C. M. Q - http://quyndc.blogspot.

com
BI TP GII TCH HM QUA CC K THI
Trn Mu Qu - K.16
http://quyndc.blogspot.com
Tp ti liu nh ny ch l s tuyn chn cc bi tp v khng gian nh
chun thng xuyn xut hin trong cc thi ca PGS.TS. Nguyn Hong.
Hu ht chng l nhng bi n gin m mi hc vin d dng gii c.
1 Ton t tuyn tnh lin tc
Bi 1. Cho X, Y l hai khng gian tuyn tnh nh chun v A : X Y l mt ton
t cng tnh, tc A(x + y) = Ax + Ay, vi mi x, y X. Chng minh rng nu A lin
tc ti 0 th A lin tc trn X.
Gii. Trc ht ta c:
A(0) = A(0 + 0) = A(0) +A(0) nn A(0) = 0.
0 = A(0) = A(x x) = A(x + (x)) = A(x) +A(x)
Suy ra A(x) = Ax vi mi x X.
A(x y) = A(x + (y)) = Ax +A(y) = Ax Ay, vi mi x, y X.
Ly bt k x X. Gi s x
n
x. Khi x
n
x 0. Do A lin tc ti 0 nn
A(x
n
x) A(0) = 0, hay A(x
n
) Ax 0. Suy ra A(x
n
) Ax. Vy A lin tc
trn X.
Bi 2. Cho X, Y l hai khng gian tuyn tnh nh chun thc v A : X Y l mt
ton t cng tnh
1
. Chng minh rng nu sup
||x||1
[[Ax[[ < +
2
th A l ton t tuyn
tnh lin tc trn X.
Gii. Ta d dng chng minh c rng A(qx) = qAx, vi mi q Q, x X.
Tip theo ta chng minh A lin tc trn X.
Cch 1 ( Gin tip ) Gi s A khng lin tc ti 0. Khi :

0
> 0, n N

, y
n
X : [[y
n
[[ <
1
n
2
v [[Ay
n
[[
0
t x
n
= ny
n
th [[x
n
[[ = n[[y
n
[[ <
n
n
2
=
1
n
1, n N

. Tuy nhin
[[A(x
n
)[[ = [[A(ny
n
)[[ = n[[A(y
n
)[[ n
0
.
Suy ra sup
||x||1
[[Ax[[ sup
nN

[[Ax
n
[[ sup
nN

n
0
= +. iu ny mu thun vi gi thit.
Do A lin tc ti 0. Theo Bi 1 th A lin tc trn X.
1
Nu X l khng gian nh chun phc th phi gi s A tuyn tnh
2
Tng qut, A bin mi tp b chn trong X thnh mt tp b chn trong Y
1
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Cch 2 ( Trc tip
3
) t M = sup
||x||1
[[Ax[[. Ly bt k x X. Gi s x
n
x.
Vi mi > 0, chn K N sao cho
M
K
< .
V Kx
n
Kx nn c n
0
N sao cho [[Kx
n
Kx[[ < 1, n n
0
. Suy ra [[A(Kx
n

Kx)[[ M, hay K[[A(x
n
) Ax[[ M. Do [[A(x
n
) Ax[[
M
K
< , n n
0
. Vy
A(x
n
) Ax.
Cui cng, vi mi r R, ly dy (r
n
) Q sao cho r
n
r. Khi :
A(rx) = A( lim
n
r
n
x) = lim
n
A(r
n
x) = lim
n
(r
n
A(x)) = ( lim
n
r
n
)Ax = rAx
Vy A tuyn tnh.
Bi 3. Cho X, Y l hai khng gian tuyn tnh nh chun thc v A : X Y l
mt ton t cng tnh
4
. Gi s mi dy (x
n
) trong X m x
n
0 th dy (A(x
n
)) b
chn trong Y
5
. Chng minh rng A tuyn tnh lin tc trn X.
Gii. Tng t cch 1 ca Bi 2. (Dy (x
n
) c ch ra l dn v 0 nhng dy (A(x
n
))
khng b chn trong Y ).
Bi 4. K hiu X = C
[0,1]
l khng gian cc hm s lin tc trn [0, 1] vi chun
"max". nh x A : X X xc nh bi Ax(t) = x(1) tx(t), t [0, 1], x X. Chng
minh A tuyn tnh lin tc v tnh [[A[[.
Gii. D dng chng minh c A tuyn tnh, lin tc v [[A[[ 2.
Vi mi n N

, t
x
n
(t) =

1 nu 0 t
n
n+1
2(n + 1)t 2n 1 nu
n
n+1
< t 1
Khi x
n
X v [[x
n
[[ = 1, vi mi n, v ta c:
[[A[[ = sup
||x||=1
[[Ax[[ [[A(x
n
)[[ = max
t[0,1]
[A(x
n
)(t)[
A(x
n
)(
n
n + 1
) = [x
n
(1)
n
n + 1
x
n
(
n
n + 1
)[ = 1 +
n
n + 1
Cho n ta c [[A[[ 2. Vy [[A[[ = 2.
Bi 5. K hiu X = x C
[0,1]
[x(0) = 0 vi chun "max". nh x A : X X xc
nh bi Ax(t) = x(1) tx(t), t [0, 1], x X. Chng minh A tuyn tnh lin tc v
tnh [[A[[.
Gii. Tng t Bi 4 vi dy hm
x
n
(t) =

n+1
n
t nu 0 t
n
n+1
2(n + 1)t 2n 1 nu
n
n+1
< t 1
3
Nguyn Em - K16
4
Nu X l khng gian nh chun phc th phi gi s A tuyn tnh
5
Tng qut, A bin mi dy b chn trong X thnh mt dy b chn trong Y
2
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Bi 6. K hiu X = x C
[0,1]
[x(0) = x(1) = 0 vi chun "max". Chng minh cc
nh x A : X X sau y l tuyn tnh lin tc v tnh [[A[[:
a) Ax(t) = x(t) +x(1 t), t [0, 1], x X.
b) Ax(t) = x(t) x(1 t), t [0, 1], x X.
c) Ax(t) = t
2
x(t), t [0, 1], x X.
Gii.
a) R rng A tuyn tnh, lin tc v [[A[[ 2.
Xt hm s
x
0
(t) =

2t nu 0 t
1
2
2t + 2 nu
1
2
< t 1
Khi [[x
0
[[ = 1 v ta c:
[[A[[ = sup
||x||=1
[[Ax[[ [[A(x
0
)[[ = max
t[0,1]
[A(x
0
)(t)[ Ax
0
(
1
2
) = x
0
(
1
2
) +x
0
(
1
2
) = 2.
Vy [[A[[ = 2.
b) [[A[[ = 2. Tng t a) vi hm
x
0
(t) =

3t nu 0 t
1
3
6t + 3 nu
1
3
< t <
2
3
3t 3 nu
2
3
t 1
Khi [[x
0
[[ = 1 v ta c:
[[A(x
0
)[[ = max
t[0,1]
[A(x
0
)(t)[ Ax
0
(
1
3
) = x
0
(
1
3
) x
0
(
2
3
) = 1 (1) = 2.
c) R rng A tuyn tnh, lin tc v [[A[[ 1.
Vi mi n N

, t
x
n
(t) =

n+1
n
t nu 0 t
n
n+1
(n + 1)t +n + 1 nu
n
n+1
< t 1
Khi x
n
X v [[x
n
[[ = 1, vi mi n. Ta c:
[[A(x
n
)[[ = max
t[0,1]
[A(x
n
)(t)[ Ax
n
(
n
n + 1
) = (
n
n + 1
)
2
x
n
(
n
n + 1
) =
n
2
(n + 1)
2
.
Suy ra
[[A[[ = sup
||x||=1
[[Ax[[ [[A(x
n
)[[ =
n
2
(n + 1)
2
.
Cho n ta c [[A[[ 1. Vy [[A[[ = 1.
3
C. M. Q - http://quyndc.blogspot.com
Bi 7. K hiu X = C
[1,1]
. Chng minh phim hm tuyn tnh f : X R sau y
l lin tc v tnh [[f[[:
f(x) =
0

1
x(t)dt
1

0
x(t)dt.
Gii. R rng f tuyn tnh, lin tc v [[f[[ 2.
Vi mi n N

, t
x
n
(t) =

1 nu 1 t
1
n
nt nu
1
n
< t <
1
n
1 nu
1
n
t 1
Khi x
n
X v [[x
n
[[ = 1, vi mi n. Ta c:
[[f[[ = sup
||x||=1
[f(x)[ [f(x
n
)[ = 2
1
n
Cho n ta c [[f[[ 2. Vy [[f[[ = 2.
Bi 8. Cho f : X K l mt phim hm tuyn tnh khc 0.
a) Chng minh tn ti khng gian con mt chiu E sao cho X = Kerf E.
b) Chng minh rng Kerf ng hoc Kerf tr mt khp ni trong X.
c) t F = f(B

(0
X
, 1)). Chng minh rng F b chn hoc F = K.
Gii.
a) Do f ,= 0 nn c x
0
,= 0 sao cho f(x
0
) ,= 0. t E = x
0
) th E l khng gian
con 1 chiu ca X. Ta chng minh X = Kerf E.
Vi mi x X, t y = x.f(x
0
) x
0
.f(x) th f(y) = 0 nn y Kerf. Theo cch
t trn th
x =
1
f(x
0
)
y +
f(x)
f(x
0
)
x
0
Kerf +E
Vy X = Kerf +E.
Mt khc, nu y Kerf E th f(y) = 0 v y = k.x
0
. Suy ra
0 = f(y) = f(kx
0
) = kf(x
0
)
k = 0( do f(x
0
) ,= 0) y = 0
Vy Kerf E = 0.
Do : X = Kerf E.
b) Nu f lin tc trn X th Kerf = f
1
(0) l tp ng.
Gi s f khng lin tc trn X. Ta chng minh Kerf = X.
Do f tuyn tnh nn f khng lin tc ti 0, tc tn ti
0
> 0 sao cho
n N, x
n
X : [[x
n
[[ <
1
n
v [f(x
n
)[
0
4
C. M. Q - http://quyndc.blogspot.com
Vi mi x X, t y
n
=
f(x)
f(x
n
)
.x
n
+ x th f(y
n
) = 0 nn y
n
Kerf, n N. V
ta c:
[[y
n
x[[ = [[
f(x)
f(x
n
)
.x
n
[[ =
[f(x)[
[f(x
n
)[
.[[x
n
[[
[f(x)[

0
.n
0, n
Vy y
n
x. Do X = Kerf.
c) Nu f lin tc trn X th f bin mi tp b chn trong X thnh mt tp b chn
trong K, do F b chn.
Gi s f khng lin tc trn X. Ta chng minh F = f(B

(0
X
, 1)) = K.
Ly bt k y K. Nu y = 0 th c x = 0 B

(0
X
, 1) sao cho f(x) = y.
Xt y ,= 0. Do f khng lin tc ti 0 nn c
0
> 0 sao cho vi
=

0
[y[
, x
1
X : [[x
1
[[ <

0
[y[
v [f(x
1
)[
0
t x =
y
f(x
1
)
.x
1
th [[x[[ =
|y|
|f(x
1
)|
.[[x
1
[[
|y|

0
|y|
= 1, tc x B

(0
X
, 1) v f(x) = y.
Vy F = K.
Bi 9. Cho X l mt khng gian nh chun v f X

, a K
6
. Chng minh f lin
tc trn X khi v ch khi f
1
(a) = x X[f(x) = a ng trong X.
Gii. Nu f lin tc th hin nhin f
1
(a) l tp ng.
Ngc li, gi s f
1
(a) l tp ng v f khng lin tc ti 0. Khi c
0
> 0 sao
cho
n N, x
n
X : [[x
n
[[ <
1
n
v [f(x
n
)[
0
t
y
n
=

a
x
n
f(x
n
)
nu a ,= 0
x
n
f(x
n
)

x
1
f(x
1
)
nu a = 0
Khi y
n
f
1
(a), vi mi n. Tuy nhin dy (y
n
) hi t v y / f
1
(a)
7
. iu ny
mu thun vi f
1
(a) l tp ng.
Vy f lin tc trn X.
Bi 10. Cho X l mt khng gian nh chun v f X

, a l mt s thc bt k.
Chng minh f lin tc trn X khi v ch khi f
1
([a, +)) = x X[f(x) a ng
trong X.
Gii. Nu f lin tc th hin nhin f
1
([a, +)) l tp ng trong X.
Ngc li, lp lun tng t Bi 9 vi dy y
n
= (a 1)
x
1
f(x
1
)
+
x
n
f(x
n
)
. Ta c f(y
n
) = a
nn y
n
f
1
([a, +)), vi mi n. Tuy nhin y
n
y = (a 1)
x
1
f(x
1
)
/ f
1
([a, +)) (v
f(y) = a 1 / [a, +)).
6
K = R hoc K = C
7
y = 0 khi a ,= 0 , y =
x
1
f(x
1
)
khi a = 0
5
C. M. Q - http://quyndc.blogspot.com
Bi 11. Cho f : X K l mt phim hm tuyn tnh tha mn
sup
x,yB

(0,1)
[f(x) f(y)[ = r
Chng minh f X

v tnh [[f[[.
Gii. Vi mi x B

(0, 1) th x B

(0, 1) nn:
2[f(x)[ = [f(x) f(x)[ sup
x,yB

(0,1)
[f(x) f(y)[ = r
[f(x)[
r
2
8
[[f[[ = sup
xB

(0,1)
[f(x)[
r
2
Mt khc, vi mi x, y B

(0, 1) ta c:
[f(x) f(y)[ = [f(x y)[ [[f[[[[x y[[ [[f[[([[x[[ +[[y[[) 2[[f[[
Suy ra r = sup
x,yB

(0,1)
[f(x) f(y)[ 2[[f[[, do :
r
2
[[f[[. Vy [[f[[ =
r
2
.
Bi 12. Cho f X

v f ,= 0. t = inf[[x[[[x X, f(x) = 1. Chng minh

[[f[[ =
1

.
Gii. t A = x X[f(x) = 1. Vi mi x A ta c:
1 = f(x) [[f[[[[x[[
1
[[f[[
[[x[[
Suy ra
1
||f||
inf
xA
[[x[[ = . Do
1

[[f[[.
Mt khc, vi mi x X m [[x[[ = 1 v f(x) ,= 0 ta c f(
x
f(x)
) = 1 nn
x
f(x)
A. Do

[[
x
f(x)
[[ =
[[x[[
[f(x)[
[f(x)[
1

[[x[[ =
1

9
Do vy [[f[[ = sup
||x||=1
[f(x)[
1

.
Bi 13. Cho f X

v f ,= 0. Chng minh rng vi mi a X ta c d(a, N) =

|f(a)|
||f||
,
trong N = Kerf.
Gii.
10
Nu a N th ng thc hin nhin ng. Xt a / N.
Vi mi y N, ta c
[f(a)[ = [f(a) f(y)[ = [f(a y)[ [[f[[[[a y[[

[f(a)[
[[f[[
d(a, N)
8
T y suy ra f lin tc
9
Khi f(x) = 0 th bt ng thc ny hin nhin ng
10
Bi ny c kh nhiu cch gii, mt trong s nm trang 111 - sch Bi tp Gii tch hm ca
Nguyn Xun Lim
6
C. M. Q - http://quyndc.blogspot.com
Vi mi x X m [[x[[ = 1 v f(x) ,= 0 , ta t y = a
f(a)
f(x)
.x. Khi f(y) = 0 nn
y N. Do
d(a, N) [[a y[[ = [[
f(a)
f(x)
.x[[ =
[f(a)[
[f(x)[
(do [[x[[ = 1)
Suy ra [f(x)[
|f(a)|
d(a,N)
11
. T [[f[[
|f(a)|
d(a,N)
, hay d(a, N)
|f(a)|
||f||
.
Ta cn gp mt s bin tng ca bi tp ny nh sau
Bi 14. Cho f X

v f ,= 0, t N = Kerf, x / N. Gi s tn ti y N sao cho

d(x, N) = [[x y[[. Chng minh rng tn ti x
0
X, [[x
0
[[ = 1 sao cho [[f[[ = [f(x
0
)[.
Gii. Theo Bi 13 th
[[x y[[ = d(x, N) =
[f(x)[
[[f[[
=
12
[f(x) f(y)[
[[f[[
Suy ra [f(x y)[ = [[f[[.[[x y[[. t x
0
=
xy
||xy||
ta c [f(x
0
)[ = [[f[[.
Bi 15. Cho X l khng gian Hilbert, a X, a ,= 0. Khi vi mi x X ta c
d(x, N) =
|x,a|
||a||
, trong N = a)

.
Gii. y l h qu trc tip ca Bi 13. Tuy nhin ta c th gii mt cch ngn
gn nh sau.
y N, ta c:
[x, a)[ =
13
[x y, a)[ [[x y[[[[a[[
Suy ra
|x,a|
||a||
[[x y[[. Do
|x,a|
||a||
d(x, N).
Mt khc, nu t z = x
x,a
||a||
2
a th z N v z, a) = 0. Do
d(x, N) [[x z[[ = [[
x, a)
[[a[[
2
a[[ =
[x, a)[
[[a[[
.
2 Nguyn l b chn u
Bi 16. Cho X, Y l hai khng gian nh chun, (A

)
I
l mt h cc ton t tuyn
tnh lin tc t X vo Y . Chng minh cc khng nh sau l tng ng
14
a) > 0, > 0 : x X, I, [[x[[ < [[A

(x)[[ <
b) N > 0 : I, [[A

[[ N
11
Do x / N v N ng nn d(x.N) > 0
12
y Kerf
13
y N nn y, a) = 0
14
Nh vy hai khi nim ng lin tc u v b chn u l tng ng
7
C. M. Q - http://quyndc.blogspot.com
Gii. a) b) Ly c nh
0
> 0. Khi , tn ti
0
> 0 sao cho
[[x[[ <
0
[[A

(x)[[ <
0
t = min(1,
0
) th 1 v
0
. Do
[[A

[[ =
15
sup
||x||<
[[A

(x)[[
0
t N =
0
th ta c b).
b) a) > 0, t =

N
. Khi , nu [[x[[ < th
A

(x)[[ [[A

[[[[x[[ N[[x[[ < N = N

N
=
Bi 17. Cho X, Y l hai khng gian nh chun, (A

)
I
l mt h cc ton t tuyn
tnh lin tc t X vo Y . Chng minh cc khng nh sau l tng ng
a) x X, y

: sup
I
[y

(A

x)[ < +
b) x X : sup
I
[[Ax[[ < +
Gii. a) b) y

(A

x) = A

x(y

). Ly bt k x X, theo gi thit th dy
(A

x)
I
16
l mt dy b chn tng im. Do Y

Banach
17
nn dy (A

x)
I
b chn
u, tc sup
I
[[Ax[[ < +.
b) a) Hin nhin. (B chn u suy ra b chn tng im).
Bi 18. Cho X l mt khng gian Banach, Y l khng gian nh chun, v M l mt
tp con ca L(X, Y ). Chng minh cc khng nh sau l tng ng
a) x X, y

: sup
AM
[y

(Ax)[ < +
b) M l tp b chn trong L(X, Y )
Gii. b) a) Hin nhin.
a) b) Theo Bi 17, t gi thit ta suy ra sup
AM
[[Ax[[ < +, x X.
Do X Banach nn theo nguyn l b chn u ta c sup
AM
[[A[[ < +, ngha l M l
tp b chn trong L(X, Y ).
Bi 19. Cho X, Y l hai khng gian nh chun, (A

)
I
l mt h cc ton t tuyn
tnh lin tc t X vo Y . Vi mi n N

, t C
n
= x X[ sup
I
[[A

x)[[ < n. Chng

minh nu sup
I
[[A

[[ = + th int(C
n
) = , n N

.
15
C th chng minh c rng nu 1 th [[A[[ = sup
||x||<
[[A(x)[[
16
Xem nh l mt dy trong Y

v Y Y

17
K Banach nn Y

= L(Y, K) Banach
8
C. M. Q - http://quyndc.blogspot.com
Gii. Gi s c n
0
N

sao cho int(C

n
0
) ,= . Khi c hnh cu m B(x
0
, r) C
n
0
.
x X, x ,= 0, ta c x
0
+
rx
2||x||
B(x
0
, r). Suy ra
[[A

(x
0
+
rx
2[[x[[
)[[ < n
0
[[A

(
rx
2[[x[[
)[[ < n
0
+[[A

(x
0
)[[ < 2n
0
[[A

(x)[[ <
4n
0
r
[[x[[ [[A

[[
4n
0
r
Do sup
I
[[A

[[ < +. iu ny mu thun vi gi thit. Vy int(C

n
) = , n
N

.
Bi 20. Cho X, Y l hai khng gian nh chun v (A

)
I
L(X, Y ). t A = x
X[ sup
I
[[A

x[[ < 1. Chng minh rng

a) Nu int(A) ,= th sup
I
[[A

[[ < + (tc (A

)
I
b chn u).
b) Nu int(A) ,= th 0 int(A).
Gii.
a) Hon ton tng t Bi 19.
b)
18
Theo cu a) ta c K = sup
I
[[A

[[ < +.
Gi s 0 / int(A), khi c x B(0,
1
2K
) v x / A. Suy ra
I : [[A

(x)[[ 1
Do
1 [[A

(x)[[ [[A

[[[[x[[ K[[x[[ < K

1
2K
=
1
2
iu ny mu thun. Vy 0 int(A).
Bi 21. Cho X l mt khng gian Banach, F l mt tp ng, hp th
19
cha trong
X. Chng minh int(F) ,= .
Gii. Do F hp th nn vi mi x X, ta c th chn n
x
N sao cho x n
x
F. Suy
ra
X =

xX
n
x
F.
rng n
x
[x X N nn hp trn l m c. Do X l khng gian Banach
nn n thuc phm tr II, v vy tn ti n
0
sao cho int(n
0
F) ,= .
Do F ng nn n
0
F ng, suy ra int(n
0
F) ,= , tc c hnh cu m B(x
0
, r) n
0
F, r > 0.
T y ta c B(
x
0
n
0
,
r
n
0
) F. V vy int(F) ,= .
18
u Anh Hng - K16
19
Tp F X c gi l hp th nu vi mi x X, tn ti > 0 sao cho vi mi K, [[ th
x F
9
C. M. Q - http://quyndc.blogspot.com
3 Nguyn l nh x m - nh l th ng
Bi 22. Cho X l mt khng gian Banach, f l mt phim hm tuyn tnh ln tc
khc 0. Chng minh f l nh x m.
Gii. Theo nguyn l nh x m, ta ch cn chng minh f ton nh l .
Do f ,= 0 nn c x
0
X sao cho f(x
0
) ,= 0.
r K, t x =
r
f(x
0
)
.x
0
th f(x) =
r
f(x
0
)
.f(x
0
) = r.
Vy f l ton nh.
Bi 23. Gi s [[.[[
1
v [[.[[
2
l hai chun trn X sao cho vi mi chun X l
khng gian Banach v [[.[[
1
K.[[.[[
2
, vi K l mt s dng. Chng minh hai chun
ny tng ng.
20
Gii. Do [[.[[
1
K.[[.[[
2
nn id : (X, [[.[[
1
) (X, [[.[[
2
) lin tc trn X. Mt khc, id
l song nh. Theo h qu ca nguyn l nh x m th id l mt php ng phi. Do
hai chun ny tng ng.
Bi 24. K hiu X = C
1
[0,1]
l khng gian gm cc hm s kh vi lin tc trn [0, 1].
Vi mi x X, ta t
[[x[[
1
= max
t[0,1]
[x

(t)[ +[x(0)[, [[x[[

2
= (
1

0
([x(t)[
2
+[x

(t)[
2
)dt)
1/2
Chng minh (X, [[.[[
1
) l mt khng gian Banach v hai chun cho khng tng
ng. Suy ra (X, [[.[[
2
) khng phi l mt khng gian Banach.
Gii. Ta d dng kim tra c (X, [[.[[
1
) l mt khng gian Banach.
Vi mi n N

, t x
n
(t) =
t
n

n
, t [0; 1] th x
n
X. V ta c
[[x
n
[[
1
= max
t[0;1]
[

nt
n1
[ +[0[ =

n khi n .
Tuy nhin
[[x
n
[[
2
= (
1

0
(
t
2n
n
+nt
2n1
)dt)
1/2
=

1
n(2n + 1)
+
n
2n 1

1

2
khi n .
Vy dy (x
n
)
n
b chn trong (X, [[.[[
2
) nhng khng b chn trong (X, [[.[[
1
). Do hai
chun ny khng tng ng.
Tip theo, p dng cng thc s gia hu hn ta chng minh c
x X, [[x[[
2

2 [[x[[
1
.
S dng Bi 23 ta suy ra c (X, [[.[[
2
) khng phi l mt khng gian Banach.
20
Ta hay dng mt kt qu tng ng vi bi tp ny l: Nu hai chun khng tng ng th
(X, [[.[[
1
), (X, [[.[[
2
) khng th cng Banach
10
C. M. Q - http://quyndc.blogspot.com
Bi 25. Cho X, Y l hai khng gian Banach, A : X Y l nh x tuyn tnh sao
cho y

A X

, vi mi y

Y
21
. Chng minh A lin tc.
Gii. Ta chng minh A c th G
A
ng.
Ly dy (x
n
, Ax
n
) (x, y). Gi s y ,= Ax. Khi theo h qu ca nh l Hahn-
Banach, tn ti g Y

sao cho g(Ax y) ,= 0.

Mt khc ta c
g(Ax y) = g(Ax lim
n
Ax
n
) = g( lim
n
(Ax Ax
n
)) = lim
n
gA(x x
n
) = 0.
iu ny mu thun. Vy y = Ax. Suy ra G
A
ng. Theo nh l th ng th A
lin tc.
4 nh l Hahn - Banach
Bi 26. Cho X l khng gian nh chun. Chng minh rng

fX

Kerf = 0.
Gii. Ly bt k x

fX

Kerf. Khi ta c f(x) = 0 , vi mi f X

. Theo h qu
ca nh l Hahn - Banach ta c x = 0.
Bi 27. Cho x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
l n vect c lp tuyn tnh trong khng gian nh chun
X. Chng minh rng tn ti f X

sao cho f(x

i
) ,= f(x
j
) khi i ,= j.
Gii. Vi mi i 1, 2, ..., n, t L
i
= x
j
[j ,= i) th L
i
l khng gian hu hn
chiu nn l khng gian con ng ca X. Do h x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
c lp tuyn tnh nn
x
i
/ L
i
. Theo nh l Hahn - Banach, tn ti f
i
X

sao cho
f
i
(x
i
) = i v f
i
(x
j
) = 0, j ,= i
22
t f = f
1
+ f
2
+ ... + f
n
, ta c f(x
i
) = i, i 1, 2, ..., n. Do f(x
i
) ,= f(x
j
) khi
i ,= j.
Bi 28. Cho M l mt tp con ca X v x
0
X. Chng t rng x
0
M) khi v ch
khi vi mi x

tha iu kin x

(M) = 0 th x

(x
0
) = 0.
Gii. () : hin nhin.
() : t Y = M). Gi s x
0
/ Y , khi d(x
0
, Y ) > 0. Theo nh l Hahn - Banach,
tn ti x

sao cho x

(Y ) = 0 v x

(x
0
) = 1. Do M Y nn x

(M) = 0 v
x

(x
0
) = 1. iu ny mu thun vi gi thit. Vy x
0
Y
5 Mt s thi Gii tch hm
Mc ny s gii thiu cc thi Gii tch hm ca PGS.TS Nguyn Hong dnh
cho sinh vin i hc v hc vin Cao hc ca i hc s phm Hu trong
10 nm qua. C th thy rng s trng lp cc cu hi l dy c.
21
C th hn ch iu kin ny thnh: Mi dy (x
n
) trong X sao cho x
n
0 th y

(Ax
n
) 0, y

Y

22
Trong nh l Hahn - Banach ngi ta chn phim hm g
i
X

sao cho g
i
(x
i
) = 1. Khi , nu t
f
i
= ig
i
th ta c phim hm f
i
nh trn
11
C. M. Q - http://quyndc.blogspot.com
5.1 Dnh cho sinh vin nm 4
Nm hc 1997-1998
Cu I. K hiu X = x C
[0,1]
[x(0) = x(1) = 0. Vi mi x X, ta t
[[x[[ = max
[0,1]
[x(t)[
1. Chng minh (X, [[.[[) l mt khng gian Banach.
2. t A : X X l nh x xc nh bi x Ax, trong Ax(t) =
x(t)+x(1t)
2
.
Chng minh A L(X) v tnh [[A[[.
Cu II. K hiu X l khng gian Banach v Y l khng gian nh chun.
1. Pht biu nguyn l b chn u i vi dy cc ton t (A
n
)
nN
L(X, Y ). Chng
minh rng nu vi mi x X tn ti Ax = lim
n
A
n
x th A L(X, Y ).
2. Cho (x
n
)
nN
X. Gi s vi mi x

ta c sup
nN
[x

(x
n
)[ < +. Chng minh
sup
nN
[[x
n
[[ < +.
Cu III. Cho X l mt khng gian Banach.
1. Gi s f : X R l mt phim hm tuyn tnh tha mn iu kin: vi mi dy
(x
n
)
nN
X, x
n
0 th dy (f(x
n
))
n
b chn. Chng minh f X

.
2. Cho f X

v f ,= 0. Chng minh rng nu G l tp m trong X th f(G) l tp

m trong R.
Cu IV. Cho H l mt khng gian Hilbert.
1. Cho x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
l mt h trc giao trong H. Chng minh rng chui

n=1
x
n
hi
t trong H khi v ch khi chui s

n=1
[[x
n
[[
2
hi t.
2. Cho (e
n
)
n
l mt c s trc chun ca H v (
n
)
n
R sao cho

n=1
[
n
[
2
< +.
Chng minh rng tn ti duy nht x H nhn (
n
)
n
l h s Fourier i vi (e
n
)
n
.
3. Cho (e
n
)
n
l mt c s trc chun ca H v A L(H) l mt ton t compact.
Chng minh A(e
n
) 0 trong H khi n .
Nm hc 1999-2000
Cu I. K hiu X = M
[0,1]
l tp cc hm s xc nh v b chn trn [0, 1]. Vi mi
x X, ta t
[[x[[ = sup
[0,1]
[x(t)[
1. Chng minh (X, [[.[[) l mt khng gian Banach.
2. t A : X X l nh x xc nh bi x Ax, trong Ax(t) = x(0) + tx(t).
Chng minh A L(X) v tnh [[A[[.
Cu II. Cho X l mt khng gian nh chun.
1. Cho f X

tha mn iu kin sup

x,yB

(0,1)
[f(x) f(y)[ = r. Tnh [[f[[.
2. Cho x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
l n vect c lp tuyn tnh trong khng gian nh chun X.
12
C. M. Q - http://quyndc.blogspot.com
Chng minh rng tn ti f X

sao cho f(x

i
) ,= f(x
j
) khi i ,= j.
Cu III. Cho X l mt khng gian nh chun v f X

. Chng minh f lin tc

trn X khi v ch khi x X[f(x) = 1 l mt tp ng trong X.
Cu IV. Cho H l mt khng gian Hilbert.
1. Cho A l mt tp con khc rng ca H. t M = A). Gi s x H v x, y) = 0,
vi mi y A. Chng minh x M

.
2. Cho (e
n
)
n
l mt c s trc chun trong H. Chng minh rng vi mi x H, chui

n=1
x, e
n
)e
n
hi t v [[x[[
2
=

n=1
[x, e
n
)[
2
. Suy ra e
n
w
0.
3. t A : H H xc nh bi
x H, Ax =

n=1
x, e
n
)e
n
Chng minh A L(H), tnh [[A[[ v tm ton t lin hip ca A.
Nm hc 2000-2001
Cu I. K hiu X = x C
[0,1]
[x(0) = x(1) = 0. Vi mi x X, ta t
[[x[[ = max
[0,1]
[x(t)[
1. Chng minh (X, [[.[[) l mt khng gian Banach.
2. t A : X X l nh x xc nh bi x Ax, trong Ax(t) =
x(t)+x(1t)
2
.
Chng minh A L(X) v tnh [[A[[.
Cu II. Cho X, Y l hai khng gian nh chun, (A

)
I
L(x, Y ). Chng minh hai
mnh sau l tng ng
a) x X, y

: sup
I
[y

(A

x)[ < +
b) x X : sup
I
[[Ax[[ < +
Cu III. Cho X l mt khng gian Banach.
1. Gi s f : X R l mt phim hm tuyn tnh sao cho f
1
(, 0) v f
1
(0, +)
l m trong X. Chng minh f X

.
2. Cho f X

v f ,= 0. Chng minh rng nu G l tp m trong X th f(G) l tp

m trong R.
Cu IV. Cho H l mt khng gian Hilbert.
1. Cho (e
n
)
n
l mt c s trc chun ca H v (
n
)
n
R sao cho

n=1
[
n
[
2
< +.
Chng minh rng tn ti duy nht x H nhn (
n
)
n
l h s Fourier i vi (e
n
)
n
.
2. Cho A L(H) l mt ton t compact v ,= 0 l mt gi tr ring ca A. Chng
minh rng tp
^(A

) = x H[Ax = x
l mt khng gian con hu hn chiu ca H.
3. Cho M, N l hai khng gian con ng ca H sao cho M N. Chng minh M +N
l khng gian con ng ca H.
13
C. M. Q - http://quyndc.blogspot.com
Nm hc 2001-2002
Cu I. Cho (X, [[.[[
1
), (Y, [[.[[
2
) l hai khng gian nh chun. t Z = X Y . Vi
mi z = (x, y) Z, ta t
[[z[[ = [[x[[
1
+[[y[[
2
1. Chng minh [[.[[ l mt chun trn Z.
2. Chng minh (Z, [[.[[) l mt khng gian Banach khi v ch khi X v Y Banach.
Cu II.Cho e
1
, e
2
, ..., e
n
l n vect c lp tuyn tnh trong khng gian nh chun
X.
1. Chng minh rng tn ti cc phim hm f
i
X

, i = 1, ..., n sao cho f

i
(e
j
) =
ij
.
2. K hiu M = e
1
, e
2
, ..., e
n
) v t A : X X, Ax =
n

i=1
f
i
(x)e
i
. Chng minh
A L(X) v X = M KerA.
3. Gi s f : X R l phim hm tuyn tnh tha mn iu kin x X[f(x) 1
l mt tp ng trong X. Chng minh f X

.
Cu III. Cho H l mt khng gian Hilbert.
1. Cho (e
n
)
n
l mt c s trc chun ca H. Chng minh trc tip hai mnh sau
l tng ng
a) x H, x =

n=1
x, e
n
)e
n
.
b) x H, [[x[[
2
=

n=1
[x, e
n
)[
2
.
2. Cho u, v H v A : H H xc nh bi
x H, Ax =

n=1
x, u)v
Chng minh A L(H) v tm ton t lin hip ca A.
3. Cho (e
n
)
n
l mt c s trc chun ca H. Cho B L(H) sao cho chui

n=1
[[Be
n
[[
2
hi t. Vi mi n N, t B
n
x =
n

k=1
x, e
k
)Be
k
, x H. Chng minh B
n
l ton t
compact, suy ra B cng l ton t compact.
Nm hc 2002-2003
Cu I. K hiu X = M
0
[0,1]
l tp cc hm s xc nh v b chn trn [0, 1] sao cho
x(0) = x(1) = 0. Vi mi x X, ta t
[[x[[ = sup
[0,1]
[x(t)[
1. Chng minh (X, [[.[[) l mt khng gian Banach.
2. t A : X X l nh x xc nh bi x Ax, trong Ax(t) = x(1 t) tx(t).
Chng minh A L(X) v tnh [[A[[.
Cu II. Cho X, Y l hai khng gian nh chun v A L(X, Y ).
14
C. M. Q - http://quyndc.blogspot.com
1. Xt hai phng trnh
Ax = y (1) v A

= x

(2)
Gi s rng vi mi y Y , phng trnh (1) (n l x) c t nht mt nghim trong
X. Chng minh rng vi mi x

, phng trnh (2) (n l y

) c nhiu nht mt
nghim trong Y

.
2. Gi s x
0
X v sup
x,yB

(x
0
,r)
[[Ax Ay[[ = . Tnh ||A||.
Cu III. Cho f l mt phim hm tuyn tnh trn khng gian nh chun thc X.
Chng minh rng f lin tc khi v ch khi tp x X[f(x) > 0 l m trong X.
Cu IV. Cho H l mt khng gian Hilbert.
1. Cho A l mt tp con khc rng ca H. t M = A). Gi s x H v x, y) = 0,
vi mi y A. Chng minh x M

.
2. Cho (e
n
)
n
l mt c s trc chun trong H. Chng minh trc tip rng vi mi
x H, chui

n=1
x, e
n
)e
n
hi t v [[x[[
2
=

n=1
[x, e
n
)[
2
. Suy ra nu C L(H) l ton
t compact th Ce
n
0, n .
3. t A : H H xc nh bi
x H, Ax =

n=1
x, e
n
)e
n+1
Chng minh A L(H) v tm ton t lin hip ca A.
Nm hc 2003-2004
Cu I. K hiu X = M
[0,1]
l tp cc hm s xc nh v b chn trn [0, 1]. Vi mi
x X, ta t
[[x[[ = sup
[0,1]
[x(t)[
1. Chng minh (X, [[.[[) l mt khng gian Banach.
2. K hiu Y = x C
[0,1]
[x(0) = x(1) = 0. Chng minh Y l mt khng gian con
ng ca X.
Cu II. Cho X l mt khng gian nh chun thc.
1. Cho f : X K l mt phim hm tuyn tnh tha mn
sup
x,yB

(0,1)
[f(x) f(y)[ = r
Chng minh f X

v tnh [[f[[.
2. Gi s (x
n
)
n
v (f
n
)
n
l hai dy c bn trong X v X

. Chng minh rng (f

n
(x
n
))
n
l mt dy hi t.
Cu III. Cho f : X K l mt phim hm tuyn tnh khc 0.
a) t N = Kerf. Chng minh rng N = N hoc N = X.
15
C. M. Q - http://quyndc.blogspot.com
b) Chng minh rng nu dimX = th tn ti cc phim hm tuyn tnh khng
lin tc xc nh trn X.
Cu IV. Cho H l mt khng gian Hilbert trn trng K.
1. Cho A : H H l mt ton t tuyn tnh. Gi s Ax, y) = x, Ay) vi mi
x, y H. Chng minh A lin tc.
2. Cho x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
l mt h cc vect trc giao khc 0 ca H. Chng minh rng
vi mi x H, tn ti duy nht cc s
1
, ...,
n
sao cho vi mi
1
, ...,
n
, ta c
[[x
n

i=1

i
x
i
[[ [[x
n

i=1

i
x
i
[[
3. Cho (e
n
)
n
l mt c s trc chun ca H. t B : H H xc nh bi
x H, Bx =

n=1
x, e
n+1
)e
n
Chng minh B L(H), tnh [[B[[ v tm ton t lin hip ca B.
Nm hc 2004-2005
Cu I. K hiu X = x C
[0,1]
[x(0) = x(1) = 0. Vi mi x X, ta t
[[x[[ = max
[0,1]
[x(t)[
1. Chng minh [[.[[ l mt chun trn X.
2. Chng minh (X, [[.[[) l mt khng gian Banach.
3. t A : X X l nh x xc nh bi x Ax, trong Ax(t) = x(t) +x(1 t).
Chng minh A L(X) v tnh [[A[[.
Cu II. Cho X, Y l hai khng gian nh chun, (A

)
I
L(X, Y ). Chng minh cc
khng nh sau l tng ng
a) x X, y

: sup
I
[y

(A

x)[ < +
b) x X : sup
I
[[Ax[[ < +
Cu III. Cho X l mt khng gian Banach v A L(X). Gi s tn ti s dng r
sao cho r[[x[[ [[Ax[[, vi mi x X. Chng minh:
1. A(X) l mt khng gian con ng ca X.
2. A l mt php ng phi tuyn tnh t X ln A(X).
Cu IV. Cho H l mt khng gian Hilbert.
1. Gi s E l mt tp con ca H v x
0
H. t M = E). Chng minh x
0
M khi
v ch khi vi mi y E

th y, x
0
) = 0.
2. Cho A, B : H H l hai ton t tuyn tnh tha mn iu kin Ax, y) = x, By)
vi mi x, y H. Chng minh A, B lin tc v B = A

.
16
C. M. Q - http://quyndc.blogspot.com
3. Gi s A L(H) l mt ton t compact v l mt s khc 0. Chng minh rng
Ker(A I) l mt khng gian con hu hn chiu ca H.
Nm hc 2005-2006
Cu I. K hiu X = M
[0,1]
l tp cc hm s xc nh v b chn trn [0, 1]. Vi mi
x X, ta t
[[x[[ = sup
[0,1]
[x(t)[
1. Chng minh (X, [[.[[) l mt khng gian Banach.
2. t A : X X l nh x xc nh bi x Ax, trong Ax(t) = x(0) t
2
x(t).
Chng minh A L(X) v tnh [[A[[.
Cu II. Cho X l mt khng gian nh chun.
1. Cho f X

tha mn iu kin sup

x,yB

(0,1)
[f(x) f(y)[ = r. Hy tnh [[f[[.
2. Cho x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
l n vect c lp tuyn tnh trong khng gian nh chun X.
Chng minh rng tn ti g X

sao cho g(x

i
) ,= g(x
j
) khi i ,= j.
Cu III. Cho X l mt khng gian nh chun v M l mt tp con ca X. Gi s
vi mi f X

ta c sup
xM
[f(x)[ < +. Chng minh rng M l tp b chn trong X.
Cu IV. Cho H l mt khng gian Hilbert.
1. Cho A l mt tp con khc rng ca H. t M = A). Gi s x H v x, y) = 0,
vi mi y A. Chng minh x M

.
2. Cho (e
n
)
n
l mt c s trc chun trong H. t M = e
n
[n N). Chng minh
trc tip rng hai mnh sau l tng ng
a) x H, x =

n=1
x, e
n
)e
n
.
b) M

= 0.
3. Cho u, v H l hai vect c nh v A : H H xc nh bi
x H, Ax =

n=1
x, u)v
Chng minh A L(H) .Tm ton t lin hip A

v tnh [[A

[[.
5.2 Dnh cho hc vin cao hc
5.2.1 kim tra gia k
KHA 13
Cu I. Cho X l mt khng gian Banach, Y l mt khng gian nh chun v M
l mt tp con ca L(X, Y ). Chng minh rng M l tp b chn trong khng gian
L(X, Y ) khi v ch khi vi mi x X, y

ta c sup
AM
[y

(Ax)[ < +.
17
C. M. Q - http://quyndc.blogspot.com
Cu II. Cho X l mt khng gian nh chun.
1) Gi s f X

, f ,= 0. Chng t rng tn ti khng gian con mt chiu E sao

cho X = E Kerf.
2) Cho M l mt tp con ca X v x
0
X. Chng t rng x
0
M) khi v ch khi
vi mi x

tha iu kin x

(M) = 0 th x

(x
0
) = 0.
Cu III. Cho X, Y l hai khng gian nh chun.
1) Gi s A : X Y l mt nh x tha mn iu kin A(x + y) = Ax + Ay, vi
mi x, y X v sup
xB

(0,1)
[[Ax[[ < +. Chng minh A l mt nh x tuyn tnh lin
tc.
2) Cho B : X Y l mt nh x tuyn tnh. Gi G
B
l th ca B. Chng
minh rng B(X) l tp ng trong Y khi v ch khi tp G
B
+ (X 0) l tp ng
trong X Y .
KHA 14
Cu I. K hiu X = C
1
[0,1]
l khng gian gm cc hm s kh vi lin tc trn [0, 1].
Vi mi x X, ta t
[[x[[
1
= max
t[0,1]
[x

(t)[ +[x(0)[, [[x[[

2
= (
1

0
([x(t)[
2
+[x

(t)[
2
)dt)
1/2
1. Kim tra [[.[[
1
, [[.[[
2
l hai chun trn X.
2. Chng minh (X, [[.[[
1
) l mt khng gian Banach v hai chun cho khng
tng ng. Suy ra (X, [[.[[
2
) khng phi l mt khng gian Banach.
Cu II. Cho X l mt khng gian Banach, Y l mt khng gian nh chun v
A L(X, Y ). Bit rng vi mi r > 0 ta c B

(0
Y
, r) A(B(0
X
, r)). Chng minh 0
Y
l
im trong ca A(B(0
X
, r)).
Cu III. Cho X l hai khng gian nh chun v A : X X l mt nh x tuyn
tnh lin tc. Gi G
A
l th ca A. Chng minh rng A(X) l tp ng trong X
khi v ch khi tp G
A
+ (X 0) l tp ng trong X X.
Tm mt v d v mt khng gian nh chun X v A L(X) nhng A(X) khng
ng trong X.
KHA 15
Cu I.
1. Vi p 1, ta k hiu L
p
n
= f L
p
(R)[suppf [n, n]. Chng minh rng
L
p
(R) =

n=1
L
p
n
18
C. M. Q - http://quyndc.blogspot.com
2. Gi s (X, ) l mt khng gian o, E X sao cho E < . Cho f
L

(E, ). Chng minh f L

p
(E, ) vi mi p 1 v
lim
p
(

E
[f[
p
d)
1/p
= ess sup
xE
[f(x)[
Cu II. Cho X l mt khng gian Banach, Y l mt khng gian nh chun v
A L(X, Y ). Bit rng vi mi r > 0 ta c B

(0
Y
, r) A(B(0
X
, r)). Chng minh 0
Y
l
im trong ca A(B(0
X
, r)).
Cu III. Cho X l mt khng gian Banach, F l mt tp ng, hp th cha trong
X.
1. Chng minh int(F) ,= .
2. Bng v d, chng t rng F khng nht thit nhn vect 0 l im trong.
KHA 16 - I
Cu I. K hiu X = C
[0,1]
l khng gian gm cc hm s lin tc trn [0, 1]. Vi mi
x X, ta t
[[x[[

= max
t[0,1]
[x(t)[, [[x[[
p
= (
1

0
[x(t)[
p
dt)
1/p
, p > 1
Chng minh hai chun cho khng tng ng. Suy ra (X, [[.[[
p
) khng phi l
mt khng gian Banach.
Cu II. Cho X, Y l hai khng gian nh chun A : X Y l mt nh x tuyn
tnh.
1) Chng minh A lin tc khi v ch khi A bin mi tp b chn trong X thnh
mt tp b chn trong Y .
2) Gi s X, Y l hai khng gian Banach, A lin tc v tn ti > 0 sao cho vi
mi x X ta c [[Ax[[ [[x[[. Chng minh A(X) l mt khng gian Banach.
Cu III. Tm mt v d v mt khng gian nh chun X c cha mt khng gian
con Y m Y khng phi l tp ng trong X.
KHA 16 - II
Cu I. Cho f : X K l mt phim hm tuyn tnh.
a) Gi s f ,= 0. Chng minh tn ti khng gian con mt chiu E sao cho X =
Kerf E.
b) Bit rng phim hm f khng lin tc. Chng minh Kerf l tp tr mt khp
ni.
19
C. M. Q - http://quyndc.blogspot.com
Cu II.
23
Cho X, Y l hai khng gian nh chun v A L(X, Y ). Xt hai phng
trnh
Ax = y (1) v A

= x

(2)
Gi s rng vi mi y Y , phng trnh (1) (n l x) c t nht mt nghim trong
X. Chng minh rng vi mi x

, phng trnh (2) (n l y

) c nhiu nht mt
nghim trong Y

.
Cu III. Cho X l khng gian nh chun v M X, N X

. K hiu M

= x

[x

(M) = 0 v

N = x X[x(N) = 0.
a) Chng minh M

v

N l nhng khng gian vect con ng trong cc khng
gian X

v X.
b) Chng minh rng M) =

(M

).
KHA 16 - III
Cu I. Cho H l mt khng gian tin Hilbert trn trng K v x, y H. Gi s vi
mi K, ta c [[x +y[[ [[x[[. Chng minh x y.
Cu II. Cho H l mt khng gian Hilbert thc v A l mt ton t lin tc t lin
hip.
a) Chng minh rng Au, v) =
1
4
(A(u+v), u+v)A(uv), uv)), vi mi u, v H.
b) Chng minh rng nu Ax, x) = 0 vi mi x H th A = 0.
c) Gi s thm A l ton t compact. Chng minh rng (A) l bao ng ca tp
cc gi tr ring ca A.
Cu III. Cho X l mt khng gian Banach v A L(X). Chng minh rng (A) =
(A

). Nu X l khng gian Hilbert th ng thc ny cn ng khng? Ti sao?

5.2.2 thi chng ch cao hc
23
y l mt dng pht biu khc ca Bi 20 - trang 92 - sch Bi tp Gii tch hm - Nguyn Xun
Lim
20
C. M. Q - http://quyndc.blogspot.com
THI CHNG CH CAO HC
24
GII TCH HM - KHA 16
Thi gian lm bi: 150 pht
Cu I. Cho X l mt khng gian nh chun v hn chiu.
1. Chng minh rng tn ti mt phim hm tuyn tnh khng lin tc f xc nh
trn X. Khi , hy kim tra tp P = x X[f(x) < 1 tr mt trong X.
2. Chng minh rng tn ti hai tp li A, B cha trong X sao cho AB = X, AB =
v A = X = B.
Cu II.
25
Cho X, Y, Z l ba khng gian vect trn trng K.
1. Gi s f : X Y, g : X Z l cc nh x tuyn tnh sao cho Kerg Kerf.
Chng minh rng tn ti nh x tuyn tnh h : Z Y sao cho f = h g.
2. Ly Y = K, Z = K
n
v chn nh x g thch hp, p dng cu 1 chng minh
rng nu f, f
1
, ..., f
n
l cc phim hm tuyn tnh trn X sao cho
n

i=1
Kerf
i
Kerf
th f l mt t hp tuyn tnh ca cc f
1
, ..., f
n
.
3. Cho X l mt khng gian nh chun v hn chiu v | l mt ln cn yu, tc
l mt (X, X

)ln cn, ca 0 X. Chng minh rng | l mt tp khng b

chn trong khng gian nh chun X.
Cu III. Cho X l mt khng gian nh chun.
1. Gi s M l mt tp con tr mt trong X. Chng minh rng vi mi x X,
tn ti dy (x
n
)
n
M sao cho [[x
n
[[
4
3
n
[[x[[, n = 1, 2, ... v x =

n=1
x
n
.
2. Cho (x
n
)
n
l mt dy trong X sao cho sup
n
[[x
n
[[ < +. K hiu E = f
X

[(f(x
n
))
n
hi t . Bit E = X

, chng minh tn ti x X sao cho x

n
w
x.
Cu IV. Cho H l mt khng gian Hilbert trn trng K v A L(H).
1. Gi s A = A

v K sao cho inf

||x||=1
[[Ax x[[ > 0. Chng minh l mt gi
tr chnh quy ca A.
2. Gi s A

A l ton t compact. Chng minh A cng l ton t compact.

Ghi ch: Th sinh c php s dng ti liu khi lm bi.

24
June 12nd, 2008
25
Cu ny l ca i s tuyn tnh ch nh?
21
D
-
E
`
THI CH

U
.
NG CHI

CAO HO
.
C, Khoa 13
Chuyen ng`anh TO

AN, Mon thi : Gia i t ch ha `m

D
-
e
`
so

: 01. Th`o
.
i gian l`am b`ai: 150 ph ut
Cau I. Cho X, Y la` hai kh ong gian di
.
nh chua

n v`a (A

)
I
L(X, Y ).
1. Ky hie
.
u C
n
= {x X| sup
I
A

x < n}, n N. Bie

t ra
`
ng sup
I
A

= +.
Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng

C
n
= , vo
.
i mo
.
i n N.
2. Gia su
.
A
n
L(X, Y ) la` mo
.
t da

y sao cho vo
.
i mo
.
i x X ta co A
n
x 0, n
+. T` u
.
day co suy ra du
.
o
.
.
c A
n
0 khong? Ta
.
i sao?
Cau II. K y hie
.
u X = C
[0,1]
l`a khong gian di
.
nh chu a

n cac h`am so

lien tu
.
c tren
[0, 1] vo
.
i chua

n max.
1. Ky hie
.
u P la` ta
.
p ta

t ca ca c da th u
.
c p(x) xa c di
.
nh tren [0, 1] co ba
.
c n.
Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng P la` mo
.
t ta
.
p dong trong C
[0,1]
.
2. Xet toan tu
.
tuye

n tnh A : X X xac di
.
nh bo
.
i c ong th u
.
c
x Ax, (Ax)(t) =

t
0
x()d, t [0, 1], x C
[0,1]
.
Ch u
.
ng minh A l`a mo
.
t toan tu
.
compact va ` (0, 1) th` I + A l`a mo
.
t phep
do
`
ng phoi tuye

n tnh t` u
.
X len X (I l`a anh xa
.
do
`
ng nha

t). Toan tu
.
I + A co
pha i l` a toan tu
.
compact khong?
Cau III. Cho X l`a mo
.
t kh ong gian di
.
nh chua

n.
1. Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng pha
`
n trong cu a h `nh c a
`
u do ng B

(x
0
, r) la` h `nh ca
`
u mo
.

B(x
0
, r).
2. Cho f X

, N = Ker f va` x X\N. Gia su

.
to
`
n ta
.
i y N sao cho d(x, N) =
x y. Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng to
`
n ta
.
i x
0
X, x
0
= 1 sao cho f = |f(x
0
)|.
Cau IV. Cho H l`a khong gian Hilbert tren tru
.
`o
.
ng K va` A L(H).
1. Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng A la` mo
.
t toa n tu
.
compact khi va` ch khi, vo
.
i mo
.
i (x
n
)
n

H, (y
n
)
n
H, ne

u x
n
w
x va` y
n
w
y th ` Ax
n
, y
n
Ax, y khi n +.
2. Gia su
.
A = A

va` K khong pha i la ` mo

.
t gia tri
.
rieng cu a A. Ch u
.
ng minh
ra
`
ng R(A I) tru` ma
.
t kh a

p no
.
i trong H.
3. Cu

ng gia su
.
ra
`
ng A = A

va` them A
m
la` mo
.
t toa n tu
.
compact vo
.
i m la` mo
.
t
so

nguyen du
.
o
.
ng na`o do . Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng A cu

ng la` mo
.
t toa n tu
.
compact.

Ghi ch u: Ho
.
c vien du
.
o
.
.
c phep su
.
du
.
ng t`ai lie
.
u de

l`am b`ai nhu

.
ng khong du
.
o
.
.
c
trao do

i, tha o lua
.
n vo
.
i nhau.
22
C. M. Q - http://quyndc.blogspot.com
D
-
E
`
THI CH

U
.
NG CHI

CAO HO
.
C
Chuyen ng`anh TO

AN, K.14 Mon thi : GIA

I T

ICH H
`
AM
D
-
e
`
so

: 1. Th`o
.
i gian l`am b`ai: 150 ph ut
Cau I. Ky hie
.
u X = C
[0,2]
la` khong gian di
.
nh chu a

n ca c ha`m lien tu
.
c tren doa
.
n
[0, 2] vo
.
i chua

n max.
1. D
-
a
.
t f : X R xa c di
.
nh bo
.
i cong th u
.
c f(x) =

1
0
x(t)dt

2
1
x(t)dt. Ch u
.
ng
minh ra
`
ng f X

va ` ha y t nh |f|.
2. Xe t toa n tu
.
A L(X) xa c di
.
nh bo
.
i X x Ax, trong do (Ax)(t) =

t
0
x()d + tx(1), vo
.
i mo
.
i t [0, 2]. Ch u
.
ng minh A la` mo
.
t toa n tu
.
compact.
D
-
a
.
t v = I A vo
.
i I = id
X
la` toa n tu
.
do `ng nhat. Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng neu E la` ta
.
p
compact trong X th ` v
1
(E) B

X
(0, 1) la` ta
.
p compact trong X.
Cau II. Vo
.
i p 1, k y hie
.
u
p
l`a khong gian Banach ca c day (x
n
)
n
K sao cho

n=1
[x
n
[
p
< +. Ky hie
.
u e
i
= (0, . . . , 0, 1
(i)
, 0, . . . )
p
, i = 1, 2, . . .
1. Kie

m tra ra
`
ng e
n
[ n = 1, 2, . . . la` m o
.
t co
.
so
.
Schauder cu a khong gian
p
.
2. Gia su
.
(c
n
)
n
la` mo
.
t da y so du
.
o
.
ng. Ky hie
.
u = x = (x
n
)
n

p
[ [x
n
[
c
n
, n = 1, 2, . . . . Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng la` ta
.
p compact khi va ` ch khi

n=1
c
p
n
< +.
Cau III. Ky hie
.
u H l`a m o
.
t khong gian Hilbert.
1. Gia su
.
(A
n
)
n
L(H) la` mo
.
t da y tho a die `u kie
.
n
x, y H : sup
nN
[A
n
x, y)[ < +.
Ch u
.
ng minh sup
nN
|A
n
| < +
2. Cho a H, a ,= 0 va` da
.
t A = a)

. Ch u
.
ng minh ra
`
ng vo
.
i mo
.
i x H, ta co
d(x, A) := inf
uA
|x u| =
[x, a)[
|a|
.
3. Cho A L(H). Ch u
.
ng minh (ImA)

= KerA

.
4. Bay gi`o
.
ta gia thiet A L(H) sao cho A

A la` toa n tu
.
compact. Ch u
.
ng minh
ra
`
ng A cung la ` toa n tu
.
compact.

Ghi ch u: Ho
.
c vien du
.
o
.
.
c phep su
.
du
.
ng t`ai lie
.
u de

l`am b`ai nhu

.
ng khong du
.
o
.
.
c trao
do

i, tha o lua
.
n vo
.
i nhau.
23
C. M. Q - http://quyndc.blogspot.com
D
-
E
`
THI CH

U
.
NG CHI

CAO HO
.
C
Ca c chuyen ng`anh TO

AN, K.15 Mon thi : GIA

I T

ICH H
`
AM
D
-
e ` so : 1. Th`o
.
i gian l`am b`ai: 150 ph ut
Cau I. Cho (X, ) la` mo
.
t khong gian di
.
nh chua

n tren tru
.
`o
.
ng K.
1. Ch u
.
ng minh r a
`
ng X la` mo
.
t kh ong gian Banach khi va ` ch khi mo
.
i day (y
n
)
n
X
thoa die `u kie
.
n y
n
2
n
th ` chuo

n=1
y
n
h o
.
i tu
.
.
2. Gia su
.
(X, ) la` khong gian Banach va `
1
la` m o
.
t chua

n kha c tren X sao cho

(X,
1
) cung la` Banach va` 2 chua

n ,
1
kh ong tu
.
o
.
ng du
.
o
.
ng v o
.
i nhau. Ch u
.
ng
minh r a
`
ng a nh xa
.
do `ng nhat id: (X, ) (X,
1
) kh ong lien tu
.
c.
Cau II. K y hie
.
u X la` mo
.
t kh ong gian di
.
nh chu a

n va` (x
n
)
n
la ` m o
.
t da y trong X.
1. Cho x
n
x va ` (f
n
)
n
X

sao cho f
n
w
f khi n . Ch u
.
ng minh r a
`
ng
f
n
(x
n
) f(x) khi n .
2. Gia su
.
f(x
n
) 0, (n ) vo
.
i mo
.
i f M trong do M X

va `

M = . Ch u
.
ng
minh r a
`
ng x
n
w
0.
Cau III. Gia su
.
{e
n
| n N} la ` m o
.
t co
.
so
.
Schauder cua kh ong gian Banach (X, ).
Vo
.
i mo
.
i x X ta co bie

u die

n x =

i=1

i
e
i
.
1. D
-
a
.
t x
1
= sup
nN

i=1

i
e
i
. Ch u
.
ng minh r a
`
ng
1
la` m o
.
t chua

n tren X va ` chua

n
na`y tu
.
o
.
ng du
.
o
.
ng vo
.
i chua

n .
2. Ky hie
.
u P
n
: (X, ) (X, ) la ` a nh xa
.
xa c di
.
nh bo
.
i P
n
x = P
n
(

i=1

i
e
i
) =
n

i=1

i
e
i
.
Ch u
.
ng minh r a
`
ng P
n
L(X).
Cau IV. Cho H l`a khong gian Hilbert tren tru
.
`o
.
ng K.
1. Gia su
.
U, V, W la` 3 khong gian con do ng trong H va ` chu ng tru
.
.
c giao v o
.
i nhau t` u
.
ng
doi mo
.
t. Ch u
.
ng minh r a
`
ng to

ng U +V + W cung la` mo
.
t khong gian con do ng trong
H.
2. Cho A L(H). Ch u
.
ng minh r a
`
ng (ImA

= KerA.
Cau V. Cho X la` mo
.
t khong gian di
.
nh chu a

n va` A L(X).
1. Gia su
.
e
1
, e
2
la` 2 vecto
.
rieng u
.
ng v o
.
i 2 gia tri
.
rieng kha c nhau cua A. Ch u
.
ng minh
{e
1
, e
2
} la` d o
.
c la
.
p tuyen t nh.
2. B ay gi`o
.
cho Ala` toa n tu
.
compact va` = 0 la` mo
.
t so. Gia su
.
inf
xX, x=1
{Axx} =
0. Ch u
.
ng minh r a
`
ng la` mo
.
t gia tri
.
rieng cua A.

Ghi ch u: Ho
.
c vien du
.
o
.
.
c phep su
.
du
.
ng t`ai lie
.
u de

l`am b` ai nhu
.
ng kh ong du
.
o
.
.
c trao do

i,
thao lua
.
n vo
.
i nhau.
24
C. M. Q - http://quyndc.blogspot.com