous ystem

!eripheral Nervous ystem

"rain

pinal Cord

omatic nervous system

#utonomic nervous system

Cranial Nerves

pinal Nerves
chart showing the classification of human nervous system in brief

Central Nervous $ystem. the central nervous system is the control centre of the body. this system consists of : o brain o spinal cord the brain controls all activities of the body like walking and seeing. the spinal cord controls the refle$ actions like pulling the hand away when the fingers touch a hot object. the central nervous system receives impulses from the sensory from the sensory organs or other parts of the body for interpretation. after an impulses is interpreted, a new impulse is transmitted to the muscle or gland to respond to the stimuli. %eri &eral Nervous $ystem. consists of all the nerves which connects the central nervous system to the receptor and effector located at other parts of the body. the functions is to transmit impulses from the sensory organs or receptor through the central nervous system to the muscle for it to respond accordingly or to the gland to produce the re%uired secretion. divided into : a) somatic nervous system & controls all the voluntary actions & consists of the spinal nerve 'from the spinal cord) and the cranial nerve 'from the brain) & spinal nerve controls voluntary actions like walking, scratching, and running.

& cranial nerve controls involuntary actions like talking, smelling, and seeing. & spinal nerve connects the spinal cord with parts of the body like the limbs, skin, and abdomen. & cranial nerve connects the brain to sensory organs in the head and neck like the eyes, nose, ears, tongue, and jaws. b) autonomic nervous system & controls involuntary action & e$ample ( heartbeat, and contraction of blood vesels. & contains nerves which connect the spinal cord to internal organs and glands like liver, kidneys, heart, and lungs. Neurone.

is a basic unit of the nervous system. the functions is to carry impulses. cell body contains nucleus and cytoplasm. dendron & is a cytoplasm projection which spreads out from the cell body. dendrites & is the small branches of dendron. a$on & is a long projection from the cell body and surrounded by an insulating membrane called myelin sheath. myelin sheath & separated by small gaps called nodes of )anvier. parts of the neurone and their functions : Neurone !art Cell body +endrite +endron #$on ,yelin sheath *unction Controls all activities of the neurone. )eceive impulses from other neurone and transmits them to cell body. +endrite that carries impulses towards cell body. +endrite that carries impulses out of cell body. -nsulator on a$on that prevents the leakage of impulses.

-ncreases the speed of impulses transmission. Types of neurone. there are three types of neurone : 'a) sensory neurone 'b) relay neurone 'intermediate neurone) 'c) motor neurone relay nuerone only appears in the central nervous system and connects the sensory neurone with the motor neurone. each type of neurone possesses the same basic structure but is different in terms of its position and function. the three types of neurone have the following similarities : o each has a cell body containing nucleus, dendron, dendrite, and a$on, o the main role is to receive and transmit impulses the end of the neurone is separated by minute space called synapse which allow impulses to be transmitted in one direction only. the synapse is found between the a$on of a neurone and the dendrite of the cell body from another neurone. Characteristics ensory Neurone )elay Neurone ,otor Neurone

tructure

!osition of cell body .ength of a$on ,ovement of impulse

-n the middle of neurone hort *rom the sensory organ to the central nervous system Carries impulses from sensory organ to central nervous

#t the center of neurone Changes *rom the sensory neurone to the motor neurone in the central nervous system /ransmits impulses from sensory neurone to motor

#t the end of neurone .ong *rom the relay neurone going out from the central nervous system to the effectors /ransmits impulses from central nervous system to effector

*unction

system

neurone

comparison between sensory neuron, relay neurone, and motor neurone. 2.' Nervous Coordination. Re!e tors and e""e!tors. )eceptors is a cell in the sensory organs which detects stimuli resulting from the changes in the surrounding. there are five main types of sensory organs : 'a) eyes 'b) ears 'c) nose 'd) tongue 'e) skin 0ffectors is an organ which responds to the stimuli : 'a) muscles 'b) gland all receptors and effectors are connected to the nervous system by neurones. ensory neurone )elay neurone ,otor neurone

Re"lex a!tions. are

automatic and fast response of the body towards e$ternal stimuli without the involvement of thinking of the cerebrum. takes place in the spinal cord.

it protects us from dangerous situations or injuries. the path of a refle$ action is called a refle$ arc.

)eceptor

pinal Cord

)efle$ #ction

flow chart showing reflex action occurring through the final cord e$ample of the receptor : sensory cells situated in the skin e$ample of the effector : arm muscles )eceptors 1 ensory 2rgans ensory neurones

ynapses

,otor neurones

ynapses

)elay neurones

0ffectors 1 ,uscles

flow chart showing reflex arc of a reflex action

2.( T&e Role o" %ro rio!e tors in )aintainin* Balan!e and Body Coordination.

+inaest&eti! $enses. enable us to be aware of the movement and position of the limbs to maintain balance. enable us to detect body movements and allow us to button our shirt even with our eyes closed. help in maintaining balance and body coordination. kinaesthetic sensory receptors are found in : 3. muscles 4. joints 5. ligaments 6. tendons proprioceptors act as sensory organs because of their sensitivity towards the tension of muscles. the tension muscles, joints, ligaments, or tendons, will stimulate the proprioceptors to trigger an impulse and transmit through the nerves through the brain. after an interpretation, an impulse will be transmitted to parts of the body to coordinate suitable reaction. e$ample of activities are : 3. playing the piano 4. tying shoelaces without looking 5. combing hair without looking into the mirror 2., T&e Human Brain and Its Com lexity.

medulla oblongata Human Brain. the human brain is the most comple$ organ. it is protected by a hard bone structure called the cranium. a big portion of neurones is found in the brain. the main functions of the brain is 3. receive impulses, then 4. interpret it, then 5. transmit the impulse to the part of the body concerned to respond. the human brain is divided into three main parts : 'a) Cerebrum the largest region of the brain. its folded surface greatly increases the surface area to place more neurones. consists of left hemisphere and right hemisphere. the left hemisphere receive nerve impulses from the right side of the body while the right side of the body receive nerve impulses from the left side of the body. it is the control centre of voluntary actions. controls mental activities like thinking, memory, and emotions. controls senses like sight, hearing, smelling, and touching. controls muscle movement like walking, writing, and running. 'b) Cerebellum situated at the lower part of the cerebrum and at the back of the medulla oblongata. has folded surface. controls body balance. coordinates muscle movement. controls activities like riding a bicycle. 'c) ,edulla 2blongata connects the brain with the spinal cord. it is the control centre of involuntary actions. controls involuntary actions like : i. breathing ii. blood pressure iii. heartbeat iv. food digestion v. peristalsis vi. coughing

vii. snee7ing viii.vomiting i$. secretion of saliva $. en7yme -oluntary A!tions and Involuntary A!tions. voluntary actions & actions we are aware of and which are done according to our intention. involuntary actions & actions which carry on automatically. :oluntary actions #ctions we are aware "egin in brain Cerebrum +ifferences /ype of responses timuli of actions )egion of the brain which controls the actions -mpulse transmission !art that responds /ype of nerve involved 0$amples -nvoluntary actions #utomatic No timuli ,edulla 2blongata ,edulla oblngata to organs -nternal organs like the heart #utonomic nervous system 9eartbeat

"rain through the muscles keletal muscles like bisceps omatic nervous system 8riting, speaking

E""e!ts o" in.ury to !ertain re*ion o" t&e #rain. an injury to a certain region of the brain resulting from an accident or sickness will affect the function of a certain part of the body. in severe conditions, an injury to a certain region of the brain can cause death. 3. -njury to region controlling movement results in certain parts of the body to be paralysis 4. -njury to senses of smell and taste results in the loss of senses of smell and taste 5. -njury to medulla oblongata results in fatality

6. -njury to sense of hearing region results in deafness ;. -njury to the sense of sight region results in blindness <. -njury to the cerebellum results in the loss of body balance 2./ Hormonal Coordination T&e Body.

Hormone. are chemical substances secreted by endocrine glands. are comple$ protein. initiate most of the chemical reactions which occur in the body. produced in a small %uantity. carried by the circulation system to all parts of the body. Endo!rine *lands and t&eir "un!tions. 0ndocrine system. consists of endocrine glands 'ductless gland) that secrete hormone directly into the bloodstream. the human endocrine system consists of : 'a) pituitary gland 'b) thyroid gland 'c) adrenal gland

'd) pancreas 'e) ovary 'f) testis

Endo!rine *land 0lo!ation1 !ituitary gland 'at the base of the brain)

2un!tion o" &ormone Controls the activity of other endocrine glands. Control the growth of muscles and bones.

E""e!t o" ex!essive &ormone 0$cessive growth 'gigantism).

E""e!t o" de"i!ien!y o" &ormone tunted growth 'dwarfism).

/hyroid 'under the laryn$1vocal cord at the gland)

Controls the body metabolic rate. Controls growth and mental development of children.

/he metabolic rate becomes very high. 0motions becomes unstable, %uick= tempered and eyes protrudes from the eye socket.

/he metabolic rate becomes very low. !hysical growth become stunted. +evelopment of the brain in children is retarded. Causes goitre.

#drenal 'at the top of both kidneys)

-ncreases heartbeat and respiration. -ncreases body metabolisms.

/he level of glucose and salt in the blood is high. 9igh blood pressure. hortage of glucose in the blood. 0$treme feminine characteristics.

#bility to overcome pressure daily lessens. /he muscles become weak. +iabetes.

!ancreas 'behind the stomach) 2vary 'in the female reproductive system)

/o control blood sugar level. Controls the menstrual cycle. Controls the female

-nfertility. ,enstrual cycle interrupted.

secondary se$ characteristics.

,iscarriage of a fetus before time.

+evelopment of secondary se$ characteristics are stunted. /estis 'in the male reproductive system) Controls the sperm production. Controls the male secondary se$ characteristics. types of hormone and their functions 2.3 Coordination Bet4een T&e Nervous $ystem and T&e Endo!rine $ystem. Com arison #et4een nervous !oordination and &ormonal !oordination. both are important in performing body activities. hormonal control differs from nervous control in some aspects. their similarities are : o control and coordinate body functions and activities. o respond to a stimulus. o possess target organ their differences are : Di""eren!es Coordination 8ay of impulse transmission peed of impulse transmission +uration of effect /arget areas )esponse 0$amples of body coordination Endo!rine $ystem Consists of ductless glands >oes through bloodstream in the form of hormone low .ong 8ide low and continuous >rowth, body metabolism 0$treme masculine characteristics. perms produced are immature. +evelopment of secondary se$ characteristics are stunted.

Nervous system Consists of nerves >oes through the nerves electrochemically :ery fast # short while pecific *ast and immediate 8riting, dancing

T&e im ortan!e o" !oordination #et4een t&e nervous system and t&e endo!rine system. "oth system coordinate the appropriate body response towards a stimulus. 0$ample : when fear striking during a fire, the adrenal gland secretes hormone that changes glycogen into glucose for the muscles usage. /he muscle will gain more energy to enable the person to react faster like running away from fire. *ear

#utonomic Nervous ystem nerve impulse ,otor Neurone causes ,uscles react %uickly relationship between the nervous system and the endocrine system. nerve impulse #drenal gland hormones increase metabolic rate

2.5 T&e E""e!ts o" Dru* A#use on Body Coordination and Healt&. Dru*s. defined as a chemical substance which can change the function and physiology of the body. used to treat patients. types of drugs and their characteristics : o depressants e$ample : morphine, heroin, barbiturate to relieve tension. calm a persons mind. slow down response to stimulus. o stimulants e$ample : amphetamine, nicotine increase the metabolic rate. make a person more active. o opiates e$ample : morphine, cocaine relieve the sensation of pain and an$iety o hallucinogens

e$ample : marijuana, . + causes hallucination. causes madness and death. drug abuse occurs if it is used not for medical purposes. drug abuse can lead to addiction and health deteoration. types of drugs that are commonly taken by drug addict : o opium source & flower of the poppy plant o morphine source & brown substance processed from opium o heroin source & white or brown powder processed from morphine o marijuana source & leaves and dry flowers of the Cannabis Sativa plant

other than affecting body coordination, drug abuse can also harm our health. -t can cause the following health problems : 'a) high blood pressure 'b) heart problems 'c) damage to the liver 'd) weakened of the immune system 'e) higher occurrence rates of cancer 'f) mental problems 'g) infections of contagious diseases 'h) fatality due to overdose of drugs 2.6 E""e!ts o" Ex!essive Consum tion o" Al!o&ol on Body Coordination and Healt&. alcoholic drinks contain ethanol. ethanol is produced from the fermentation of glucose by yeast. e$amples of alcohol : beer, whisky, vodka, rum, and brandy.

0ffects of e$cessive consumption of alcoholic drinks. alcohol slows down alcohol can damage the rate of nerve liver cells, reduce the impulse transmission production of bile, and affects the cause cirrhosis of the central nervous liver 'scar tissue) and system. hepatitis. in severe cases, continuous consumption of alcohol can cause death.

0ffects of e$cessive consumption response of a drinker of alcoholic drinks in an emergency is slow. a drinker cannot drive safely because his sight is blurred, his hearing is poor, and his reaction becomes slower. a drinker uses a longer time to stop his vehicle.

2.17 Im ortan!e o" $ound and Healt&y )ind. )ind is the ability of the brain to think and judge. a healthy mind enables a person to make logical judgment before his acts. a persons mind determines his emotions and behavior. a person with a healthy mind will show characteristics such as positive thinking, independent, caring and responsible. a person with unhealthy mind will not have self esteem, be short= tempered, feels worry easily and find it difficult to control his emotions.

2a!tors t&at a""e!t )ind External "a!tors ocial factors 0nvironment conditions ,ental stress Internal "a!tors "rain injury +iseases 9ormone imbalance +rug abuse 0$cessive consumption of alcohol