Flexible AC Transmission System Overview

Flexible AC Transmission System

Alternating current transmission systems incorporating power electronics-based and other static controllers to enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability

Constraints on Useable Transmission Capacity

Dynamic:
Transient and dynamic stability Subsynchronous oscillations Dynamic overvoltages and undervoltages Voltage collapse Frequency collapse

 Steady-State:
Uneven power flow Excess reactive power flows Voltage capability Thermal capability

FACTS Controllers
Static VAR Compensator - SVC Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator - TCSC Thyristor Controlled Phase Angle Regulator - TCPAR Static Synchronous Compensator - StatCom Solid State Series Compensator - SSSC Unified Power Flow Controller - UPFC

US FACTS Installations
AEP/ Unified Power Flow Controller /100 MVA/ EPRI San Diego G&E/ STATCOM/100 MVA Mitsubishi NYPA/ Convertible Static Compensator/ 200 MVA Vermont Electric/ STATCOM/ 130 MVA/ Mitsubishi

Northeast Utilities/ STATCOM/ 150 MVA/ Areva (Alstom)

Eagle Pass (Texas) Back-to-back HVDC 37 MVA/ ABB CSWS (Texas) STATCOM/ 150 MVA / W-Siemens

TVA STATCOM/ 100MVA EPRI Austin Energy STATCOM/ 100MVA ABB

Power Flow Control

Power transfer between areas can be affected by adjusting the net series impedance. Transmission line capability can be increased by installing a series capacitor which reduces the net series impedance.

UPFC

UPFC

may control voltage, impedance, and angle impacts active and reactive power flow in line

Basic Operation

UPFC Capabilities
Increase transmission line capacity Direct power flow along selected lines Powerful system oscillation damping Voltage support and regulation Control of active and reactive power flow at both sending- and receiving-end

Operation
Reactive power is generated or absorbed by the shunt inverter to control bus voltage Reactive power is generated or absorbed by the series inverter to control the real and/or reactive power flow on the transmission line

Contd
A portion of the real power flow on the transmission line is drawn from the bus by the shunt inverter to charge the DC capacitor. Real power is inserted into the line through the series inverter.

Power flow in a transmission line

VS
jX

VR

VSVR PSR sin X and VR VS jXI

VR

PSR

jXI

VS
To increase PSR, increase

VA

- Vinj +

VB

VB

Vinj

VA

VS

jX

VR

- Vinj +

VR

VSVR PSR sin X

VR

PSR

Vinj

jXI
VS

How is Vinj created?

a1 b1 c1

V
a2 b2 c2

a1

b1

c1

+
V

a1 on, b1 on, c1 off Vab=0, Vbc=V, Vca = -V

a2

b2

c2

a1

b1

c1

+
V

a1 on, b1 off, c1 off Vab=V, Vbc=0, Vca = -V

a2

b2

c2

a1

b1

c1

a1 on, b1 off, c1 on Vab=V, Vbc=-V, Vca = 0

+
V

a2

b2

c2

Sine-triangle PWM
1
a

1
V

0.8 0.6

0.5 0

0.4 0.2
b

0 1
V

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

0 -0.2 -0.4

0.5 0 0 1 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

-0.6
ab

-0.8 -1

0 -1

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

100

200

300

400

500

600

700