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Multi3le nccess u TrMnYj 3hOc 1O cc cuKc gAi theo cc 9he th6i gi>n 9hc nh>u 1 >
t&uy nh)3 3hn chi> theo m( W<o-e ri1ision Multi3le nccess u <rMnYj 3hOc 1O cc
cuKc gAi theo cc chuhi m( 9hc nh>u#
'2 th/ng 9 thu)t s/ +Gc thit 9 gi5m b,t nFng l+Gng s;ng &>-io# Bh6 1)y c; th
thit 9 i2n tho7i R! nh gAn hn ng th6i gi5m chi 3hC u t+ cho cc t&7m 3ht s;ng#
1.1.2.2 Nh&ng h'n ch( ca h thng th!ng tin th( h 2)
nhEng ni -n c+ th+> th,t, s;ng 9 thu)t s/ yu 9h; c; th 9h=ng t,i +Gc cc
t&7m 3ht s;ng# T7i nhEng b> im nh+ 1)y chdt l+Gng t&uy8n s;ng cng nh+ chdt l+Gng
cuKc gAi bb gi5m ng 9#
1"1"0 # thng th$ng tin -i ./ng th% h 0 &0G'
'2 th/ng th=ng tin -i Kng th h2 TWT!Y cho 3hl3 t&uy8n c5 -E li2u tho7i 1 ngoi
tho7i# '2 th/ng th=ng tin -i Kng chuyn tz th h2 R s>ng th h2 T 0u> mKt gi>i o7n
t&ung gi>n l th h2 R,^ sx -Ong c=ng ngh2 TrMn t&ong ; 9t hG3 nhi8u 9he hoNc nhi8u
tn s/ hoNc sx -Ong c=ng ngh2 <rMn t&ong ; c; th chng lIn 3he tn cZ> th h2 h>i
L Quang V ()*V+ 3
L!
nu 9h=ng sx -Ong 3he tn m,i, b>o gm cc m7ng ( +Gc +> 1o sx -Ong nh+j
!o", 4r!4 1 <rMnRSSSuQx# th h2 thD T ny cc h2 th/ng th=ng tin -i Kng c;
xu th ho nh)3 thnh mKt tiIu chun -uy nhdt 1 c; 9h5 nFng 3hOc 1O { t/c K bit lIn
n R Mbits# 3hn bi2t 1,i cc h2 th/ng th=ng tin -i Kng bFng h3 hi2n n>y , cc h2
th/ng th=ng tin -i Kng th h2 T gAi l cc h2 th/ng th=ng tin -i Kng bFng &Kng#
1.1.3.1 $%c #im
'2 th/ng th=ng tin -i Kng thD TWT!Y sx -Ong -5i tn theo 9huyn nghb cZ> UTcuT l
Qgg^ RSR^ M' cho +6ng lIn 1 RQQS RRSS M' cho +6ng xu/ng#
] h2 th/ng th=ng tin -i Kng ton cu cho cc lo7i h*nh th=ng tin 1= tuyn tCch hG3 cc
m7ng th=ng tin 1= tuyn 1 hEu tuyn, t+ng tc 1,i cc lo7i h*nh -bch 1O 1i@n th=ng#
1.1.3.2 Nh*+c #im ca h thng th!ng tin th( h th, 3-3).
M7ng T! t7o &> b+,c tin t&in l,n t&ong sL 3ht t&in cZ> h2 th/ng th=ng tin -i Kng
c nhn#ThLc t T! c; 9h5 nFng hh t&G hng lo7t cc -bch 1O inte&net -i Kng 1,i chdt
l+Gng -bch 1O c5i thi2n ng 9#!i>o -i2n 1= tuyn y<rMn +Gc thit 9 hh t&G
1%ng c5i thi2n 1,i -ung l+Gng c>o c5i thi2n ng 9 hi2u sudt { ch K t&uy8n -.n chuyn
m7ch g;i#Tuy nhiIn T! c; nhEng h7n ch l 1i2c 7t +Gc t/c K t&uy8n s/ li2u c>o l &dt
9h; /i 1,i c=ng ngh2 <rMn -o c>n nhi@u giE> cc -bch 1O 1 9h; c; th t7o &> mKt -5i
y Z cc -bch 1O > t/c K 1,i yIu cu 18 hi2u nFng 1 po" 9hc nh>u -o nhEng h7n
ch /i 1,i m7ng l_i gy &> b{i tiIu chun gi>o -i2n 1= tuyn# Bgoi &>,-5i tn -nh cho
h2 th/ng T! s~ s,m bb b(o h> 1 c; nhEng &ng buKc 9hi 9t hG3 ch K song c=ng 3hn
chi> theo tn s/ 1 th6i gi>n#
1"1"4 # thng th$ng tin -i ./ng th1 4 &4G'
BFm RSS[ lK t&*nh cho [! ( bt u 1,i R Dng cx 1iIn l ]T4 1 gSR#Qè, nh+ng h>i
h2 th/ng ny m,i chH +Gc xem l T#a! 1* ch:ng 9h=ng th> m(n tdt c5 cc yIu cZ> h2
th/ng [!# ]T4 oele>se g c; l+u l+Gng l TSSMb3s { +6ng xu/ng 1 f^Mb3s { +6ng
lIn, t&@ nh 9ho5ng ^ms 9hi t&uy nh)3 1= tuyn# Th6i gi>n thit l)3 9t n/i 9ho5ng
QSSms# ">u ;, ]T4un-1>nce Woele>se QSY 1 gSR#Q`m l b5n 9 ti3 gSR#Qè ( +Gc
+> &> lm chun cho c=ng ngh2 [!# Bgoi &> ]T4un-1>nce sx -Ong cc 9i thu)t nh+
L Quang V ()*V+ 4
L!
s;ng m>ng 9t hG3, tFng c+6ng t&uy8n -.n > >nten r]c], hh t&G 'etBet 1 t&uy8n
nh)n <oM, t/c K +6ng xu/ng 7t T!b3s 1 +6ng lIn l Q,^!b3s#
1.1./.1 $%c #im ca h thng th!ng tin "i #ng th, / -/).
u T/i +u 9in t&:c h2 th/ng cho cc -bch 1O chuyn m7ch g;i#
u 'h t&G l+u l+Gng c>o hn so 1,i cc c=ng ngh2 t&+,c ; -o yIu cu t/c K bit c>o {
3hC> 9t cu/i ng+6i -%ng#
u !i5m t&@ t&uy8n g;i#
u n gi5n h;> cho ton bK h2 th/ng#
u \t n/i 1,i cc m7ng t&uy nh)3 sx -Ong T!#
'.( /iN: >?OA ;D >;E:F m_:F %G LT&
MOc tiIu cZ> ]T4 l cung cd3 9t n/i U th=ng su/t giE> ng+6i -%ng 1 m7ng -E
li2u g;i rB W>c9et r>t> Betso&9Y, t&ong m7ng chH hh t&G cc -bch 1O chuyn m7ch
g;i# \h5 nFng -i Kng +Gc hh t&G y Z b{i ]T4 1 cc c4 s~ 9h=ng 3h5i /i mNt 1,i
sL gin o7n cZ> 1i2c 9t n/i t,i cc -bch 1O t&ong 9hi -i chuyn# thLc hi2n i8u ny
cn c; sL c5i tin t&ong t&uy nh)3 1= tuyn ti3 n l nhEng th>y ei cZ> m7ng l_i
thCch hG3 1,i 3hn t&uy nh)3# hn m7ng t&uy nh)3 1= tuyn +Gc c5i tin +Gc gAi l
eB$ 1 3hn l_i +Gc gAi l 4<# Bgoi 4< th* nhEng 3hn 9hc cng th>y ei nh+ l
"n4, 4< l mKt 3hn cZ> "n4# ]T4 c%ng 1,i "n4 +Gc gAi l 4"#
\hi ni2m |be>&e&} 9Inh m>ng +Gc sx -Ong cho 1i2c bnh tuyn -E li2u tz mKt
g>tes>y t&ong rB n c4# MKt |be>&e&} +Gc bnh nghi> l lung g;i U 1,i chdt
l+Gng -bch 1O ( xc bnh +Gc thit l)3 giE> 4< 1 c4# \in t&:c cZ> 4" +Gc chi>
thnh m7ng l_i 1 m7ng t&uy nh)3
4" chbu t&ch nhi2m chCnh l cung cd3 9t n/i U giE> ng+6i -%ng 1 rB ng+6i
-%ng c; th t&uy c)3 Unte&net# Bh+ ( 8 c)3 { t&+,c, 4" sx -Ong |be>&e&} t7o 9t n/i
giE> c4 1 rB# c4 c; th sx -Ong nhi8u hn mKt |be>&e&} t7i mKt th6i im# <c
|be>&e&} c; th c; po" 9hc nh>u 1 ch:ng +Gc sx -Ong cho nhEng mOc Cch 9hc nh>u
L Quang V ()*V+ 5
L!
c%ng mKt l:c# ?C -O, mKt c4 c; th l+,t seb t&ong 9hi >ng t5i -E li2u sx -Ong vT#
4" 5m b5o >n ninh 1 tCnh &iIng t+ chNn nhEng mOc Cch xdu t&ong m7ng# Bh+ c;
th thdy t&ong h*nh Q#R, 3hn m7ng l_i c; nhi8u n:t 1,i nhEng chDc nFng 9hc nh>u t&ong
9hi 3hn m7ng t&uy nh)3 l7i chH c; eBo-e$#
Hnh 1.2 : 01 #2 3i(n tr4c 560
1","1" 23ng 45i &C6' v7 ch1c n8ng c9a cc n:-; 4:gic t<:ng =3ng
M7ng l_iW<BY h>y cn +Gc gAi l 4< { t&ong cc 3hn t&+,c# M7ng l_i chbu t&ch
nhi2m i8u 9hin c4# B; cng thit l)3 1 gi5i 3h;ng cc be>&e&# M7ng l_i gm cc n:t
logicj
1.2.1.1. 78ng m'ng "& 9iu g:i -6;)<.
<eng m7ng -E li2u g;i WrBu!>tes>yY c; th +Gc coi nh+ mKt &oute& nXm giE> 4"
1 mKt m7ng -E li2u g;i bIn ngoi# B; l n:t cu/i -i Kng mDc c>o nhdt t&ong h2 th/ng
1 n; thLc hi2n chDc nFng chAn l+u l+Gng 1 lAc theo yIu cu b{i cc -bch 1O +Gc 8
c)3# u!y +Gc -uy t&* t7i cc 3hng i8u hnh t7i mKt 1b t&C t&ung tm# in h*nh l u
!y cd3 3ht cc b> chH U cho c4 1 c4 sx -Ong n; gi>o ti3 1,i cc my chZ U
9hc t&ong cc m7ng bIn ngoi# B; cng c; th l rB bIn ngoi m c4 ( +Gc 9t n/i
cd3 3ht cc b> chH ; l sx -Ong b{i cc c4, cc +6ng hm u!y cho tdt c5 l+u
l+Gng 1o m7ng ;# b> chH U lu=n +Gc cd3 3ht 9hi c4 yIu cu mKt 9t n/i rB, n;
L Quang V ()*V+ 6
L!
s~ -i@n &> Ct nhdt l 9hi c4 +Gc gn 1o m7ng, 1 n; c; th x5y &> s>u 9hi c; mKt 9t n/i
rB m,i# <c u!y thLc hi2n chDc nFng gi>o thDc cdu h*nh my chZ Kng Wr'<Y 9hi
cn, hoNc t&uy 1dn mKt my chZ r'< bIn ngoi, 1 cung cd3 b> chH cho c4 c; th l
U1[, U1` hoNc c5 h>i#
MKt t&ong nhEng nhi2m 1O cZ> u!y l thLc hi2n chAn l+u l+Gng 1 lAc theo yIu cu
b{i cc chCnh sch thit l)3 cho c4 h>y +Gc gAi l <4v#
]+u l+Gng giE> u!y 1 cc m7ng bIn ngoi -+,i -7ng cc g;i tin U thuKc 18 cc
-ng -bch 1O U 9hc nh>u# Bu gi>o -i2n "^"g h+,ng t,i "u!y l -L> t&In !T th* u
!y thLc hi2n nh x7 cc -ng -E li2u t,i cc +6ng hm !T, cc u!y thit l)3 cc
3hn tx m7ng c b5n -L> t&In yIu cu 0u> <ov hoNc tz "u!y, m chuyn ti3 cc
th=ng tin tz MM4# Bu gi>o -i2n "^"g -L> t&In MU, u!y s~ nh x7 tdt c5 cc lung
-bch 1O U tz cc th=ng tin i8u 9hin chH +Gc t&>o ei 1,i <ov# u!y cng c; chDc
nFng gim st cc lung -E li2u cho mOc Cch ho7ch ton# TCnh c+,c th=ng tin +Gc lL>
chAn 1 th=ng bo b{i u!y# T&ong -i Kng, nu c; mKt nhu cu th>y ei ceng 3hOc 1O
W"u!yY, u!y l im c>o nhdt cZ> h2 th/ng c; th th>y ei +6ng t&uy8n tz "u!y c
s>ng "u!y m,i#
1.2.1.2. 78ng m'ng "=ch >? -0;)<.
<hDc nFng nei b)t cZ> ceng m7ng -bch 1O W"u!yY l 0u5n lJ +6ng hm 1 chuyn
m7ch# "u!y ;ng 1>i t& &dt nh t&ong cc chDc nFng i8u 9hin# B; chH chbu t&ch
nhi2m 18 ngun ti nguyIn cZ> &iIng n;, 1 n; cd3 3ht ch:ng -L> t&In cc yIu cu tz
MM4, u!y# Bu cc yIu cu tz u!y, "u!y s~ gxi b5n mKt b5n co3y cZ> yIu cu
ny t,i MM4 MM4 c; th i8u 9hin cc +6ng hm t,i eBo-e$# T&ong th6i gi>n
chuyn gi>o, "u!y nh)n +Gc l2nh tz MM4 chuyn m7ch +6ng hm tz mKt eBo-e$
t,i mKt eBo-e$ 9hc# MM4 c; th l2nh cho "u!y cung cd3 ti nguyIn t&ong +6ng
hm cho chuyn ti3 -E li2u tz eBo-e$ ngun t,i eBo-e$ Cch nu ; l mKt yIu cu
cho chuyn ti3 -E li2u# Bu t&ong 0u t&*nh chuyn gi>o cn th>y ei "!y, MM4 i8u
9hin +6ng hm th>y ei tz "u!y c s>ng "u!y m,i#
L Quang V ()*V+ "
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\hi c4 t&ong ch K 9t n/i, tdt c5 l+u l+Gng -E li2u tz eB$ +Gc chuyn t,i u!y
1 ng+Gc l7i, t&ong 9hi { ch K ch6 th* 9h=ng c; yIu cu chuyn ti3# Bu c4 >ng {
ch K ch6 1 t&ong l:c dy "u!y nh)n mKt 1i g;i tin tz u!y, "u!y bt u 2m -E
li2u 1 yIu cu MM4 nh s/ c4# ">u 9hi nh s= c4 1 cc +6ng hm thit l)3, "u
!y c; th t&uy8n -E li2u +Gc 2m# "u!y cng c; 9h5 nFng gim st -E li2u t&ong cc
+6ng hm cho mOc Cch tCnh c+,c hoNc 3hn 3ht -E li2u n nh+ng ni cn#
1.2.1.3. @hAc th BuCn 9D "i #ng -EE5.
ThLc th 0u5n lJ -i Kng W MM4Y l thnh 3hn i8u 9hin chCnh t&ong 4<# Th=ng
th+6ng MM4 s~ l mKt my chZ t7i c s{ cZ> nh i8u hnh# B; chH ho7t Kng t&ong mNt
3hng i8u 9hin# Bgoi gi>o -i2n cu/i 1o MM4 th* n; cn c; mKt 9t n/i t&Lc ti3 t,i
c4 1 9t n/i ny +Gc sx -Ong nh+ l 9Inh i8u 9hin chCnh giE> c4 1 m7ng#
<c chDc nFng chCnh cZ> MM4 b>o gmj xc thLc 1 b5o m)t, 0u5n lJ -i Kng , 0u5n
lJ h s thuI b>o 1 9t n/i
1.2.1./. 7h,c nng chFnh Gch > tFnh c*Hc ti nguyIn -67JK.
<hDc nFng chCnh sch 1 tCnh c+,c ti nguyInW<ovY l 3hn tx m7ng Nt c%ng 1,i
cc 3hn tx cZ> m7ng l_i t7i cc t&ung tm chuyn m7ch cZ> nh 9h>i thc chbu t&ch
nhi2m cho 1i2c i8u 9hin chCnh sch 1 tCnh c+,c W<<j lolicy >n- <h>&ging <ont&olY#
B; 0uyt bnh cch xx lJ cc -bch 1O theo po" 1 cung cd3 th=ng tin cho <4v WchDc
nFng thLc thi chin l+Gc 1 tCnh c+,cY Nt t&ong u!y# <c th=ng tin <ov cung cd3
cho <4v +Gc gAi l 0uy tc <<# <ov s~ gxi cc 0uy tc << 9hi cn thit l)3 mKt
9Inh m>ng m,i# <hng h7n 9hi c4 9h{i u nh)3 m7ng, thit l)3 9Inh m>ng +Gc yIu
cu 1 mKt 9Inh m>ng mNc bnh +Gc thit l)3# ">u ; thit l)3 9Inh m>ng +Gc yIu cu
9hi cn thit l)3 mKt h>y nhi8u 9Inh m>ng &iIng# <ov c; 9h5 nFng cung cd3 cc 0uy tc
<< theo yIu cu hoNc tz u!y hoNc tz "u!y t&ong t&+6ng hG3 MU gi/ng nh+ t&ong
t&+6ng hG3 nh)3 m7ng# Bgoi &> n; c; th cung cd3 cc 0uy tc << theo yIu cu tz
chDc nFng Dng -Ong Wnvj n33lic>tion vunctionY nXm t&ong mi8n -bch 1O Wnh+ UM"Y# c4
th=ng bo t&Lc ti3 1,i mi8n -bch 1O WUM"Y 1 nv y th=ng tin 18 po" cZ> -bch 1O n
L Quang V ()*V+ (
L!
<ov, <ov 0uyt bnh << 1 y cc 0uy tc << xu/ng u!y 1 th=ng tin s3 x3
9Inh m>ng xu/ng "u!y t&ong t&+6ng hG3 MU "^"g#
1.2.1.L. Ey ch thuI MaN th*Ong tr4 -H00.
My chZ thuI b>o th+6ng ch: l mKt c s{ -E li2u +Gc b5o t&* t7i 1b t&C nh 9h>i thc
m7ng, l+u giE s/ li2u thuI b>o cho tdt c5 s/ li2u c/ bnh cZ> ng+6i sx -Ong 1 1b t&C cZ>
ng+6i sx -Ong { mDc n:t i8u 9hin m7ng ni m ng+6i sx -Ong >ng lm 9hch# '""
l+u giE b5n g/c cZ> h s thuI b>o, t&ong ; chD> cc th=ng tin 18 cc -bch 1O +Gc 3
-Ong /i 1,i ng+6i sx -Ong, b>o gm th=ng tin 18 cc 9t n/i rB +Gc 3hl3 1 c;
+Gc 3hl3 chuyn n mKt m7ng 9hc h>y 9h=ng# '"" cng l+u nhEng nh)n -7ng cZ>
cc u!y +Gc sx -Ong# B; l+u cc s/ nh)n -7ng cZ> cc u!y hi2n >ng sx -Ong
hh t&G -i Kng giE> cc m7ng t&uy nh)3 9h=ng 3h5i T!# \h;> c/ bnh +Gc sx -Ong
tCnh ton cc 1ect nh)n thLc +Gc l+u l+Gng t&ong t&ung tm nh)n thLc Wnu<j
nuthentic>tion <ent&eY th+6ng l mKt bK 3h)n cZ> '""# <c 1ect nh)n thLc ny +Gc
gxi n m7ng ni c4 lm 9hch nh)n thLc ng+6i sx -Ong 1 &:t &> cc 9h;> 9hc
m)t m( 1 b5o 12 tCnh ton 1n# <c '"" s~ cn c; 9h5 nFng 9t n/i 1,i mAi MM4 t&ong
ton m7ng ni m cc c4 cZ> n; +Gc 3hl3 -i chuyn# /i 1,i mhi c4, cc h s '""
s~ chH t,i mKt MM4 3hOc 1O t7i mKt th6i im 1 ng>y s>u ; l bo co 18 mKt MM4
m,i m n; 3hOc 1O cho c4, '"" s~ hZy b 1b t&C cZ> MM4 t&+,c#
1",", 23ng t nh?p
4ucTonB l mKt m7ng l+,i cc eBo-e$ liIn 9t 1,i nh>u th=ng 0u> gi>o -i2n kR#
eBo-e$ cng +Gc 9t n/i 1,i m7ng l_i th=ng 0u> gi>o -i2n "Q# Bgoi &> cn c; nhEng
gi>o thDc ho7t Kng giE> eBo-e$ 1 c4, ch:ng +Gc gAi l gi>o thDc tng t&uy nh)3
nccess "t&>tum Wn"Y#
B:t -uy nhdt t&In 4ucTonB l 4ucTonB Bo-e$WeBo-e$Y# B; l mKt t&7m g/c i8u
9hin tdt cc cc chDc nFng liIn 0u>n n 1= tuyn# <c t&7m g/c +Gc 3hn b/ t&ong
ton 1%ng 3hZ cZ> m7ng 1 mhi eBo-e$ l7i +Gc Nt gn mKt >nten# T&ong thLc t
eBo-e$ ;ng 1>i t& nh+ mKt cu n/i giE> R l,3 c4 1 4<, n; l im cu/i cZ> tdt c5
cc gi>o thDc 1= tuyn 18 3hC> c4# B; ti3 nh)n -E li2u giE> cc 9t n/i 1= tuyn 1 cc
L Quang V ()*V+ 7
L!
9t n/i U c s{ 1,i 4<# 4Bo-e$ cn thLc hi2n chDc nFng m( h;> 1 gi5i m( -E li2u
t&ong mNt 3hng ng+6i -%ng nh+ nln 1 gi5i nln tiIu 8 g;i tin U# Bgoi &>, eBo-e$
thLc hi2n cc chDc nFng t&ong mNt 3hng i8u 9hin nh+ 0u5n lJ ti nguyIn 1= tuyn
thLc hi2n bXng cch 9im sot 1i2c sx -Ong ti nguyIn# i8u 9hin ti nguyIn 1= tuyn
+Gc chi> &> thnh nhi8u lo7i nh+ 3hn be ti nguyIn -L> t&In yIu cu, +u tiIn 1 l)3 lbch
t&*nh l+u l+Gng theo yIu cu po", 1 liIn tOc gim st t*nh h*nh sx -Ong ti nguyIn#
Bgoi &> eBo-e$ cn c; 1>i t& 0u>n t&Ang t&ong 0u5n lJ -i Kng WMMY# B; nh)n 1
3hn tCch 9t 0u5 o, tL thLc hi2n mKt 1i 3hl3 o cZ> m*nh 1 so snh h>i 9t 0u5 o 1,i
nh>u chuyn gi>o cho c4# 4Bo-e$ +Gc yIu cu ei tin nhn th=ng bo t,i
eBo-e$ 9hc cng nh+ t,i MM4
#
Hnh 1.3 Pi(n tr4c 5;Q@JRN
1.2.2.1. 5;Q@JRN NN"ST -SNN"ST..
4Bo-e$ ;ng 1>i t& l t&ung tm /i 1,i cc nhi8u n:t 9hc# Bhi8u c4 c; th +Gc
3hOc 1O b{i eBo-e$ 9hi ch:ng nXm t&ong 1%ng 3hZ s;ng cZ> eBo-e$ nh+ng mhi c4 chH
+Gc 9t n/i t,i mKt eBo-e$ c%ng mKt th6i im# Mhi eBo-e$ s~ 9t n/i t,i cc eBo-e$
9hc c4 c; th thLc hi2n chuyn gi>o# <c MM4 c; th +Gc 9t n/i l7i 1,i nh>u t7o
L Quang V ()*V+ 1<
L!
thnh mKt 1%ng, i8u ny cng c; th lm /i 1,i cc "u!y# 4 Bo-e$ c; th 9t n/i t,i
1%ng ny mNc -% mhi c4 chH +Gc i8u 9hin b{i mKt MM4 1 3hOc 1O tz mKt "u!y#
7h,c nng ca S;Q@JRN
>Y QuCn 9D ti nguyIn >! tuy(n -JJE.:
MOc tiIu cZ> ooM l tCnh -i Kng c; th thLc hi2n t&ong m7ng 1,i sL gi:3 P cZ>
c4 m 9h=ng cn sL c>n thi23 tz ng+6i sx -Ong# 9h5 nFng -i Kng +Gc c>o th* 3h5i
/i mNt 1,i cc 1dn 8 3hDc t73 c%ng tn t7i t&ong c4 nh+ tiIu thO nFng l+Gng, xx lJ
c=ng sudt 1 gi# ro ; lu=n 3h5i tCnh ton giE> 1dn 8 7t hi2u nFng t/t hn 1 tFng K
3hDc t73 cZ> h2 th/ng# ?8 3hC> c4, ho7t Kng chCnh l thLc hi2n hh t&G tCnh -i Kng +Gc
th=ng su/t bXng cch chAn =, o l+6ng 1 chuyn gi>o# Bh*n chung, t> c; th 3hn lo7i
tdt c5 cc chDc nFng cZ> ooM l l)3 lbch t&*nh, i8u 9hin t&uy nh)3, i8u 9hin 9Inh
m>ng 1 i8u 9hin -i Kng#
bY NUn tiIu #V:
TiIu 8 g;i tin U c; th c; mo u l,n, -o ; nln tiIu 8 l cch hG3 lJ cho 1i2c sx
-Ong hi2u 0u5 gi>o -i2n 1= tuyn# <hDc nFng ny +Gc 5m nhi2m b{i r< l l,3 con
cZ> l,3 m7ng# Bln tiIu 8 t&ong r< +Gc thLc hi2n bXng cch sx -Ong gi>o thDc
ow'<# Tm 0u>n t&Ang cZ> nln tiIu 8 t&ong ]T4 l -o sx -Ong chuyn m7ch g;i 1
9h=ng -%ng chuyn m7ch 9Inh# <hCnh 1* sx -Ong chuyn m7ch g;i m -bch 1O tho7i
t&ong ]T4 9lm chdt l+Gng hn so 1,i -bch tho7i sx -Ong chuyn m7ch 9Inh# MNt 9hc
tiIu 8 l &dt l,n so 1,i 3hn -E li2u tho7i s~ gy l(ng 3hC ti nguyIn nIn 1i2c nln tiIu 8
cZ> UcroT l cn thit#
cY Rn ninh:
<ung cd3 tCnh b5o m)t l cn thit t&nh 1i2c t&uy c)3 -E li2u t&i 3hl3# -uy t&*
b5o m)t, h>i chDc nFng chCnh l m( h;> 1 b5o 12 tCnh ton 1n +Gc sx -Ong# M( h;>
+Gc 3 -Ong cho c5 -E li2u { mNt 3hng i8u 9hin nh+ "ign>ling o>-io $e>&e& W"o$Y
1 -E li2u { mNt 3hng ng+6i -%ng r>t> o>-io $e>&e& Wro$Y t&ong 9hi b5o 12 tCnh ton
1n chH +Gc thLc hi2n t&ong -E li2u mNt 3hng i8u 9hin# M( h;> l mKt chDc nFng
L Quang V ()*V+ 11
L!
5m b5o &Xng bIn thD b> 9h=ng nh)n +Gc lung -E li2u# $5o 12 tCnh ton 1n cho 3hl3
ng+6i nh)n 3ht hi2n 1i2c chn -E li2u 1 th>y th n;# oo< lu=n 9Cch ho7t h>i chDc nFng
ny c%ng 1,i nh>u# Bh*n chung, b5o m)t nghi> l m( h;> +Gc sx -Ong cho tdt c5 cc -E
li2u gxi 0u> gi>o -i2n 1= tuyn#
-Y P(t ni >Hi 567:
<hDc nFng 9hc t&ong 4ucTonB l gxi 1 nh)n th=ng bo cn thit 1,i MM4 1 thit
l)3 9Inh m>ng t,i "u!y# Tdt c5 nhEng chDc nFng ( 8 c)3 { t&In +Gc t)3 t&ung t&ong
eBo-e$ 1* t&ong ]T4 tdt c5 chDc nFng i8u 9hin 1= tuyn c%ng nXm t&ong eBo-e$# T)3
t&ung gi:3 cc l,3 gi>o thDc 9hc nh>u t+ng tc 1,i nh>u t/t hn 1 chdm -Dt gi5m t&@
1 tFng hi2u sudt#
1","0 hi%t @A ngBi -Cng &D!'
c4 l thit bb m ng+6i -%ng u cu/i sx -Ong liIn l7c#Th=ng th+6ng n; l thit bb
cm t>y nh+ i2n tho7i th=ng minh hoNc n; c; th l thit bb +Gc gn 1o my tCnh xch
t>y# c4 +Gc chi> lm h>i 3hnj c"UM 1 3hn cn l7i cZ> thit bb c4 gAi l thit bb u
cu/i WT4Y# c"UM l mKt Dng -Ong +Gc Nt 1o mKt th th=ng minh c; th tho &6i +Gc
gAi l th m7ch tCch hG3 ton cu WcU<<Y# c"UM +Gc sx -Ong nh)n -7ng 1 xc thLc
ng+6i sx -Ong ldy 9h;> b5o m)t nhXm b5o 12 1i2c t&uy8n t5i t&In gi>o -i2n 1= tuyn#
Bh*n chung cc chDc nFng cZ> c4 l n8n t5ng cho cc Dng -Ong c; tCn hi2u 1,i m7ng
thit l)3, -uy t&* 1 lo7i b 9t n/i th=ng tin cn thit# c4 cng hh t&G t&ong thZ tOc
chuyn gi>o 1 gxi cc th=ng bo 18 1b t&C 9t cu/i cho m7ng#
'.. TEA IJ Iz:; k\ ;iD< d<m> @;e
T/c K Hnh +Gc xc bnh l l+u l+Gng l,n nhdt cho mhi ng+6i -%ng nu ton bK bFng
th=ng 1 s/ >nten hh t&G l l,n nhdt cd3 cho mKt ng+6i# T&ong h2 th/ng Trr t/c K Hnh
1,i +6ng lIn 1 +6ng xu/ng +Gc tCnh &iIng# 'i2u sudt 3he l,n nhdt +Gc xc bnh
bXng 3hl3 chi> cZ> t/c K Hnh cho 3he +Gc 3hn be ( sx -Ong# 'i2u sudt 3he Hnh {
+6ng xu/ng 1,i cdu h*nh >nten [x[ l Q`bs' 1 cdu h*nh gxg l TSbs'# T&ong
+6ng lIn hi2u sudt 3he bnh cho cdu h*nh >nten RxR l g#Q bs' 1 cho cdu h*nh [x[ l
Q`bs'#
L Quang V ()*V+ 12
L!
T/c K -E li2u Hnh l mKt tiIu chC nh gi mKt h2 th/ng c; c5i tin hn h2 th/ng
9hc h>y 9h=ng nh+ng t&ong thLc t n; 1.n ch+> 3h5i l tiIu chC t/t nhdt# thit 9 mKt
h2 th/ng 1,i t/c K Hnh c>o cho ng+6i -%ng gn 1,i cc t&7m c s{ th* 9h=ng 9h; nh+ng
s~ &dt 9h; cung cd3 t/c K -E li2u t/t c%ng 1,i yu t/ -i =ng 1 1%ng 3hZ# ?* 1)y c;
mKt cch 9hc nh gi hi2u nFng ; l hi2u nFng cd3 K h2 th/ng# M= 3hng cd3 K
h2 th/ng c; th 7t +Gc bXng cch sx -Ong ch+ng t&*nh m= 3hng chD> tdt c5 cc gi>o
thDc, gi>o -i2n 1 t bo#
'.%. LW< ^W{:F >N V\U k\ ;iD< d<m> @;e
u 'i2u nFng cd3 K t bo W<ellule1elY l mKt yu t/ &dt 0u>n t&Ang xc bnh cc
mDc m ng+6i 9h>i thc s~ thit l)3# <c 3hl3 o c3 K t bo +Gc xc bnh nh+ s>uj
]+u l+Gng t&ung b*nh t bo b3scell 1 hi2u sudt 3he b3s'cell
]+u l+Gng t&ung b*nh ng+6i -%ng b3sng+6i -%ng 1 hi2u sudt 3he b3s'use&
]+u l+Gng ng+6i -%ng t7i c7nh t bo b3suse& 1 hi2u sudt 3he b3s'use&
'i2u sudt 3he +6ng t&uy8n l Q^bits' { +6ng xu/ng 1 `#f^ bits' { +6ng lIn
Wc; nghi> l QSSSMb3s { +6ng xu/ng 1 c; th nh hn bFng th=ng `fM'Y
'i2u sudt sx -Ong 3he h2 th/ng lIn n Tbits'cell { +6ng xu/ng 1 R#R^
bits'cell cho 1i2c sx -Ong t&ong nh#
'.- T|:; Hi IJ:F k\ @;_m ki ABC G
Bg+6i sx -Ong -i chuyn 1,i t/c K T^S9mh th)m chC lIn n ^SS9mh +Gc 3hOc 1O
b{i h2 th/ng ]T4 th* 1.n c; th ho7t Kng# TiIu chC ny nhdn m7nh sL cn thit 1 tm
0u>n t&Ang cZ> chuyn gi>o 9h=ng ten thdt 1* cc -bch 1O 1.n +Gc -uy t&* 9hi { t/c K
c>o# <c yIu cu 18 1%ng 3hZ l 9ho5ng cch cLc 7i tz t&7m t,i u cu/i -i Kng t&ong
=# 'i2u sudt, 3he tn 1 th=ng l+Gng 3h5i 3hOc 1O t/t cho cc = bn 9Cnh ^9m, 1,i cc =
bn 9Cnh TS9m cho 3hl3 gi5m th=ng l+Gng 1 hi2u sudt sx -Ong 3he tn song 1.n 3h5i
3 Dng tCnh -i Kng#
L Quang V ()*V+ 13
L!
'.P Te:F MN>
<h+ng Q ( t&*nh by 18 sL 3ht t&in cZ> h2 th/ng th=ng tin -i Kng 0u> cc gi>i
o7n tz Q! lIn [! 1 +u nh+Gc im cZ> tzng h2 th/ng, 9in t&:c cZ> h2 th/ng [! 1
mKt s/ th=ng s/ cZ> h2 th/ng [! nh+ t/c K Hnh, hi2u sudt 3he, l+u l+Gng t bo, tCnh -i
Kng 1 3h7m 1i =# pu> ; t> thdy +Gc m7ng [! ]T4 c; +u im 1+Gt t&Ki hn so 1,i
cc m7ng th h2 t&+,c nh+ Q!, R!,T! 18 t/c K, th6i gi>n t&@ nh, hi2u sudt sx -Ong 3he
c>o c%ng 1,i 1i2c sx -Ong bFng th=ng linh ho7t, cdu t&:c n gi5n nIn gi thnh gi5m#
c; +Gc nhEng +u im ; th* [! ]T4 ( sx -Ong &dt nhi8u 9 thu)t nh+ "<uvrMn cho
+6ng lIn# <%ng 1,i cc 9 thu)t ;, ]T4 cn he t&G MUMw, MUMw l mKt 3hn tdt yu
cZ> ]T4 7t +Gc yIu cu 18 th=ng l+Gng 1 hi2u 0u5 sx -Ong 3he# <%ng 1,i cc 9
thu)t ny th* t&ong ch+ng R s~ t&*nh by 18 Q 9 thu)t 9hc gi:3 m7ng [! c; nhEng
+u im hn so 1,i cc h2 th/ng 9hc ; l 9 thu)t chuyn gi>o, chuyn gi>o t&ong [!
]T4 1 chuyn gi>o giE> [! ]T4 1 cc m7ng 9hc#
L Quang V ()*V+ 14
n tt nghip Chng,: Chu>En gia: t<:ng L!
CH!NG (" CHU)*N GIA+ T,+NG %G LT&
<huyn gi>o l 3h+ng ti2n cn thit thuI b>o c; th -i Kng t&ong m7ng# \hi thuI
b>o -i chuyn tz 1%ng 3hZ s;ng cZ> cell ny s>ng 1%ng 3hZ s;ng cZ> mKt cell 9hc th*
9t n/i 1,i cell m,i 3h5i +Gc thit l)3 1 9t n/i 1,i cell c 3h5i bb hZy b# T&ong
ch+ng R s~ t&*nh by 18 mOc Cch cZ> chuyn gi>o t&ong h2 th/ng th=ng tin -i Kng ,
t&*nh tL cc b+,c thLc hi2n chuyn gi>o 1 cc 3h+ng thDc chuyn gi>o t&ong [!
]T4#
(.' MrA I|A; ABC A;<T: FiCU
u TCnh -i chuyn l mKt Nc tCnh 0u>n t&Ang t&ong cc m7ng -i Kng 9h=ng -y 9hi
3h+ng ti2n tFng t/c K 9hi -i chuyn 1 nhu cu sx -Ong Unte&net hu ht mAi l:c mAi
ni cZ> con ng+6i# h+ng ti2n -i chuyn { t/c K c>o l mKt thch thDc l,n /i 1,i cc
m7ng 9h=ng -y 1 ]T4 nh+ mKt 0u t&*nh tin h;> -i ( hD> hn l s~ 1+Gt 0u> thx
thch t/t hn so 1,i cc c=ng ngh2 t&+,c n;# thLc hi2n i8u ; cc yIu cu +Gc Nt
&> l hi2n t+Gng t&@ 1 mdt g;i /i 1,i t&uy8n tho7i 3h5i { mDc t/i thiu c; th, song song
1,i n; l K tin c)y t&ong t&uy8n -E li2u# ro ; 1i2c t/i +u t&ong thZ tOc chuyn gi>o
7t +Gc hi2u nFng cn thit +Gc coi l mKt 1dn 8 0u>n t&Ang t&ong m7ng -i Kng#
u \hi chdt l+Gng h>y c+6ng K tCn hi2u 1= tuyn bb suy gi5m -+,i mKt ng+Png nhdt
bnh +Gc bnh nghi> b{i eB$, sL suy gi5m tCn hi2u s~ +Gc nh)n bit bXng cch o mDc
tCn hi2u# ?i2c o tCn hi2u +Gc thLc hi2n { c5 c4 1 eB$# <huyn gi>o 3hO thuKc 1o
chdt l+Gng tCn hi2u +Gc thLc hi2n cho c5 h+,ng lIn 1 h+,ng xu/ng cZ> +6ng t&uy8n
-.n 1= tuyn#
u \hi -ung l+Gng l+u l+Gng cZ> cell 7t t,i mKt gi,i h7n t/i > cho 3hl3 hoNc 1+Gt 0u
ng+Png gi,i h7n ;# \hi ; cc thuI b>o { ngoi &*> cZ> cell Wc; m)t K t5i c>oY s~ +Gc
chuyn gi>o s>ng cell bIn c7nh Wc; m)t K t5i thd3Y# $Xng cch thLc hi2n chuyn gi>o
nh+ 1)y, t5i h2 th/ng s~ +Gc 3hn b/ 8u 1 nh+ cu 18 -ung l+Gng 1 1%ng 3hZ s;ng
+Gc i8u chHnh mKt cch c; hi2u 0u5 3 Dng nhu cu l+u l+Gng t&ong m7ng#
L Quang V ()*V+ 15
C;<Y: VZ A;<T: FiCU
u o cc th>m s/
u $o co cc th>m s/
o +Gc
T;RA ;iD: A;<T: FiCU
u<c th>m s/ thu)t ton
u<c Nc tCnh chuyn
gi>o
HU\: >;\:; A;<T:
FiCU
u TCn hi2u chuyn gi>o
u hn be ti nguyIn 1=
tuyn
(.( T?9:; >R A;<T: FiCU
T&*nh tL chuyn gi>o gm c; b> b+,c b>o gm j chun bb chuyn gi>o, thLc hi2n
chuyn gi>o 1 hon thnh chuyn gi>o +Gc th hi2n 0u> h*nh R#Q
Hnh 2.1 @rnh tA ca Bu trnh chuyn giaN
>Y <hun bb chuyn gi>o
<hun bb chuyn gi>o l mKt nhi2m 1O 0u>n t&Ang t&ong 0u t&*nh chuyn gi>o 1* h>i lJ
-o c b5n s>u j
u MDc tCn hi2u t&In +6ng t&uy8n -.n 1= tuyn th>y ei &dt l,n t%y thuKc 1o 3h> inh
1 ten h>o +6ng t&uy8n# BhEng th>y ei ny 3hO thuKc 1o m=i t&+6ng t&ong cell 1 t/c
K -i chuyn cZ> thuI b>o#
u "/ l+Gng cc bo co o l+6ng 0u nhi8u s~ lm 5nh h+{ng n t5i h2 th/ng#
L Quang V ()*V+ 16
!i>i o7n chun bb thLc hi2n R nhi2m 1O chCnh l o l+6ng cc th>m s/ 1o gxi bo
co 9t 0u5 o n eB$ # thLc hi2n cho chun bb chuyn gi>o, t&ong su/t 0u t&*nh 9t
n/i, c4 liIn tOc o c+6ng K tCn hi2u cZ> cc cell ln c)n 1 th=ng bo 9t 0u5 t,i m7ng,
t,i eB$#
" cc b+,c chun bb chuyn gi>o +Gc th hi2n t&In h*nh R#R
Hnh 2.2 7c M*Hc chuWn M= chuyn giaN
rL> t&In nhEng th=ng tin gi,i h7n, eB$ ngun thit l)3 cdu h*nh o c4#
u Th=ng bo o +Gc gxi b{i c4 s>u 9hi n; +Gc 9Cch ho7t -L> t&In mKt s/ nguyIn
tc#
u puyt bnh chuyn gi>o +Gc thLc hi2n b{i eB$ ngun -L> t&In th=ng bo 3hl3 o
1 th=ng tin 0u5n lJ ti nguyIn 1= tuyn WooMY#
L Quang V ()*V+ 1"
u $5n tin yIu cu chuyn gi>o +Gc gxi n eB$ Cch b{i eB$ g/c c; chD> tdt c5 cc
th=ng tin cn thit chun bb chuyn gi>o { 3hC> Cch n#
u eB$ Cch c; th thLc hi2n i8u 9hin t&uy nh)3 3hO thuKc th=ng tin ( nh)n po" 4u
on$# ThLc hi2n i8u 9hin t&uy nh)3 l tFng 9h5 nFng thnh c=ng cZ> chuyn gi>o,
t&ong ; eB$ Cch 0uyt bnh cc ngun ti nguyIn c; th +Gc cd3 h>y 9h=ng# T&ong
t&+6ng hG3 cc ngun ti nguyIn c; th +Gc cd3, eB$ Cch thit l)3 cdu h*nh cc ngun
ti nguyIn +Gc yIu cu theo th=ng tin ( nh)n 4uon$ po" s>u ; -L t&E mKt s/ nh)n
-7ng t7m th6i m7ng 1= tuyn t&ong cell W<uoBTUY 1 mKt 9Inh t&uy nh)3 ng.u nhiIn
Won<' 3&e>mble Y cho c4#
u eB$ Cch chun bb chuyn gi>o 1 s>u ; gxi th=ng bo xc nh)n yIu cu chuyn
gi>o t,i eB$ g/c# Th=ng bo gxi t,i c4 c; 1>i t& nh+ mKt b5n tin i8u 9hin ti nguyIn
1= tuyn thLc hi2n chuyn gi>o# T&ong th=ng bo c; chD> mKt s/ nh)n -7ng t7m th6i
m,i t&ong cell W<uoBTUY, c; th gm mKt 9Inh t&uy nh)3 ng.u nhiIn Won<' 3&e>mbleY,
1 mKt 1i th=ng s/ 9hc nh+ l b5n tin |oB]TB]} cho +6ng hm chuyn ti3# Bu
cn chuyn ti3, eB$ g/c c; th bt u chuyn ti3 n eB$ Cch ng>y s>u 9hi n; gxi
l2nh chuyn gi>o t,i cc c4#
bY ThLc hi2n chuyn gi>o
h> thLc hi2n chuyn gi>o b>o gm nh gi teng th 18 po" cZ> 9t n/i so snh n;
1,i cc thuKc tCnh po" yIu cu 1 +,c l+Gng tz cc cell ln c)n# T%y theo 9t 0u5 so snh
m t> c; th 0uyt bnh thLc hi2n h>y 9h=ng thLc hi2n chuyn gi>o#
" cc b+,c thLc hi2n chuyn gi>o W h*nh R#TY j
<c b+,c thLc hi2n chuyn gi>oj
u thLc hi2n chuyn gi>o eB$ Cch t7o &> nhEng b5n tin i8u 9hin ti nguyIn 1=
tuyn, tDc l b5n tin thit l)3 l7i 9t n/i i8u 9hin ti nguyIn 1= tuyn |oo< <onnection
oecongu&>tion} b>o gm cc th=ng tin i8u 9hin -i Kng# Th=ng bo ny +Gc gxi t,i
c4 b{i eB$ ngun#
L Quang V ()*V+ 1(
u $5n tin "B "TnTc" TonBv4o +Gc gxi b{i eB$ ngun t,i eB$ Cch# T&ong
b5n tin ny, th=ng tin 18 t&7ng thi bK thu +6ng lIn r< "B 1 t&7ng thi bK 3ht
+6ng xu/ng cZ> 4uon$s +Gc cung cd3# <huhi s/ gi>o thDc hKi tO -E li2u g;i Wr<
"BY cZ> +6ng lIn Wc] "rcY thiu 9h/i -E li2u -bch 1O gm t&7ng thi bK thu r< "B
+6ng lIn# Ti3 theo eB$ Cch s~ 3hn c=ng nhEng "rc m,i +Gc chH bnh b{i t*nh
t&7ng +6ng xu/ng #
Hnh 2.3 7c M*Hc thAc hin chuyn giaN
u ">u 9hi nh)n +Gc th=ng bo thit l)3 l7i 9t n/i i8u 9hin ti nguyIn 1= tuyn
oo< <onnection oecongu&>tion gm th=ng tin i8u 9hin -i Kng cZ> c4, c4 c/ gng
thLc hi2n ng bK h;> eB$ Cch 1 t&uy nh)3 1o cc t bo Cch th=ng 0u> on<'W 9Inh
t&uy nh)3 ng.u nhiInY# Bu on<' ( +Gc gi>o cho c4, n; c; th sx -Ong mKt thZ tOc
t&>nh chd3, nu 9h=ng n; s~ sx -Ong mKt thZ tOc -L> t&In t&>nh chd3# <5m nh)n 18 sL >n
ton, cc 9h;> Nc bi2t cZ> eB$ Cch +Gc bt ngun tz c4 1 cc thu)t ton b5o m)t
chAn +Gc cdu h*nh sx -Ong t&ong cc = Cch#
L Quang V ()*V+ 17
u eB$ Cch 3 l7i -L> t&In th6i gi>n 1 3hn be +6ng lIn#">u 9hi c4 t&uy nh)3
thnh c=ng 1o cc t bo Cch, n; s~ gxi cc b5n tin oo< <onnection oecogu&>tion
<om3lete xc nh)n chuyn gi>o# <uoBTU gxi th=ng i23 oo< <onnection
oecongu&>tion <om3lete +Gc xc minh b{i eB$ Cch 1 s>u ; eB$ Cch c; th bt
u gxi -E li2u n c4#
cY 'on thnh chuyn gi>o#
Hnh 2./ 7c M*Hc hNn thnh Bu trnh chuyn giaN
u MKt b5n tin chuyn m7ch +6ng t&uy8n nT' "yUT<' +Gc gxi n MM4 b{i
eB$ Cch th=ng bo &Xng c4 1z> chuyn s>ng t bo m,i#
u $5n tin yIu cu mNt 3hng ng+6i -%ng c)3 nh)t crnT4 c"4o ]nB4
o4pc4"T +Gc gxi tz MM4 t,i <eng m7ng 3hOc 1O W"e&1ing !>tes>yY#
u <eng m7ng 3hOc 1O chuyn m7ch +6ng -E li2u t5i xu/ng n eB$ Cch 1 gxi mKt
h>y nhi8u g;i i t&In tuyn c eB$ ngun thdy cc g;i tin s~ 9h=ng +Gc t&uy8n t&In
L Quang V ()*V+ 2<
tuyn ny nE># ">u ;, ngun ti nguyIn c3l>neTB] h+,ng n eB$ ngun c; th +Gc
3ht#
u MKt b5n tin 3h5n hi c)3 nh)t cZ> mNt 3hng ng+6i -%ng crnT4 c"4o ]nB
o4"wB"4 +Gc gxi n MM4 tz "e&1ing !>tes>y# MM4 gxi b5n tin xc nh)n
chuyn m7ch +6ng t&uy8n nT' "yUT<' n<\Bwy]4r!4 xc nh)n b5n tin
nT' "yUT<'#
u eB$ Cch gxi th=ng bo t,i eB$ ngun l chuyn gi>o n n; ( thnh c=ng# eB$
Cch gxi tin nhn ny t,i eB$ g/c s>u 9hi xc nh)n chuyn m7ch +6ng t&uy8n nT'
"yUT<' n<\Bwy]4r!4 +Gc nh)n b{i eB$ Cch tz MM4#
u ">u 9hi eB$ ngun nh)n th=ng bo chuyn gi>o thnh c=ng, n; c; th 3ht s;ng 1=
tuyn 1 cc ti nguyIn# Bu c; -E li2u chuyn ti3 liIn tOc, n; c; th ti3 tOc#
(.. VCi >?} ABC &PC >?U:F A;<T: FiCU
T&ong h2 th/ng t&+,c nh+ R!, T! th* m7ng l_i 0u5n lJ oB<, oB< 0u5n lJ cc t&7m
$" 1 $" l7i 0u5n lJ cc c4# ?* th 9hi c4 chuyn 0u> 1%ng oB< 9hc 3hOc 1O, th*
m7ng l_i chH bit n oB< >ng 3hOc 1O c4# MAi chuyn gi>o +Gc i8u 9hin b{i oB<
Bh+ng /i 1,i 4ucTonB, m7ng l_i c; th thdy mAi chuyn gi>o#
4< c; 1>i t& &dt 0u>n t&Ang t&ong 0u t&*nh chuyn gi>o# T&ong 4< c; j
u ThLc th 0u5n lJ -i Kng MM4 n; ho7t Kng nh+ l mKt my chZ cZ> nh i8u hnh
1 n; +Gc 9t n/i t&Lc ti3 1,i c4# B; 0u5n lJ sL -i Kng cZ> c4, 0u5n lJ h s cc
thuI b>o 9t n/i#
u My chZ thuI b>o th+6ng ch: W '""Y l mKt c s{ -E li2u +Gc b5o t&* t7i 1b t&C nh
9h>i thc m7ng, l+u giE s/ li2u thuI b>o cho tdt c5 s/ li2u c/ bnh cZ> ng+6i sx -Ong 1
1b t&C cZ> ng+6i sx -Ong { mDc n:t i8u 9hin m7ng ni m ng+6i sx -Ong >ng lm
9hch# '"" l+u giE b5n g/c cZ> h s thuI b>o, t&ong ; chD> cc th=ng tin 18 cc -bch
1O +Gc 3 -Ong /i 1,i ng+6i sx -Ong, b>o gm th=ng tin 18 cc 9t n/i rB +Gc
3hl3 1 c; +Gc 3hl3 chuyn n mKt m7ng 9hc h>y 9h=ng# '"" cng l+u nhEng nh)n
L Quang V ()*V+ 21
-7ng cZ> cc u!y +Gc sx -Ong# B; l+u cc s/ nh)n -7ng cZ> cc u!y hi2n >ng sx
-Ong hh t&G -i Kng giE> cc m7ng t&uy nh)3 9h=ng 3h5i T!
(.% VCi >?} ABC oNB >?U:F A;<T: FiCU
M7ng t&uy nh)3 1= tuyn cZ> ]T4 +Gc gAi l 4ucTonB 1 mKt t&ong nhEng Nc
im chCnh cZ> n; l tdt c5 cc -bch 1O, b>o gm th6i gi>n thLc, s~ +Gc cung cd3 0u>
cc 9Inh chuyn m7ch g;i# MKt t&7m g/c m,i 3hDc t73 hn Bo-e$ t&ong y<rMn, ; l
eBo-e$ W4nh>nce- Bo-e$Y# eBo-e$ thz> h+{ng cc chDc nFng cZ> oB<# eBo-e$ chbu
t&ch nhi2m 0u5n lJ ti nguyIn 1= tuyn cZ> Q =, cc 0uyt bnh chuyn gi>o, l)3 biu
cho c5 +6ng lIn 1 +6ng xu/ng t&ong cc = cZ> m*nh# eBo-e$ +Gc n/i t,i m7ng l_i
th=ng 0u> gi>o -i2n "Q# "Q gi/ng nh+ gi>o -i2n Uu giE> m7ng l_i 1 oB< t&ong
y<rMn# !iE> cc eBo-e$ c; gi>o -i2n kR gi/ng nh+ gi>o -i2n Uu& t&ong y<rMn#
(.- VCi >?} ABC U& >?U:F A;<T: FiCU
c4 mu/n nh)n cc g;i -E li2u +6ng xu/ng theo thD tL tFng -n 1 nu c4 t*m thdy
mKt o7n bb t&/ng, n; s~ 9t lu)n &Xng mKt s/ g;i bb mdt# T&ong t&+6ng hG3 ny, c4 cung
cd3 cc g;i 9hc liIn tOc n l,3 c>o hn 1 9h=ng t&* ho(n 1i2c gxi cc g;i ( nh)n
t&uy8n l7i# Bh+ ( 8 c)3 t&+,c ;, 1i2c chuyn gi>o th>y ei cc t bo 3hOc 1O cZ> mKt
c4 t&ong oo<u<wBB4<T4r 1 ; l sL 9hc bi2t cZ> t bo chAn lAc l7i 9hi c4 t&ong
ch K oo<uUr]4# <ng 8 c)3 n 1dn 8 chuyn gi>o t&ong ]T4 l chuyn gi>o +Gc
i8u 9hin, +Gc hh t&G b{i c4 1 4ucTonB &> l2nh cho c4 bt u, th>y ei hoNc -zng
cc 3hl3 o# "L hh t&G cZ> c4 t&ong thZ tOc chuyn gi>o l t&ong cc 3hl3 o# <c 3hl3
o c; th +Gc 3hn &> lm R lo7i 9hi thLc hi2n chuyn gi>o t&ong m7ng ]T4 l o c%ng
tn s/ 1 o 9hc tn s/
">u 9hi cc 3hl3 o +Gc thLc hi2n 3h5i +Gc bo co cho cc eB$# $> tiIu chC +Gc
sx -Ong t&ong bo coj
u T&+6ng hG3 9Cch ho7t bo co
u $o co bnh 9
L Quang V ()*V+ 22
u T&+6ng hG3 9Cch ho7t bo co bnh 9
c4 sx -Ong on<' t&uy nh)3 t bo Cch# Bu t&ong mKt th6i gi>n nhdt bnh, cc
thZ tOc on<' 9h=ng t/t, liIn 9t 1= tuyn hng s~ 3hOc hi bXng cch sx -Ong t bo t/t
nhdt s~ +Gc 9h{i x+,ng b{i c4
(.P C=A @;WK:F >;À A;<T: FiCU >?U:F %G LT&
,"F"1 GhHn 4:3i cc phng th1c chu>En gia:
'2 th/ng y<rMn sx -Ong chuyn gi>o m8m cho c5 +6ng lIn 1 +6ng xu/ng# '2
th/ng '"n sx -Ong chuyn gi>o m8m cho +6ng lIn nh+ng 9h=ng sx -Ong cho +6ng
xu/ng# h2 th/ng ]T4, 9h=ng sx -Ong chuyn gi>o m8m, chH c; chuyn gi>o cDng, -o
; h2 th/ng t&{ nIn n gi5n hn# <huyn gi>o t&ong [! +Gc chi> lm R lo7ij
u <huyn gi>o giE> cc cell t&ong c%ng h2 th/ng [!# T&ong chuyn gi>o c%ng h2 th/ng
l7i +Gc chi> lm R lo7i l chuyn gi>o c%ng tn s/ 1 chuyn gi>o 9hc tn s/#
u <huyn gi>o giE> [! 1,i cc m7ng 9hc nh>u nh+ chuyn gi>o giE> [! 1,i T!,R!#
Hnh 2.L 6hXn 9N'i chuyn giaN trNng /) Y@5
,"F", Chu>En gia: c1ng
L Quang V ()*V+ 23
<huyn gi>o cDng -L> t&In nguyIn tc |ct t&+,c 9hi n/i} W$&e>9 $eto&e M>9eY c; th
+Gc chi> thnhj chuyn gi>o cDng c%ng tn s/ 1 chuyn gi>o cDng 9hc tn s/# T&ong
0u t&*nh chuyn gi>o cDng, 9t n/i c +Gc gi5i 3h;ng t&+,c 9hi thLc hi2n 9t n/i m,i,
ti nguyIn >ng sx -Ong s~ +Gc gi5i 3h;ng t&+,c 9hi ti nguyIn m,i +Gc sx -Ong ro
1)y, tCn hi2u bb ngt t&ong 9ho5ng th6i gi>n chuyn gi>o# Tuy nhiIn, thuI b>o 9h=ng c;
9h5 nFng nh)n bit +Gc 9ho5ng ngzng ;# T&ong t&+6ng hG3 chuyn gi>o cDng 9hc tn
s/, tn s/ s;ng m>ng cZ> 9Inh t&uy c)3 1= tuyn m,i 9hc so 1,i tn s/ s;ng m>ng hi2n
t7i#
Hnh 2.Z 7huyn giaN c,ng
u u im cZ> chuyn gi>o cDng l ti3 tOc mKt cuKc gAi 9hi 1+Gt 0u> m7ng hi2n
hnh, cung cd3 cc -bch 1O m{ &Kng, gi5m &,t cc cuKc gAi, b>o 3hZ 1 tCch hG3 m7ng
]T4 so 1,i nhi8u m7ng c; sn, t&nh 1i2c l(ng 3hC ti nguyIn#
u Bh+Gc im cZ> chuyn gi>o cDng l c; th x5y &> &,t cuKc gAi -o chdt l+Gng cZ>
9Inh m,i chuyn n t&{ nIn 0u xdu t&ong 9hi 9Inh c ( bb ct# <huyn gi>o cDng c;
L Quang V ()*V+ 24
9huyt im l ct t&+,c 9hi n/i, 1* th -@ x5y &> hi2u Dng 3ing 3ong# 'i2u Dng 3ing
3ong l hi2n t+Gng c4 bb chuyn gi>o liIn tOc t&ong 1%ng 3hOc 1O#
,"F"0 Chu>En gia: cCng h thng
<huyn gi>o c%ng h2 th/ng +Gc thLc hi2n 9hi c4 -i chuyn tz eB$ ngun s>ng eB$
Cch t&ong 9hi MM4 9h=ng th>y ei W h*nh R#fY# <huyn gi>o cDng c%ng h2 th/ng +Gc
chi> lm R lo7i j chuyn gi>o c%ng tn s/ 1 chuyn gi>o 9hc tn s/#
Hnh 2.[ 7huyn giaN c,ng c\ng h thng Y@5
<huyn gi>o c%ng tn s/ +Gc thLc hi2n giE> cc cell t&ong c%ng mKt eBo-e$ W h*nh
R#gY#
<huyn gi>o cDng 9hc tn s/ +Gc thLc hi2n giE> cc cell thuKc cc eBo-e$ 9hc
nh>u W h*nh R#aY#
L Quang V ()*V+ 25
Hnh 2.] 7huyn giaN c,ng c\ng t^n G
Hnh 2._ 7huyn giaN c,ng 3hc t^n G
thLc hi2n chuyn gi>o c%ng h2 th/ng c4 s~ thLc hi2n t&In -L on o l+6ng o"o
Woete&ence "ign>l oecei1e ose&Y 1 o"op Woete&ence "ign>l oecei1e pu>lityY -L> t&In
tCn hi2u th>m 9h5o o" Woete&ence "ign>lY nh)n +Gc tz cell >ng 3hOc 1O 1 tz cell 5nh
h+{ng m7nh nhdt# !i5i thu)t chuyn gi>o -L> t&In gi t&b o"o 1 o"op, chuyn gi>o
+Gc thit l)3 9hi cc th=ng s/ ny tz cell 5nh h+{ng c>o hn cell >ng 3hOc 1O#
y<rMn, ch:ng t> -%ng <U<' o"< 0uyt bnh chuyn gi>o th* { ]T4 t> s~ -%ng
o"o#
L Quang V ()*V+ 26
o"o l c=ng sudt thu tCn hi2u th>m 9h5o, n; l t&ung b*nh c=ng sudt cZ> tdt c5 cc
thnh 3hn ti nguyIn Wm>ng tCn hi2u th>m 9h5oY 0u> ton bK bFng th=ng#
o"op +Gc bnh nghi> l t s/ B#o"oo""U t&ong ; B l s/ o$ cZ> bFng th=ng
o l+6ng o""U cZ> ]T4#
T&ong 9hi o"o chH &> K m7nh tCn hi2u, o"op be sung mDc c>n nhi@u b{i 1* n; b>o
gm o""U# ?* 1)y o"op cho 3hl3 9t hG3 giE> c+6ng K tCn hi2u 1,i c>n nhi@u bo
co mKt cch hi2u 0u5#
\hi thLc hi2n o l+6ng chuyn gi>o th* K chInh l2ch mDc o"o 1 o"op 3h5i {
mKt mDc chInh l2ch m,i 0uyt bnh chuyn gi>o# /i 1,i R cell c%ng tn s/, K chInh
l2ch o"o tz u R -$ n u T -$, K chInh l2ch o"op tz uR,^ n [ -$# /i 1,i R
cell 9hc tn s/ th* K chInh l2ch o"o l u ` -$, K chInh l2ch o"op tz u T n [
-$#
,"F"4 Chu>En gia: Ihc h thng
<huyn gi>o liIn h2 th/ng giE> [! ]T4 1 T! , R! +Gc thLc hi2n { nhEng 9hu 1Lc
m c5 h>i h2 th/ng ny c%ng tn t7i#
<huyn gi>o liIn h2 th/ng +Gc yIu cu be xung 1%ng 3hZ giE> h>i h2 th/ng nhXm
5m b5o 3hOc 1O liIn tOc# <huyn gi>o liIn h2 th/ng c; th +Gc sx -Ong i8u chHnh
t5i giE> cc h2 th/ng [! ]T4 1,i !"M 1 y<rMn, 9hi 1%ng 3hZ giE> h>i h2 th/ng
chng ldn lIn nh>u# Bgoi &>, chuyn gi>o ny c; th thLc hi2n theo yIu cu cZ> ng+6i sx
-Ong#
L Quang V ()*V+ 2"
Hnh 2.10 7huyn giaN 3hc h thng
T&ong ]T4 , chuyn gi>o lu=n +Gc thLc hi2n 9hi mKt 9t n/i oo< tn t7i# <huyn
gi>o giE> 4ucTonB 1 cTonB +Gc thLc hi2n 9hi 4ucTonB { t&7ng thi oo<
<wBB4<T4r 1 cTonB { t&7ng thi <4]]r<'# <huyn gi>o giE> 4ucTonB 1
!"M +Gc thLc hi2n 9hi 4ucTonB { t&7ng thi oo< <wBB4<T4r 1 !"B { t&7ng
thi !"Mu<wBB4<T4r# pu t&*nh chuyn ei t&7ng thi t&ong chuyn gi>o liIn m7ng
giE> [! 1 R!, T! +Gc th hi2n nh+ t&ong h*nh R#QQ#
L Quang V ()*V+ 2(
Hnh 2.11.Qu trnh chuyn #8i tr'ng thi tr`ng chuyn giaN 9iIn m'ng /), 3),2)
<c b+,c thLc hi2n chuyn gi>o liIn m7ngj
u o#
u ThLc hi2n chuyn gi>o#
u 'on thnh chuyn gi>o#
u <huyn ti3 -E li2u#
>Y <huyn gi>o giE> [! ]T4 1 m7ng T!
u <huyn gi>o giE> 4ucTonB 1 cTonB +Gc thLc hi2n 9hi 4ucTonB { t&7ng thi
oo< <wBB4<T4r 1 cTonB { t&7ng thi <4]]r<'
<c b+,c chuyn gi>o giE> [! ]T4 1 T!j
u eB$ cdu h*nh 3hl3 o l+6ng T! { c4 sx -Ong b5n tin W oo< <onnection
oecontigu&>tionY# $5n tin ny thLc hi2n R chDc nFngj 
&> th=ng tin 18 tn s/ t&ung tm y<rMn 1 m( ng.u nhiIn h;> sx -Ong# t&ong
L Quang V ()*V+ 27
chuyn gi>o tz [! ]T4 n T! th* c4 s~ o <U<' 4c Uo 1 -L> t&In t&In 9t 0u5 o
<U<' 4c Uo +> &> 0uyt bnh chuyn gi>o##
u !i>i o7n chun bbj thLc hi2n cho gi>i o7n chun bb th* eB$ gxi mKt b5n tin n
MM4, b5n tin ny c; chD> mKt m( cZ> m7ng Cch# MM4 s>u ; s~ 9t n/i 1,i "!"B -L>
1o m( ( 3hn b/# \hi MM4 ( xc nh)n th* MM4 s~ gxi mKt b5n tin n eB$ xc
nh)n chuyn gi>o#
u ">u 9hi MM4 gxi b5n tin yIu cu chuyn gi>o n eB$ 1 tz eB$ gxi n c4# ">u
9hi nh)n +Gc l2nh th* c4 s~ thLc hi2n cc thZ tOc t&uy c)3 1o cTonB theo cc th=ng
s/ nh)n +Gc tz b5n tin yIu cu chuyn gi>o#
u oB< Cch s~ gxi b5n tin |oeloc>tion <om3lete | n "!"B Cch th=ng bo l
chuyn gi>o tz 4ucTonB l chuyn gi>o thnh c=ng# "!"B ( sn sng chun bb
nh)n -E li2u tz oB< 1 chuyn n; 18 3hC> "u!y# ">u ; "!"B Cch s~ th=ng bo cho
MM4 ngun &Xng cc c4 ( +Gc chuyn gi>o cho m7ng Cch#
u <huyn gi>o thnh c=ng, c4 s~ +Gc 9t n/i 1,i m7ng T! 1 cc 9t n/i 1= tuyn
cZ> c4 1,i m7ng [! ]T4 s~ +Gc gi5i 3h;ng#
bY <huyn gi>o giE> [! ]T4 1 m7ng R!
u \hi c4 c; nhu cu chuyn gi>o n m7ng R! th* Bn<< +Gc sx -Ong 1 ti nguyIn
9h=ng +Gc -nh t&+,c cho m7ng Cch#c4 1o m7ng R! { ch K oo<U-le 1 bt u
0u t&*nh ci Nt 9t n/i ooo# T&ong R! c4 s~ thLc hi2n o th=ng s/ o""U
<U<' o"< t&In tCn hi2u th>m 9h5o 1 -L> bo th=ng s/ ny 9Cch ho7t chuyn gi>o#
u !i>i o7n chun bb cho chuyn gi>o giE> [! ]T4 1 m7ng R! cng t+ng tL nh+
giE> [! ]T4 1 m7ng T!# eB$ gxi mKt b5n tin n MM4, b5n tin ny c; chD> mKt m(
cZ> m7ng Cch# MM4 s>u ; s~ 9t n/i 1,i "!"B -L> 1o m( ( 3hn b/# \hi MM4 (
xc nh)n th* MM4 s~ gxi mKt b5n tin n eB$ xc nh)n chuyn gi>o#
L Quang V ()*V+ 3u 9hi MM4 gxi b5n tin yIu cu chuyn gi>o n eB$ 1 tz eB$ gxi n c4# ">u
9hi nh)n +Gc l2nh th* c4 s~ thLc hi2n cc thZ tOc t&uy c)3 1o $"< theo cc th=ng s/
nh)n +Gc tz b5n tin yIu cu chuyn gi>o#
u ">u 9hi chuyn gi>o thnh c=ng c4 s~ +Gc 9t n/i 1,i m7ng R! 1 cc 9t n/i 1,i
[! ]T4 s~ +Gc gi5i 3h;ng#
(.[ 0U d=:; W< Iim ABC A;<T: FiCU >?U:F %G kXi A=A >;N ;D M;=A.
u "o 1,i h2 th/ng -i Kng Q! 1 R! mNc -% c%ng l sx -Ong 3h+ng 3h3 chuyn gi>o
cDng nh+ng t&ong h2 th/ng th=ng tin -i Kng [! c; bFng th=ng &Kng hn, t/c K -E li2u
c>o hn, chuyn gi>o nh>nh hn 1 9h=ng gin o7n, cung cd3 -bch 1O liIn tOc giE> cc
h2 th/ng 1 cc m7ng# T&@ t&uy8n -.n -E li2u teng th thd3 Wth6i gi>n t&@ iu18 -+,i ^ ms
cho cc g;i U nh t&ong i8u 9i2n t/i +uY, t&@ teng th cho chuyn gi>o th6i gi>n thit l)3
9t n/i nh hn so 1,i cc c=ng ngh2 t&uy nh)3 1= tuyn 9iu c
u "o 1,i T! th* [! chH c; chuyn gi>o cDng m 9h=ng c; chuyn gi>o m8m nIn
3h+ng thDc chuyn gi>o cng n gi5n hn 1 cdu t&:c cZ> h2 th/ng cng +Gc t/i +u
hn# MNt 9hc chuyn gi>o t&ong T! l chuyn gi>o m8m nIn tiIu thO ti nguyIn nhi8u
hn so 1,i chuyn gi>o cDng cZ> [!#
(.b Te:F MN> A;WK:F
T&ong ch+ng R em ( t&*nh by 18 sL 0u>n t&Ang cZ> chuyn gi>o, t&*nh tL cZ> mKt
0u t&*nh chuyn gi>o 1 3hn lo7i cc lo7i chuyn gi>o c; t&ong [! ]T4# /i 1,i mKt h2
th/ng th=ng tin -i Kng th* chuyn gi>o +Gc 1C nh+ t&i tim cZ> h2 th/ng 1* nu 9h=ng
c; chuyn gi>o th* thit bb u cu/i 9h=ng th no -i Kng m 1.n c; th giE +Gc 9t
n/i# <huyn gi>o 0u>n t&Ang nh+ 1)y nIn chuyn gi>o cn 3h5i +Gc c5i thi2n s>o cho
gi5m +Gc thd3 nhdt xc sudt mdt 9t n/i 1 xc sudt chuyn gi>o 9h=ng cn thit
t&nh l(ng 3hC ti nguyIn# Ti3 theo t&ong ch+ng T em s~ 9h5o st 18 R th=ng s/ t&ong
0u t&*nh chuyn gi>o ; l xc sudt chuyn gi>o lhi 1 xc sudt chuyn gi>o 9h=ng cn
thit#
L Quang V ()*V+ 31
L Quang V ()*V+ 32
n tt nghip Chng0: JhK: Lt =/t L tha= L t<:ng Mu t<Nnh chu>En gia: c9a 4G
L!
CH!NG . " /H+ 01T M2T 03 THAM 03 T,+NG 4U1 T,NH
CHU)*N GIA+ C5A %G LT&
..' ~> km: Ix
pu> nhEng g* ( xlt t&ong ch+ng R t> c; th thdy chuyn gi>o l c; mKt 1>i t& 0u>n
t&Ang t&ong bdt cD mKt m7ng -i Kng 9h=ng -y no# MKt bi ton +Gc Nt &> l lm th
no c; th tFng chdt l+Gng cZ> 0u t&*nh chuyn gi>o, t&nh bb mdt 9t n/i t&ong 0u
t&*nh chuyn gi>o 1 c; th gi5m n thd3 nhdt 1i2c l(ng 3hC ti nguyIn t&ong 0u t&*nh
chuyn gi>o# T&ong 0u t&*nh chuyn gi>o th* 1i2c lL> chAn th6i im chuyn gi>o 1 1b
t&C 9Cch ho7t chuyn gi>o t&ong 0u t&*nh -i chuyn cZ> MT l Q1dn 8 &dt 0u>n t&Ang#
MKt chuyn gi>o 9h=ng nIn +Gc 9Cch ho7t 0u muKn 1* n; s~ -.n n mdt 9t n/i 1
cng 9h=ng nIn 9Cch ho7t 0u s,m 1* s~ -.n n 1i2c l(ng 3hC ti nguyIn# T&ong 0u
t&*nh chuyn gi>o th* 1)n t/c cZ> MT c; 5nh h+{ng &dt l,n t,i xc sudt chuyn gi>o lhi 1
xc sudt chuyn gi>o 9h=ng cn thit# gi5i 0uyt 1dn 8 ; ch:ng t> cn 3h5i 9h5o st
cc th>m s/ t&ong 0u t&*nh chuyn gi>o# T&ong ch+ng T ny s~ 9h5o st 18 R th>m s/ ;
l xc sudt chuyn gi>o lhi 1 xc sudt chuyn gi>o cn thit#
..( L >;<TN> I M;yU d=> =A d<m> A;<T: FiCU ^ni k\ =A d<m> A;<T: FiCU M;G:F
Ac: >;iN>.
0","1 Cc .Anh nghOa:
u <huyn gi>o lhij MKt chuyn gi>o lhi x5y x5y &> 9hi mKt chuyn gi>o bt u nh+ng
m7ng Cch l7i 9h=ng Z ti nguyIn cung cd3 cho n; hoNc l 9hi thit bb u cu/i -i
chuyn &> 9hi m7ng Cch t&+,c 9hi 0u t&*nh chuyn gi>o hon tdt# T&ong t&+6ng hG3 thD
nhdt th* xc sudt chuyn gi>o lhi c; sL liIn 0u>n n sL c; sn 18 ti nguyIn cZ> 9Inh
m>ng# <n t&+6ng hG3 thD h>i l liIn 0u>n n sL -i Kng cZ> thit bb u cu/i#
u <huyn gi>o 9h=ng cn thit j MKt chuyn gi>o 9h=ng cn thit x5y &> 9hi mKt thit
bb u cu/i -i Kng t&ong mKt m7ng n 1 0uyt bnh chuyn gi>o n m7ng $ nh+ng s>u
9hi chuyn gi>o th* bFng th=ng hoNc c=ng sudt tCn hi2u t7i $ l7i nh hn t7i n#
L Quang V ()*V+ 33
L!
u Thu)t ton 'T<4Rj l mKt thu)t ton +Gc sx -Ong xc bnh th6i im thCch hG3
9Cch ho7t chuyn gi>o 9hi MT >ng -i Kng t&In 0u 7o cZ> n;# 'T<4 +Gc +> &>
giE xc sudt mdt 9t n/i -+,i mDc cho 3hl3 9hi 1)n t/c cZ> MT th>y ei# <c b+,c
xc bnh im chuyn gi>o -L> 1o thu)t ton 'T<4 c; T b+,cj
MT thLc hi2n bnh 9* 3hl3 o o"" cZ> y]nB 1 tCnh ton gi t&b t&ung b*nh cZ> n;
W Y
<h7y thu)t ton 'T<4 +,c tCnh & 1 o"" t7i im $#
<huyn gi>o +Gc 9Cch ho7t nu gi5m xu/ng -+,i mDc o"" t7i im $#
u o"" l c+6ng K tCn hi2u m MT nh)n +Gc tz m7ng y]nB#
u Bg+Png o""j ] mDc tCn hi2u t/i thiu c; th nh)n +Gc m t7i ; my thu c; th
9t n/i +Gc 1,i eB$# Bg+Png o"" t7i im th>m chiu $ t&ong h*nh T#Q +Gc tCnh theo
c=ng thDc s>uRj
o"" Tx ]&et u QS k W T#QY
T&ong ; Tx l c=ng sudt 3ht cZ> m7ng y]nB
]&et l ten h>o +6ng t&uy8n t7i im th>m chiu
-&et 9ho5ng cch giE> n 1 im th>m chiu
k l 3hn b/ !>ussi>n bin ng.u nhiIn
h2 s/ ten h>o +6ng t&uy8n
h+ng 3h3 ng+Png tCnh ton ng+Png o"" +Gc +> &> 1,i mOc Cch giE s/ 9t
n/i bb mdt { -+,i mKt ng+Png nhdt bnh# ?C -O nh+ nu cc nh thit 9 h2 th/ng mu/n
L Quang V ()*V+ 34
L!
thit 9 mKt h2 th/ng m yIu cu xc sudt mdt 9t n/i { -+,i QS th* ng+Png o"" s~
i8u chHnh tH s/ giE> s/ 9t n/i bb mdt 1 teng s/ 9t n/i s~ { -+,i QS#
0",", Pc LuQt chu>En gia: 4Ri v7 Sc LuQt chu>En gia: Ih$ng cTn thi%t"
!i5 sx c; mKt my -i Kng MT >ng -i chuyn 1 >ng +Gc 9t n/i 1,i Q m7ng ngoi
mu/n -i chuyn 1o 1%ng 3hZ s;ng cZ> m7ng [! 1 9t n/i t,i m7ng [! th* n; 3h5i thLc
hi2n chuyn gi>o tz m7ng ngoi 1o m7ng [!#
pu 7o -i chuyn cZ> MT +Gc th hi2n 0u> h*nh T#Q
Hnh 3.1 Qay #'N "i chuyn ca E@ tb m'ng ngNi >N m'ng /)
MT i 1o 1 i &> 9hi m7ng y]nB t7i 1b t&C i 1 o theo 0u 7o l Q +6ng thng#
M l t&ung im cZ> 3hn 0u 7o bIn t&ong m7ng y]nB# $ l gi>o im thD R cZ> 0u
L Quang V ()*V+ 35
L!
7o -i chuyn 1 +6ng t&n thD R +Gc gAi l im 9Cch ho7t chuyn gi>o# $n 9Cnh cZ>
+6ng t&n bIn t&ong 1 +6ng t&n bIn ngoi b>o 0u>nh 9hu 1Lc biIn ln l+Gt l & 1 o#
?%ng gi,i h7n b{i +6ng t&n bIn t&ong 1 +6ng t&n bIn ngoi gAi l 1%ng chuyn
gi>o#
\hi MT i 1o 1%ng 3hZ cZ> m7ng y]nB 1 mu/n chuyn gi>o 1o m7ng# Bu
chuyn gi>o ny l cn thit th* n; s~ +Gc chuyn gi>o s>ng m7ng y]nB# ">u ; MT
s~ ti3 tOc 0u 7o cZ> n; t&ong m7ng 1 n; -i chuyn 1+Gt &> ngoi im M# \hi ny
o"" cZ> n bt u gi5m xu/ng# \hi ; thu)t ton 'T<4 +Gc sx -Ong xc bnh
im t&ong 0u 7o -i chuyn cZ> MT m t7i ; chuyn gi>o +Gc 9Cch ho7t#
9h5o st cc th=ng s/ cZ> 0u t&*nh chuyn gi>o t> c; b5ng cc th=ng s/ cZ> 0u
t&*nh chuyn gi>o t&ong b5ng T#Q
TCng 3.1 7c th!ng G ca Bu trnh chuyn giaN
L Quang V ()*V+ 36
L!
3.2.2.1 cc Gudt chuyn giaN 9ei
9h5o st xc sudt chuyn gi>o lhi t> sx -Ong R 3h+ng 3h3j 3h+ng 3h3 -L> t&In
ng+Png o"" c/ bnh 1 3h+ng 3h3 -L> t&In t&@ +6ng t&uy8n#
>Y h+ng 3h3 ng+Png o"" c/ bnhj
MKt chuyn gi>o s~ +Gc 9Cch ho7t 9hi o"" n; nh)n +Gc tz m7ng { -+,i mKt ng+Png
c/ bnh
"x -Ong c=ng thDc tCnh xc sudt chuyn gi>o lhi -L> t&In ng+Png o"" c/ bnh t> c;
3h+ng t&*nh s>u Rj
tixe- W T#RY
T&ong ;
L Quang V ()*V+ 3"
<c th=ng s/ \C hi2u !i t&b
$n 9Cnh m7ng [! o Q^S m
<=ng sudt 3ht t7i im n Tx RS -$m
\ho5ng cch giE> n cZ> m7ng [! 1 im
th>m chiu
-&et Qm
Ten h>o +6ng t&uy8n t7i im th>m chiu ]&et [S -$
'2 s/ ten h>o +6ng t&uy8n T,^
K l2ch tiIu chun cZ> 3h> ing "h>-os
[,T -$
T&@ chuyn gi>o tz m7ng ngoi n m>ng [!
i
R s
T&@ chuyn gi>o tz m7ng [! n m7ng ngoi
o
R s
L!
oQtixe- l 9ho5ng cch giE> MT 1 n cZ> m7ng y]nB# \hi chuyn gi>o n m7ng
y]nB x5y &> -L> t&In 3h+ng 3h3 ng+Png o"" c/ bnh th* n; +Gc tCnh bXng c=ng
thDc Rj
oQtixe- W T#TY
o""Qtixe- +Gc tCnh theo c=ng thDc W T#QY
l 1)n t/c cZ> MT
4T l c=ng sudt 3ht t7i n
<c th>m s/ cn l7i +Gc cho t&ong b5ng T#Q
\hi o"" o +Gc t7i MT thd3 hn ng+Png o""Qtixe- th* chuyn gi>o s~ +Gc 9Cch
ho7t, 9hi ; t> s~ xc bnh +Gc 9ho5ng cch tz MT n n cZ> m7ng y]nB 1 s~ tCnh
+Gc xc sudt chuyn gi>o 9h=ng cn thit cZ> 0u t&*nh chuyn gi>o theo c=ng thDc
WT#RY#
bY h+ng 3h3 -L> t&In t&@
MKt chuyn gi>o +Gc 9Cch ho7t 9hi o"" m MT nh)n +Gc tz y]nB { -+,i mDc
ng+Png cKng 1,i t&@, o""Qhyst hy
T&ong ; o""Qhyst l ng+Png o"" 1 hy l mKt hXng s/ 7i -i2n cho t&@
"x -Ong c=ng thDc tCnh xc sudt chuyn gi>o lhi -L> t&In t&@ t> c; 3h+ng t&*nh s>u
Rj
W T#[Y
T&ong ;
L Quang V ()*V+ 3(
L!
oQhyst l 9ho5ng cch giE> MT 1 n cZ> m7ng y]nB , 9hi chuyn gi>o n m7ng
y]nB x5y &> -L> t&In 3h+ng 3h3 t&@ th* n; +Gc tCnh theo c=ng thDcj
oQtixe- WT#^Y
o""Qhyst +Gc tCnh theo c=ng thDc W T#QY
l 1)n t/c cZ> MT
hy l hXng s/ 7i -i2n cho t&@
\hi o"" o +Gc t7i MT thd3 hn ng+Png o""Qhyst hy th* chuyn gi>o s~ +Gc
9Cch ho7t, 9hi ; t> s~ xc bnh +Gc 9ho5ng cch tz MT n n cZ> m7ng y]nB 1 s~
tCnh +Gc xc sudt chuyn gi>o lhi cZ> 0u t&*nh chuyn gi>o theo c=ng thDc WT#[Y#
3.2.2.2 cc Gudt chuyn giaN 3h!ng c^n thi(t
9h5o st th>m s/ xc sudt chuyn gi>o 9h=ng cn thit t> cng sx -Ong R 3h+ng
3h3 nh+ { t&In ; l 3h+ng 3h3 ng+Png o"" c/ bnh 1 3h+ng 3h3 t&@#
>Y h+ng 3h3 ng+Png o"" c/ bnhj
"x -Ong 3h+ng t&*nh tCnh xc sudt chuyn gi>o 9h=ng cn thit t> c; 3h+ng t&*nh s>u
Rj
utixe- WT#`Y
T&ong ;
L Quang V ()*V+ 37
L!
oQtixe- l 9ho5ng cch giE> MT 1 n cZ> m7ng y]nB# \hi chuyn gi>o n m7ng
y]nB x5y &> -L> t&In 3h+ng 3h3 ng+Png o"" c/ bnh th* n; +Gc tCnh bXng c=ng
thDc Rj
oQtixe- W T#fY
o""Qtixe- +Gc tCnh theo c=ng thDc W T#QY
l 1)n t/c cZ> MT
\hi o"" o +Gc t7i MT thd3 hn ng+Png o""Qtixe- th* chuyn gi>o s~ +Gc 9Cch
ho7t, 9hi ; t> s~ xc bnh +Gc 9ho5ng cch tz MT n n cZ> m7ng y]nB 1 s~ tCnh
+Gc xc sudt chuyn gi>o 9h=ng cn thit cZ> 0u t&*nh chuyn gi>o theo c=ng thDc
WT#`Y#
bY h+ng 3h3 -L> t&In t&@
"x -Ong 3h+ng 3h3 tCnh xc sudt chuyn gi>o 9h=ng cn thit -L> t&In t&@ t> c;
3h+ng t&*nh s>u Rj
uhyst WT#gY
T&ong ; oQhyst l 9ho5ng cch giE> MT 1 n cZ> m7ng y]nB , 9hi chuyn gi>o n
m7ng y]nB x5y &> -L> t&In 3h+ng 3h3 t&@ th* n; +Gc tCnh theo c=ng thDc Rj
oQtixe- WT#aY
L Quang V ()*V+ 4<
L!
o""Qhyst +Gc tCnh theo c=ng thDc W T#QY
l 1)n t/c cZ> MT
hy l hXng s/ 7i -i2n cho t&@
\hi o"" o +Gc t7i MT thd3 hn ng+Png o""Qhyst hy th* chuyn gi>o s~ +Gc
9Cch ho7t, 9hi ; t> s~ xc bnh +Gc 9ho5ng cch tz MT n n cZ> m7ng y]nB 1 s~
tCnh +Gc xc sudt chuyn gi>o 9h=ng cn thit cZ> 0u t&*nh chuyn gi>o theo c=ng thDc
WT#gY#
... C;WK:F >?9:; M;yU d=> =A d<m> A;<T: FiCU ^ni k\ =A d<m> A;<T: FiCU M;G:F
Ac: >;iN>.
0"0"1 Chng t<Nnh IhK: Lt Sc LuQt chu>En gia: 4Ri v7 chu>En gia: Ih$ng cTn
thi%t"
9h5o st xc sudt chuyn gi>o lhi 1 xc sudt chuyn gi>o 9h=ng cn thit t> sx
-Ong c=ng cO 9h5o st l 3hn m8m M>tl>b b{i 1* 3hn m8m M>tl>b l mKt t&ong nhEng
3hn m8m -@ sx -Ong m em ( +Gc hAc t&ong 0u t&*nh hAc t)3 t7i t&+6ng# rL> 1o c
s{ lJ thuyt 9h5o st xc sudt chuyn gi>o lhi 1 xc sudt chuyn gi>o 9h=ng cn thit (
t&*nh by t&ong 3hn T#R 1 cc th=ng s/ t&ong 0u t&*nh chuyn gi>o c; t&ong b5ng T#Q
9t hG3 1,i th>m 9h5o ti li2u R em ( xy -Lng +Gc ch+ng t&*nh 9h5o st sx
-Ongj
3.3.1.2 7h*1ng trnh 3hCN Gt fc Gudt chuyn giaN 9ei ca chuyn giaN thSN J00
> trg:
This co-e is use- to com3>&e the 3&o3ose- h>n-o1e& necessity estim>tion
W'B4Y sith othe& h>n-o1e& -ecision metho-s, inclu-ing tixe- o"" b>se-
L Quang V ()*V+ 41
L!
>n- hyste&esis b>se- metho-s#
cle>& >ll
Betso&9 3>&>mete&s initi>li>tion
oQ^Sotixe-Q^SohystQRSt>uiRt>uoRtS#SRuS#S[
?elocities ot mobile te&min>ls t&om Q 9mh to QSS 9mh >&e inclu-e-#
to& iQjQSS
1SWiYi1WiY1SWiY#^Qg
&ob>bility ot h>n-o1e& t>ilu&es to& the tixe- o"" b>se- metho-#
it 1WiYt>uiRotixe- ttixe-WiYQ
else ttixe-WiYR3i>sinW1WiY#t>uiRotixe-Y
en-
&ob>bility ot h>n-o1e& t>ilu&es to& the hyste&esis b>se- metho- #
it 1WiYt>uiRohyst thystWiYQ
else thystWiYR3i>sinW1WiY#t>uiRohystY
en-
en-
kl>bel W 1>ntocW9mhY
ql>belW x>c su>t chuyen gi>o loiY
3lot W 1S, 3thystY
3lotW1S,3ttixe-,#uY
3.3.1.3 7h*1ng trnh 3hCN Gt fc Gudt chuyn giaN 3h!ng c^n thi(t thSN J00 >
trg:
This co-e is use- to com3>&e the 3&o3ose- h>n-o1e& necessity estim>tion
W'B4Y sith othe& h>n-o1e& -ecision metho-s, inclu-ing tixe- o"" b>se-
L Quang V ()*V+ 42
L!
>n- hyste&esis b>se- metho-s#
cle>& >ll
Betso&9 3>&>mete&s initi>li>tion
oQ^Sotixe-Q^SohystQRSt>uiRt>uoRtS#SRuS#S[
?elocities ot mobile te&min>ls t&om Q 9mh to QSS 9mh >&e inclu-e-#
to& iQjQSS
1SWiYi1WiY1SWiY#^Qg
&ob>bility ot unnecess>&y h>n-o1e&s to& the tixe- o"" b>se- metho-#
it 1WiYWt>uit>uoYRotixe- utixe-WiYQ
else utixe-WiYR3i>sinW1WiY#Wt>uit>uoYRotixe-Y
en-
&ob>bility ot unnecess>&y h>n-o1e&s to& the hyste&esis b>se- metho- #
it 1WiYWt>uit>uoYRohyst uhystWiYQ
else uhystWiYR3i>sinW1WiY#Wt>uit>uoYRohystY
en-
en-
hol- on
g&i- on
kl>bel W 1>ntocW9mhYY
ql>belW x>c su>t chuyen gi>o 9hong c>n thietY
lotW1S, 3uhystY
lot W1S,3ttixe-,#uY
0"0", J%t MuK IhK: Lt v7 nh?n SUt"
L Quang V ()*V+ 43
L!
3.3.2.1 cc Gudt chuyn giaN 9ei
u kc sudt chuyn gi>o lhi -L> 1o 3h+ng 3h3 ng+Png o"" c/ bnhj
Hnh 3.2 cc Gudt chuyn giaN 9ei "Aa ca chuyn giaN thSN ng*hng J00 c #=nh
u kc sudt chuyn gi>o lhi cZ> chuyn gi>o theo t&@j
Hnh 3.3 cc Gudt chuyn giaN 9ei ca chuyn giaN thSN trg
u kc sudt chuyn gi>o lhi cZ> chuyn gi>o theo t&@ 1 ng+Png o"" c/ bnh
L Quang V ()*V+ 44
L!
Hnh 3./ cc Gudt chuyn giaN 9ei ca chuyn giaN thSN trg > ng*hng J00 c #=nh
N;: >"
\hi c=ng sudt 3ht 9h=ng th>y ei th* 9hi 1)n t/c cZ> MT cng tFng th* xc sudt
chuyn gi>o lhi cng tFng# Bh+ng -o sx -Ong 3h+ng 3h3 -L> t&In t&@ 1 ng+Png o""
c/ bnh nIn xc sudt chuyn gi>o lhi cZ> chuyn gi>o +Gc h7n ch i &dt nhi8u# Bh+
t&ong h*nh T#[ t> c; th thdy xc sudt chuyn gi>o lhi t&ong chuyn gi>o tFng tH l2 thu)n
1,i 1)n t/c cZ> MT# $>n u 9hi MT bt u -i chuyn 1,i 1)n t/c b>n u l S 9mh 1
xc sudt chuyn gi>o lhi l 3t S, 9hi 1)n t/c MT 7t t,i QSS9mh th* xc sudt chuyn
gi>o lhi theo ng+Png o"" c/ bnh l 3ttixe- S#QR 1 theo t&@ l 3ttixe- S#Q^#
<%ng 1,i tH l2 tFng cZ> 1)n t/c th* xc sudt chuyn gi>o lhi theo ng+Png o"" tFng ch)m
hn so 1,i xc sudt chuyn gi>o lhi theo t&@ 1* 1)y nIn so 1,i 3h+ng 3h3 -L> t&In t&@
th* 3h+ng 3h3 -L> t&In ng+Png o"" c/ bnh s~ h7n ch +Gc xc sudt chuyn gi>o lhi
t/t hn#
L Quang V ()*V+ 45
L!
3.3.2.2 cc Gudt chuyn giaN 3h!ng c^n thi(t.
u kc sudt chuyn gi>o 9h=ng cn thit cZ> 0u t&*nh chuyn gi>o theo ng+Png o"" c/
bnh W h*nh T#^Y
Hnh 3.L cc Gudt chuyn giaN 3h!ng c^n thi(t ca chuyn giaN thSN ng*hng J00 c #=nh
u kc sudt chuyn gi>o 9h=ng cn thit cZ> 0u t&*nh chuyn gi>o theo t&@ W h*nh T#`Y#
Hnh 3.Z cc Gudt chuyn giaN 3h!ng c^n thi(t ca chuyn giaN thSN trg
L Quang V ()*V+ 46
L!
u "o snh R 3h+ng 3h3 9h5o st xc sudt chuyn gi>o 9h=ng cn thit W h*nh T#fY#
Hnh 3.[ cc Gudt chuyn giaN 3h!ng c^n thi(t ca chuyn giaN thSN trg > ng*hng J00 c #=nh
N;: >"
u \hi 1)n t/c cZ> MT cng tFng th* xc sudt chuyn gi>o 9h=ng cn thit cng tFng#
Bh+ng -o sx -Ong 3h+ng 3h3 -L> t&In t&In t&@ 1 3h+ng 3h3 -L> t&In ng+Png o""
c/ bnh xc bnh 1b t&C 9Cch ho7t chuyn gi>o nIn xc sudt chuyn gi>o 9h=ng cn thit
+Gc h7n ch 1 gi5m i nhi8u# "o 1,i c%ng xudt 3ht im l 9hi MT bt u -i chuyn
1,i 1)n t/c b>n u l S 9mh 1,i xc sudt chuyn gi>o 9h=ng cn thit l 3uS th* 9hi
1)n t/c tFng lIn n QSS9mh th* xc sudt chuyn gi>o 9h=ng cn thit theo t&@ l
3uhyst S#TQ 1 xc sudt chuyn gi>o 9h=ng cn thit theo o"" l 3utixe- S#R^, t>
c; th thdy so 1,i 3h+ng 3h3 t&@ th* 3h+ng 3h3 o"" c/ bnh h7n ch +Gc xc sudt
chuyn gi>o lhi t/t hn#
..% Te:F MN> A;WK:F .
T&ong ch+ng T em ( 9h5o st 18 R th=ng s/ 0u>n t&Ang t&ong 0u t&*nh chuyn gi>o
; l xc sudt chuyn gi>o lhi 1 xc sudt chuyn gi>o 9h=ng cn thit bXng R 3h+ng
3h3 ; l -L> t&In ng+Png o"" c/ bnh 1 -L> t&In t&@# /i 1,i 9h5o st xc sudt
L Quang V ()*V+ 4"
L!
chuyn gi>o lhi th* 3h+ng 3h3 ng+Png o"" cho 9t 0u5 t/t hn, n; gi5m thiu +Gc
xc sudt chuyn gi>o lhi t/t hn so 1,i 3h+ng 3h3 -L> t&In t&@# /i 1,i 9h5o st xc
sudt chuyn gi>o 9h=ng cn thit th* 3h+ng 3h3 -L> t&In t&@ l7i t/i +u +Gc xc sudt
chuyn gi>o 9h=ng cn thit t/t hn so 1,i 3h+ng 3h3 ng+Png o"" c/ bnh#
L Quang V ()*V+ 4(
n tt nghip J%t Lu?n
/T LUN
T&ong n ny , em ( t&*nh by 18 1dn 8 chuyn gi>o t&ong h2 th/ng [! ]T4 0u
t&*nh thLc hi2n chuyn gi>o, 3hn lo7i cc 3h+ng 3h3 chuyn gi>o# T&ong ch+ng T em
( thLc hi2n 9h5o st R th=ng s/ cZ> 0u t&*nh chuyn gi>o ; l xc sudt chuyn gi>o lhi
1 xc sudt chuyn gi>o 9h=ng cn thit bXng R 3h+ng 3h3 ; l -L> 1o ng+Png o""
c/ bnh 1 -L> 1o t&@# ?i2c nghiIn cDu 9h5o st R th=ng s/ bXng R 3h+ng 3h3 ny
+Gc Dng -Ong t&ong thLc t s~ gi:3 gi5m thiu tH l2 mdt 9t n/i 1 t&nh l(ng 3hC ti
nguyIn t&ong 0u t&*nh chuyn gi>o t&ong thLc t ngoi &> cn c; th tFng tCnh -i Kng 1
3h7m 1i cZ> =#
L Quang V ()*V+ 47
n tt nghip 7i 4iu tha= IhK:
T7I LIU THAM /H+
Q# T"# Bguy@n h7m nnh rng, | @h!ng tin "i #ng |#
R# ki>ohu>n q>n , n thesis submitte- to& the -eg&ee ot rocto& ot hiloso3hy
|iptimijatiNn Nk lSrtica9 Han"N>Sr mSciGiNn 6rNcSGGSG kNr KNurth )SnSratiNn
HStSrNgSnSNuG <irS9SGG NStnNr3G}
T# >ymin \>1>iy> , |ontSr;oJR@ Han"N>Sr in Y@5 |#
[# http:pp>i.ni3ipS"ia.Nrgpni3ipY@5
^# oon> ?eh>nen , |Han"N>Sr MStnSSn Y@5 an" 3) Ja"iN RccSGG @SchnN9NgiSG: @SGt
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Lê Quang Vũ - D09VT5 - Chuyển Giao Trong 4G LTE

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