Version 3.

00
Updated September 1998
Supersedes Ver 2.50
PRUDENT !!D ST!R"#E$ %uestions & "ns'ers
rom t(e )ouse at *at+s #reen
",an T. )a-an

./n t(is 'or01 '(en it s(a,, be 2ound t(at mu3( is omitted1
,et it not be 2or-otten t(at mu3( ,i0e'ise is per2ormed..
Samue, 4o(nson1 15551 upon
3omp,etion o2 (is di3tionar6.
*ourtes6 o2 4ames T. Ste7ens

888888888 SPE*/"9 N!TE 88888 SPE*/"9 N!TE 88888 SPE*/"9 N!TE 88888888
T(is Version 3.0 update o2 t(e Prudent ood Stora-e "% in3,udes a
2irst time e7ent. "n in3reasin- number o2 peop,e (a7e been as0in- 2or a
printed and bound 3op6 o2 t(e "%1 apparent,6 as a response to t(e :ear
2000 3omputer prob,em and ot(er ;i,,ennia, 3on3erns. <it( t(e aid o2 m6
partner1 =ob )o,,in-s'ort(1 'e (a7e 2ormatted1 printed and bound Version
3.0 to (onor t(ese re>uests. Natura,,61 sin3e 'e (a7e spent a -ood dea,
o2 our time and a not in3onsiderab,e amount o2 our 3as( in doin- t(is 'e
are not -i7in- it a'a6 2or 2ree1 but are 3(ar-in- ?15.00 @USA per 3op6
p,us ?3.00 s(ippin- and (and,in- @US Posta, Ser7i3e Priorit6 ;ai,A. ;6
posta, address ma6 be 2ound be,o' and at t(e end o2 t(is 2i,e1 or 6ou
ma6 eBmai, me.
T(is print edition 'i,, be a7ai,ab,e 2or on,6 2or a ,imited time.
T(e reason 2or t(is is t(at / am present,6 at 'or0 on .T(e Prudent
Pantr6$ :our #uide to =ui,din- " ood /nsuran3e Pro-ram.1 m6 2irst
3ommer3ia, 'or0. <(en 3omp,eted it 'i,, 3ontain a,, o2 t(e 3ontent o2
t(is "% p,us a -ood dea, more t(at / don+t present,6 3o7er su3( as
stora-e pro-ram p,annin-1 in7entor6 3ontro,1 stora-e ,o3ations1 t(e best
2oods to store1 -rain mi,,s & ot(er e>uipment1 'ater stora-e and
puri2i3ation a,on- 'it( eCpedient sanitation.
"t t(is time / am not read6 to -i7e eit(er a 2irm pub,i3ation date
or 3o7er pri3e 2or 8T(e Prudent Pantr681 but / am (opin- 2or ear,6
sprin- o2 1999. <(en it is read6 to -o to press / 'i,, stop printin-
bound "% 3opies. Due to t(e e7er -ro'in- siDe o2 t(e 'or0 @present,6
o7er 3000A / 3an no ,on-er post t(e "% to t(e Usenet. / 'i,,1 o2
3ourse1 3ontinue to ma0e t(e "% updates a7ai,ab,e on,ine 7ia (ost sites
on t(e <or,d <ide <eb e7en a2ter t(e boo0 (its t(e street.
*"RPE D/E;E
888888888 SPE*/"9 N!TE 88888 SPE*/"9 N!TE 88888 SPE*/"9 N!TE 8888888888
"*FN!<9ED#E;ENTS$ Diana )a-an1 m6 'i2e1 and soon to be 3oBaut(or1
2or 3opious amounts o2 -enia, to,eran3e and end,ess editin-G Susan
*o,,in-'ood 2or sa-e ad7i3eG =arbaraFEG #ar6 *(and,erG S0ipper *,ar01
aut(or o2 8*reatin- t(e *omp,ete ood Stora-e Pro-ram8G Denis
Dei-ueiredoG ", Durts3(i 2or resour3es and en3oura-ementG *rai-
E,,isG P6otr i,ipi7i3(G Sandon ". ,o'ersG "m6 #a,e1 editor o2 t(e
8re3.2ood.3oo0in- "%8G #eri #uidetti1 o2 t(e 8"r0 /nstitute8G <ood6
)arperG )i--ins10G Robert )o,,in-s'ort(1 2or t(e 2ormattin- and
pub,is(in- o2 t(e (ard 3op6 editionG 4enn6 S. 4o(anssenG Fa(,essG
4ames T. Ste7ens1 aut(or o2 8;a0in- T(e =est o2 =asi3s8G "m6 T(ompson
@Sa3o oodsAG Patton TurnerG 9o-an Van9ei-(G ;ar0 <estp(a,G a number
o2 2o,0s '(o 2or reasons su22i3ient unto t(emse,7es 'is( to remain
anon6mousG and ,ast1 but 3ertain,6 not ,east1 9es,ie =ase,1 editor o2
t(e 8re3.2ood.preser7in- "%81 'it(out '(om /+d ne7er (a7e attempted
t(is in t(e 2irst p,a3e.
Updated$ 9H18H9IG JH1IH95G 5H21H95G 10H20H95G 9H15H98
*op6ri-(t @3A 199I1 19951 1998. ",an T. )a-an. ",, ri-(ts reser7ed.

EC3,udin- 3ontributions attributed to spe3i2i3 indi7idua,s a,,
materia, in t(is 'or0 is 3op6ri-(ted to ",an T. )a-an and a,, ri-(ts are
reser7ed. T(is 'or0 ma6 be 3opied and distributed 2ree,6 as ,on- as t(e
entire teCt1 m6 and t(e 3ontributor+s names and t(is 3op6ri-(t noti3e
remain inta3t1 un,ess m6 prior eCpress permission (as been obtained.
T(is "% ma6 not be distributed 2or 2inan3ia, -ain1 in3,uded in
3ommer3ia, 3o,,e3tions or 3ompi,ations or in3,uded as a part o2 t(e
3ontent o2 an6 'eb site 'it(out prior1 eCpress permission 2rom t(e
aut(or.
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D/S*9"/;ER$ Sa2e and e22e3ti7e 2ood stora-e re>uires attention to
detai, and proper e>uipment and in-redients. T(e aut(or ma0es no
'arranties and assumes no responsibi,it6 2or errors or omissions in t(e
teCt1 or dama-es resu,tin- 2rom t(e use or misuse o2 in2ormation
3ontained (erein.
P,a3ement o2 or a33ess to t(is 'or0 on t(is or an6 ot(er site does
not mean t(e aut(or espouses or adopts an6 po,iti3a,1 p(i,osop(i3a, or
metap(6si3a, 3on3epts t(at ma6 a,so be eCpressed '(ere7er t(is 'or0
appears.
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P9E"SE D/RE*T *!NTR/=UT/!NS1 *!;;ENTS1 %UEST/!NS "NDH!R *R/T/*/S;S T!$
at(a-anLsprintmai,.3om
!rders or 'ritten materia, ma6 be sent to t(e address be,o'$
".T. )a-an
P.!.=oC 1J0008
#aines7i,,e1 9 32I1JB0008

!RE<!RD
T(is 'or0 is a 3ompi,ation o2 ans'ers to 2re>uent,6 as0ed >uestions
@"%A 3on3ernin- ,on- term 2ood stora-e. /ts purpose is to promote an
understandin- o2 t(e met(ods and te3(ni>ues used to eCtend t(e nutriti7e
and pa,atabi,it6 s(e,2 ,i7es o2 t(ose 2oods most suitab,e 2or use in
2ood stora-e pro-rams.
T(ere is 3ommona,it6 bet'een 2ood stora-e and 2ood preser7ation
e7en t(ou-( t(e6 are not pre3ise,6 t(e same t(in-. Some o2 t(e
in2ormation (ere ma6 be 2ound in -reater or ,esser detai, in t(e
8re3.2ood.preser7in-8 @r.2.pA "% 3ompi,ed b6 9es,ie =ase,. /2 6ou 'ant
t(e (o'Bto+s o2 dr6in- 2ruit1 ma0in- Mer061 3annin- beans1 2ermentin-
pi30,es or 3ornin- bee21 / re2er 6ou to (er 'or0 and t(e -ood stu22 to
be 2ound t(ere.
/n t(is 3ompendium 6ou 'i,, be ta0en t(rou-( t(e ins and outs o2
(o' to put a'a6 6our stora-e 2oods and (a7e a reasonab,e eCpe3tation o2
-ettin- somet(in- edib,e ba30 out o2 t(e 3ontainer '(en 6ou 2ina,,6 use
t(em. ",so 3o7ered 'i,, be 2ood spoi,a-e BB (o' to re3o-niDe it and (o'
to 3ombat it. " resour3e ,ist detai,in- '(ere to 2ind supp,ies and
2urt(er in2ormation is in3,uded at t(e end.
T(is 2i,e is updated as su22i3ient materia, be3omes a7ai,ab,e. =e
o2 assistan3e BB point out mista0es1 3ontribute data or in2ormation1
'rite re7ie's1 or pro7ide us 'it( ne' sour3es. "s a 3ontributor 6ou
'i,, be 3ited in t(is 2i,e1 un,ess 6ou 'is( ot(er'ise.

T"=9E ! *!NTENTS

0. "30no',ed-ements1 ore'ord1 and Tab,e o2 *ontents
/. S(e,2 9i7es$ Time1 Temperature1 ;oisture1 !C6-en and 9i-(t
//. T(e Te3(ni>ues o2 ood Stora-e
". #rains and 9e-umes
1. #rain Varieties
2. 9e-ume Varieties
3. T6pes o2 "7ai,abi,it6 o2 #rains and 9e-umes
B ;oisture *ontent
B *,eanin- /t :ourse,2
J. Storin- #rains and 9e-umes
=. Dr6 ;i,0s
1. T6pes o2 Dr6 ;i,0s
B =u6in- Dr6 ;i,0 Produ3ts
2. Storin- Dr6 ;i,0s
B S(e,2 9i2e o2 Dr6 ;i,0s
*. *anned #oods
1. *anned ;i,0 T6pes
B S(e,2 9i2e o2 *anned ;i,0s
2. *orrosion Pre7ention o2 *anned #oods
D. Su-ar1 )one6 and !t(er S'eeteners
1. T6pes o2 #ranu,ated Su-ars
B Storin- #ranu,ated Su-ars
2. T6pes o2 )one6
B =u6in- )one6
B Storin- )one6
Ra' )one6 and =otu,ism
B )one6 !ut-assin-
3. T6pes o2 *ane S6rups
B Storin- *ane S6rups
J. *orn S6rup
5. ;ap,e S6rup
E. ats and !i,s
1. =u6in- & Storin- !i,s and ats
2. ECtendin- S(e,2 9i2e =6 "ddin- "ntiB!Cidants
. *oo0in- Stap,es
1. =a0in- Po'der
2. =a0in- Soda
3. )erbs & Spi3es
J. Sa,t
5. Vine-ar
I. :east
#. /n2ant ormu,a
///. Spoi,a-e
". /nse3t /n2estations
1. Pests o2 Stored #rains1 9e-umes and Dr6 oodstu22s
2. *ontro, o2 /nse3t /n2estations
=. ;o,ds /n oods
1. ;inimiDin- ;o,ds
2. ;o,ds in *anned #oods
3. ;o,ds in #rains and 9e-umes
B Pre7entin- ;o,ds /n #rains and 9e-umes
*. =a3teria, Spoi,a-e
1. =otu,ism
2. !t(er =a3teria, Spoi,ers o2 ood
D. EnD6mati3 "3tion /n ood Spoi,a-e
/V. Spe3i2i3 E>uipment %uestions
". Stora-e *ontainers
1. <(at is ood #rade Pa30a-in-N
B <(ere *an / ind ood #rade *ontainersN
2. P,asti3 Pa30a-in-
B )o' Do / #et t(e !dor !ut o2 Pi30,e =u30etsN
3. ;eta, *ans
B Poo,in- Resour3es$ T(e *(ur3( !2 4esus *(rist !2
9atter Da6 Saints
J. #,ass 4ars
5. ;6,ar =a-s
B )o' Do / Use ;6,ar =a-sN
I. Reusin- !r Re363,in- Pa30a-in-
=. *!2 and Nitro-en
1. Dr6 /3e
B Dr6 /3e Supp,iers
2. *ompressed Nitro-en
B T6pes o2 "7ai,abi,it6
B !btainin- t(e #as and Ne3essar6 E>uipment
B Puttin- /t ",, To-et(er
B Puttin- /t /nto Use
*. !C6-en "bsorbers
1. <(at /s "n !C6-en "bsorberN
2. <(ere *an / ind !C6-en "bsorbersN
3. )o' "re !C6-en "bsorbers UsedN
D. Desi33ants
1. <(at /s " Desi33antN
2. T6pes o2 Desi33ants
B Si,i3a #e,
B *,a6 Desi33ant
B *a,3ium !Cide
B *a,3ium Su,2ate
B !t(er Desi33ants
3. <(ere Do / ind Desi33antsN
J. )o' Do / Use Desi33antsN
E. Diatoma3eous Eart(
1. <(at /s Diatoma3eous Eart(N
2. <(ere *an / ind DE and <(at T6pe S(ou,d / =u6N
3. )o' Do / Use DE /n ood Stora-eN
V. S(e,2 9i7es
". .=est Used =6.1 .Use =6. and !t(er ood Produ3t Dates
=. *,osed Datin- *odes Used =6 Some ood ;anu2a3turers
*. S(e,2 9i7es o2 Some *ommon Stora-e oods
V/. Resour3es
". =oo0s
=. Pamp(,ets
*. ;a-aDines
D. P(one1 7oi3e1 nonBmodem
E. E,e3troni3Bon,ine
B /n2ormation sour3es
B So2t'are sour3es
. !r-aniDations
1. T(e *(ur3( !2 4esus *(rist o2 9atter Da6 Saints
B 9DS ami,6 *anner6 #uide,ines
#. ood and E>uipment Supp,iers
1 ;ai, !rderin- Stora-e oods <(at :ou S(ou,d Fno'
2 "ddresses o2 Supp,iers.
B Stora-e ood ;anu2a3turers
B ood Preser7ation Dea,ers & Supp,iers
B ood Stora-e & Preser7ation E>uipment
;anu2a3turers
B Diatoma3eous Eart( ;anu2a3turers & Dea,ers
B Stora-e ood Retai,ers

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BB / BB
S)E9 9/VES$ T/;E1 TE;PER"TURE1 ;!/STURE1 !O:#EN "ND 9/#)T
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/s 6our 2ood insuran3e up to dateN
Sin3e t(e entire idea o2 a 2ood stora-e pro-ram is t(at it s(ou,d
be a7ai,ab,e 2or .6ou and 6ours. in times o2 need1 it is important to
understand t(e 3onditions t(at 3an a22e3t t(e edib,es stored in 6our
pantr6.
" stora-e pro-ram is on,6 as -ood as t(e >ua,it6 o2 t(e 2ood t(at
-oes into it. /t 3annot -et an6 better t(an '(at ori-ina,,6 'ent in1
but it 3an 3ertain,6 -et 'orse. /n t(e 2u,,ness o2 time1 a,, stored
2oods 'i,, de-rade in nutrient 3ontent and pa,atabi,it6 unti, t(e6 rea3(
t(e ine7itab,e end '(ere e7en t(e do- 'on+t eat t(em. /t+s be3ause o2
t(is e7entua,it6 t(at e7er6 arti3,e1 boo01 and tea3(er 3on3erned 'it(
puttin- 2ood b6 -i7es t(e same ad7i3e$ 8Date a,, 2ood 3ontainers and
rotate1 Rotate1 R!T"TE. T(e 2irst 2ood in s(ou,d be t(e 2irst 2ood
out.8 T(is 3on3ept is o2ten s(ortened to t(e a3ron6m /!.
T(e reason 2or t(is emp(asis on sto30 rotation is t(at '(en
dis3ussin- t(e use2u,ness o2 2oodstu22s t(ere are rea,,6 t'o s(e,2 ,i7es
to be 3onsidered. T(e 2irst is t(e nutrient 3ontent o2 t(e 2ood. T(is
a3tua,,6 be-ins to 2ade at t(e moment o2 (ar7est. T(ree 2a3tors di3tate
nutritiona, s(e,2 ,i2e$ T(e 2ood+s initia, nutritiona, 3ontentG t(e
pro3essin- and preser7ation steps it under'entG and its stora-e
3onditions. E7entua,,6 t(e nutrition 'i,, d'ind,e a'a6 to not(in-. "t
some point 6ou 'i,, (a7e to de3ide '(et(er t(e remainin- nutrition is
'ort( t(e spa3e t(e 2ood is ta0in- up and i2 it s(ou,d be rotated out o2
stora-e.
T(e se3ond s(e,2 ,i2e is a 2ood+s pa,atabi,it6 ,i2e or t(e point at
'(i3( undesirab,e 3(an-es o33ur to its taste1 teCture1 3o,or and 3oo0in-
>ua,ities. T(is is t(e reason 2or t(e .use b6. and .se,, b6. dates on
man6 2oods and 2or s(e,7e ,i7es in -enera,. /t 'i,, a,most a,'a6s be in
eC3ess o2 -ood nutriti7e ,i2e. /2 6ou don+t (a7e an6t(in- to rep,a3e it
'it(1 it+s not ne3essar6 to t(ro' 2ood out Must be3ause it+s rea3(ed t(e
end o2 its best pa,atab,e stora-e ,i2e. Do1 (o'e7er1 0eep in mind t(at
ad7an3in- a-e 'i,, on,6 2urt(er de3rease t(e use2u, nutrition1 in3rease
t(e 2oods+ unattra3ti7eness and en,ar-e t(e 3(an3es t(at somet(in- ma6
3ause t(e 2ood to spoi,.
<it(in reason1 t(e 0e6 to pro,on-in- t(e s(e,2 ,i2e o2 6our edib,es
,ies in ,o'erin- t(e temperature o2 t(e area t(e6 are stored in. T(e
stora-e ,i7es o2 most 2oods are 3ut in (a,2 b6 e7er6 in3rease o2 18 de-.
@10 de-. *e,siusA. or eCamp,e1 i2 6ou+7e stored 6our 2ood in a
-ara-e t(at (as a temperature o2 90 de-. 1 6ou s(ou,d eCpe3t a s(e,2
,i2e ,ess t(an (a,2 o2 '(at 3ou,d be obtained at room temperature @50
de-. A t(is in turn is ,ess t(an (a,2 t(e stora-e ,i2e t(at 6ou 3ou,d
-et i2 6ou 0ept t(em in 6our re2ri-erator at J0 de-. . :our stora-e
area s(ou,d be ,o3ated '(ere t(e temperature 3an be 0ept abo7e 2reeDin-
@32 de-. A and1 i2 possib,e1 be,o' 52 de-. .
/dea,,61 6our stora-e ,o3ation s(ou,d (a7e a (umidit6 ,e7e, o2 15P
or ,ess1 but un,ess 6ou ,i7e in t(e desert it+s not terrib,6 ,i0e,6
6ou+,, be ab,e to a3(ie7e t(is. Re-ard,ess1 moisture is not -ood 2or
6our stored edib,es so 6ou 'ant to minimiDe it as mu3( as possib,e.
T(is 3an be done b6 se7era, met(ods. T(e 2irst is to 0eep t(e area
airB3onditioned andHor de(umidi2ied durin- t(e (umid times o2 t(e 6ear.
T(e se3ond is to use pa30a-in- imper7ious to moisture and t(en to dea,
'it( t(e moisture trapped inside. /2 6ou are ab,e1 t(ere+s no reason
not to use bot(.
",, 3ontainers s(ou,d be 0ept o22 t(e 2,oor and out o2 dire3t
3onta3t 2rom eCterior 'a,,s to redu3e t(e 3(an3es o2 3ondensation.
"not(er maMor t(reat to 6our 2ood is oC6-en. *(an3es are t(at i2
6ou (a7e it sea,ed in moistureBproo2 3ontainers t(en t(e6 are probab,6
airBti-(t as 'e,,. T(is means t(at t(e oC6-en 3an a,so be 0ept 2rom
doin- its dama-e. /2 no more 3an -et in1 6our on,6 3on3ern is t(e !2
t(at 'as trapped in t(e 3ontainer '(en it 'as sea,ed. 9o'erin- t(e
per3enta-e o2 !2 to 2P or ,ess o2 t(e atmosp(ere trapped in t(e
pa30a-in- @3a,,ed (ead -asA 3an -reat,6 3ontribute to eCtendin- its
3ontents s(e,2 ,i2e. T(e t(ree main ta3ti3s 2or a3(ie7in- t(is are
7a3uum sea,in-1 2,us(in- 'it( inert -as or 3(emi3a,,6 absorbin- t(e
oC6-en. "n6 one or a 3ombination o2 t(e t(ree 3an be used to -ood
e22e3t.
!n3e 6ou (a7e temperature1 (umidit6 and oC6-en under 3ontro,1 it is
t(en ne3essar6 to ,oo0 at ,i-(t. 9i-(t is a 2orm o2 ener-6 and '(en it
s(ines on 6our stored 2oods ,on- enou-( it trans2ers some o2 t(at ener-6
to t(e 2ood. T(is (as t(e e22e3t o2 de-radin- its nutritiona, 3ontent
and appearan3e. at so,ub,e 7itamins1 su3( as "1 D and E are
parti3u,ar,6 sensiti7e to ,i-(t de-radation. /t 3ertain,6 is a prett6
si-(t to ,oo0 at ro's and ro's o2 Mars 2u,, o2 de,i3ious 2ood1
parti3u,ar,6 i2 6ou 'ere t(e one t(at put t(e 2ood in t(ose Mars.
)o'e7er1 i2 6ou 'ant to 0eep t(em at t(eir best1 6ou+,, admire t(em on,6
'(en 6ou turn t(e ,i-(t on in t(e pantr6 to retrie7e one. /2 6ou don+t
(a7e a room t(at 3an be dedi3ated to t(is purpose t(en store t(e Mars in
t(e 3ardboard boC t(e6 3ame in. T(is 'i,, prote3t t(em not on,6 2rom
,i-(t1 but (e,p to 3us(ion t(em 2rom s(o30s '(i3( mi-(t brea0 a Mar or
3ause it to ,ose its sea,. or t(ose o2 6ou in eart(>ua0e 3ountr61 it+s
a parti3u,ar,6 -ood idea. <(en .terra. is no ,on-er .2irma. 6our Mars
Must mi-(t dan3e ri-(t o22 onto t(e 2,oor.
"ssumin- t(e6 'ere proper,6 pro3essed in t(e 2irst p,a3e1 3anned1
dried and 2roDen @ne7er t(a'edA 2oods do not be3ome unsa2e '(en stored
,on-er t(an t(e re3ommended time1 but t(eir nutrient >ua,it6 2ades and
t(eir 2,a7or -oes do'n(i,,. o,,o'in- t(ese ru,es o2 -ood stora-e 'i,,
0eep 6our 2ood '(o,esome and nutritious 2or as ,on- as possib,e$
Q1 B irst /n1 irst !ut @/!A means rotatin- 6our stora-e
Q2 B *oo,er is better
Q3 B Drier is better
QJ B 9ess oC6-en eCposure means more s(e,2 ,i2e.
Q5 B Don+t s(ed ,i-(t on 6our 2ood.
T(in0 o2 rotatin- 6our 2ood stora-e as pa6in- 6our 2ood insuran3e
premiums BB s,a30in- o22 on rotation 3uts ba30 on 6our 3o7era-e. /s
6our 2ood insuran3e up to dateN

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BB // BB
T)E TE*)N/%UES ! !!D ST!R"#E
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/n t(is se3tion 'i,, be 3o7ered a number o2 2oods t(at are
parti3u,ar,6 suited to bein- in3,uded in stora-e pro-rams a,on- 'it( t(e
7arious 2orms t(e6 3an be 2ound in and spe3i2i3 tips 2or a number o2
di22erent 2ood 3ate-ories.
". #R"/NS "ND 9E#U;ES
".1 #R"/N V"R/ET/ES
!ne o2 t(e most important de3isions in p,annin- a 2ood stora-e
pro-ram is '(at 0inds o2 -rains to in3,ude1 but man6 peop,e do not -i7e
t(is ade>uate t(ou-(t. Some Must bu6 (o'e7er mu3( '(eat or 3orn or ri3e
t(e6 t(in0 is ne3essar6 to meet t(eir needs and ,ea7e it at t(at.
!t(ers re,6 on preBpa30a-ed de3isions made 2or t(em b6 t(eir stora-e
2ood retai,er '(o put to-et(er a .6ear+s supp,6 o2 2ood. to bu6 a,, at
on3e. Eit(er de3ision 3ou,d be a maMor mista0e.
T(ere are a number o2 2ood stora-e p,ans one ma6 use as a -uide.
;an6 are based on t(e soB3a,,ed .;ormon our. o2 '(eat1 mi,01 (one6 and
sa,t1 'it( as man6 additiona, 2oods as t(e p,anner 2ound to be
desirab,e. <(en it 'as 3reated in 19351 t(is p,an ma6 (a7e been !F1 but
'e+7e ,earned a -reat dea, sin3e t(en. "n un2ortunate number o2 peop,e
in our so3iet6 de7e,op a,,er-ies to one 0ind o2 2ood or anot(er. !ne o2
t(e more 3ommon 2ood a,,er-ens is '(eat. E7en more un2ortunate is t(e
2a3t t(at man6 peop,e '(o (a7e an a,,er-6 to '(eat don+t e7en 0no' it.
T(e6 'on+t be3ome a'are o2 it unti, t(e6 tr6 to ,i7e 'it( '(eat as a
,ar-e part o2 t(eir diet. or t(is reason 6ou s(ou,d store '(at 6ou eat
and eat '(at 6ou store1 so t(at u-,6 surprises su3( as t(is don+t 3ome
up '(en it+s too ,ate to easi,6 a7oid t(em.
" se3ond reason to t(in0 about storin- a se,e3tion o2 di22erent
-rains is appetite 2ati-ue. T(ere are t(ose '(o t(in0 pro7idin- 7ariet6
in t(e diet is re,ati7e,6 unimportant and t(at i2 and '(en t(e time
3omes t(e6+,, eat '(at t(e6+7e -ot and t(at 'i,, be t(at. or (ea,t(61
'e,,BadMusted adu,ts under ordinar6 3ir3umstan3es t(is mi-(t be possib,e
'it(out too mu3( di22i3u,t6. )o'e7er1 t(e entire reason 2or (a7in- a
2ood stora-e pro-ram is 2or '(en 3ir3umstan3es aren+t ordinar6. Times
o2 3risis produ3e stress BB possib,6 p(6si3a,1 but a,'a6s menta,. /2
6ou are sudden,6 2or3ed to eat a diet bot( a,ien and monotonous1 it is
-oin- to add Must t(at mu3( more stress on top o2 '(at 6ou are a,read6
dea,in- 'it(. /2 6our p,annin- in3,udes t(e e,der,61 6oun- 3(i,dren
andHor in2ants t(e6 mi-(t Must >uit eatin- or re2use to eat su22i3ient
amounts and be3ome unab,e to sur7i7e. T(is is not a tri7ia, prob,em and
s(ou,d be -i7en serious 3onsideration. *onsider t(e positi7e aspe3ts o2
addin- some 3om2ort 2oods.
/n (is boo01 8;a0in- t(e =est o2 =asi3s81 4ames Ste7ens mentions a
postB<<// stud6 b6 Dr. Norman <ri-(t1 o2 t(e =ritis( ood ;inistr61
'(i3( 2ound t(at peop,e in En-,and and Europe 'ere more ,i0e,6 to reMe3t
un2ami,iar or distaste2u, 2oods durin- times o2 stress t(an under norma,
3onditions. <(en it+s '(eat1 da6 in and da6 out1 '(eat+s -oin- to start
be3omin- distaste2u, 2ast. ar better to (a7e a 7ariet6 o2 2oods on (and
to 2oresta,, appetite 2ati-ue and1 more important,61 to use t(ose
storab,e 2oods in 6our e7er6da6 diet so t(at 6ou+,, be a33ustomed to
t(em.
R/2 an6one 0no's '(ere / ma6 2ind an a3tua, 3op6 o2 t(e stud6 b6
Dr. <ri-(t1 /+d appre3iate it i2 6ou+d point me to it. T(an0sB ed.S
"=!UT #9UTEN$ "s 6ou read t(rou-( t(e -rains des3riptions be,o'
6ou 'i,, 3ome a3ross 2re>uent mention o2 .-,uten.. #,uten is t(e
protein in -rains t(at enab,es t(e dou-( made 2rom t(em to trap t(e
-asses produ3ed b6 6east 2ermentation or 3(emi3a, rea3tion o2 ba0in-
po'der or soda and in turn 3auses it to rise. T(e amount o2 t(is protein
to be 2ound in spe3ies o2 -rains and 7arieties 'it(in a spe3ies 3an 7ar6
radi3a,,6. Some -rains su3( as ri3e (a7e 7irtua,,6 no -,uten at a,, and
'i,, not produ3e a raised ,oa2 b6 itse,2 '(i,e ot(ers ,i0e (ard 'inter
'(eat (a7e a -reat dea, and ma0es eC3e,,ent raised bread. <(et(er
-,uten 3ontent is o2 importan3e to 6ou 'i,, depend upon t(e end uses 6ou
intend 2or 6our -rain.
Some o2 t(e 3ommon and re,ati7e,6 un3ommon t6pes o2 -rains and
t(eir 7arieties are ,isted be,o'.
";"R"NT)$ "marant( is not a true 3erea, -rain at a,,1 but is a
re,ati7e o2 t(e pi-'eeds and t(e ornamenta, 2,o'ers 'e
3a,, .3o30s3omb.. /t+s -ro'n not on,6 2or its seed1 but 2or its ,ea7es
t(at 3an be 3oo0ed and eaten as -reens. T(e seed is (i-( in protein1
parti3u,ar,6 t(e amino a3id ,6sine '(i3( is ,imited in t(e true 3erea,
-rains. /t 3an be mi,,ed asBis1 or toasted to pro7ide more 2,a7or. T(e
2,our ,a30s -,uten1 so it+s not suited 2or raised breads1 but 3an be
made into an6 o2 a number o2 2,at breads. Some 7arieties 3an be popped
mu3( ,i0e pop3orn1 or 3an be boi,ed and eaten as a 3erea,1 used in
soups1 -rano,as1 and t(e ,i0e. Toasted or untoasted1 it b,ends 'e,,
'it( ot(er -rain 2,ours.
="R9E:$ =ar,e6 is t(ou-(t b6 some to be t(e 2irst -rain e7er -ro'n
b6 man. /t (as s(ort1 stubb6 0erne,s 'it( a (u,, t(at is
di22i3u,t to remo7e. EC3,udin- bar,e6 intended 2or ma,tin- or anima,
2eed1 most o2 t(is -rain is 3onsumed b6 (umans in t'o 2orms. ;ost
3ommon is t(e '(ite1 (i-(,6 pro3essed .pear, bar,e6. 'it( mu3( o2 its
bran and -erm mi,,ed o22 a,on- 'it( its (u,,. /t is t(e ,east
nutritious 2orm o2 bar,e6. T(e se3ond o22erin- is 3a,,ed .pot. or
.(u,,ed bar,e6. and it (as been subMe3ted to t(e same mi,,in- pro3ess as
pear,ed1 but 'it( 2e'er trips t(rou-( t(e po,is(er. =e3ause o2 t(is1 it
retains more o2 t(e nutritious -erm and bran. Un,ess 6ou are prepared
to tr6 to -et t(e (u,,s o22 / don+t re3ommend bu6in- un(u,,ed bar,e6.
",t(ou-( it 3an be mi,,ed into 2,our1 its ,o' -,uten 3ontent 'i,, not
ma0e a -ood ,oa2 o2 raised bread. /t 3an be 3ombined 'it( ot(er 2,ours
t(at do (a7e su22i3ient -,uten to ma0e ,ea7ened bread or used in 2,at
breads. =ar,e6 2,our and 2,a0es (a7e a ,i-(t nutt6 2,a7or t(at is
en(an3ed b6 toastin-. <(o,e bar,e6 is 3ommon,6 used to add t(i30ness to
soups and ste's.
Re3ent,61 a (u,,B,ess 2orm (as be3ome a7ai,ab,e on t(e mar0et
t(rou-( a 2e' supp,iers. T(is is '(o,e -rain bar,e6 'it( a,, o2 its
bran and -erm inta3t and s(ou,d (a7e t(e most nutrients o2 an6 2orm o2
t(is -rain a7ai,ab,e. / (a7e not 6et been ab,e to dis3o7er 6et (o'
suitab,e it is 2or ,on- term stora-e.
=U*F<)E"T$ =u30'(eat is anot(er o2 t(ose seeds 3ommon,6 3onsidered
to be a -rain1 but '(i3( is not a true 3erea,. /t is
a 3,ose re,ati7e to t(e do30s and sorre,s. T(e .-rain. itse,2 is a
dar01 t(ree 3ornered seed resemb,in- a tin6 bee3(nut. /t (as a (ard1
2ibrous (u,, re>uirin- a spe3ia, bu30'(eat (u,,er to remo7e it. )ere in
t(e U.S.1 it is most o2ten used in pan3a0es1 bis3uits and mu22ins. /n
Eastern Europe and Russia it is 0no'n in its toasted 2orm as .0as(a..
/n t(e ar East1 it+s o2ten made into .soba. or nood,es. /t+s a,so a
-ood bee p,ant1 produ3in- a dar01 stron-,6 2,a7ored (one6. T(e 2,our is
,i-(t or dar0 dependin- on (o' mu3( o2 t(e (u,, (as been remo7ed be2ore
-rindin-. Dar0 2,our is mu3( more stron-,6 2,a7ored t(an ,i-(ter 2,our1
but be3ause o2 t(e (i-( 2iber and tannin 3ontent o2 its (u,, it is not
ne3essari,6 more nutritious. =u30'(eat is one o2 t(ose 2oods 'it( no
midd,e -round in peop,es opinions BB t(e6 eit(er ,o7e it or t(e6 (ate
it. 9i0e amarant(1 it+s (i-( in ,6sine1 an amino a3id 3ommon,6 ,a30in-
in t(e true 3erea, -rains.
*!RN$ *orn is t(e most 3ommon -rain 3rop in t(e U.S.1 but it is
@maiDeA most,6 3onsumed indire3t,6 as anima, 2eed or e7en
industria, 2eedsto30 rat(er t(an dire3t,6 as 2ood. "s one
o2 t(e .T(ree Sisters. @3orn1 s>uas( and beansA it 'as t(e stap,e -rain
o2 near,6 a,, o2 t(e indi-enous peop,es o2 t(e "meri3an 3ontinents
be2ore t(e ad7ent o2 European 3o,oniDation. /t 3omes in an amaDin-
7ariet6 o2 2orms 'it( some bein- better suited 2or a parti3u,ar purpose
t(an ot(ers. T(e 7arieties intended to be eaten as 2res(1 -reen 3orn
are 7er6 (i-( in su-ar 3ontent and do not dr6 or store 'e,,. T(e ot(er
7arieties are t(e 2,int1 dent1 2,our1 and pop3orns. ",, o2 t(em 0eep
'e,, '(en t(e6 (a7e been proper,6 dried. To a 3ertain eCtent1 t(e6+re
a,, inter3(an-eab,e 2or purposes o2 -rindin- into mea, @sometimes 0no'n
as po,enta mea,A or 2,our @7er6 2ine,6 -round 3orn1 not 3ornstar3(A1 but
some ma0e better mea, t(an 2,our and 7i3e 7ersa.
"s a -enera, ru,e o2 t(umb1 t(e 2,int 7arieties ma0e better mea, as
t(e6 (a7e a -rittier teCture t(an t(e ot(er 3orns. /2 mea,1 (omin6 and
(omin6 -rits @3ommon,6 3a,,ed Must .-rits.A are '(at 6ou are most
interested in1 use t(e 2,int t6pe. /2 6ou intend to ma0e 3orn masa 2or
torti,,as and tama,es1 t(en t(e 2,our t6pe is '(at 6ou 'ant1 but it is
se,dom 2ound on t(e 3ommer3ia, mar0et so t(e dent t6pe is neCt best.
Pop3orn is '(at 6ou need i2 6ou 'ant to pop it 2or sna30s and it 3an
a,so be -round into mea, or 2,our. /t seems to me it ma0es a 7er6 -ood
mea,1 but it+s a bit -ritt6 2or 2,our. /t+s a,so di22i3u,t to (u,, it
'it( a,0a,i treatment. :our mi,ea-e ma6 7ar6. :e,,o' dent 3orn seems
to be t(e most 3ommon,6 a7ai,ab,e 7ariet6 amon- stora-e 2ood dea,ers and
'i,, 'or0 2ine 2or a,most an6 purpose but poppin-.
Pop3orn is one 2orm o2 a '(o,e -rain a7ai,ab,e to near,6 e7er6one
in t(e U.S. i2 t(e6 0no' '(ere to ,oo0. /t is so popu,ar as a sna30
2ood1 parti3u,ar,6 in mo7ie t(eaters and e7ents ,i0e 2airs and ba,,
-ames1 t(at e7en t(e sma,,est o2 to'ns 'i,, -enera,,6 (a7e at ,east one
business se,,in- it in t'ent6B2i7e or 2i2t6 pound ba-s. Sin3e it+s
meant to be eaten it+s sa2e 2or 2ood. To be at its most .poppab,e.1
t(is 3orn needs to (a7e a moisture 3ontent bet'een 13.5PB15.5P '(i3(
ma0es it Must a ,itt,e too moist 2or idea, stora-e. " sma,, amount o2
dr6in- 'i,, need to be done be2ore it+s pa30ed a'a6. /2 'anted 2or
poppin- ,ater1 it 3an a,'a6s be reB(6drated b6 sprin0,in- a tab,espoon
o2 'ater per >uart o2 0erne,s1 s(a0in- 7i-orous,6 and a,,o'in- it to be
absorbed 2or a da6 or t'o. /2 6ou sti,, -et too man6 .o,d maids. or
unpopped 0erne,s t(en repeat t(e pro3ess on3e more. Pop3orn is (arder
t(an t(e ot(er 7arieties o2 3orn so i2 6our mi,, is not o2 t(e (ea76
dut6 sort 6ou ma6 'ant to 3onsider 3ra30in- t(e pop3orn into 3oarse
pie3es 2irst t(en -rindin- into 2iner teCtured mea,.
!n3e 6ou+7e de3ided bet'een 2,int1 dent or pop3orn1 @t(e 2,our
t6pes are di22i3u,t to 2ind 3ommer3ia,,6A 6ou no' (a7e to de3ide upon
it+s 3o,or$ T(ere are 6e,,o'1 '(ite1 b,ue1 & red dried 7arieties. T(e
6e,,o' and '(ite t6pes are t(e most 3ommon b6 2ar 'it( t(e b,ues and
reds most,6 bein- re,e-ated to 3uriosities1 t(ou-( b,ue 3orn (as been
-ainin- in popu,arit6 t(ese ,ast 2e' 6ears. /t s(ou,d be 0ept in mind
t(at '(ite 3orn does not (a7e t(e 3arotene @3on7erts into 7itamin "A
3ontent o2 6e,,o' 3orn. Sin3e 7itamin " is one o2 t(e maMor ,imitin-
7itamins in ,on- term 2ood stora-e1 an6 possib,e sour3e o2 it s(ou,d be
uti,iDed. or t(is reason / su--est storin- 6e,,o' rat(er t(an '(ite
3orn. "dditiona,,61 mu3( o2 t(e nia3in 3ontent o2 3orn is 3(emi3a,,6
bound up in a 2orm not a7ai,ab,e 2or (uman nutrition un,ess it (as been
treated 'it( an a,0a,i. T(is is rea,,6 o2 importan3e on,6 i2 85P or
more o2 6our dai,6 3a,orie inta0e 'i,, 3ome 2rom 3orn1 but -rits1 (omin6
or 3orn masa @2or torti,,as and tama,esA are traditiona, uses 2or t(is
-rain and 3an -o a ,on- 'a6 to'ard in3reasin- t(e number o2 re3ipes 6ou
3an ma0e 'it( it. #i7e t(em a tr61 t(e6+re rea,,6 >uite -ood.
;/99ET$ ;i,,et is an important stap,e -rain in Nort( *(ina and
/ndia1 but is ,itt,e 0no'n as a 2ood in t(e U.S1 '(ere 'e
most,6 use it as bird 2eed. T(e -rain 0erne,s are 7er6 sma,,1 round1
and usua,,6 i7or6 3o,ored or 6e,,o'1 t(ou-( some 7arieties are dar0er.
T(e ,a30 o2 -,uten and a rat(er b,and 2,a7or ma6 a33ount 2or t(e
anon6mit6 o2 t(is -rain but it (as a more a,0a,ine p) t(an ot(er -rains
and ma0es it 7er6 eas6 to di-est. /t a,so (as a (i-(er iron 3ontent
t(an an6 ot(er -rain but amarant(. /t s'e,,s a -reat dea, '(en 3oo0ed
and supp,ies more ser7in-s per pound t(an an6 ot(er -rains. <(en 3oo0ed
,i0e ri3e it ma0es an eC3e,,ent brea02ast 3erea,. /t (as ,itt,e -,uten
o2 its o'n1 but miCes 'e,, 'it( ot(er 2,ours.
!"TS$ T(ou-( t(e S3ots and t(e /ris( (a7e made an entire 3uisine
2rom oats1 it is sti,, most,6 t(ou-(t o2 in t(e U.S. as a
b,and brea02ast 2ood. Se,dom 2ound as a '(o,e -rain1 it+s usua,,6 so,d
pro3essed in one 2orm or anot(er. ;u3( ,i0e bar,e61 oats are a
di22i3u,t -rain to separate 2rom t(eir (u,,s. =esides its ,on-time ro,e
as a brea02ast 2ood1 oats ma0e an eC3e,,ent t(i30ener o2 soups and ste's
and a 2i,,er in meat ,oa2s and 3assero,es. Probab,6 t(e se3ond most
3ommon use 2or oats in "meri3a is in 3oo0ies and -rano,as. " ,itt,e
3reati7e t(ou-(t 3an rea,,6 in3rease t(eir 3u,inar6 ran-e.
9isted be,o' in order o2 desirabi,it6 2or stora-e are t(e 2orms o2
oats 2ound in t(is 3ountr6. Ro,,ed and 3ut oats retain bot( t(eir bran
and t(eir -erm.
!at -roats$ T(ese are '(o,e oats 'it( t(e (u,,s remo7ed. T(e6 are
not o2ten 2ound in t(is 2orm1 but 3an sometimes be (ad 2rom natura, 2ood
stores and some stora-e 2ood dea,ers. !ats are not t(e easiest t(in- to
-et a 3onsistent -rind 2rom so produ3in- 6our o'n oat 2,our ta0es a bit
o2 eCperien3e.
Stee, 3ut oats$ ",so 0no'n as /ris(1 pin(ead or porrid-e @but so
are ro,,edA oats. T(ese are oat -roats '(i3( (a7e been 3ut into 3(un0s
'it( stee, b,ades. T(e6+re not ro,,ed and ,oo0 ,i0e 3oarse bits o2
-rain. T(is 2orm 3an be 2ound in bot( natura, 2ood stores @sometimes
mu3( 3(eaperA and man6 supermar0ets.
Ro,,ed oats$ T(ese are a,so 3ommon,6 3a,,ed o,d 2as(ioned1 t(i30
3ut or porrid-e oats. To produ3e t(em1 oat -roats are steamed and t(en
ro,,ed to 2,atten. T(e6 3an -enera,,6 be 2ound '(ere7er oats are so,d.
T(e6 ta0e s,i-(t,6 ,on-er to 3oo0 t(an do t(e >ui30 3oo0in- oats1 but
t(e6 retain more 2,a7or1 teCture and nutrition. T(is is '(at most
peop,e 'i,, 3a,, to mind '(en t(e6 t(in0 o2 oatmea,.
%ui30 3oo0in- ro,,ed oats$ T(ese are Must steamed oat -roats
ro,,ed t(inner t(an t(e o,d 2as(ioned 0ind abo7e so t(at t(e6 'i,, 3oo0
2aster. T(e6 3an usua,,6 be 2ound ri-(t neCt to t(e t(i30er ro,,ed
oats.
/nstant ro,,ed oats$ T(ese are t(e .Must add (ot 'ater. or
mi3ro'a7e t6pe o2 oat 3erea,s and are not parti3u,ar,6 suited 2or a
stora-e pro-ram. T(e6 do1 (o'e7er1 (a7e uses in .bu- out. and 52 (our
2ood 0its 2or s(ort term 3rises.
<(o,e oats$ T(is is 'it( t(e (u,,s sti,, on. T(e6 are so,d in
seed stores and sometimes strai-(t 2rom t(e 2armer '(o -re' t(em.
Un,ess 6ou (a7e some means o2 -ettin- t(e (u,,s o221 / don+t re3ommend
bu6in- oats in t(is 2orm. /2 6ou do bu6 2rom a seed supp,ier1 ma0e
3ertain t(at t(e6 (a7e not been treated 'it( an6 3(emi3a,s t(at are
toCi3 to (umans.
%U/N!"$ %uinoa is 6et anot(er o2 t(e -rains t(at is not a true
3erea,. /t+s botani3a, name is *(enopodium >uinoa
@pronoun3ed .0eenB'a(.A1 and is a re,ati7e o2 t(e 3ommon 'eed
9ambs>uarter. T(e indi7idua, 0erne,s are about 1.5B2 mm in siDe and are
s(aped rat(er ,i0e sma,, 2,attened sp(eres. <(en >uinoa is 3oo0ed1 t(e
-erm o2 t(e -rain 3oi,s into a sma,, .tai,. t(at ,ends a p,easant
3run3(. T(is eCoti3 -rain s(ou,d be t(orou-(,6 'as(ed be2ore 3oo0in- in
order to pre7ent it 2rom tastin- bitter. T(ere are se7era, 7arieties o2
>uinoa t(at (a7e 3o,or ran-in- 2rom near '(ite to a dar0 bro'n. T(e
,ar-er '(ite 7arieties are 3onsidered superior and are t(e most 3ommon.
R/*E$ Ri3e is t(e most 3ommon,6 3onsumed 2ood -rain in t(e
'or,d. T(e U.S. is t(e ,eadin- eCporter o2 it1 t(ou-( 'e
a3tua,,6 on,6 produ3e about 1P o2 t(e -,oba, supp,6. T(e maMorit6 o2
t(e 'or,d+s ri3e is eaten 'it(in 2i7e mi,es o2 '(ere it 'as -ro'n.
;u3( ,i0e '(eat and 3orn1 ri3e 3omes in a number o2 7arieties1 ea3(
'it( di22erent 3(ara3teristi3s. T(e6 are t6pi3a,,6 di7ided into 3,asses
b6 t(e ,en-t( o2 t(eir 0erne, -rainsG s(ort1 medium and ,on-.
S(ort -rain ri3e$ T(e s(ort -rain 7ariet6 is a ,itt,e so2ter and
bit moister '(en it 3oo0s and tends to sti30 to-et(er more t(an t(e
,on-er ri3es. /t (as a s'eeter1 some'(at stron-er 2,a7or t(an ,on-
-rain ri3e.
;edium -rain ri3e$ T(e medium -rain 7ariet6 is not 7er6 3ommon in
t(e States. /t (as 2,a7or ,i0e t(e s(ort 7ariet61 but 'it( a teCture
more ,i0e ,on-.
9on- -rain ri3e$ T(e ,on- -rain 7ariet6 3oo0s up into a drier1
2,a0ier dis( t(an t(e s(orter t6pes and t(e 2,a7or tends to be b,ander.
/t is t(e most 3ommon,6 2ound siDe o2 ri3e on "meri3an -ro3er6 s(e,7es.
Ea3( o2 t(e abo7e ma6 be pro3essed into bro'n1 '(ite1 parboi,ed or
3on7erted and instant ri3e. =e,o' is a s(ort dis3ussion o2 t(e
di22eren3es bet'een t(e 7arious t6pes.
=ro'n ri3e$ T(is is '(o,e -rain ri3e 'it( on,6 t(e (u,, remo7ed.
/t retains a,, o2 t(e nutrition and (as a p,easant nutt6 2,a7or. rom a
nutritiona, standpoint it is b6 2ar t(e best1 but it (as one 2,a'$ T(e
essentia, oi, in t(e -erm is 7er6 sus3eptib,e to oCidation and soon -oes
ran3id. "s a resu,t1 bro'n ri3e (as a s(e,2 ,i2e o2 on,6 about siC
mont(s 2rom t(e date o2 pur3(ase un,ess -i7en spe3ia, pa30a-in- or
stora-e. reeDin- or re2ri-eration 'i,, -reat,6 eCtend t(is. /t+s
possib,e to pur3(ase bro'n ri3e 2rom ,on- term 2ood supp,iers a,read6
spe3ia,,6 pa30a-ed in air ti-(t 3ontainers 'it( an inert nitro-en
atmosp(ere or 6ou 3an do it 6ourse,2. /n t(is 0ind o2 pa30a-in-1 @i2
proper,6 doneA1 t(e stora-e ,i2e 3an be eCtended 2or se7era, 6ears.
*on7erted ri3e$ *on7erted ri3e starts as '(o,e ri3e sti,, in t(e
(u,, '(i3( under-oes a pro3ess o2 soa0in- and steamin- unti, it is
partia,,6 3oo0ed. /t is dried1 (u,,ed and t(en po,is(ed to remo7e t(e
bran and -erm. T(e steamin- pro3ess dri7es some o2 t(e 7itamins and
minera,s 2rom t(e outer ,a6ers into t(e '(ite inner ,a6ers. T(is ma0es
it more nutritious t(an po,is(ed '(ite ri3e1 but a,so ma0es it more
eCpensi7e. /ts stora-e ,i2e is t(e same as re-u,ar '(ite ri3e.
<(ite ri3e$ T(is is ra' ri3e t(at (as (ad its outer ,a6ers mi,,ed
o221 ta0in- 'it( it about 10P o2 its protein1 85P o2 its 2at and 50P o2
its minera, 3ontent. =e3ause so mu3( o2 t(e nutrition is ,ost1 '(ite
ri3e so,d in t(e U.S. (as to be .enri3(ed. 'it( 7itamins to partia,,6
rep,a3e '(at 'as remo7ed.
/nstant ri3e$ T(e t6pe o2 ri3e is 2u,,6 3oo0ed and t(en de(6drated
needin- not(in- more t(an t(e addition o2 'ater to re3onstitute it. /n
a pin3(1 it+s not e7en ne3essar6 to use (ot 'ater. /t+s not
parti3u,ar,6 suitab,e 2or in3,usion in stora-e pro-rams1 but it does
(a7e a p,a3e in .se7ent6Bt'o (our. and ot(er s(ortBterm emer-en36 0its.
T(e '(ite 7ariet6 is b6 2ar t(e most 3ommon1 but in t(e ,ast 2e' 6ears
instant bro'n ri3e (as made an appearan3e on t(e mar0et.
R:E$ R6e is 'e,, 0no'n as a bread -rain in t(e U.S. /t (as dar0
bro'n 0erne,s ,on-er and t(inner t(an '(eat1 but ,ess -,uten.
=read made 2rom t(is -rain tends to be some'(at dense un,ess -,uten is
added @o2ten in t(e 2orm o2 a ,ot o2 '(eat 2,ourA 'it( 3o,or t(at ran-es
2rom pa,e to dar0 bro'n. #erman pumperni30e,1 made 'it( unre2ined r6e
2,our and mo,asses1 is t(e dar0est1 densest 2orm.
S!R#)U;$ Sor-(um is probab,6 more 'ide,6 0no'n (ere in t(e States
2or t(e s6rup made 2rom it. ",so 0no'n as .mi,o.1 it is
one o2 t(e prin3ip,e 3erea, -rains -ro'n o2 "2ri3a. /ts seeds are
some'(at round1 a ,itt,e sma,,er t(an pepper3orns1 o2 an o7era,, bro'n
3o,or 'it( a bit o2 red and 6e,,o' miCed in. T(e 7arieties 3a,,ed
.6e,,o' endosperm sor-(um. are 3onsidered to (a7e a better taste. /t is
a maMor 2eed -rain in t(e Sout('estern U.S. and is '(ere t(e 7ast
maMorit6 o2 t(e nationa, produ3tion -oes. 9i0e most o2 t(e ot(er
-rains1 sor-(um is ,o' in -,uten1 but t(e seeds 3an be mi,,ed into 2,our
and miCed 'it( (i-(er -,uten 2,ours or made into 2,at breads1 pan3a0es
or 3oo0ies. /n t(e ar East1 it is 3oo0ed and eaten ,i0e ri3e1 '(i,e in
"2ri3a it is -round into mea, 2or porrid-e. /t+s a,so 2ermented 2or
a,3o(o,i3 be7era-es.
TR/T/*"9E$ Triti3a,e is not a 3reation sprun- 2rom t(e
smoot( bro's o2 8Star Tre08 s3ript 'riters. /t is1
in 2a3t1 a 3ross or (6brid bet'een '(eat and r6e. T(is 6oun-est o2
-rains 3ombines t(e produ3ti7it6 o2 '(eat 'it( t(e ru--edness o2 r6e and
(as a (i-( nutrition 7a,ue. T(e 0erne,s are -ra6Bbro'n1 o7a, s(aped
,ar-erBt(anB'(eat and p,umper t(an r6e. /t 3an be used in mu3( t(e same
'a6 as eit(er o2 its t'o parents. /t 'i,, ma0e a raised bread ,i0e
'(eat does1 but t(e -,uten is a bit 'ea0 so '(eat 2,our is 2re>uent,6
added to stren-t(en it. =e3ause o2 t(e de,i3ate nature o2 its -,uten1
eC3essi7e 0neadin- must be a7oided. ",t(ou-( it is t(e 6oun-est o2 t(e
-rains1 it+s been around 2or de3ades1 but (as 3urious,6 ne7er a3(ie7ed
mu3( popu,arit6. <(et(er t(is is 2or reasons o2 a-ri3u,tura, produ3tion
or pub,i3 a33eptan3e / don+t 0no'.
<)E"T$ <(eat 3omes in a number o2 di22erent 7arieties. Ea3(
7ariet6 is more suitab,e 2or some purposes based on its
3(ara3teristi3s. T(e most 3ommon 3,assi2i3ations 2or its 7arieties are
sprin- or 'inter1 (ard or so2t1 red or '(ite.
T(e (ard '(eats (a7e 0erne,s t(at tend to be sma,,1 7er6 (ard and
'it( (i-( -,uten 3ontents. 9o' -,uten '(eat does not produ3e as 2ine a
,oa2 as (i-( -,uten '(eat1 t(ou-( it 3an sti,, be used 2or 6east breads
i2 ne3essar6. "s a -enera, ru,e1 (ard 7arieties (a7e more protein t(an
so2t 7arieties.
T(e so2t '(eats (a7e 0erne,s tendin- to be ,ar-er1 p,umper and
so2ter in teCture t(an (ard '(eats. T(eir -,uten 3ontent is ,ess and
are used in bis3uits1 pastries1 >ui30 breads1 pastas1 and brea02ast
3erea,s '(ere a (i-(er -,uten 3ontent 'ou,d 3ontribute an undesirab,e
tou-(er teCture.
<inter '(eats are p,anted in t(e 2a,,1 o7er 'inter in t(e 2ie,d and
are (ar7ested t(e neCt summer. Sprin- '(eats are p,anted in t(e ear,6
sprin- and are (ar7ested in t(e 2a,,. Red '(eats 3omprise most o2 t(e
(ard 7arieties '(i,e '(ite '(eats 3omprise most o2 t(e so2t. Re3ent,61
(ard '(ite '(eats (a7e been de7e,oped t(at are 7er6 suitab,e 2or raised
bread ma0in-. Some 2ee, t(e (ard '(ite 7arieties ma0e a better tastin-
'(o,e '(eat bread t(an t(e (ard red.
T(e (ard red 7arieties1 eit(er sprin- or 'inter1 are t(e most
3ommon,6 stored be3ause o2 t(eir (i-( protein and s(ou,d (a7e no ,ess
t(an 12P. T(e (ard '(ite sprin- '(eats are sti,, re,ati7e,6 ne' and are
not 6et as 'idespread. T(e6 (a7e t(e same eC3e,,ent stora-e
3(ara3teristi3s as t(e (ard red '(eats.
".2 9E#U;E V"R/ET/ES
Un,ess 6ou are 'i,,in- to spend a -reat dea, o2 mone6 on preser7ed
meats1 a 2ood stora-e pro-ram not in3,udin- a ,ar-e >uantit6 o2 ,e-umes
is simp,6 in3omp,ete. T(ere are 2e' nonB anima, 2oods t(at 3ontain t(e
amount o2 protein to be 2ound in dried beans1 peas1 and ,enti,s. T(e
7arieties 3ommon,6 a7ai,ab,e in t(is 3ountr6 (a7e protein 3ontents
ran-in- 2rom 20PB35P. "s 'it( most nonBanima, proteins1 t(e6 are not
3omp,ete in t(emse,7es 2or purposes o2 (uman nutrition1 but be3ome so
'(en t(e6 are 3ombined 'it( t(e in3omp,ete proteins 2ound in -rains. /t
is 2or t(is reason t(at -rains and ,e-umes are so o2ten mentioned
to-et(er. /n 3u,tures a,, o7er t(e 'or,d1 it is 3ommon to 2ind t(e t'o
ser7ed to-et(er at a mea,1 ma0in- a 3omp,ete protein1 e7en '(en t(ose
doin- t(e ser7in- (a7e no s3ienti2i3 understandin- o2 nutrition at a,,.
T(e ,e-ume 2ami,61 o2 '(i3( a,, beans1 peas1 ,enti,s1 and peanuts
are a part1 is one o2 t(e ,ar-est in t(e p,ant 0in-dom. =e3ause o2 t(is
and t(e man6 t(ousands o2 6ears o2 de7e,opment and 3u,ti7ation t(at man
(as -i7en t(em1 t(e 7ariet6 o2 edib,e ,e-umes a7ai,ab,e to us is (u-e.
=ot( t(e appearan3e and t(e names o2 t(ese 7arieties are 3o,or2u, and
7aried. T(e6 ran-e 2rom .adDu0i beans.1 a t6pe o2 so6bean 2rom t(e
!rient1 to .Dipper peas.1 a 3ommon,6 2ound 2ie,dBpea (ere in t(e
Sout(ern U.S. T(eir 3o,or 3an ran-e 2rom a 3,ean '(ite1 to deep red1
du,, -reen to 2,at b,a30 'it( t(ousands o2 miCtures and patterns o2
3o,ors.
/n spite o2 t(is in3redib,e 7ariet6 o2 names and 3o,ors1 ,e-umes
are ,ar-e,6 inter3(an-eab,e in 3oo0in- usa-e1 a,t(ou-( some dis(es Must
'ou,dn+t be t(e same i2 a di22erent t6pe 'ere used. =e,o' is a partia,
,ist o2 some o2 t(e more 3ommon,6 eaten bean 7arieties (ere in t(e U.S.
=9"*F =E"N$ ",so 0no'n as .turt,e beans.1 t(ese sma,,1 dar0
bro'nis(Bb,a301 o7a,Bs(aped beans are 'e,, 0no'n in
*uban b,a30 bean soup. T(e6 are 7er6 3ommon,6 used in *entra, and Sout(
"meri3a and in *(ina. T(e6 tend to b,eed 7er6 dar0,6 '(en 3oo0ed so
t(e6 are not 'e,, suited to bein- 3ombined 'it( ot(er beans1 ,est t(e6
-i7e t(e entire pot a mudd6 appearan3e.
=9"*FBE:ED PE"$ ",t(ou-( t(ere is tremendous 7ariation amon- t(e
man6 7arieties o2 2ie,dBpeas eaten t(rou-(out
t(e Sout(ern United States1 it is b,a30Be6ed peas t(at are t(e most
3ommon,6 0no'n nation'ide. T(e 3o,orin- o2 2ie,dBpeas is as 7aried as
t(e rest o2 t(e ,e-ume 2ami,61 'it( b,a30Be6ed peas bein- sma,,1 o7a,B
s(aped 'it( an o7era,, 3ream6 3o,or and1 o2 3ourse1 t(eir distin3ti7e
b,a30Be6e. Dried 2ie,dBpeas 3oo0 7er6 >ui30,6 and 3ombine 7er6 tasti,6
'it( eit(er ri3e or 3ornbread.
*)/*FPE"$ ",so 0no'n as t(e .-arbanDo bean. or .3e33i pea. @or
beanA1 it tends to be a 3ream6 or tan 3o,or1 rat(er
,umpi,6 roundis( and ,ar-er t(an dried -arden peas. ;an6 (a7e eaten
3(i30peas1 e7en i2 t(e6+7e ne7er seen a '(o,e one. T(e6 are t(e prime
in-redient in (ummus and 2a,a2e, and are one o2 t(e o,dest 3u,ti7ated
,e-ume spe3ies 0no'n1 -oin- ba30 as 2ar as 5J00 =.*. in t(e Near East.
F/DNE: =E"NS$ 4ust ,i0e t(e rest o2 t(e 2ami,61 0idne6 beans 3an be
2ound in 'ide 7ariet6. T(e6 3ome in bot( a ,i-(t and
dar0 red 3o,or in t(eir distin3ti7e 0idne6 s(ape. Probab,6 best 0no'n
(ere in t(e U.S. 2or t(eir use in 3(i,i1 t(e6 2i-ure prominent,6 in
;eCi3an1 =raDi,ian and *(inese 3uisine.
9ENT/9S$ 9enti,s are an odd ,ot. T(e6 don+t 2it in 'it( eit(er t(e
beans or t(e peas and o33up6 a p,a3e b6 t(emse,7es. T(eir
s(ape is di22erent 2rom t(e ot(er ,e-umes bein- roundis( ,itt,e dis3s
'it( 3o,ors ran-in- 2rom mudd6 bro'n1 to -reen to a rat(er bri-(t
oran-is(Bred. T(e6 3oo0 7er6 >ui30,6 3ompared to t(e ,ar-er beans and
(a7e a distin3ti7e 2,a7or. T(e6 are mu3( used in ar Eastern 3uisine
2rom /ndian to *(inese.
9/;" =E"NS$ /n t(e Sout(ern U.S.1 t(e6 are a,so 3ommon,6 3a,,ed
.butter beans.. T(e6 are one o2 t(e most 3ommon
,e-umes 2ound in t(is 3ountr6 in a,, manner o2 preser7ation 2rom t(e
6oun- sma,, beans to t(e ,ar-e 2u,,6 mature t6pe. T(eir 2,a7or is
p,easant1 but a ,itt,e b,and. T(eir s(ape is rat(er 2,at and broad 'it(
3o,ors ran-in- 2rom pa,e -reen to spe30,ed 3ream and purp,e.
PE"NUTS$ T(e peanut1 3ommon,6 0no'n outside t(e U.S. as t(e
.-roundnut.1 is not a3tua,,6 a nut at a,,1 but a ,e-ume.
T(e6 are anot(er odd spe3ies not mu3( ,i0e t(e more 2ami,iar beans and
peas. <(ate7er t(eir 3,assi2i3ation peanuts are 3ertain,6 not
un2ami,iar to U.S. eaters. Peanuts (a7e a (i-( protein per3enta-e and
e7en more 2at. T(e6 are one o2 t(e t'o ,e-ume spe3ies 3ommon,6 -ro'n
2or oi,seed in t(is 3ountr61 and are a,so used 2or peanut butter1 and
boi,ed or roasted peanuts. ;an6 *entra, and Sout( "meri3an1 "2ri3an and
*(inese dis(es in3orporate peanuts so t(e6 are use2u, 2or mu3( more t(an
Must a sna30 2ood or 3oo0in- oi,.
P/NT! =E"NS$ "n6one '(o (as eaten TeCB;eC 2ood (as probab,6 (ad
t(e pinto bean. /t is one o2 t(e most 3ommon,6 eaten
beans in t(e U.S.1 parti3u,ar,6 in t(e Sout('estern portion o2 t(e
3ountr6. Stereot6pi3a,,6 bean s(aped1 it (as a dapp,ed pattern o2 tans
and bro'ns on its s(e,,. Pintos (a7e a 2,a7or t(at b,ends 'e,, 'it(
man6 2oods. <(en -round to-et(er 'it( '(ite or na76 beans t(e6 ma0e m6
2a7orite (omeBmade 7ersion o2 2a,a2e,.
S!:=E"NS$ "n entire uni7ersit6 3ou,d be 2ounded on t(e 3u,inar6 and
industria, uses o2 t(e so6bean. /t is b6 2ar t(e ,e-ume
'it( t(e (i-(est protein 3ontent in 3ommer3ia, produ3tion as 'e,, as
bein- t(e ot(er ,e-ume oi,seed a,on-side t(e peanut. T(e beans
t(emse,7es are sma,,1 and round 'it( a mu,titude o2 di22erent s(ades.
=e3ause o2 t(eir (i-( oi, 3ontent1 t(e6 are more sensiti7e to oC6-en
eCposure t(an ot(er ,e-umes and pre3autions s(ou,d be ta0en a33ordin-,6
i2 t(e6 are to be 0ept 2or more t(an a 6ear in stora-e. ",t(ou-( t(e
U.S. -ro's a 7er6 ,ar-e per3enta-e o2 t(e -,oba, supp,61 'e 3onsume
7irtua,,6 none o2 t(em dire3t,6. ;ost o2 t(em -o into 3att,e 2eed1 are
used b6 industr6 or eCported. <(at does -et eaten dire3t,6 (as usua,,6
been pro3essed in some 2as(ion. So6bean produ3ts ran-e 2rom to2u1 to
tempe(1 to teCtured 7e-etab,e protein @TVPA and (undreds o2 ot(er uses.
T(e6 don+t ,end t(emse,7es 'e,, to Must bein- boi,ed unti, done and
eaten t(e 'a6 ot(er beans and peas do. or t(is reason1 i2 6ou p,an on
0eepin- some as a part o2 6our stora-e pro-ram @and 6ou s(ou,dA 6ou
'ou,d be 'e,, ser7ed to be-in to ,earn (o' to pro3ess and prepare t(em
no' '(en 6ou+re not under pressure to produ3e. T(at 'a6 6ou 3an t(ro'
out 6our mista0es and order piDDa1 rat(er t(an (a7in- to 3(o0e t(em
do'n1 re-ard,ess.

".3 T:PES ! "V"/9"=/9/T: ! #R"/NS "ND 9E#U;ES

#rains and ,e-umes o2 a,, t6pes ma6 be pur3(ased in a number o2
di22erent 2as(ions dependin- ,ar-e,6 on '(ere 6ou ,i7e and '(at time o2
6ear it is. T(e 2o,,o'in- 'i,, 3o7er t(e 7arious steps in t(e
pro3essin- 3(ain '(ere t(e6 mi-(t be 2ound startin- 'it( t(e 2orms most
immediate,6 suitab,e 2or stora-e and pro-ressin- a,, t(e 'a6 ba30 to t(e
2armer.
Ea3( t6pe o2 a7ai,abi,it6 (as its -ood and bad points. "s 6ou
mi-(t eCpe3t1 t(e more pro3essin- t(e produ3t re3ei7es1 t(e (i-(er its
pri3e is ,i0e,6 to be. T(e 2urt(er ba30 a,on- t(e pro3essin- 3(ain 6ou
-o t(e 3(eaper t(e produ3t s(ou,d be3ome in terms o2 pur3(ase pri3e. /t
'i,,1 (o'e7er1 3ost 6ou more in time and e22ort to -et it into a
3ondition read6 to put it into stora-e.
T(e easiest and simp,est 'a6 to in3orporate -rains and ,e-umes into
6our stora-e pro-ram is to pur3(ase 6our items .preB3,eaned and
preBpa30a-ed.. T(is is -rain or ,e-umes t(at (a7e been (ar7ested1
3,eaned and put up in ba-s or ot(er 3ontainersBpossib,6 e7en -oin- so
2ar as to a,read6 be pa30a-ed 2or ,on-Bterm stora-e. /2 6ou don+t ,i7e
in t(e area '(ere t(e6 are -ro'n1 it is probab,6 6our on,6 option.
/2 6ou 'ant to pur3(ase in bu,0 t(en 6ou ma6 be ab,e to 2ind
.preB3,eaned. '(i3( means t(at it (as been passed t(rou-( 2ans1 s3reens
or sie7es to remo7e 3(a221 smut ba,,s1 inse3t parts1 mouse droppin-s and
ot(er debris. /t probab,6 'on+t be in an6 2orm o2 pa30a-in- and 6ou ma6
(a7e to pro7ide 6our o'n 3ontainer. T(ere ma6 be minimum pur3(ase
amounts as 'e,,. /2 t(e moisture 3ontent is in t(e ri-(t ran-e t(en
not(in- 'i,, need to be done ot(er t(an to put it up in 6our o'n stora-e
pa30a-in-. =e 3ertain to ma0e sure it is intended 2or (uman 2ood use1
ot(er'ise read t(e 3autionar6 teCt be,o'.
S(ou,d 6ou (appen to ,i7e in t(e area '(ere t(e t6pe o2 -rain or
,e-ume t(at 6ou are interested in pur3(asin- is -ro'n 6ou ma6 be ab,e to
pur3(ase dire3t 2rom t(e produ3er or distributor.
/2 6ou are interested in doin- t(is1 it ma6 be possib,e to 2ind
6our produ3t .2ie,dBrun. '(i3( means t(at it+s been (ar7ested and so,d
s(ort,6 t(erea2ter. /t 'i,, not (a7e been -i7en an6 3,eanin- or
pro3essin- and is ,i0e,6 to be rat(er dirt6 dependin- upon t(e
3onditions under '(i3( it 'as -ro'n and (ar7ested.
" se3ond 2orm 3a,,ed .2ie,dBrun 2rom stora-e. is produ3t t(at (as
been (ar7ested and t(en put into stora-e 2or a time. /t 'i,, (a7e a,,
o2 t(e dirt and detritus o2 2ie,d run -rain and '(ate7er it ma6 (a7e
pi30ed up 2rom t(e si,o as 'e,,.
/;P!RT"NT N!TE$ /2 6ou (a7e pur3(ased 6our -rains and ,e-umes
2rom a 2oods dea,er t(en 6ou needn+t 'orr6 about
(idden mo,d in2e3tions1 2un-i3ides or inse3ti3ides t(at are unsa2e 2or
(uman 3onsumption. /n t(e U.S.1 t(e produ3ts 'i,, (a7e been 3(e30ed
se7era, times b6 edera, and State a-ri3u,ture departments and probab,6
b6 t(e maMor 2oods dea,ers as 'e,,1 to ensure its >ua,it6.
T(is is not ne3essari,6 t(e 3ase '(en 6ou pur3(ase 6our -rains or
,e-umes dire3t,6 2rom t(e 2armer or e,e7ator operator as 2ie,dBrun or
2ie,dBrun 2rom stora-e -rain. Nor is it ne3essari,6 t(e 3ase i2 6ou+7e
made t(e de3ision to uti,iDe -rains mar0eted as anima, 2eed. /nspe3tion
pro3edures 7ar6 2rom nation to nation1 so i2 6ou bu6 outside o2 t(e U.S.
in>uire o2 6our supp,ier.
/2 6ou are bu6in- 6our -rains and ,e-umes 2rom some p,a3e ot(er
t(an a 2oods dea,er1 6ou need to 0no' t(e (istor6 o2 '(at 6ou are
bu6in-. T(ere is t(e remote possibi,it6 t(at 2ie,dBrun 2rom stora-e or
an6 -rade o2 -rain not spe3i2i3a,,6 so,d 2or (uman 3onsumption ma6 (a7e
(ad 2umi-ants1 2un-i3ides or inse3ti3ides not 3erti2ied as sa2e 2or
(uman 2oods added '(i,e it 'as in t(e bin. /t is important to 0no' '(at
it (as been treated 'it( be2ore 6ou bu6 it.
Strai-(t 2ie,dBrun -rain1 ot(er t(an bein- dirt61 is not ,i0e,6 to
(a7e (ad an6t(in- added to it t(at 'ou,d ma0e it undesirab,e 2or (uman
3onsumption. T(ere is1 (o'e7er1 t(e a,so remote possibi,it6 it ma6 (a7e
been in2e3ted 'it( 2un-i t(at 'ou,d ma0e it unsa2e 2or eatin-.
!ne o2 t(ese 2un-a, in2e3tions o2 -rain is 3a,,ed .er-ot.. T(is
2un-a, disease a22e3ts t(e 2,o'erin- parts o2 some members o2 t(e -rass
2ami,61 most,6 3on2ined to r6e. *onsumin- t(e 2un-us 3auses a ner7ous
disorder 0no'n as St. "nt(on6+s ire. <(en eaten in ,ar-e >uantities
t(e er-ot a,0a,oids ma6 3ause 3onstri3tion o2 t(e b,ood 7esse,s1
parti3u,ar,6 in t(e eCtremities. T(e e22e3ts o2 er-ot poisonin- are
3umu,ati7e and ,ead to numbness o2 t(e ,imbs and ot(er1 2re>uent,6
serious1 s6mptoms.
T(e 2un-us bodies are (ard1 spur ,i0e1 purp,eBb,a30 stru3tures t(at
rep,a3e t(e 0erne, in t(e -rain (ead. T(e er-ot bodies 3an 7ar6 in siDe
2rom t(e ,en-t( o2 t(e 0erne, to as mu3( as se7era, times as ,on-. T(e6
don+t 3rus( as easi,6 as smut bodies o2 ot(er 2un-uses. <(en t(e6 are
3ra30ed open1 t(e inner bro0en 2a3es 3an be o22B'(ite1 6e,,o'1 or tan.
T(e in2e3ted -rain ,oo0s 7er6 di22erent 2rom ordinar61 (ea,t(6 r6e
-rains and 3an be spotted easi,6. Er-ot on,6 rare,6 a22e3ts ot(er
-rains and 'i,, -enera,,6 a22,i3t r6e on,6 '(en t(e -ro'in- 3onditions
'ere damp. /2 6ou pur3(ase 2ie,d run r6e1 6ou s(ou,d 3,ose,6 eCamine it
2irst 2or t(e presen3e o2 er-ot bodies. /2 6ou 2ind more t(an a 7er6
2e'1 pass up t(at -rain and ,oo0 e,se'(ere.
Er-ot is t6pi3a,,6 not a 3ommon prob,em in t(e U.S and is easi,6
spotted '(en it does o33ur. !t(er -rain 2un-i1 (o'e7er1 are mu3( (arder
to spot and a,so (a7e serious 3onse>uen3es s(ou,d t(e6 be 3onsumed. T(e
7arious spe3ies o2 ."sper-i,,us. and .usarium. mo,ds 3an be a prob,em
a,most an6'(ere and s(ou,d be 0ept in mind. 8P,ease see Se3tion ///.=
;o,ds /n #rains and 9e-umes 2or more in2ormation 3on3ernin- t(is.8
Sometimes -rain in t(e 2orm o2 anima, 2eed or seed -rainH,e-umes is
a7ai,ab,e. Feep in mind anima, 2eeds ma6 (a7e a (i-(er 3ontaminant
,e7e, t(an '(at is permissib,e 2or (uman 3onsumption. Under 3ertain
3ir3umstan3es1 t(e USD" a,,o's t(e sa,e o2 -rain or ,e-umes 2or anima,
2eed t(at 3ou,d not be so,d 2or dire3t (uman 2ood use. /t ma6 e7en be
miCed 7arieties o2 one -rain and not a,, one t6pe. Seed -rains1 in
parti3u,ar1 must be in7esti-ated 3are2u,,6 to 2ind out '(at t(e6 ma6
(a7e been treated 'it(. /t is >uite 3ommon 2or seed to (a7e (ad
2un-i3ides app,ied to t(em1 and possib,6 ot(er 3(emi3a,s as 'e,,. !n3e
treated1 t(e6 are no ,on-er sa2e 2or (uman or anima, 3onsumption.
/2 6ou do pur3(ase 2ie,dBrun -rain o2 an6 sort1 eCamine it 3,ose,6
2or 3ontamination and mo,d6 -rain. "s0 t(e 2armer or distributor
'(et(er it (as been tested 2or mo,d or .m63otoCin. @2un-a, toCinA
3ontent. T(is is espe3ia,,6 t(e 3ase i2 6ou are bu6in- 2ie,dBrun *!RN1
R:E1 S!:=E"NS or R/*E. <(en 6ou pur3(ase dire3t 2rom t(e 2ie,d1 6ou
ma6 be -ettin- it be2ore it (as been 3(e30ed. =e 3ertain o2 '(at it is
t(at 6ou are -ettin- and as0 >uestions i2 6ou 3(oose to -o t(is route.
Fno' '(o 6ou are dea,in- 'it(. Un,ess 6ou Must 3an+t 2ind an6 ot(er
sour3e1 / don+t re3ommend usin- anima, 2eed or seed -rains 2or (uman
2ood.
8P,ease see se3tion ///.=.3 . ;o,ds /n #rains and 9e-umes. 2or
2urt(er in2ormation.8
".3.1 ;!/STURE *!NTENT
T(e moisture 3ontent o2 t(e -rain or ,e-ume 6ou 'ant to put b6 (as
a maMor impa3t on (o' ,on- 6ou 'i,, be ab,e to 0eep it in stora-e and
sti,, remain nutritious and edib,e. Some o2 t(e a7ai,ab,e ,iterature
states t(at -rain 'it( a moisture 3ontent as (i-( as 13P 3an be sa2e,6
put up1 but t(ere is a ris0 to 0eepin- it at t(at moisture ,e7e, t(at
s(ou,d be understood.
T(e outside o2 e7er6 0erne, o2 -rain and bean 6ou bu6 or -ro' (osts
t(ousands o2 2un-i spores and ba3teria. T(is is a,, per2e3t,6 natura,
and is not a reason 2or a,arm. T(e prob,em ,ies in t(at at moisture
,e7e,s bet'een 13.5P to 15P some 2un-a, spe3ies are ab,e to -ro' and
reprodu3e. "erobi3 ba3teria @needin- 2ree oC6-en to sur7i7eA re>uire
moisture in t(e 20P ran-e. /2 6ou (a7e -rain 'it( a moisture 3ontent as
(i-( as 13P 6ou are peri,ous,6 3,ose to (a7in- enou-( moisture to enab,e
mo,d -ro't( '(i3( 3ou,d ,ead to t(e spoi,a-e and ,oss o2 6our produ3t.
or t(is reason1 / su--est 6ou 0eep a,, -rains and ,e-umes to a moisture
3ontent o2 no more t(an 10P. "n eC3eption to t(is is ra' peanuts '(i3(
are parti3u,ar,6 sus3eptib,e to an "sper-i,,us mo,d -ro't( t(at produ3es
a2,atoCin @a t6pe o2 m63otoCinA and s(ou,d be stored 'it( an 8P moisture
3ontent or ,ess.
/2 6ou do not (a7e a 3,ue as to '(at t(e moisture ,e7e, o2 6our
-rain is (ere are se7era, met(ods to determine it. T(e 2irst met(od
re>uires a -reat dea, more o7en time1 but is t(e simp,est and (as ,ess
room 2or error to 3reep in. T(e se3ond met(od is mu3( >ui30er1 but
-reater 3are must be ta0en to pre7ent mista0es.
)i-(,6 pre3ise moisture 3ontent measurements -enera,,6 re>uire
e>uipment and 2a3i,ities be6ond t(e s3ope o2 '(at 3an be (ad b6 t(e
a7era-e person. /t is sti,, possib,e t(ou-( to ma0e some determinations
t(at 'i,, be o2 rea, use 2or our purposes.
:ou+,, need some 'a6 to measure 'ei-(t 'it( a 2air de-ree o2
a33ura36. T(e better t(e s3a,e 6ou use1 t(e more re,iabi,it6 6ou+,,
(a7e in 6our determinations. Pro7ided t(at it 'i,, 'ei-( a33urate,6 to
t(e (a,2Boun3e or ,ess1 an6 s3a,e t(at 3an be 3a,ibrated 'it( a 0no'n
3(e30 'ei-(t 'i,, do. E7en posta, s3a,es 3an be made to ser7e i2 t(e6
are 3are2u,,6 3a,ibrated a-ainst a 0no'n 'ei-(t. ;an6 indi7idua,s
interested in startin- stora-e pro-rams ma6 (a7e -rain 'ei-(t s3a,es
used in ammunition re,oadin- t(at mi-(t ser7e 'e,,.
",so ne3essar6 is a t(ermometer 3apab,e o2 'it(standin- and
a33urate,6 measurin- o7en temperatures. "s man6 ba0ers 3an te,, 6ou1
(ome o7en t(ermostats are o2ten notorious,6 ina33urate so it is better
to re,6 on a de3ent t(ermometer. ;ost 0it3(en supp,6 stores 3an supp,6
one t(at is o7en sa2e and 'i,, a33urate,6 measure to t(e de-ree
a(ren(eit or *e,sius.
Proper te3(ni>ue 3a,,s 2or pre(eatin- t(e o7en 2or a (a,2B(our or
more be2ore startin- t(e de(6dratin- pro3ess so t(at it 'i,, be o2 a
uni2orm (eat t(rou-(out. T(e samp,e pan s(ou,d be p,a3ed on t(e midd,e
ra30 as 3,ose to t(e 7erti3a, and (oriDonta, 3enter o2 t(e o7en as
possib,e. T(e bu,b or dia, o2 t(e t(ermometer s(ou,d be p,a3ed neCt to
t(e pan.
;ET)!D !NE.
T(is met(od is 2or measurin- moisture 3ontent in '(o,e -rains and
,e-umes. #rain 2,ours or mea,s1 mi,0 po'ders and an6 ot(er 2ine,6
teCtured 2oods s(ou,d use met(od t'o detai,ed be,o'.
To be done prior to measurin- BB 3(oose a s(a,,o' (eat resistant
3ontainer t(at (as a 3,ose 2ittin- ,id. *,ean it t(orou-(,6 and dr6 it
3omp,ete,6 in 6our o7en 2or 10B15 minutes. ",,o' it to 3oo, and t(en
'ei-( it 3are2u,,6. T(is 'i,, -i7e 6ou t(e tare 'ei-(t or '(at 6our
3ontainer 'ei-(s empt6.
Dependin- on (o' 6our s3a,e is 3a,ibrated 6ou 3an use a sma,,er
samp,e siDe t(an '(at is indi3ated be,o'. Usin- t(e t'ent6Boun3e samp,e
mentioned in t(e 2o,,o'in- teCt 'i,, a,,o' 2or 2air,6 a33urate readin-s
'it( t(e a7era-e posta, s3a,e. " s3a,e t(at 'i,, measure to t(e -ram
3ou,d use as sma,, a samp,e as 20 -rams. " po'der s3a,e 3ou,d use e7en
,ess1 but t(e sma,,er 6our samp,e siDe be3omes t(e more 2ini306 3are 6ou
must ta0e not to a,,o' error to 3reep in. Feep 6our samp,e siDe ,ar-e
enou-( to easi,6 'or0 'it(.
",,o'in- 2or t(e 'ei-(t o2 t(e samp,e pan1 measure out a 'ei-(ed
t'ent6Boun3e representati7e samp,e o2 t(e -rain or ,e-umes in >uestion.
/dea,,61 6ou s(ou,d miC t(e entire ,ot t(orou-(,6 immediate,6 be2ore
remo7in- t(e samp,e1 but i2 t(is is not possib,e t(en ta0e it 2rom t(e
midd,e 3enter o2 t(e 3ontainer. /t is important t(at 6ou use 3are in
t(is measurement sin3e it 'i,, a22e3t a,, 2o,,o'in- determinations.
Put t(e samp,e in t(e 3ontainer ma0in- sure it is not more t(an an
in3( deep. P,a3e it in t(e o7en 'it( t(e ,id o22 and a,,o' to (eat.
=e,o' is a tab,e -i7in- t(e o7en temperatures and times per -rain or
,e-ume t6pe$
Time and Temperature Settin-s 2or Determinin- ;oisture
*ontents o2 <(o,e Seeds.
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
!7en Temperature !7en Time
Seed De-. * )ours
=ar,e6 2II 130 20
=eans 215 103 52
*orn 215 103 52
!ats 2II 130 22
R6e 2II 130 1I
Sor-(um1 mi,,et 2II 130 18
So6beans1 peanuts 215 103 52
<(eat1 ri3e 2II 130 19
<(en t(e de(6dration period is o7er p,a3e t(e 3,ose 2ittin-
,id on t(e samp,e pan and a,,o' to 3oo, in t(e o7en 'it( t(e door
3,osed. Remo7e t(e pan and 3are2u,,6 'ei-( it.
" one oun3e ,oss in 'ei-(t indi3ates 6our -rain (as a rou-(,6 2i7e
per3ent moisture 3ontent1 2 oun3es indi3ates t(at it (as a 10P moisture
3ontent1 et3.1 et3. :ou mi-(t e7en be ab,e to 3ut it as 2ine as a (a,2
oD ,oss1 but / 'ou,dn+t tr6 to ta0e it 2urt(er t(an t(at.
!b7ious,61 t(is is on,6 a rou-( measure1 but it 'or0s and 3an be
done 'it( posta, or dieteti3 s3a,es t(at are a7ai,ab,e 7irtua,,6
e7er6'(ere. "s / mentioned abo7e1 i2 6ou (a7e a s3a,e 'it( a 2iner
3a,ibration it is possib,e to use a sma,,er samp,e siDe and a3(ie7e t(e
same resu,t.
/2 an6one (as a better 'a6 o2 measurin- moisture ,e7e,s '(i3( 3an
be done 'it(out a ,ab or spe3ia, e>uipment /+d sure,6 ,i0e to (ear it.

;ET)!D T<!
T(is met(od is mu3( 2aster to use t(an t(e 2irst1 but -reater 3are
must be ta0en to pre7ent error. /t 3an be used to determine moisture
3ontents o2 '(o,e -rains and ,e-umes1 2,ours1 mea,s and 7arious 2ood
po'ders.
T(e same e>uipment as 'as used in ;et(od !ne 'i,, be re>uired (ere
as 'e,, as a ,o'BRP; -rain mi,, or some ot(er de7i3e t(at 3an redu3e a
>uantit6 o2 t(e -rain to a mea, 3onsisten36 'it( on,6 minima, (eatin- o2
t(e samp,e. /2 t(e 2ood to be tested is a,read6 at a mea, 3onsisten36
or 2iner t(en it 3an be used asBis.
#rind a >uantit6 o2 produ3t 6ou 'ant to measure t(e moisture
3ontent o2. Ta0e 3are to -rind t(e samp,e s,o',6 enou-( to 0eep
2ri3tion (eat bui,d up to a minimum or e,se moisture 'i,, be ,ost due to
(eat e7aporation be2ore it 3an be 'ei-(ed.
/mmediate,6 upon 2inis(in- t(e -rindin-1 'ei-( out 6our samp,e so
as to minimiDe unmeasured moisture ,oss.
P,a3e t(e samp,e in t(e o7en and de(6drate in t(e manner used in
;et(od !ne 2or a period o2 t'o (ours at a temperature settin- o2 255
de-. @135 de-. *A. <(en t(e (eatin- period is 2inis(ed 3o7er 'it( t(e
ti-(tB2ittin- ,id and a,,o' to 3oo, in t(e o7en. Remo7e and 'ei-(
3are2u,,6. ;oisture determination is t(e same as abo7e.
".3.2 *9E"N/N# /T :!URSE9
/2 6ou+7e 3(osen to pur3(ase 2ie,dBrun -rain or i2 t(e preB3,eaned
produ3t 6ou+7e bou-(t isn+t 3,ean enou-(1 6ou 3an do it 6ourse,2.
T(e 2astest and easiest met(od is .2annin-.1 a 2orm o2 'inno'in-.
T(is is done b6 pourin- t(e -rain s,o',6 t(rou-( t(e air stream o2 a 2an
or b,o'er into a 3,ean1 deep 3ontainer su3( as a 3ardboard boC or tras(
3an. T(e 'ind b,o'in- t(rou-( t(e 2a,,in- -rain 'i,, b,o' out most o2
t(e bro0en 0erne,s1 3(a221 smut ba,,s1 mouse droppin-s1 et3. /2 6ou+re
,osin- too mu3( -ood -rain1 tr6 turnin- t(e 2an do'n or mo7in- it
2urt(er ba30 2rom t(e 3ontainer. T(e deep 3ontainer 'i,, 3ut do'n on
t(e amount o2 0erne,s t(at boun3e out. Repeat 2annin- as ne3essar6
unti, t(e -rain is 3,ean enou-( to suit or 6ou+7e b,o'n a,, o2 t(e
,i-(ter 3ontaminants out.
/2 t(e 2annin- didn+t -et t(e -rain 3,ean enou-( it 3an be
2urt(er 3,eaned b6 runnin- it t(rou-( a s3reen or sie7e. T(is
s(ou,d be made 'it( (o,es Must bi- enou-( to pass an a7era-e siDed
-rain o2 '(at it is 6ou+re 3,eanin-. !b7ious,61 t(e siDe o2 t(e
(o,es 'i,, ne3essari,6 7ar6 dependin- upon t(e 0erne, siDe o2 t(e
-rain.
S(ou,d t(e 0erne,s sti,, not be 3,ean enou-( to suit t(en 6ou+,,
Must (a7e to resort to (and pi30in- out t(e o22endin- parti3,es. /+d
stron-,6 su--est doin- t(is Must prior to -rindin- '(ere it 3an be done
in sma,, bat3(es rat(er t(an tr6in- to do 6our entire stora-e a,, at
on3e. /t+s mu3( easier to do a 2e' pounds at a time t(an 2i2t6 or a
(undred.
/2 6ou (a7e it in mind to 'as( t(e -rain1 t(is s(ou,d not be done
prior to stora-e1 but1 rat(er1 Must be2ore use. "2ter it+s been rinsed1
it s(ou,d be dried immediate,6 in t(e o7en b6 p,a3in- it no deeper t(an
1H2 in3( and (eated at 150 de-. 2or an (our. /t s(ou,d be stirred
o33asiona,,6 to impro7e dr6in-.

".J ST!R/N# #R"/NS "ND 9E#U;ES
No' t(at 6ou (a7e proper,6 prepared 6our -rains and ,e-umes 2or
stora-e1 t(e6 are read6 to be pa30a-ed.
8or met(ods and pro3edures o2 pa30a-in- p,ease see se3tion /V.8
/V. Spe3i2i3 E>uipment %uestions
". Stora-e *ontainers
=. *!2 and Nitro-en
*. !C6-en "bsorbers
D. Desi33ants
E. Diatoma3eous Eart(

=. DR: ;/9FS
#ot mi,0N /n t(e re2ri-erator1 ri-(tN ;i,0 is a -reat sour3e o2
essentia, amino a3ids and 7ita, 3a,3ium1 but in its 2res( ,i>uid 2orm it
is a (i-(,6 peris(ab,e 3ommodit6. ortunate,61 mi,0 3an be 2ound in
se7era, 2orms t(at ,end t(emse,7es to 2ood stora-e. T(e 7arious t6pes
o2 dr6 mi,0s are t(e best suited to t(e tas0.
=.1 T:PES ! DR: ;/9FS
N!N"T$ T(is is pasteuriDed s0im mi,0 redu3ed to a po'dered
3on3entrate. /t 3an be 2ound in t'o 2orms1 re-u,ar and
instant. T(e6 are bot( made 2rom mi,0 in a spra6Bdr6in- pro3ess1 but
t(e instant 7ariet6 (as been -i7en 2urt(er pro3essin- to ma0e it more
easi,6 so,ub,e in 'ater t(an re-u,ar dr6 mi,0. =ot( t6pes (a7e t(e same
nutrient 3omposition. T(e re-u,ar 7ariet6 is more 3ompa3t and re>uires
,ess stora-e spa3e t(an t(e instantiDed 7ariet61 but it is more
di22i3u,t to re3onstitute. T(e most easi,6 2ound 7ariet6 is t(e
instant1 a7ai,ab,e in near,6 an6 -ro3er6 store. T(e re-u,ar 7ariet6 (as
to be sou-(t out 2rom ba0in- and restaurant supp,iers and stora-e 2ood
dea,ers.
/t ta0es 3.2 oD or about 3 tab,espoons o2 instant non2at dr6 mi,0
added to 8 oD o2 'ater to ma0e 1 3up o2 mi,0 6ou 3an drin0 or 3oo0 'it(
Must ,i0e 2res( mi,01 a,beit 'it( a 3onsiderab,e 2,a7or di22eren3e.
*ombinin- t(e dr6 mi,0 'it( 'ater at ,east se7era, (ours be2ore 6ou p,an
to use it -i7es it time to disso,7e 2u,,6 and to de7e,op a 2res(er
2,a7or. S(a0in- t(e 2,uid mi,0 7i-orous,6 'i,, in3orporate air and 'i,,
a,so (e,p to impro7e 2,a7or. "dd t(e po'der to ba0ed -oods1 -ra7ies1
smoot(ies1 (ot 3erea,s1 3assero,es and meat ,oa2 as a nutrition booster.
/t 3an a,so be used to ma0e 6o-urt1 3(eese and most an6 3u,tured dair6
produ3t t(at does not re>uire a (i-( 2at 3ontent.
9"V!RED N!N"T$ T(is ma6 be 2ound pa30a-ed in a 7ariet6 o2 2orms
2rom a ,o' 3a,orie diet drin0 @arti2i3ia,,6
s'eetenedA to t(e ot(er end o2 t(e s3a,e1 as 3o3oa miC or ma,ted mi,0.
T(e 0e6 in-redient is t(e dr6 mi,0 so bu6 and store t(ese produ3ts
a33ordin-,6.
<)!9E ;/9F$ T(is is '(o,e dr6 mi,0 'it( a,, o2 its 2at 3ontent
and t(ere2ore (as a s(orter s(e,2 ,i2e t(an non2at.
!t(er t(an t(at1 it 3an be used in eCa3t,6 t(e same 'a6. Dr6 '(o,e mi,0
is di22i3u,t to 2ind1 but 3an sometimes be 2ound '(ere 3ampin- and
outba30 supp,ies are so,d.
=UTTER;/9F$ Dr6 buttermi,0 is 2or use in re3ipes 3a,,in- 2or
buttermi,0. Sin3e it (as a s,i-(t,6 (i-(er 2at
3ontent t(an non2at dr6 mi,01 it -enera,,6 does not 0eep as ,on-.
=.1.1 =U:/N# DR: ;/9F PR!DU*TS
@aAB =e sure t(e dr6 mi,0 6ou are bu6in- (as been 2orti2ied 'it(
7itamins " and D. ",, o2 t(e non2at dr6 mi,0s /+7e seen 3ome 2orti2ied
'it( t(ese t'o 7itamins. T(e dr6 buttermi,0 does not 3ome t(is 'a61 at
,east t(e S"*! brand does not. / don+t 0no' i2 t(e 2,a7ored miCes and
t(e dr6 '(o,e mi,0 do or not.
@bAB T(ere s(ou,d be no arti2i3ia, 3o,ors or 2,a7ors. / be,ie7e it
is i,,e-a, to add preser7ati7es to an6 dr6 mi,0 so,d in t(e U.S. so a
3,aim o2 .no preser7ati7es. on t(e ,abe, is o2 no 3onse>uen3e. !t(er
nations ma6 be di22erent1 (o'e7er.
@3AB .ECtra #rade. on t(e ,abe, indi3ates t(e manu2a3turer (as (e,d
to (i-(er pro3essin- and >ua,it6 standards and t(e mi,0 is some'(at
,o'er in 2at1 moisture and ba3teria, 3ontent1 is more so,ub,e1 and (as
2e'er s3or3(ed parti3,es.
T(ere are sti,, some manu2a3turers o2 dr6 mi,0 t(at se,, ordinar6
#rade " produ3t1 but t(e6 are be3omin- 2e'er. E7er6 brand o2 instant
po'dered mi,0 in m6 ,o3a, -ro3er6 store is t(e ECtra #rade1 e7en t(e
-eneri3 store brand. T(is1 too1 ma6 7ar6 outside o2 t(e States.
@dAB Tr6 to bu6 6our dried mi,0 in 3ontainers o2 a siDe t(at ma0es
sense 2or t(e ,e7e, o2 3onsumption in t(e (ouse(o,d. !n3e it is opened1
po'dered mi,0 (as a s(ort s(e,2 ,i2e be2ore undesirab,e 3(an-es in
2,a7or and nutrient 3ontent o33urs. /2 6ou bu6 ,ar-e pa30a-es and do
not use mu3( at one time1 3onsider brea0in- it do'n and repa30a-in- into
sma,,er 3ontainers at t(e time o2 pur3(ase.
@eAB "s 'it( an6 stora-e 2ood 6ou bu61 tr6 to dea, on,6 'it(
reputab,e dea,ers. /t is parti3u,ar,6 important to do t(is 'it( dr6
mi,0 be3ause o2 its s(ort s(e,2 ,i2e and sensiti7it6 to stora-e
3onditions. *(e30 eCpiration dates1 t(en date and rotate pa30a-es.
=.2 ST!R/N# ! DR: ;/9FS
Dr6 mi,0 produ3ts are probab,6 t(e most sensiti7e to en7ironmenta,
3onditions stora-e 2oods t(ere are1 parti3u,ar,6 to temperature and
moisture 3ontent. T(eir 7itamins " and D are a,so p(otosensiti7e and
'i,, brea0 do'n rapid,6 i2 eCposed to ,i-(t.
T(e area '(ere 6our dr6 mi,0 is stored s(ou,d be 0ept as 3oo, as
possib,e. /2 it is possib,e to do so1 airB3onditionin- or e7en
re2ri-eration 3an -reat,6 eCtend t(e nutrient s(e,2 ,i2e.
/2 t(e stora-e 3ontainer is transparent or trans,u3ent t(en it
s(ou,d be put into a se3ond 3ontainer opa>ue to ,i-(t or stored in a
dar0 room.
Dr6 mi,0 'i,, absorb moisture and odors 2rom t(e air so stora-e
3ontainers s(ou,d be imper7ious to bot( air and moisture. T(e drier it
3an be 0ept1 t(e better it 'i,, 0eep. T(e use o2 desi33ants is an
eC3e,,ent idea. !C6-en a,so speeds de3omposition. Po'dered mi,0 3anned
'it( nitro-en or 3arbon dioCide to rep,a3e air @'(i3( 3ontains oC6-enA
'i,, 0eep ,on-er t(an po'dered mi,0 eCposed to air. Va3uum 3annin- a,so
de3reases t(e a7ai,ab,e oC6-en.
/2 t(e dr6 mi,0 pur3(ased 'as not pa30a-ed 2or ,on- term stora-e
t(en it s(ou,d be repa30a-ed ri-(t a'a6.
/ pur3(ase t(e instant 7ariet6 at m6 ,o3a, -ro3er6 and repa30 it
'(en / -et it (ome. /+7e seen a number o2 met(ods used 2or t(is and an6
o2 t(em s(ou,d 'or0.
T(e met(od / no' use is to pour t(e po'der into 3,ean1 dr6
(a,2B-a,,on 3annin- Mars. !n3e t(e Mars are 2i,,ed / add a sma,,
desi33ant pa30 and sea,. T(e6 are dated and stored in t(e ubi>uitous
3oo,1 dar0 p,a3e. T(e6 must be -uarded a-ainst brea0a-e1 but t(e6 o22er
t(e ad7anta-e o2 not (o,din- odors1 t(us a,,o'in- 2or reuse a2ter
suitab,e 3,eanin-. Sin3e t(e6 are as transparent t(e 3ontents must be
prote3ted a-ainst ,i-(t. Va3uum sea,in- and t(en storin- in a dar0
p,a3e ma6 be t(e best met(od. 9ar-er Mars o2 1 -a,,on siDe 3ou,d be
used and t(en reB7a3uum sea,ed a2ter ea3( use. "n !2 absorber 'ou,d
ta0e 3are o2 an6 remainin- oC6-en and 'ou,d1 itse,21 ,ast ,on-er '(en
used in 3onMun3tion 'it( t(e 7a3uum sea,er. =ein- -,ass1 t(e Mar 3an be
reused as 'e,, as t(e ,id and rin- i2 t(e6+re proper,6 3,eaned.
*,ean1 sound p,asti3 one and t'o ,iter soda bott,es 3an a,so be
used1 but probab,6 s(ou,d be used Must on3e sin3e t(e p,asti3 is
some'(at permeab,e and 'i,, (o,d odors.
/2 6ou (a7e a33ess to a 3an sea,er1 Q10 3ans ma0e 'onder2u, stora-e
3ontainers 2or dr6 mi,01 parti3u,ar,6 i2 used in 3onMun3tion 'it( !2
absorbers.
"not(er met(od /+7e seen used is to remo7e t(e paper en7e,opes o2
mi,0 po'der 2rom t(e 3ardboard boC t(e6 3ome 2rom t(e -ro3er6 store in
and to put t(em in dated p,asti3 ba-s. T(ese ba-s are not sea,ed. T(e
unsea,ed ba-s are t(en p,a3ed in a ,ar-er1 air ti-(t1 opa>ue 3ontainer.
/+7e (eard o2 p,asti3 bu30ets1 2i2t6 3a, and 20 mm ammo 3ans bein- used
2or t(is purpose. " (ea,t(6 >uantit6 o2 desi33ant 'as a,so p,a3ed in
t(e 3ontainer. T(is 'ou,d be anot(er area '(ere !2 absorption pa30ets
s(ou,d ser7e 'e,,. /t+s important to remember t(e 3ontainers s(ou,d be
3,ean and odorB2ree.
8P,ease see Se3tion /V Spe3i2i3 E>uipment %uestions 2or in2ormation
3on3ernin- t(e proper use o2 3ontainers1 desi33ants1 3ompressed -asses1
dr6 i3e and oC6-en absorbers.8
=.2.1 S)E9 9/E ! DR: ;/9FS
rom$ Sa3ooodsLao,.3om @"m6 T(ompsonA
To$ DunrossLd0eep.3om @",an )a-anA
SubM$ S"*! ;iC+nDrin0 /nstant Pure S0im ;i,0
Date$ ;a6 91 199I
Dear ;r. )a-an$
T(an0 6ou 2or 6our eBmai, toda6 and 2or 6our interest in S"*!
;iC+nDrin0 Pure S0im ;i,0.
!ur ;iC+n Drin0 'i,, 0eep its nutrition 7a,ue 2or up to about t'o
6ears i2 0ept 3oo, and dr61 and t(e on,6 7itamins t(at a3tua,,6 de3rease
o7er time are t(e 7itamins " and D. T(ese are not s(e,2Bstab,e 7itamins
and are sensiti7e to (eat and ,i-(t. " -ood ru,e o2 t(umb to 2o,,o' is
t(at t(e 7itamins " and D 'i,, dissipate at a rate o2 about 20P e7er6
6ear i2 stored proper,6. T(e ,ess (eat and moisture t(e mi,0 is eCposed
to1 t(e better t(e 7itamins 'i,, 0eep. " 2reeDer 3ou,d eCtend t(e s(e,2
,i2e1 as ,on- as t(e po'der does not -et moisture in it. /2 6ou (ad to
put a time ,imit on t(e ;iC+nDrin01 2or rotation purposes1 / 'ou,d date
it at t'o 6ears a2ter t(e date o2 pur3(ase.
"2ter openin- a pa30a-e o2 dr6 mi,01 trans2er t(e po'der to a
ti-(t,6 3o7ered -,ass or meta, 3ontainer @dr6 mi,0 3an pi30 up odors
2rom p,asti3 3ontainersA and 0eep it in t(e re2ri-erator. Unsea,ed
non2at dr6 mi,0 0eeps 2or a 2e' mont(sG dr6 '(o,e mi,0 2or a 2e' 'ee0s.

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
rom$ Sa3ooodsLao,.3om @"m6 T(ompsonA
To$ DunrossLd0eep.3om @",an )a-anA
SubM$ S"*! ;iC+nDrin0 /nstant Pure S0im ;i,0
Date$ ;a6 211 199I
Dear ;r. )a-an$
Sin3e 7itamins " and D are (eat and ,i-(t sensiti7e1 / 'ou,d sa6
t(at 6our 1 1H2 6ear s(e,2 ,i2e is 7er6 reasonab,e. /2 6ou are tr6in-
to determine '(en t(e nutritiona, 7a,ue (as been a22e3ted more t(an J0P1
as 6ou pre7ious,6 indi3ated1 6ou s(ou,d be prett6 sa2e 'it( t(at time
e,ement1 as ,on- as it is not eCposed to eCtreme (eat.
REds note$ <e 'ere dis3ussin- t(e (i-(er a7era-e temperatures 2ound in
,orida and ot(er (ot 3,imates and t(e e22e3t t(at it 'ou,d (a7e on
t(eir dr6 mi,0+s nutrient 3ontentS

*. *"NNED #!!DS
*.1 *"NNED ;/9F T:PES
Preser7ed ,i>uid mi,0 3omes in a number o2 2orms1 none o2 '(i3( are
7er6 simi,ar to ea3( ot(er. T(e most 3ommon 2orms o2 t(ese pa30a-ed
mi,0s are as 2o,,o's$
*"NNED ;/9FS$ T(ese are 3ommon,6 3a,,ed U)T mi,0s @U,tra )i-(
TemperatureA 2or t(e pa30a-in- te3(ni>ue used to put
t(em up. T(e6 3ome in t(e same 7arieties as 2res( ,i>uid mi,0s$ <(o,e1
2P1 1P and s0im. /+7e e7en 2ound '(ippin- 3ream in U)T pa30a-in- @#rand
*(e2 B Parma,atA1 t(ou-( t(is ma6 be o22ered on,6 in t(e 3ommer3ia, and
restaurant trade. /n t(e U.S. t(e6 (a7e 7itamin D added. T(e ,esser
2at 3ontent mi,0s do not 0eep as ,on- as '(o,e mi,0 and t(eir use b6
dates are 3orrespondin-,6 s(orter term. T(is mi,0 is pa30a-ed in
asepti3 3ontainers1 eit(er 3ans or ,aminated paper 3artons. /t (as t(e
same 3omposition as 2res( mi,0 o2 t(e same t6pe1 and 3an be stored at
room temperature be3ause o2 t(e spe3ia, pasteuriDin- pro3ess used. T(e
mi,0 (as a boi,ed 2,a7or1 but mu3( ,ess t(an e7aporated mi,0. T(e dates
are usua,,6 2or approCimate,6 siC mont(s. T(e mi,0 is sti,, usab,e past
its date1 but t(e 2,a7or soon be-ins to -o sta,e and t(e 3ream
separates. / am to,d b6 a 2riend '(o ,i7ed in #erman6 not ,on- a2ter
t(is 0ind o2 3anned mi,0 be-an to 3ome on t(e mar0et t(ere t(at t(e6
'ere dated 2or a 6ear.
<it( a siCBmont( s(e,2 ,i2e t(is t6pe o2 3anned mi,0 natura,,6
re>uires a mu3( 2aster rotation 363,e t(an ot(er t6pes. T(e on,6 brand
name 2or t(is mi,0 /+7e seen is Parma,at. Re3ent,61 / (a7e dis3o7ered
t(at it ma0es eC3e,,ent 6o-urt1 ,osin- t(e boi,ed tasted
EV"P!R"TED$ T(is is made 2rom 2res(1 unpasteuriDed '(o,e mi,0. "
7a3uumB(eatin- pro3ess remo7es I0P o2 t(e 'aterG t(e
3on3entrate is (eated1 (omo-eniDed1 and in t(e States 7itamin D is
added. /t is t(en 3anned and (eated a-ain to steri,iDe t(e 3ontents.
/t ma6 a,so (a7e ot(er nutrients and 3(emi3a, stabi,iDers added. "
miCture o2 one part 'ater and one part e7aporated mi,0 'i,, (a7e about
t(e same nutritiona, 7a,ue o2 an e>ua, amount o2 2res( mi,0. T(ere is
-enera,,6 no date or use b6 3ode on e7aporated mi,0
)ea,t( and nutrition 2ood stores o2ten 3arr6 3anned1 e7aporated
-oat+s mi,01 in a simi,ar 3on3entration.
S<EETENED *!NDENSED$ T(is mi,0 -oes t(rou-( mu3( ,ess pro3essin-
t(an e7aporated mi,0. /t starts 'it(
pasteuriDed mi,0 3ombined 'it( a su-ar so,ution. T(e 'ater is t(en
eCtra3ted unti, t(e miCture is ,ess t(an (a,2 its ori-ina, 'ei-(t. /t
is not (eated be3ause t(e (i-( su-ar 3ontent pre7ents spoi,a-e. /t+s
7er6 (i-( in 3a,ories1 too$ 8 oD (as 980 3a,ories.
",t(ou-( it is o2ten (ard to 2ind1 t(e ,abe, (as a stamped date
3ode '(i3( indi3ates t(e date b6 '(i3( it s(ou,d be 3onsumed.
S'eetened1 3ondensed mi,0 ma6 t(i30en and dar0en as it a-es1 but it is
sti,, edib,e.
*.1.1 S)E9 9/E ! *"NNED ;/9FS
Unopened 3ans o2 e7aporated mi,0 3an be stored on a 3oo,1 dr6 s(e,2
2or up to siC mont(s. *anned mi,0 @U)TA s(ou,d be stored ti,, t(e
stamped date 3ode on t(e pa30a-e @3 B I mont(sA. *(e30 t(e date on
s'eetened1 3ondensed mi,0 2or maCimum stora-e.

*.2 *!RR!S/!N PREVENT/!N ! *"NNED #!!DS
Some areas (a7e di22i3u,t6 storin- meta, 3anned -oods 2or ,on-
periods o2 time. T(is is usua,,6 3aused b6 7er6 (i-( (umidit6 or
eCposure to sa,t in a marine en7ironment. /2 t(is is a prob,em1 it is
possib,e to eCtend t(e ,i2e o2 meta, 3ans b6 3oatin- t(eir outsides.
/+7e seen t(is used on boats (ere in ,orida1 espe3ia,,6 '(en ,oadin-
2or a ,on- trip. T(ere are at ,east 2our met(ods t(at 3an be used to do
t(is$
P"R"/N ;ET)!D$ Usin- a doub,e boi,er1 para22in is me,ted and
brus(ed on t(e 3,ean1 unrusted 3ans. =e 3ertain to -et a -ood 3oat on
a,, seams1 parti3u,ar,6 t(e Moints. /2 t(e 3an is sma,, enou-(1 it 3an
be dipped dire3t,6 into t(e 'aC. *are must be ta0en to not 3ause t(e
,abe,s to separate 2rom t(e 3ans. Do not ,ea7e in ,on- enou-( 2or t(e
3an to -et 'arm.
P"STE <"O ;ET)!D$ *ombine 2B3 oD. o2 paste or Me,,6 'aC 'it( a
>uart o2 minera, spirits. <arm t(e miCture *"REU99: in its 3ontainer
b6 immersin- it in a ,ar-er 3ontainer o2 (ot 'ater. D! N!T )E"T !VER "N
!PEN 9";EE Stir t(e 'aCHspirits t(orou-(,6 unti, it is 'e,, miCed and
disso,7ed. Paint t(e 3ans 'it( a brus( in t(e same manner as abo7e.
P,a3e t(e 3ans on a 'ire ra30 unti, dr6.
SPR": S/9/*!NE$ " ,i-(t 3oatin- o2 ordinar6 spra6 si,i3one ma6 be
used to deter rust. Spra6 ,i-(t,61 a,,o' to dr61 'ipe -ent,6 'it( a
3,ean 3,ot( to remo7e eC3ess si,i3one.
*9E"R *!"T/N#$ " 3,ear t6pe o2 spra6 or brus( on 3oatin- su3( as
Rusto,eum ma6 be app,ied. T(is is best suited 2or ,ar-er resea,ab,e
3ans1 but 'i,, 0eep t(em prote3ted 2rom 3orrosion 2or 6ears.

D. SU#"R1 )!NE: "ND !T)ER S<EETENERS
T(ere are a 'ide number o2 su-ars to be 2ound 2or purposes o2
s'eetenin- 2oods. ru3tose is t(e primar6 su-ar in 2ruit and (one6G
ma,tose is one o2 t(e su-ars in ma,ted -rainsG pimentose are 2ound in
o,i7es and su3rose is '(at 'e 0no' as -ranu,ated or tab,e su-ar.
Su3rose is a (i-(,6 re2ined produ3t made primari,6 2rom su-ar 3ane
t(ou-( su-ar beets sti,, 3ontribute a 2air amount o2 t(e 'or,d supp,6.
;odern tab,e su-ar is no' so (i-(,6 re2ined as to be 7irtua,,6 100P pure
and near,6 indestru3tib,e i2 prote3ted 2rom moisture. Po'dered su-ar
and bro'n su-ar are simp,e 7ariations on -ranu,ated su-ar and s(are its
,on- ,i2e.
9i>uid s'eeteners do not (a7e >uite t(e ,on-e7it6 o2 dr6 su-ars.
)one61 3ane s6rup1 mo,asses1 3orn s6rup and map,e s6rup ma6 3r6sta,,iDe
or mo,d durin- ,on- stora-e. T(ese s6rups are 3(emi3a,,6 not as simp,e
as tab,e su-ar and t(ere2ore ,ose 2,a7or and ot(er'ise brea0 do'n o7er
time.
D.1 T:PES ! #R"NU9"TED SU#"RS
=u6in- -ranu,ated su-ar and its 3,ose 3ousins is rea,,6 a 7er6
simp,e matter. =u6 a brand 6ou 0no' 6ou 3an trust and be 3ertain t(e
pa30a-e is 3,ean1 dr6 and (as no inse3t in2estation. T(ere+s 7er6
,itt,e t(at 3an -o 'ron- 'it( it.
#R"NU9"TED$ #ranu,ated su-ar does not spoi,1 but i2 it -ets damp
it 'i,, ,i0e,6 3a0e up or -et ,ump6. /2 it does1 it
3an simp,6 be pu,7eriDed a-ain unti, it re-ains its -ranu,ated teCture.
#ranu,ated su-ar 3an be 2ound in 7ar6in- teCtures1 3oarser or 2iner.
.*astorH3aster su-ar. is a 2iner -ranu,ation t(an '(at is 3ommon,6 so,d
as tab,e su-ar in t(e U.S. and is more 3,ose,6 e>ui7a,ent to our
super 2ine or berr6 su-ar.
P!<DERED1 ",, names re2er to t(e same 0ind o2 su-ar1 t(at is
*!NE*T/!NERS1 '(ite -ranu,ated su-ar 7er6 2ine,6 -round. or
/*/N#$ 3ommer3ia, use t(ere is a ran-e o2 teCtures 2rom
3oarse to u,traB2ine. or (ome 3onsumption1 '(at is
-enera,,6 2ound is eit(er Ver6 ine @IOA or U,traBine @10OA1 but t(is
3an 7ar6 2rom nation to nation. Not a,, manu2a3turers 'i,, indi3ate t(e
-rind on t(e pa30a-e t(ou-(. Su-ar re2iners usua,,6 add a sma,, amount
o2 3ornBstar3( to pre7ent 3a0in-.
Po'dered su-ar is as inert as -ranu,ated su-ar1 but it is e7en more
(6-ros3opi3 and 'i,, absorb an6 moisture present. /2 it absorbs more
t(an a ,itt,e it ma6 3a0e up and -et (ard. /t+s di22i3u,t to re3,aim
(ardened po'dered su-ar1 but it 3an sti,, be used ,i0e -ranu,ated su-ar.
=R!<N1 /n t(e United States bro'n su-ar is basi3a,,6 Must re2ined
9/#)T & D"RF$ '(ite su-ar t(at (as (ad a bit o2 mo,asses or su-ar s6rup
and 3arame, 3o,orin- added to it. Dar0 bro'n su-ar (as
more mo,asses '(i3( -i7es it a stron-er 2,a7or1 a dar0er 3o,or and ma0es
it damp. 9i-(t bro'n su-ar (as ,ess mo,asses '(i3( -i7es it a mi,der
2,a7or1 a b,onder 3o,or and is s,i-(t,6 dr6er t(an t(e dar0 7ariet6.
or stora-e purposes 6ou ma6 'ant to Must sto30 t(e dar0 7ariet6. 9i-(t
bro'n su-ar 3an be made b6 3ombinin- one 2ourt( to one t(ird '(ite su-ar
to t(e remainder dar0 bro'n su-ar and b,end t(orou-(,6.
=ot( 7arieties need to be prote3ted 2rom dr6in- out1 or t(e6 'i,,
be3ome 7er6 (ard and di22i3u,t to dea, 'it(. Nor do 6ou 'ant to a,,o'
t(em to be3ome damper t(an '(at t(e6 a,read6 are.
T(ere are -ranu,ated and ,i>uid bro'n su-ars a7ai,ab,e1 but t(e6
don+t (a7e t(e same 3oo0in- >ua,ities as ordinar6 bro'n su-ars. T(e6
a,so don+t dr6 out and (arden >uite so readi,6 eit(er.
R"<1 N"TUR"91 /n re3ent 6ears1 su-ar re2iners (a7e rea,iDed t(at
& TUR=/N"D!$ t(ere is a mar0et 2or ,ess re2ined 2orms o2 3ane
su-ar in t(e U.S. and (a7e be-un to se,, t(is 0ind o2
su-ar under 7arious names and pa30a-in-s. None o2 it is rea,,6 ra'
su-ar sin3e it is i,,e-a, to se,, it in t(e U.S. due to t(e (i-(
impurities ,e7e, in t(e tru,6 ra' produ3t. ",, o2 it (as been pro3essed
in some 2orm or 2as(ion to 3,ean it1 but it (as not been subMe3ted to
t(e 2u,, re2inin- and '(itenin- pro3esses o2 ordinar6 '(ite tab,e su-ar.
T(is ,ea7es some o2 t(e natura, 3o,or and a mi,d 2,a7or in t(e
s'eetener. ",, o2 t(ese ,ess re2ined su-ars ma6 be stored and (and,ed
,i0e bro'n su-ar.
!utside o2 t(e United States it is possib,e to bu6 tru,6 ra' su-ar
and it 3an be 2ound under names su3( as .mus3a7ado.1 .Ma--er6. @usua,,6
a ra' pa,m or date su-arA1 .demerara. and ot(ers. <it( a,, o2 t(e
mo,asses and ot(er impurities retained it is >uite stron- in 2,a7or so
'ou,d not be suited to -enera, use1 but t(ere are re3ipes t(at 3a,, 2or
it. /n spite o2 moisture and impurities it 3an be stored ,i0e bro'n
su-ar sin3e its su-ar 3ontent is (i-( enou-( to in(ibit most mi3robia,
-ro't(.
D.1.1 ST!R/N# #R"NU9"TED SU#"RS
",, -ranu,ated su-ars (a7e basi3a,,6 t(e same stora-e re>uirements.
T(e6 need to be 0ept in air ti-(t1 inse3t and moisture proo2 3ontainers.
or po'dered1 and -ranu,ated su-ar 6ou mi-(t 'ant to 3onsider usin- some
desi33ant in t(e stora-e 3ontainer i2 6our ,o3a, 3,imate is damp. Sin3e
bro'n su-ars and ra' su-ars are supposed to be moist1 t(e6 do not need
desi33ants. S(e,2 ,i2e is inde2inite i2 0ept dr61 but an6t(in- t(at 6ou
intend to eat rea,,6 s(ou,d be rotated o7er time. Time (as a 'a6 o2
a22e3tin- e7en t(e most durab,e o2 2oods.
/+7e used bro'n su-ar t(at 'as siC 6ears o,d at t(e time it 'as
remo7ed 2rom stora-e and1 ot(er t(an t(e mo,asses sett,in- some'(at
to'ard t(e bottom1 it 'as Must 2ine. " 2riend to '(om / -a7e a bu30et
o2 t(e bro'n su-ar 2inis(ed it o22 t(ree 6ears a2ter / -a7e it to (er
'(i3( 'as nine 6ears a2ter it 'as pa30a-ed and it1 too1 'as 2ine.
D.2 T:PES ! )!NE:
)one6 is probab,6 t(e o,dest s'eetener 0no'n to man. /ts use
predates re3orded (istor6 and (as been 2ound in t(e E-6ptian p6ramids.
/t+s t6pi3a,,6 s'eeter t(an -ranu,ated su-ar b6 a 2a3tor o2 25PBJ0P
dependin- upon t(e spe3i2i3 2,o'ers 2rom '(i3( t(e bees -at(er t(eir
ne3tar. T(is means a sma,,er amount o2 (one6 3an -i7e t(e same amount
o2 s'eetenin- as su-ar. T(e sour3e 2,o'ers a,so di3tate t(e 2,a7or and
t(e 3o,or o2 t(e s'eetener as 'e,,. )one6 3o,or 3an ran-e 2rom 7er6
dar0 @near,6 b,a30A to a,most 3o,or,ess. "s a -enera, ru,e1 t(e ,i-(ter
t(e 3o,or and t(e more de,i3ate t(e 2,a7or1 t(e -reater t(e pri3e t(e
(one6 'i,, brin-. "s 6ou mi-(t eCpe3t1 sin3e (one6 is s'eeter t(an
tab,e su-ar1 it a,so (as more 3a,ories as 'e,, BB 22 per teaspoon
3ompared to -ranu,ated su-ar+s 1I per teaspoon. T(ere are a,so tri7ia,
amounts o2 minera,s and 7itamins in t(e bee produ3t '(i,e '(ite su-ar
(as none.
Ra' (one6 ma6 a,so 3ontain minute >uantities o2 botu,inum spores
and s(ou,d not be 2ed to 3(i,dren under one 6ear o2 a-e. P9E"SE RE"D
T)E P!ST R!; #ER/ #U/DETT/ *!N*ERN/N# T)/S =E9!<. Ra' (one6 is !F 2or
o,der 3(i,dren and adu,ts. )one6 is not a dire3t substitute 2or tab,e
su-ar (o'e7er1 its use in re3ipes ma6 3a,, 2or a bit o2 a,teration to
-et it to turn out ri-(t.
)one6 3omes in a number o2 2orms in t(e retai, mar0et and t(e6 a,,
(a7e di22erent stora-e 3(ara3teristi3s$
<)!9EB*!;=$ T(is is t(e bee produ3t strai-(t 2rom t(e (i7e. /t is t(e
most unpro3essed 2orm in '(i3( (one6 3omes1 bein- 2ound as
,ar-e pie3es o2 'aC6 3omb 2,oatin- in ra' (one6. T(e 3omb
itse,2 'i,, 3ontain man6 unopened (one6 3e,,s.
R"<$ T(is is un(eated (one6 t(at (as been remo7ed 2rom t(e
3omb. /t ma6 3ontain bits o2 'aC1 inse3t parts and ot(er
sma,, detritus.
/9TERED$ T(is is ra' (one6 t(at (as been 'armed to ma0e it more
eas6 to 2i,ter out sma,, parti3,es and impurities. !t(er
t(an bein- some'(at 3,eaner t(an ra' (one6 it is
essentia,,6 t(e same. ;ost o2 t(e tra3e amounts o2
nutrients remain inta3t.
9/%U/D$ T(is is (one6 t(at (as been (eated to (i-(er temperatures
to a,,o' 2or easier 2i,terin- and to 0i,, an6
mi3roor-anisms. Usua,,6 ,i-(ter in 3o,or1 t(is 2orm is
mi,der in 2,a7or1 resists 3r6sta,,iDation and -enera,,6
3,earer. /t stores t(e best o2 t(e 7arious 2orms o2
(one6. ;u3( o2 t(e tra3e amounts o2 7itamins1 (o'e7er1
are ,ost.
SPUN or T(is (one6 (as (ad some o2 its moisture 3ontent remo7ed to
*R:ST"99/TED$ ma0e a 3ream6 spread. /t is t(e most pro3essed 2orm o2
(one6.
D.2.1 =U:/N# )!NE:
;u3( o2 t(e (one6 so,d in supermar0ets (as been b,ended 2rom a
7ariet6 o2 di22erent (one6s and some ma6 (a7e e7en (ad ot(er s'eeteners
added as 'e,,. 9i0e an6t(in- in7o,7in- (umans1 bu6in- (one6 3an be a
tri306 business. /t pa6s to dea, 'it( indi7idua,s and brands 6ou 0no'
6ou 3an trust. /n t(e United States 6ou s(ou,d bu6 produ3ts ,abe,ed
U.S. #R"DE " or U.S. "N*: i2 bu6in- in retai, out,ets. )o'e7er1 be
a'are t(ere are no 2edera, ,abe,in- ,a's -o7ernin- t(e sa,e o2 (one61 so
on,6 (one6 ,abe,ed pure is entire,6 (one6 and not b,ended 'it( ot(er
s'eeteners. )one6 -radin- is a matter o2 7o,untar6 3omp,ian3e '(i3(
means some produ3ers ma6 be ,aC and s,opp6 about it. T(is 3an be a rea,
nuisan3e '(en produ3ers use 'ords ,i0e .or-ani3.1 .ra'.1 .un3oo0ed. and
.un2i,tered. on t(eir ,abe,s1 possib,6 to mis,ead. ortunate,61 most
(one6 produ3ers are >uite (onest in t(eir produ3t ,abe,in- so i2 6ou+re
not 3ertain o2 '(o to dea, 'it(1 it is 'ort('(i,e to as0 around to 2ind
out '(o produ3es a -ood produ3t.
)one6 ma6 a,so 3ontain tra3e amounts o2 dru-s used in treatin-
7arious bee ai,ments1 in3,udin- antibioti3s. /2 t(is is a 3on3ern to
6ou1 t(en it 'ou,d be 'ise to in7esti-ate 'it( 6our ,o3a, (one6 produ3er
'(at (as been used.
D.2.2 ST!R/N# )!NE:
)one6 is mu3( easier to store t(an to se,e3t and bu6. Pure (one6
'on+t mo,d1 but ma6 3r6sta,,iDe o7er time. ECposure to air and moisture
3an 3ause 3o,or to dar0en and 2,a7or to intensi26 and ma6 speed
3r6sta,,iDation as 'e,,. *omb (one6 doesn+t store as 'e,, ,i>uid (one6
so 6ou s(ou,d not eCpe3t it to ,ast as ,on-.
Stora-e temperature is not as important 2or (one61 but it s(ou,d be
0ept 2rom 2reeDin- and not eCposed to (i-( temperatures i2 possib,e.
Eit(er eCtreme 3an 3ause 3r6sta,,iDation and (eat ma6 3ause 2,a7or to
stren-t(en undesirab,6.
i,tered ,i>uid (one6 'i,, ,ast t(e ,on-est in stora-e. Stora-e
3ontainers s(ou,d be opa>ue1 airti-(t1 moisture and odorBproo2. 9i0e
an6 ot(er stored 2ood1 (one6 s(ou,d be rotated t(rou-( t(e stora-e 363,e
and rep,a3ed 'it( 2res( produ3t.
/2 3r6sta,,iDation does o33ur1 (one6 3an be re,i>ui2ied b6 p,a3in-
t(e 3ontainer in a ,ar-er 3ontainer o2 (ot 'ater unti, it (as me,ted.
"7oid storin- (one6 near (eat sour3es and i2 usin- p,asti3 pai,s
don+t 0eep it near petro,eum produ3ts @in3,udin- -aso,ineHdiese,
en-inesA1 3(emi3a,s or an6 ot(er odorBprodu3in- produ3ts.
D.2.3 R"< )!NE: "ND =!TU9/S;
rom$ #eri #uidetti ar0instL3on3entri3.net
Duane ;i,es 'rote$
U/2 / re3a,, 3orre3t,61 (one6 3ontains 7er61 7er6 sma,, amounts o2
Ut(e ba3teria t(at 3ause botu,ism. or adu,ts1 t(is se,dom 3auses
Uprob,ems. !ur immune s6stem is 3apab,e o2 dea,in- 'it( sma,, numbers
Uo2 e7en nast6 ba3teria1 t(e6 do it a,, t(e time. T(e prob,em is '(en
U'e -et ,ar-e numbers o2 ba3teria1 or '(en our immune s6stem is dama-ed
Uor not 6et de7e,oped.
UT(at is '(ere t(e prob,em 'it( (one6 3omes in. Some peop,e used to
Uuse (one6 to s'eeten mi,0 or ot(er 2oods 2or in2ants. /n2ants immune
Us6stems sometimes 3annot (and,e t(e ba3teria t(at 3ause botu,ism1 and1
Uo2 3ourse1 t(ose in2ants be3ame serious,6 i,,. So pediatri3ians no'
Uad7ise stron-,6 a-ainst usin- (one6 2or 3(i,dren under a 3ertain a-e.
:es1 ra' (one6 3an 3ontain t(e temperature resistant spores o2
.*,ostridium botu,inum.1 t(e ba3terium t(at 3auses botu,ism. T(e
or-anism is a stri3t anaerobe1 meanin- t(at it on,6 -ro's in t(e absen3e
o2 mo,e3u,ar oC6-en. T(e prob,em 'it( in2ants and (one6 is t(at t(e
sma,,1 intestina, tra3t o2 an in2ant apparent,6 is su22i3ient,6
anaerobi3 to a,,o' t(e spores to -erminate into a3ti7e,6 -ro'in- *.
botu,inum or-anisms. Essentia,,61 t(e in2ant ser7es t(e same ro,e as a
sea,ed1 airti-(t1 3ontaminated 3an o2 beans as 2ar as t(e or-anisms are
3on3erned. T(ere in t(e in2ant+s bod6 t(e ba3teria se3rete t(e
dan-erous toCin t(at 3auses t(e s6mptoms o2 botu,ism. T(ere (a7e been
>uite a 2e' do3umented in2ant deat(s due to (one6. "s / re3a,,1 t(e
studies identi26in- (one6 as t(e sour3e 'ere done in t(e +80s. ;ost
pediatri3ians re3ommend no (one6 2or t(e 2irst 6ear. /t is probab,6
best to 3(e30 'it( 6our o'n 2or e7en ,ater updates...#eri #uidetti1 T(e
"r0 /nstitute
D.2.J )!NE: !UT#"SS/N#
%$ ;6 3an o2 (one6 is bu,-in-. /s it sa2e to useN
"$ )one6 3an rea3t 'it( t(e 3an ,inin- to re,ease a -as espe3ia,,6
'(en stored o7er a ,on- period o2 time. )one6+s (i-( su-ar 3ontent
pre7ents ba3teria -ro't(. /2 t(ere is no si-n o2 mo,d -ro't(1 it is
sa2e to eat. RE%UENT9: "SFED !!D %UEST/!NS1 N250
D.3 T:PES ! *"NE S:RUPS.
;!9"SSES & T(ese t'o s'eeteners are not pre3ise,6 t(e same t(in-.
*"NE S:RUP$ ;o,asses is a b6Bprodu3t o2 su-ar re2inin- and 3ane s6rup
is simp,6 3ane Mui3e boi,ed do'n to a s6rup1 in mu3( t(e
same 'a6 as map,e s6rup is produ3ed. NonBSout(erners
@U.S.A ma6 0no' it better as unsu,p(ured mo,asses e7en i2
t(is is not 3omp,ete,6 3orre3t. Su,p(ured mo,asses is
a,so a7ai,ab,e on t(e mar0et and 7er6 3(eap as 'e,,1 but
it+s stron- 2,a7or is unattra3ti7e and -enera,,6 not
desirab,e.
S!R#)U;$ T(is is produ3ed in t(e same manner as 3ane s6rup1 but
sor-(um 3ane1 rat(er t(an su-ar 3ane1 is used. Sor-(um
tends to (a7e a t(inner1 s,i-(t,6 sourer taste t(an 3ane
s6rup.
TRE"*9E$ T(is s'eetener 3omes in 7ar6in- 3o,ors 2rom a rat(er dar0
7ersion1 simi,ar to1 but not >uite t(e same as b,a30strap
mo,asses1 to pa,er 7ersions more simi,ar to -o,den s6rup.
",, o2 t(e abo7e s6rups are -enera,,6 dar0 'it( a ri3(1 (ea76
2,a7or.
#!9DEN S:RUP$ T(is s6rup seems to be bot( ,i-(ter and pa,er in 3o,or
t(an an6 o2 t(e abo7e t(ree1 probab,6 more simi,ar to '(at
'e 'ou,d 3a,, a tab,e s6rup (ere in t(e U.S.
T"=9E S:RUP$ T(ere are man6 tab,e s6rups so,d in supermar0ets1 some
'it( 2,a7orin-s o2 one sort or anot(er su3( as map,e1
7arious 2ruits1 et3. " 3,ose eCamination o2 t(e
in-redients ,ist 'i,, re7ea, miCtures o2 3ane s6rup1 3ane
su-ar s6rup or 3orn s6rup a,on- 'it( preser7ati7es1
3o,orin-s and ot(er additi7es. T(e6 usua,,6 (a7e a mu3(
,ess pronoun3ed 2,a7or t(an mo,asses1 3ane s6rup1 sor-(um
or t(e dar0er trea3,es. "n6 s6rup 3ontainin- 3orn s6rup
s(ou,d be stored as 3orn s6rup.
D.3.1 ST!R/N# *"NE S:RUPS
",, o2 t(e abo7e s6rups1 eC3ept 2or t(ose (a7in- 3orn s6rup in
t(eir ma0eup1 (a7e t(e same stora-e 3(ara3teristi3s. T(e6 3an be stored
on t(e s(e,2 2or about t'o 6ears and up to a 6ear a2ter openin-. !n3e
t(e6 are opened1 t(e6 are best 0ept in t(e re2ri-erator to retard mo,d
-ro't(. /2 mo,d -ro't( does o33ur1 t(e s6rup s(ou,d be dis3arded. T(e
outside o2 t(e bott,e s(ou,d be 3,eaned o2 drips a2ter ea3( use. Some
pure 3ane and sor-(um s6rups ma6 3r6sta,,iDe in stora-e1 but t(is 3auses
no (arm and t(e6 3an be re,i>ui2ied usin- t(e same met(od as 2or (one6.
D.J *!RN S:RUP
*orn s6rup is a ,i>uid s'eetener made b6 an enD6me rea3tion 'it(
3ornBstar3(. "7ai,ab,e in bot( a ,i-(t and a dar0 2orm1 t(e dar0er
7ariet6 (as a 2,a7or simi,ar to mo,asses and 3ontains re2iners s6rup @a
b6produ3t o2 su-ar re2inin-A. =ot( t6pes o2ten 3ontain 2,a7orin-s and
preser7ati7es. /t is 3ommon,6 used in ba0in- and 3and6 ma0in- be3ause
it does not 3r6sta,,iDe '(en (eated. *orn s6rup is 7er6 3ommon in t(e
U.S.1 but ,ess so in t(e rest o2 t(e 'or,d.
*orn s6rup stores poor,6 3ompared to ot(er s'eeteners and be3ause
o2 t(is it o2ten (as a best i2 used b6 datin- 3ode on t(e bott,e. /t
s(ou,d be stored in its ori-ina, bott,e1 ti-(t,6 3apped1 in a 3oo,1 dr6
p,a3e. Ne' unopened bott,es 0eep about siC mont(s 2rom t(e date on t(e
,abe,. "2ter openin-1 0eep t(e 3orn s6rup 2our to siC mont(s. T(ese
s6rups are 7er6 prone to mo,d and to 2ermentation so be on t(e ,oo0out
2or bubb,in- or a mo,d (aDe. /2 t(ese present t(emse,7es1 t(ro' t(e
s6rup out. :ou s(ou,d a,'a6s be 3ertain to 'ipe o22 an6 drips 2rom t(e
bott,e a2ter e7er6 use.
D.5 ;"P9E S:RUP
;ap,e s6rup is produ3ed b6 boi,in- do'n sap o2 t(e map,e tree unti,
it rea3(es a s6rup 3onsisten36 and is s,i-(t,6 s'eeter t(an tab,e su-ar.
;ap,e s6rup is Mud-ed b6 mu3( t(e same 3riteria as (one6$ 9i-(tness o2
3o,or1 3,arit6 and taste. Pure map,e is -enera,,6 eCpensi7e and most
pan3a0e s6rups are 3orn and 3ane su-ar s6rups 'it( eit(er natura, or
arti2i3ia, 2,a7orin-s. ;ap,e 2,a7ored pan3a0e s6rups s(ou,d be 0ept and
stored as 3orn s6rups.
Ne' unopened bott,es o2 map,e s6rup ma6 be 0ept on a 3oo,1 dar01
s(e,2 2or up to t'o 6ears. T(e s'eetener ma6 dar0en and t(e 2,a7or -et
stron-er1 but it is sti,, usab,e.
"2ter t(e bott,e (as been opened1 it s(ou,d be re2ri-erated. /t
'i,, ,ast about a 6ear. =e 3are2u, to ,oo0 out 2or mo,d -ro't(. /2
mo,d o33urs1 dis3ard t(e s6rup.

E. "TS "ND !/9S
",, oi,s are 2ats1 but not a,, 2ats are oi,s. T(e6 are 7er6
simi,ar to ea3( ot(er in t(eir 3(emi3a, ma0eup1 but '(at ma0es one an
oi, and anot(er a 2at is t(e per3enta-e o2 (6dro-en saturation in t(e
2att6 a3ids o2 '(i3( t(e6 are 3omposed. T(e 2ats and oi,s '(i3( are
a7ai,ab,e to us 2or 3u,inar6 purposes are a3tua,,6 miCtures o2 di22erin-
2att6 a3ids so 2or pra3ti3a, purposes 'e+,, sa6 saturated 2ats are so,id
at room temperature @50 de-. A and unsaturated 2ats 'e 3a,, oi,s are
,i>uid at room temperature. or dietar6 and nutrition purposes 2ats are
-enera,,6 3,assi2ied as saturated1 monosaturated and po,6unsaturated1
'(i3( is a 2urt(er re2inement o2 t(e amount o2 saturation o2 t(e
parti3u,ar 3ompositions o2 2att6 a3ids in t(e 2ats.
E.1 =U:/N# "ND ST!R/N# !/9S "ND "TS
T(ere is a prob,em 'it( storin- oi,s and 2ats 2or t(e ,on- term and
t(at is t(e 2a3t t(at t(e6 -o ran3id rat(er >ui30,6. Ran3id 2ats (a7e
been imp,i3ated in in3reased rates o2 (eart disease1 at(eros3,erosis and
are 3ar3ino-eni3 @3an3er 3ausin-A so 'e 'ant to a7oid t(em i2 possib,e.
!C6-en is ei-(t times more so,ub,e in 2at t(an in 'ater and it is
t(e oCidation resu,tin- 2rom t(is eCposure t(at is t(e primar6 3ause o2
ran3idit6. T(e more po,6unsaturated a 2at is1 t(e 2aster it 'i,, -o
ran3id. T(is ma6 not1 at 2irst1 be readi,6 apparent be3ause 7e-etab,e
oi,s (a7e to be3ome se7era, times more ran3id t(an anima, 2ats be2ore
our noses 3an dete3t it. "n eCtreme eCamp,e o2 ran3idit6 is t(e ,inseed
oi, @2,aCseedA t(at 'e use as a 'ood 2inis( and a base 2or oi, paints.
/n Must a matter o2 (ours t(e oi, oCidiDes into a so,id po,6mer. T(is
is 7er6 desirab,e 2or 'ood and paint1 7er6 undesirab,e 2or 2ood.
=e3ause o2 t(is di22i3u,t6 in storin- 2ats and oi,s 2or an6 ,on-
period o2 time man6 boo0s and arti3,es on t(e subMe3t o2 2ood stora-e
ma0e on,6 passin- mention o2 t(em1 i2 t(e6 sa6 an6t(in- at a,,. T(is is
un2ortunate be3ause 2at 3ontains nine 3a,ories to t(e -ram 3ompared to
t(e 2our 3a,ories 3ontained b6 eit(er 3arbo(6drates or protein. T(is
ma0es 2at a 7a,uab,e sour3e o2 3on3entrated 3a,ories t(at 3ou,d be o2
rea, importan3e i2 2a3ed 'it( a diet 3onsistin- ,ar-e,6 o2 unre2ined
-rains and ,e-umes. or sma,, 3(i,dren1 in2ants and t(e e,der,61 t(e6
ma6 not be ab,e to 3onsume t(e 7o,ume o2 2ood t(at 'ou,d be ne3essar6 in
t(e 3ourse o2 a da6 to -et a,, o2 t(e 3a,ories t(e6 'ou,d need to a7oid
'ei-(t ,oss and possib,e ma,nutrition. "dditiona,,61 2ats p,a6 an
important ro,e in our per3eption o2 taste and teCture and t(eir absen3e
'ou,d ma0e man6 2oods more di22i3u,t to prepare and 3onsume.
urt(ermore1 a sma,, amount o2 dietar6 2at is ne3essar6 2or our bodies
to proper,6 absorb 2at so,ub,e 7itamins ,i0e "1D1E and F.
9on- term stora-e o2 2ats ma6 be prob,emati3a,1 but it is not
impossib,e. T(ere are some -enera, ru,es 6ou 3an 2o,,o' to -et t(e most
,i2e out o2 6our stored 3oo0in- oi,s and 2ats.
Q1 ECposure to oC6-en1 ,i-(t and (eat are t(e -reatest 2a3tors to
ran3idit6. /2 6ou 3an1 re2ri-erate 6our stored oi,1
parti3u,ar,6 a2ter it+s been opened. /2 possib,e1 bu6 6our oi,s in
opa>ue1 airti-(t 3ontainers. /2 6ou pur3(ase it in p,asti31
parti3u,ar,6 3,ear p,asti31 t(en trans2er it to a -as impermeab,e -,ass
or meta, 3ontainer t(at 3an be sea,ed airti-(t. /2 6ou (a7e a means o2
doin- so1 7a3uum sea,in- t(e stora-e 3ontainer is an eC3e,,ent idea as
it remo7es most o2 t(e air remainin- inside1 ta0in- mu3( o2 t(e oC6-en
'it( it. Transparent -,ass and p,asti3 3ontainers s(ou,d be stored in
t(e dar01 su3( as in a boC. Re-ard,ess o2 t(e stora-e 3ontainer1 it
s(ou,d be stored at as 3oo, a temperature as possib,e and rotated as
2ast as is pra3ti3a,. !i,s and 2ats 'it( preser7ati7es added b6 t(e
manu2a3turer 'i,, (a7e a -reater s(e,2 ,i2e t(an t(ose 'it(out t(em1
pro7ided t(e6 are 2res( '(en pur3(ased.
Q2 Un,ess t(e6 (a7e been spe3ia,,6 treated1 unopened 3oo0in- oi,s
(a7e a s(e,2 ,i2e o2 about a 6ear1 dependin- upon t(e abo7e
3onditions. Some spe3ia,t6 oi,s su3( as sesame and 2,aC seed (a7e
s(orter usab,e ,i7es. /2 6ou don+t use a -reat dea, o2 it1 tr6 to not
bu6 6our 2ats in ,ar-e 3ontainers. T(is 'a6 6ou 'on+t be eCposin- a
,ar-e >uantit6 to t(e air a2ter t(e 6ou+7e opened it1 to -ro' o,d and
possib,6 ran3id1 be2ore 6ou 3an use it a,, up. !n3e opened1 it is an
eC3e,,ent idea to re2ri-erate 3oo0in- 2ats. /2 it turns 3,oud6 or
so,id1 t(e 2at is sti,, per2e3t,6 usab,e and 'i,, return to its norma,
,i>uid1 3,ear state a2ter it (as 'armed to room temperature. 9e2t at
room temperatures1 opened bott,es o2 3oo0in- oi,s 3an be-in to ran3id in
an6'(ere 2rom a 'ee0 to a 3oup,e o2 mont(s1 t(ou-( it ma6 ta0e se7era,
more mont(s to rea3( su3( a point o2 ran3idit6 t(at it 3an be sme,,ed.
Q3 ",t(ou-( dar0er 3o,ored oi,s (a7e more 2,a7or t(an pa,er
3o,ored1 t(e a-ents t(at 3ontribute to t(at 2,a7or and 3o,or
a,so 3ontribute to 2aster ran3idit6. or maCimum s(e,2 ,i2e bu6 pa,er
3o,ored oi,s.
QJ /2 6ou (a7e no parti3u,ar prob,em 'it( usin- it1 t(e 3u,inar6
2at 'it( t(e most s(e,2 ,i2e as it 3omes 2rom t(e store is
(6dro-enated s(ortenin- in its unopened meta, or meta, ,ined 3an. T(e
brand most 2ami,iar in t(e U.S. is probab,6 *ris3o1 but t(ere are man6
ot(ers. So,id s(ortenin- is usua,,6 3omposed o2 partia,,6 (6dro-enated
7e-etab,e oi,s1 but t(ere are some t(at a,so 3ontain anima, 2ats. Some
brands 'i,, a,so 3ontain antiBoCidant preser7ati7es as 'e,,. ",, ot(er
3onditions bein- e>ua,1 t(ose 'it( preser7ati7es 'i,, (a7e a ,on-er
s(e,2 ,i2e t(an t(ose 'it(out. /t is not possib,e to -i7e an eCa3t
ans'er1 but it is reasonab,e to eCpe3t an unopened meta, 3an o2
s(ortenin- to (a7e a s(e,2 ,i2e o2 ei-(t to ten 6ears i2 0ept reasonab,6
3oo,1 parti3u,ar,6 i2 it (as preser7ati7es in it.
E.2 EOTEND/N# S)E9 9/E =: "DD/N# "NT/B!O/D"NTS
/2 obtainin- t(e maCimum s(e,2 ,i2e in 6our 3oo0in- oi,s is
important to 6ou1 it is possib,e to add antiBoCidant preser7ati7es to
t(e 2at a2ter 6ou (a7e pur3(ased it. Used in 3onMun3tion 'it( a -as
impermeab,e 3ontainer1 eit(er opa>ue in 3o,or or stored in a dar0 p,a3e1
and 3oo, stora-e temperatures @50 or ,essA t(en s(e,2 ,i2e 3an be
eCtended to about 2i7e 6ears1 possib,6 ,on-er.
T(e antiBoCidant in >uestion is =ut6,ated )6droC6To,uene @=)TA. /t
is used in t(e 2ood industr6 to s,o' t(e de7e,opment o2 o22B2,a7ors1
odors and 3o,or 3(an-es 3aused b6 oCidation1 most,6 in 2oods t(at are
(i-( in 2ats and oi,s. =)T is on t(e U.S. ood and Dru-
"dministration+s #enera,,6 Re3o-niDed "s Sa2e @#R"SA ,ist as a 3ommon
preser7ati7e. T(e D" ,imits t(e use o2 =)T to 0.02P or 200 parts per
mi,,ion @ppmA o2 t(e oi, or 2at 3ontent o2 a 2ood produ3t. T(e
dire3tions t(at / 'i,, be -i7in- be,o' 'i,, be 2or t(e D" ,imit1 but
t(ere are t(ose '(o 3(oose to use up to ten times t(at amount as part o2
t(eir ,i2e eCtension pro-rams. T(e ,e7e, 6ou 3(oose is up to 6ou.
=)T is a7ai,ab,e o7er t(e 3ounter in t(e retai, trade1 but 6ou (a7e
to 0no' '(ere to ,oo0 2or it. T(e on,6 retai, distributor o2 t(e
antiBoCidant t(at / am t(us 2ar a'are o2 is
T'in 9aboratories @T'in9abA1
Ron0on0oma1 N: 11559.
T(eir =)T 3omes in t(e 2orm o2 250 m- -e,atin 3apsu,es. /+7e been
ab,e to 2ind t(eir produ3t in se7era, ,o3a, (ea,t( 2ood stores. /t is
a,so a7ai,ab,e t(rou-( mai, order sour3es1 but / don+t (a7e an6 names or
addresses 2or t(at a7enue 6et.
To -et t(e best resu,ts 6ou 'i,, need t(e 2res(est oi, 6ou 3an
2ind. Pur3(asin- it 2rom a ,ar-e1 bus6 supermar0et 'i,, probab,6
su22i3e. :ou+,, a,so need 3ontainers t(at are -as impermeab,e su3( as
-,ass Mars1 or meta, 3ans. T(ere ma6 be p,asti3 3ontainers 'it( (i-(
-as barrier properties t(at 'i,, a,so ser7e1 but / 3annot 0no',ed-eab,6
sa6 about t(is. /t is important t(at 6our 3ontainers are 2ood -rade and
are 3,ean1 dr6 and dustB2ree.
Ea3( 250 mi,,i-ram 3apsu,e is su22i3ient to treat J5 2,uid oun3es
o2 3oo0in- oi, @as per t(e #R"S -uide,ines mentioned abo7eA. /2 6ou
(a7e an a33urate means o2 'ei-(in- t(is 'or0s out to be 5.3 m- o2 =)T
3r6sta,s to e7er6 1 2, oD o2 oi,. /2 6ou+re usin- a s3a,e 3a,ibrated in
-rains1 su3( as a re,oadin- po'der s3a,e1 6ou ma6 use t(e 2o,,o'in-
tab,e.
=)T =)T
in -rains !/9 in mi,,i-rams
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
0.1 -rain 1 2, oD 5.3 m-
0.5 -rain 8 2, oD @1 3upA J2.J m-
1.3 -rain 1I 2, oD @1 pintA 8J.8 m-
2.I -rain 32 2, oD @1 >uartA 1I9.I m-
5.2 -rain IJ 2, oD @1H2 -a,A 339.2 m-
10.3 -rain 128 2, oD @1 -a,A I58.J m-
N!TE$ T(e -rain 'ei-(t measurements (a7e been rounded up to t(e
nearest tent( -rain sin3e most po'der s3a,es 'i,, not a33urate,6 measure
,ess t(an oneBtent( o2 a -rain.
/;P!RT"NT N!TE$ /2 6ou are usin- a re,oadin- po'der s3a,e1 be
sure t(e ba,an3e pan is 3,ean and t(e ba,an3e (as been 3a,ibrated
re3ent,6 'it( a re,iab,e set o2 3(e30 'ei-(ts.
Remo7e t(e =)T 3r6sta,s 2rom t(eir -e,atin 3apsu,es and 'ei-(1 i2
6ou+re -oin- to. !n3e 6ou (a7e t(e appropriate amount1 add t(e 3r6sta,s
to a pint or so o2 t(e oi,1 s(a0in- 7i-orous,6. /t ma6 ta0e se7era,
(ours 2or t(e preser7ati7e to disso,7e 3omp,ete,6. =rin-in- t(e oi, up
to a 'arm1 N!T )!T1 temperature 'i,, speed t(e pro3ess. !n3e 3omp,ete,6
disso,7ed1 pour t(e antiBoCidant ,aden oi, into t(e rest o2 t(e oi, and
miC t(orou-(,6. !n3e miCed1 t(e oi, 3an t(en be poured into its stora-e
3ontainers ,ea7in- approCimate,6 1H2 in3( o2 (eadspa3e. /2 6ou (a7e a
7a3uum sea,er t(e Mars or 3ans ma6 be 7a3uum sea,ed to remo7e most o2
t(e oC6-en 2rom t(e 3ontainer1 ot(er'ise Must sea, t(e ,id. Store in a
3oo, p,a3e and i2 usin- transparent Mars1 be 3ertain to put t(em in a
,ar-er 3ontainer su3( as a boC to 0eep t(e 3ontents in t(e dar0. Don+t
2or-et to ,abe, and date t(e Mars.
T(ere are ot(er preser7ati7es in 2ood industr6 use t(at 'i,, a,so
'or01 but / (a7e not 6et dis3o7ered (o' t(e6 are used or '(ere to -et
t(em. /+m 3urrent,6 ,oo0in- 2or in2ormation on =ut6,ated )6droC6"niso,e
@=)"A1 prop6, -a,,ate1 7itamin E @t(e to3op(ero,s1 natura, and
s6nt(eti3A1 as3orb6, pa,mitate @a 2at so,ub,e 2orm o2 7itamin *A1 3itri3
a3id and monoBTertiar6B=ut6,)6dro%uinone @T=)%A. "dditiona,,61 3ertain
(erbs and spi3es ,i0e 3,o7es1 rosemar61 ore-ano1 sa-e and 7ani,,a a,so
(a7e antioCidant properties1 sometimes >uite stron- ones. =ein-
stron-,6 2,a7ored1 t(e6 are not suitab,e as preser7ati7es in 2ats meant
2or -enera, use1 but 'i,, ,end t(eir prote3ti7e properties in an6
re3ipes t(at 3a,, 2or t(em.
=e2ore / 3,ose out t(is se3tion on 2ats and oi,s1 p,ease a,,o' me
to reemp(asiDe t(at no amount o2 preser7ati7es t(at 3an be added to 6our
stored 2ats 'i,, substitute 2or proper stora-e and rotation. T(e more /
resear3( t(e 3(emistr6 and p(6sio,o-i3a, e22e3ts o2 ran3id 2ats t(e more
/ 3ome to be,ie7e t(e6 are bad ne's 2or ,on- term (ea,t(1 parti3u,ar,6
as 'e -ro' o,der. Don+t sit on 6our oi, supp,6 2or 6ears 'it(out
rotatin- it. 4ust a ,itt,e bit ran3id is Must a ,itt,e bit poisonous.
VNu22 said.

. *!!F/N# ST"P9ES
.1 ="F/N# P!<DER.
T(is po'der is a 3ombination o2 an a3id and an a,0a,i 'it( star3(
added to 0eep t(e ot(er t'o in-redients stab,e and dr6. T(e po'der
rea3ts 'it( ,i>uid b6 2oamin- and t(e resu,tin- bubb,es 3an aerate and
raise dou-(. ",most a,, ba0in- po'der no' on t(e mar0et is doub,e
a3tin-1 meanin- it (as one a3id t(at bubb,es at room temperature and
anot(er a3id '(i3( on,6 rea3ts at o7en temperatures. Un,ess a re3ipe
spe3i2ies ot(er'ise1 t(is is t(e t6pe to use.
Don+t eCpose ba0in- po'der to steam1 (umid air1 'et spoons1 or an6
ot(er moisture. Store in a ti-(t,6 ,idded 3ontainer 2or no more t(an a
6ear. E7en '(en 0ept bone dr6 it 'i,, e7entua,,6 ,oses its poten36. To
test its stren-t(1 measure 1 tsp po'der into 1H3 3up (ot 'ater. T(e
miCture s(ou,d 2iDD and bubb,e 2urious,6. /2 it doesn+t1 t(ro' it out.
or t(ose 2o,0s 3on3erned 'it( a,uminum in t(e diet1 t(e Rum2ord
brand (as none in it and t(ere ma6 be ot(ers.
.2 ="F/N# S!D".
T(is -ritt6 po'der is sodium bi3arbonate a,so 3a,,ed sodium a3id
bi3arbonate @Na)*!3A1 a mi,d a,0a,i. /t is used in ba0in- to ,ea7en
bread and ot(er ba0ed or 2ried 2oods and does so in t(e same manner as
ba0in- po'der. /t 3an a,so be used to ma0e (omin6. <(en 3ombined 'it(
an a3id in-redient1 t(e bi3arbonate rea3ts to -i7e o22 3arbon dioCide
bubb,es '(i3( 3auses t(e ba0ed -ood to rise. /2 0ept 'e,, sea,ed in an
airB and moistureBproo2 3ontainer its stora-e ,i2e is inde2inite. /2
0ept in t(e 3ardboard boC it usua,,6 3omes in1 it 'i,, 0eep 2or about
ei-(teen mont(s. Do 0eep in mind t(at ba0in- soda is a 'onder2u, odor
adsorber. /2 6ou don+t 'ant 6our ba0ed -oods tastin- o2 '(ate7er sme,,s
it adsorbed t(en 0eepin- it in an airti-(t 3ontainer is an eC3e,,ent
idea.

.3 )ER=S "ND SP/*ES.
/t is di22i3u,t to -i7e eCa3t instru3tions on (o' best to store
3u,inar6 (erbs and spi3es be3ause t(ere are doDens o2 di22erent seeds1
,ea7es1 roots1 bar0s1 et3.1 'e 3a,, an (erb or a spi3e. T(ere are1
(o'e7er1 some -enera, ru,es to be 2o,,o'ed to best preser7e t(eir
2,a7ors. ",, spi3es1 parti3u,ar,6 dried1 are espe3ia,,6 sensiti7e to
(eat1 air and ,i-(t. Room temperature is satis2a3tor6 2or 0eepin- t(em
and re2ri-eration or 2reeDin- is e7en better1 but t(e6 s(ou,d be 0ept
a'a6 2rom (eat sour3es. /t is 3ommon 2or t(e (ouse(o,d spi3e 3abinet or
s(e,2 to be ,o3ated o7er t(e sto7e1 but t(is is rea,,6 a 7er6 poor
p,a3e. Dar0 opa>ue -,ass is best 2or stora-e1 but 2ai,in- t(at1 0eepin-
a ti-(t,6 sea,ed -,ass 3ontainer in a dar0 p,a3e is neCt best. T(e
3e,,op(ane pa30ets some produ3ts 3ome in Must 'on+t do. Ti-(t,6 sea,ed
meta, 3ontainers 'i,, 'or0 as 'e,,. E7en dense p,asti3 'i,, do1 but
-,ass is best.
<(ere possib,e1 bu6 spi3es '(o,e. <(o,e nutme-s 'i,, 0eep t(eir
2,a7or 2ar ,on-er t(an -round nutme-1 t(e same 2or ot(er seeds and
roots. :ou+,, (a7e to use a -rater1 -rinder or '(ate7er1 but t(e
di22eren3e in 2,a7or 'i,, be 'ort( it.
/2 6ou bu6 spi3es in bu,0 3ontainers @'(i3( is 3ertain,6 3(eaperA
3onsider trans2errin- some into sma,,er 3ontainers and 0eepin- t(e
,ar-er one ti-(t,6 sea,ed in a 3oo,1 dar0 p,a3e. T(is 'i,, pre7ent
un'anted ,i-(t and air 2rom 3ontinua,,6 -ettin- in and p,a6in- (a7o3.
/n3,uded in t(e supp,iers addresses are ,istin-s 2or se7era, spi3e
and (erb 3ompanies. T(e one / (a7e persona,,6 dea,t 'it( so 2ar is
PenDe6+s and t(eir produ3ts (a7e been 3onsistent,6 eC3e,,ent 'it( -ood
pri3es. /t+s 'ort( in7esti-atin- some o2 t(ese 3ompanies as t(e6 3an
rea,,6 ta0e t(e stin- out o2 pur3(asin- ,ar-e >uantities.
.J S"9T.
Stora-e ,i2e 2or sa,t is inde2inite. So ,on- as 6ou do not ,et it
-et 3ontaminated 'it( dirt or '(ate7er1 it 'i,, ne7er -o bad. !7er
time1 iodiDed sa,t ma6 turn 6e,,o'1 but t(is is (arm,ess and ma6 sti,,
be used. Sa,t is rat(er (6-ros3opi3 and 'i,, adsorb moisture 2rom t(e
air i2 not sea,ed in an airBti-(t 3ontainer. /2 it does adsorb moisture
and 3a0es up1 it 3an be dried in t(e o7en and t(en bro0en up 'it( no
(arm done.
",, sa,t1 (o'e7er1 is not t(e same. Sa,t 3omes in a number o2
di22erent 7arieties1 and 7er6 ,itt,e o2 '(at is produ3ed in t(e U.S. is
intended 2or use in 2ood. T(e rest o2 it1 about 98P1 (as ot(er uses.
T(ere2ore1 it is important to be 3ertain t(e sa,t 6ou (a7e is intended
2or (uman 3onsumption. !n3e 6ou are satis2ied it is1 6ou s(ou,d t(en
determine its appropriateness 2or t(e tas0s to '(i3( 6ou mi-(t 'ant to
set it to. =e,o' is a partia, ,ist o2 some o2 t(e a7ai,ab,e sa,ts
T"=9E S"9T$ T(is is b6 2ar t(e most 'ide,6 0no'n t6pe o2 sa,t.
/t 3omes in t'o 7arietiesG iodiDed and nonBiodiDed.
T(ere is an in-redient added to it to adsorb moisture so it 'i,, sta6
2ree 2,o'in- in damp 'eat(er. T(is nonB3a0in- a-ent does not disso,7e
in 'ater and 3an 3ause 3,oudiness in '(ate7er so,ution it is used i2
su22i3ient,6 ,ar-e >uantities are used. /n 3annin- it 'on+t 3ause a
prob,em sin3e t(ere is 7er6 ,itt,e per Mar. or pi30,in-1 t(ou-(1 it
'ou,d be noti3eab,e. /2 6ou are storin- sa,t 2or t(is purpose1 6ou
s(ou,d be sure to 3(oose p,ain pi30,in- sa,t1 or ot(er 2ood -rade pure
sa,t su3( as 0os(er sa,t. /n t(e iodiDed 7arieties1 t(e iodine 3an
3ause dis3o,oration or dar0enin- o2 pi30,ed 2oods so be 3ertain not to
use it 2or t(at purpose. or 2o,0s '(o 3ome 2rom areas t(at are
(istori3a,,6 iodine de2i3ient a store o2 iodiDed sa,t 2or tab,e
3onsumption is o2 rea, importan3e.
*"NN/N# S"9T$ T(is is pure sa,t and not(in- but sa,t. /t 3an
usua,,6 be 2ound in t(e 3annin- supp,ies se3tion o2
most stores. T(is is t(e sa,t to be pre2erred 2or most 2ood
preser7ation or stora-e uses. /t is -enera,,6 about t(e same -rain siDe
as tab,e sa,t.
F!S)ER S"9T$ T(is sa,t is not rea,,61 in itse,21 0os(er1 but is
used in .0as(erin-. meat to ma0e t(e 2,es( 0os(er 2or
eatin-. T(is in7o,7es 2irst soa0in- t(e meat t(en rubbin- it 'it( t(e
sa,t to dra' out t(e b,ood '(i3( is notB0os(er and is subse>uent,6
'as(ed o22 a,on- 'it( t(e sa,t. T(e 3,eansed meat is t(en 0os(er. <(at
ma0es it o2 interest 2or 2ood stora-e and preser7ation is t(at it is
-enera,,6 pure sa,t suitab,e 2or 3annin-1 pi30,in- and meat 3urin-. /t
is o2 a ,ar-er -rain siDe t(an tab,e or 3annin- sa,t1 and usua,,6 ro,,ed
to ma0e t(e -rains 2,a0ed 2or easier disso,7in-. re>uent,6 it is
s,i-(t,6 3(eaper t(an 3annin- sa,t and usua,,6 easier to 2ind in
urbanHsuburban areas.
N!TE$ Not a,, brands o2 0os(er sa,t are eCa3t,6 a,i0e. Diamond
*r6sta, Fos(er Sa,t is t(e on,6 brand t(at /+m a'are o2 t(at is not
2,a0ed1 but sti,, in its una,tered 3r6sta, 2orm. T(e ;orton brand o2
*oarse Fos(er Sa,t (as .6e,,o' prussiate o2 soda. added as an
antiB3a0in- a-ent. ;orton sti,, re3ommends it 2or pi30,in- and e7en
-i7es a 0os(er di,, re3ipe on t(e boC so / presume t(at t(is parti3u,ar
antiB3a0in- a-ent does not 3ause 3,oudiness in pi30,in- so,utions.
<(et(er 2,a0ed or in its una,tered 3r6sta, 2orm1 0os(er sa,t ta0es
up more 7o,ume 2or an e>ui7a,ent amount o2 mass t(an does 3annin- sa,t.
/2 it is important to -et a 7er6 pre3ise amount o2 sa,t in 6our pi30,in-
or 3urin- re3ipe 6ou ma6 'ant to 'ei-( t(e sa,t to -et t(e 3orre3t
amount.
SE" S"9T$ T(is t6pe o2 sa,t 3omes in about as man6 di22erent
7arieties as 3o22ee and 2rom about as man6 di22erent
p,a3es around t(e 'or,d. T(e .-ourmet. 7ersions 3an be rat(er
eCpensi7e. /n -enera,1 t(e t6pes so,d in -ro3er6 stores1 natura, 2ood
mar0ets and -ourmet s(ops (a7e been puri2ied enou-( to use in 2ood.
/t+s not suitab,e 2or 2ood preser7ation1 t(ou-(1 be3ause t(e minera,
3ontent it 3ontains @ot(er t(an t(e sodium 3(,orideA ma6 3ause
dis3o,oration o2 t(e 2ood.
R!*F or /*E T(is t6pe o2 sa,t 3omes in ,ar-e 3(un06 3r6sta,s and
*RE"; S"9T$ is intended primari,6 2or use in (ome i3e 3ream
3(urns to ,o'er t(e temperature o2 t(e i3e 2i,,ed
'ater in '(i3( t(e 3(urn sits. /t+s a,so sometimes used in i3in- do'n
beer 0e-s or 'aterme,ons. /t is used in 2ood preser7ation b6 some1 but
none o2 t(e brands / (a7e been ab,e to 2ind ,abe, it as 2ood -rade nor
do t(e6 spe3i2i3a,,6 mention its use in 2oods so / 'ou,d not use it 2or
t(is purpose.
S!9"R S"9T$ T(is is a,so sometimes 3on2usin-,6 3a,,ed .sea sa,t..
/t is not1 (o'e7er1 t(e same t(in- as t(e sea sa,t
2ound in 2ood stores. ;ost important,61 it is not 2ood -rade. /t+s main
purpose is 2or use in 'ater so2teners. T(e reason it is 3a,,ed .so,ar.
and sometimes .sea sa,t. is t(at it is produ3ed b6 e7aporation o2 sea
'ater in ,ar-e ponds in 7arious arid areas o2 t(e 'or,d. T(is sa,t t6pe
is not puri2ied and sti,, 3ontains t(e desi33ated remains o2 '(ate7er
a>uati3 ,i2e mi-(t (a7e been trapped in it. T(ose or-ani3 remains mi-(t
rea3t 'it( t(e proteins in t(e 2oods 6ou are attemptin- to preser7e and
3ause it to spoi,.
)"9/TE$ or t(ose o2 us 2ortunate enou-( to ,i7e in areas 'arm
enou-( not need it1 (a,ite is t(e sa,t t(at is used on
roads to me,t sno' and i3e. /t1 too1 is not 2ood -rade and s(ou,d not
be used in 2ood preser7ation. T(is 2orm o2 sa,t is a,so 2re>uent,6
3a,,ed ro30 sa,t1 ,i0e t(e ro30 sa,t abo7e1 but neit(er are suitab,e 2or
2ood use.
S"9T T(ese are 7arious ot(er 0inds o2 meta, sa,ts su3( as
SU=ST/TUTES$ potassium 3(,oride used to substitute 2or t(e ordinar6
sodium 3(,oride @Na*,A sa,t 'e are 2ami,iar 'it(. T(e6
(a7e t(eir uses1 but s(ou,d not be used in 2oods under-oin- a (eated
preser7ation pro3essin-1 as t(e6 3an 3ause t(e produ3t to taste bad.
E7en t(e (eat 2rom norma, 3oo0in- is sometimes su22i3ient to 3ause t(is.
.5 V/NE#"R.
T(ere is 7ine-ar and t(en t(ere is 7ine-ar and it is not a,, a,i0e.
T(e a3ti7e in-redient in a,, 7ine-ars is a3eti3 a3id1 but (o' t(e sour
stu22 'as made 3an 7ar6 'ide,6. T(e most 3ommon 7ine-ar is '(ite
disti,,ed '(i3( is a3tua,,6 Must di,uted disti,,ed a3eti3 a3id and not
true 7ine-ar at a,,. /t 0eeps prett6 mu3( inde2inite,6 i2 ti-(t,6
sea,ed in a p,asti3 or -,ass bott,e 'it( a p,asti3 3ap. T(e ename,
3oated meta, 3aps a,'a6s seem to -et eaten b6 t(e a3id o7er time. /t is
usua,,6 about 5BIP a3eti3 a3id and 2or pi30,in- it is t(e t6pe most
o2ten 3a,,ed 2or.
T(e neCt most 3ommon 7ariet6 is app,e 3ider 7ine-ar. T(ere are t'o
0inds o2 t(is t6pe. " 3ider 2,a7ored disti,,ed a3eti3 a3id t6pe and a
true 3ider 7ine-ar 2ermented 2rom (ard 3ider. Eit(er 'i,, store
inde2inite,6 at room temperature unti, a sediment be-ins to appear on
t(e bottom. Stored 7ine-ar 'i,, sometimes de7e,op a 3,oud6 substan3e.
T(is is 3a,,ed a mot(er o2 7ine-ar and it is (arm,ess. "s ,on- as t(e
,i>uid does not be-in to sme,, 2ou, it 3an be 2i,tered out t(rou-(
3(eese3,ot( or a 3o22ee 2i,ter and rebott,ed in a 3,ean 3ontainer. T(e
mot(er 3an e7en be used to ma0e more 7ine-ar. /2 it be-ins to sme,,
bad1 (o'e7er1 it+s -one o7er and s(ou,d be tossed out.
T(e more eCoti3 'ine1 ba,sa,mi3 and ot(er 7ine-ars 3an be stored
,i0e 3ider 7ine-ar. "-e and eCposure to ,i-(t and air1 (o'e7er1
e7entua,,6 be-in to ta0e t(eir to,, on t(eir de,i3ate 2,a7ors. Ti-(t,6
3apped in a 3oo,1 dar0 3abinet or re2ri-erator is best 2or t(eir
stora-e.
.I :E"ST.
:east is Must not a produ3t 6ou 3an sto' a'a6 and 2or-et about
unti, 6ou need it neCt 6ear. /t is1 a2ter a,,1 a ,i7in- or-anism and i2
it+s not a,i7e at t(e time 6ou need it1 6ou 'on+t -et an6 use out o2 it.
T(is an3ient ,ea7enin-1 bre'in-1 2ermentin- a-ent is a sin-,e 3e,,ed
mi3ros3opi3 2un-us. <(en 'e in3orporate it into our bread dou-(1 beer
'ort or 2ruit Mui3e it be-ins to reprodu3e mad,6 @'e (opeA and produ3e
se7era, b6Bprodu3ts. /2 6ou+re ba0in-1 t(e b6Bprodu3t 6ou 'ant is
3arbon dioCide '(i3( is trapped b6 t(e dou-( and subse>uent,6 3auses it
to rise. /n bre'in- or 7intnin- '(at is 'anted is t(e et(6, a,3o(o,
and1 i2 t(e drin0 is to be 3arbonated1 t(e 3arbon dioCide as 'e,,.
",most a,, 6easts used 2or t(ese purposes are in t(e same -enus
@.Sa33(arom63es. or su-ar 2un-iA1 but se7era, di22erent spe3ies (a7e
e7o,7ed and some are more suitab,e 2or a parti3u,ar tas0 t(an ot(ers.
/t+s entire,6 possib,e to use -ro3er6 store bread 6east to bre' beer or
2erment 'ine1 but t(e resu,ts ma6 ,ea7e a -reat dea, to be desired.
/t+s a,so possib,e to use 6east 2rom beer bre'in- to ma0e bread and 2rom
'(at /+7e read t(e resu,ts 'ere prett6 mu3( indistin-uis(ab,e 2rom bread
6east.
9ea7in- aside t(e bre'in- and 7intnin- 6easts '(i3( are rea,,6
outside t(e s3ope o2 t(is "% / am -oin- to 3on3entrate on bread 6east.
/t 3omes in t'o -enera,,6 a7ai,ab,e 2ormsG 3ompressed or 2res( and
dried1 sometimes 3a,,ed -ranu,ar or instant a3ti7e dr6 6east. T(e6 are
di22erent -eneti3 strains o2 t(e same spe3ies1 and (a7e di22erent
3(ara3teristi3s.
*ompressed 6east is on,6 part,6 dried @about 50P moistureA and
re>uires re2ri-eration and 0eeps e7en better in t(e deep 2reeDe. /2
0ept in an airB and moistureBti-(t 3ontainer to pre7ent it 2rom
desi33atin- t(is t6pe o2 6east 'i,, 0eep 2or a 6ear in t(e 2reeDer
@0 de-. or ,essA1 but on,6 about t'o 'ee0s @ma6be a bit moreA in t(e
re2ri-erator. Un,ess 6our 0it3(en is rat(er 3(i,,6 it 'i,, not 0eep on
t(e s(e,2. /t s(ou,d not (a7e a mott,ed 3o,or or a sour odor.
Dried 6east (as on,6 an 8P moisture 3ontent and 3omes pa30ed in
2oi, en7e,opes. T(e sma,,er sin-,e use pa30ets are not -enera,,6 7a3uum
pa30ed1 but t(e ,ar-er 3ommer3ia, siDed .bri30s. o2 about a pound or t'o
ea3( -enera,,6 are. T(e6 3an ,ast 2or mont(s on t(e s(e,21 unti, t(e
eCpiration date '(i3( s(ou,d be 3,ear,6 stamped on t(e pa30a-e. /2
pa30a-ed in t(e same manner as re3ommended 2or 3ompressed 6east abo7e
and 0ept in t(e re2ri-erator or 2reeDer it 3an ,ast 2or se7era, 6ears.
T(e ,ar-er pa30s o2 6east s(ou,d be trans2erred to an air and moisture
ti-(t 3ontainer a2ter openin-.
Eit(er t6pe o2 6east 3an be tested 2or 7iabi,it6 b6 proo2in- it.
T(is is not(in- more t(an miCin- a sma,, amount o2 t(e 6east 'it( an
e>ua, amount o2 su-ar in 'arm 'ater @105B115 de-. 2or driedG 95 de-.
2or 2res(A. <it(in about 2i7e minutes a3ti7e 6east 'i,, be3ome bubb,6
and be-in to eCpand @at norma, room temperatureA. :east '(i3( on,6
s,o',6 be3omes a3ti7e 3an sti,, be used1 but 6ou 'i,, (a7e to use more
o2 it. /2 it s(o's no a3ti7it6 at a,,1 it+s dead and s(ou,d be t(ro'n
out.
T(ere is anot(er means o2 pro7idin- 6east 2or ba0in- besides bu6in-
it 2rom t(e -ro3er6 store and t(at is b6 usin- a sourdou-( starter. /+m
not -oin- to address it (ere1 but / 'i,, point out t(at it (as a
ne's-roup a,, its o'n @re3.2ood.sourdou-(A and se7era, "%+s de7oted to
it. :ou 3an 2ind addresses 2or t(ese "%s in t(e Resour3es se3tion.
Drop in and read 2or a'(i,e and 6ou+,, ,earn more t(an 6ou t(ou-(t 6ou
3ou,d e7er 'ant to 0no'.
#. /N"NT !R;U9"
Sin3e most 2o,0s interested in 2ood stora-e are p,annin- 2or
2ami,ies1 rea, or as 6et (6pot(eti3a,1 / t(ou-(t it important to in3,ude
somet(in- on in2ant 2ormu,a. ;ost bab6 2ood t(at 3omes in Mars 3an be
treated ,i0e 3anned -oods o2 simi,ar t6pes meant 2or adu,ts. ormu,a1
t(ou-(1 is somet(in- e,se. / (a7e to admit1 t(at not 6et (a7in- 0ids o2
m6 o'n1 /+7e not -i7en t(is mu3( t(ou-(t be2ore so t(e be,o' is ta0en
2rom t(e boo0 FEEP/N# !!D RES)1 b6 4anet =ai,e6 @see boo0 ,istA. /n
t(e 2uture1 i2 some o2 6ou readers 'i,, send it to me andHor / 3ome up
'it( more in2ormation 2rom m6 o'n resear3(es / 'ant to eCpand t(is
se3tion on in2antH3(i,d 2ood stora-e.
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
Prepared in2ant 2ormu,a is primari,6 'ater and non2at 3o'+s mi,0.
"mon- ot(er in-redients1 it 3ontains s'eetenersG sometimes ,a3tose '(i3(
is mi,0 su-arG and sometimes 3orn s6rup or ot(er su-ars. *o3onut and
so6bean oi,s are 3ommonG 7itamin and minera, supp,ements are uni7ersa,.
" 2e' brands 3ontain monoB and di-,63erides1 3(emi3a,s t(at 0eep t(e
,i>uid 2rom separatin-.
=U:/N# "ND ST!R/N# /N"NT !R;U9". *anned ,i>uid in2ant 2ormu,a
3omes eit(er read6 to eat or in a 3on3entrate to be di,uted 'it( 'ater.
*ans and pa30in- 3ases are 3,ear,6 mar0ed 'it( a .use b6. date.
Unopened 3ans stored in a 3oo,1 dr6 p,a3e 0eep 'e,, 2rom t'e,7e to
ei-(teen mont(s @,on-er t(an t(e bab6 is an in2antA.
"2ter t(e 3an is opened1 measure out t(e amount o2 2ormu,a 6ou
need1 3o7er t(e 3an and store in t(e re2ri-erator. /t 'i,, 0eep no more
t(an J8 (rs at J0 de-. . Ne7er return ,e2to7er 2ormu,a 2rom t(e bott,e
to t(e stora-e 3ontainer and do not store (a,2 used bott,es.
:ou 3an preBmeasure t(e '(o,e 3anB2u,, into steri,iDed bab6
bott,es1 sea, t(em1 and store t(em in t(e re2ri-erator1 but 2ort6 ei-(t
(ours is sti,, t(e ,imit. To 0eep 2u,, bott,es 2rom tippin- o7er in t(e
re2ri-erator1 s,ip t(em into a 3arton 2rom a siCBpa30 o2 soda pop
bott,es.
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
/n eCaminin- t(e o22erin-s at m6 ,o3a, -ro3er / see t(at in2ant
2ormu,a is a,so o22ered as a dr6 po'der to be miCed b6 t(e parent. /
3ou,d not 3ome to a read6 idea o2 (o' ,on- t(e 2ormu,a po'der mi-(t be
-ood on t(e s(e,2 sin3e it seemed to 7ar6 radi3a,,6 dependin- on eCa3t
t6pe and manu2a3turer. T(e s(ortest useBb6 date 'as on,6 a 6ear1 but
some (ad useBb6 dates t(ree 6ears into t(e 2uture. *,ear,61 t(is is an
area t(at is -oin- to need mu3( in7esti-ation. / (ope some o2 our
0no',ed-eab,e readers out t(ere 'i,, be ab,e to (e,p out.
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
BB /// BB
SP!/9"#E
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
" BB /NSE*T /NEST"T/!NS
".1 PESTS ! ST!RED #R"/NS1 9E#U;ES "ND DR: !!DSTUS
/nse3t in2estations 3an o33ur in a 'ide 7ariet6 o2 2oodstu22s su3(
as 2,ours1 mea,s1 pastas1 dried 2ruits and 7e-etab,es1 nuts1 s'eets1
'(o,e -rains1 beans1 su-ars1 TVP1 Mer061 bird seed and pet 2oods.
Natura,,61 t(e best 'a6 to dea, 'it( an inse3t in2estation is not
to (a7e one in t(e 2irst p,a3e. Tr6 to pur3(ase 2rom supp,iers '(o are
3,ean and (a7e a (i-( 7o,ume o2 turno7er o2 t(eir produ3ts. T(is 'i,,
mean t(e produ3ts 6ou pur3(ase 'i,, be ,ess ,i0e,6 to (a7e bu-s in t(em.
<(en 6ou bu6 2oodstu22s eCamine t(em 3,ose,6 to be sure t(e6 are
inse3t 2ree. *(e30 2or an6 pa30a-in- or use b6 dates to insure t(eir
2res(ness. Don+t s(a0e t(e pa30a-e1 most adu,t inse3ts 'i,, be 2ound in
t(e top 3oup,e o2 in3(es o2 t(e produ3t and s(a0in- t(e pa30a-e 'i,, miC
t(em into t(e 3ontents and dis-uise t(em. /2 t(e pa30a-e does turn out
to be in2ested1 return it 2or rep,a3ement.
!n3e 6ou (a7e pur3(ased t(e produ3t 6ou s(ou,d store it in an airB
and moistureBti-(t 3ontainer so it 3annot be in7aded a2ter 6ou (a7e
brou-(t it (ome. <it( su22i3ient time1 adu,t and some ,ar7a, inse3t
2orms 3an penetrate paper1 3ardboard and t(in p,asti3 pa30a-in-. :our
3ontainers s(ou,d be eit(er (ea76 p,asti31 -,ass or meta, 'it( ti-(t
2ittin- ,ids. "s 'it( e7er6t(in- in 2ood stora-e1 6ou s(ou,d use o,der
pa30a-es be2ore ne'er ones and opened pa30a-es be2ore unopened ones.
T(e stora-e area s(ou,d be 0ept 3,ean. Don+t a,,o' -rain1 2,our1
beans1 bits o2 pasta or ot(er 2ood parti3,es to a33umu,ate on s(e,7es or
t(e 2,oor. *ra30s and 3re7i3es s(ou,d be sea,ed or ot(er'ise b,o30ed.
Un,ess it is a sti306 spi,,1 7a3uumin- is t(e best met(od o2 3,eanin-
sin3e 3,eanin- 'it( soap and 'ater 3an 'as( 2ood parti3,es into t(e
3ra30s.
/nse3ts ma6 -et t(eir start in 3(airs1 so2as and 3arpets '(ere 2ood
is dropped and not 3,eaned up. Don+t 2or-et to rep,a3e t(e 2i,ter ba-
on t(e 7a3uum sin3e some inse3ts 3an sur7i7e and reprodu3e in t(e ba-
a2ter t(e6+7e been su30ed into it.
=a-s o2 dr6 pet 2ood and bird seed 3an a,so (arbor inse3t
in2estation. De3orati7e 2oodstu22s su3( as ears o2 3o,or2u, /ndian
3orn1 3o,ored beans and (ard s>uas(es 3an 3arr6 inse3ts t(at 3an in2est
6our edib,e 2ood. E7en poison baits 3an (arbor 2,our beet,es.
".2 *!NTR!9 ! /NSE*T /NEST"T/!NS
S(ou,d 6ou 2ind t(at in spite o2 bu6in- 2res( produ3ts and usin-
3are2u, pa30a-in- te3(ni>ues 6ou (a7e an inse3t in2estation1 6ou 3an tr6
some o2 t(e 2o,,o'in- steps$
1. /2 t(e 2ood is too (ea7i,6 in2ested to tr6 to sa7e it s(ou,d be
disposed o2 as soon as possib,e. Remo7e it 2rom t(e 0it3(en or
2ood stora-e area immediate,6 so it 'on+t in2est ot(er 2oods.
2. 9ar-e bu-s 3an be si2ted or 'inno'ed out i2 t(e 2ood+s not too
(ea7i,6 in2ested and 6ou 'ant to tr6 to sa7e it. T(en treat it
b6 p,a3in- into a deep 2reeDer at 0 de-. 2or t(ree to se7en da6s
dependin- upon t(e siDe o2 t(e pa30a-e. Re2ri-erator 2reeDers usua,,6
do not 2reeDe ,o' enou-( to e22e3ti7e,6 0i,, a,, o2 t(e ,i2e sta-es o2
inse3ts1 but i2 ,e2t t(ere1 'i,, s,o' t(eir de7e,opment. /2 2reeDin- is
not 'or0ab,e t(en t(e produ3t 3ou,d be spread on ba0in- s(eets and
(eated to 150 de-. 2or 2i2teen to t'ent6 minutes1 3oo,ed and
repa30a-ed. )eat treated 2oods s(ou,d be 3onsumed s(ort,6 t(erea2ter.
3. T(e sur2a3e areas '(ere t(e 2ood 3ontainers are stored 3an be
treated 'it( an inse3ti3ide. T(is is not a rep,a3ement 2or
3,ean stora-e (abits and -ood 3ontainers1 but it 3an supp,ement it.
T(is 'i,, not 3ontro, inse3t in2estations a,read6 in 6our stored 2oods.
Spra6 t(e s(e,2 sur2a3e 'it( 0.5P 3(,orp6ri2os @DursbanA1 1P
propoCur @=a6-onA1 0.5 per3ent diaDinon1 or 0.25 per3ent resmet(rin.
:ou 3an 2ind an6 o2 t(ese in t(e (ard'are store in read6 to app,6
pa30a-es. /2 a spra6er isn+t 2easib,e t(en t(e6 3an be app,ied 'it( a
paint brus(. ",,o' t(e so,ution to dr6 t(orou-(,6. *o7er t(e s(e,7es
'it( 3,ean1 untreated s(e,2 paper and put proper,6 pa30a-ed 2oods ba30
on s(e,7es. RE"D T)E PR!DU*T 9"=E9 !R S"ET: /N!R;"T/!N *!N*ERN/N#
*)/9DREN "ND PETS.
)ouse(o,d b,ea3(1 96so, and ot(er steri,iDers 'i,, not 3ontro,
inse3t in2estation1 t(ou-( t(e6 3an be used 2or mo,d1 mi,de' and a,-ae.
:ou ma6 3ontinue to 2ind some inse3ts a2ter t(e 3,eanup is
2inis(ed. T(is 3ou,d be 2or se7era, reasons. T(e 2irst bein- t(e6
es3aped 2rom t(e pa30a-es t(e6 'ere in2estin- and did not -et 3,eaned
up. T(ere ma6 be more pa30a-es in2ested t(an 'ere ori-ina,,6 rea,iDed
or1 t(ere ma6 be (idin- p,a3es in t(e stora-e area t(at need attention.
!n3e 6ou (a7e 3are2u,,6 e,iminated a,, 2ood sour3es1 t(e bu-s s(ou,d
disappear in t(ree to 2our 'ee0s.
= BB ;!9DS /N !!D
;o,ds are 2un-i Must ,i0e mus(rooms and 6east. ",so ,i0e
mus(rooms1 t(e6 reprodu3e b6 re,easin- spores into t(e air t(at ,and on
e7er6t(in-1 in3,udin- 6our 2ood and 2ood stora-e 3ontainers. /2 t(ose
spores be-in to -ro'1 t(e6 3reate t(in t(reads t(at spread t(rou-( out
t(eir -ro'in- medium. T(ese t(reads are t(e roots o2 t(e mo,d 2un-us1
3a,,ed .m63e,ium.. T(e sta,0 o2 a mo,d 2un-us is t(e portion abo7e or
on t(e sur2a3e o2 t(e 2ood. /t produ3es t(e spores and -i7es t(e mo,d
its 3o,or. <e+7e a,, seen eCamp,es o2 t(is '(en 'e dis3o7er a dis( o2
somet(in- or ot(er ,e2t 'a6B6B6 too ,on- in t(e re2ri-erator and (as
be3ome 3o7ered in mo,d 2uDD.
;o,ds 3an -ro' an6'(ere t(e6 (a7e a -ro'in- medium @t(eir 2oodA1
su22i3ient moisture and enou-( 'armt(. Some 3an e7en -ro' at
re2ri-erator temperatures1 a,beit more s,o',6 t(an t(e6 'ou,d i2 it 'ere
'armer. T(e6 3an a,so 'it(stand mu3( more sa,t and su-ar t(an ba3teria1
'(i3( is '(6 6ou sometimes 2ind mo,d in Me,,ies and Mams 'it( t(eir (i-(
su-ar 3ontent and on 3ured produ3ts ,i0e (am or ba3on 'it( t(eir (i-(
sa,t 3ontent.
/n t(e past1 it 'as o2ten 2e,t a s,i-(t amount o2 mo,d 'as (arm,ess
and t(e 2ood 3ou,d be 3onsumed an6'a6. or mo,ds t(at 'ere
intentiona,,6 introdu3ed into t(e 2ood1 su3( as t(e mo,d in b,eu 3(eese1
t(is is Must 2ine. or t(e unintentiona, mo,ds1 it 3an be a 7er6
serious error in Mud-ment. T(ese un'anted mo,ds mi-(t Must be produ3in-
a toCi3 substan3e 3a,,ed a .m63otoCin. '(i3( 3an be 7er6 bad indeed.
;63otoCins are produ3ed around t(e root or m63e,ium o2 t(e mo,d and t(e
mo,d roots 3an penetrate 7er6 deep,6 into t(e 2ood. T(ese m63otoCins
3an sur7i7e 2or a ,on- time in 2oods1 and un2ortunate,6 most are not
destro6ed b6 3oo0in-. T(e mo,ds probab,6 best 0no'n 2or t(is are t(e
7arious "sper-i,,us 7arieties '(i3( produ3es a m63otoCin 0no'n as
.a2,atoCin.1 but t(ere are ot(er dan-erous mo,ds as 'e,,1 su3( as t(e
usarium mo,ds. =ot( o2 t(e abo7e a22e3t -rain and some ,e-umes. See
=.3 ;o,ds /n #rains and 9e-umes.
/;P!RT"NT N!TE$ /n 'et pa30 2oods su3( as 6our (ome 3anned -oodies1
mo,ds 3an do somet(in- e,se as 'e,,1 possib,6 ,eadin-
to ,et(a, 3onse>uen3es. /2 t(e6 2ind t(eir 'a6 into 'et pa30 a3id 2oods
3anned b6 t(e boi,in- 'ater bat( met(od1 '(et(er b6 reasons o2 improper
pro3edure or 3ontamination a2ter t(e 2a3t1 t(e6 3an 3onsume t(e natura,
a3ids present in t(e 2ood. T(e e22e3t o2 t(is is to raise t(e p) o2 t(e
2ood in t(e 3ontainer1 per(aps to t(e point t(at it be3omes possib,e 2or
spores o2 8*,ostridium botu,inum81 better 0no'n as .botu,ism.1 to be3ome
a3ti7e and reprodu3e. /2 6ou+re not a,read6 a'are o2 t(e 3onse>uen3es
o2 botu,ism poisonin-1 p,ease read t(e ba3teria, spoi,a-e se3tion be,o'
'(ere it (as an entr6 a,, its o'n. T(is is t(e most dead,6 0ind o2 2ood
poisonin- t(ere is. or t(is reason1 mo,d6 'et pa30 2oods s(ou,d be
8sa2e,68 dis3arded.
;o,ds in ,o' a3id 2oods 3anned b6 t(e pressure 3annin- met(od are
e>ua,,6 dan-erous and s(ou,d a,so be dis3arded in a sa2e manner.
=.1 ;/N/;/T/N# ;!9DS
:ou 3an do a number o2 t(in-s to minimiDe un'anted mo,d -ro't( in
6our 0it3(en1 2ood stora-e areas and re2ri-erators. /2 6our 0it3(en is
at a,, ,i0e mine1 it is t(e re2ri-erator t(at is -oin- to 3o,,e3t t(e
most 2un-a, -ro't(. T(is 3an be dea,t 'it( b6 'as(in- t(e inside e7er6
3oup,e o2 mont(s 'it( a tab,espoon o2 ba0in- soda disso,7ed in a >uart
o2 'arm 'ater. Rinse 3,ean and a,,o' to dr6. T(e b,a30 mi,de' t(at
-ro's on t(e rubber door -as0ets and ot(er p,a3es 3an be dea,t 'it( b6
'ipin- do'n 'it( a so,ution o2 t(ree tab,espoons o2 (ouse(o,d b,ea3( in
a >uart o2 'ater. / -enera,,6 use a so2t brist,e brus( 2or t(is.
T(e rest o2 t(e 0it3(en 3an be 0ept mo,d 2ree b6 0eepin- it 3,ean1
and dr6 and b6 spra6in- o33asiona,,6 'it( a produ3t su3( as 96so,.
Pat3(es o2 mo,d -ro'in- in spots 3an be e,iminated 'it( t(e b,ea3(
so,ution used on t(e re2ri-erator doors.
Tr6 not to pur3(ase more 2res( 2ood t(an 6ou+,, be ab,e to eat in a
s(ort period o2 time. T(is 'i,, 0eep 6ou 2rom (a7in- to dea, 'it( t(e
mo,d6 remains t(at didn+t -et eaten. /2 2ood does -o mo,d61 don+t sni22
it. T(is is a -ood 'a6 to -i7e 6ourse,2 respirator6 di22i3u,ties i2 6ou
are at a,, sus3eptib,e to mo,d a,,er-ies. ;o,d6 2ood s(ou,d be disposed
in su3( a manner t(at 6our anima,s and 3(i,dren 'on+t be ab,e to -et
into it. ;63otoCins are e7er6 bit as bad 2or 6our anima,s as t(e6 are
2or 6ou.
!b7ious,61 6ou don+t (a7e to t(ro' out e7er6t(in- t(at s(o's a spot
o2 mo,d on it. Some 2oods 3an be sa2e,6 dea,t 'it( and sti,, partia,,6
sa7ed i2 t(e6 s(o' si-ns o2 2un-a, -ro't(. =e,o' is a set o2 -uide,ine
2rom ;. Susan =re'er1 P(.D.1 R.D.1 a spe3ia,ist in 2ood sa2et6. )er
arti3,es and 'or0s are 2ound in man6 state uni7ersit6 eCtension ser7i3es
pub,i3ations ,ists.
/2 t(e 2ood s(o's e7en a tin6 mo,d spot1 2o,,o' t(ese -uide ,ines$
1. )ard or 2irm 2oods 'it( tin6 mo,d spots 3an be trimmedG 3ut a'a6 t(e
area around t(e mo,d @at ,east an in3(A and re'rap in 3,ean 'rap.
;a0e sure t(at 0ni2e does not tou3( t(e mo,d.
2. So2t 2oods su3( as 3(eese s,i3es1 3ream 3(eese1 sour 3ream and
6o-urt s(ou,d be t(ro'n a'a6.
T!SS$
So2t *(eeses1 @;oDDare,,a1 =rie1 et3.A
Sour *ream1 :o-urt1 *otta-e 3(eese
=a3on1 )ot do-s1 S,i3ed ,un3( meats
;eat pies
!pened 3anned (am
;ost ,e2tBo7er 2ood
=read1 *a0es1 ro,,s1 2,our1 pastr6
Peanut butter
4ui3es1 berries
4am1 4e,,ies1 S6rups
*u3umbers1 Tomatoes
Spina3(1 9ettu3e1 ot(er ,ea26 7e-etab,es
=ananas1 Pea3(es1 ;e,ons
*ornBonBt(eB3ob
Stored nuts1 '(o,e -rains1 ri3e
TR/;$
)ard *(eese @*(eddar1 S'iss1 et3.A
=e,, Peppers1 *arrots1 *abba-e
=ro33o,i1 *au,i2,o'er1 =russe,s Sprouts
#ar,i31 !nions
Potatoes1 Turnips
Tu33(ini
"pp,es1 Pears
=.2 ;!9DS /N *"NNED #!!DS
/2 -ood e>uipment and proper te3(ni>ue are used1 t(en it is
un,i0e,6 6ou 'i,, e7er (a7e mo,d -ro't( in 6our unopened 3anned -oods.
/2 6ou do (a7e su3(1 t(en t(ere 'as eit(er a 2,a' in t(e pro3edure 6ou
used1 or somet(in- a22e3ted t(e Mar or 3an a2ter t(e 2a3t to brea0 its
sea,. /n an6 e7ent1 on3e t(e 2ood (as mo,ded1 it is past sa7in- and
s(ou,d be dis3arded in su3( a 'a6 t(at 3(i,dren and anima,s 'i,, not be
ab,e to -et into it. T(e most ,i0e,6 (ome 3anned produ3ts to s(o' mo,d
-ro't( are Mams and Me,,ies sea,ed 'it( para22in 'aC.
T(ere are a number o2 points in t(e 3annin- pro3ess '(ere t(is 3an
o33ur$
@1A /n t(e time a2ter t(e Mar is ta0en out o2 its boi,in- 'ater
bat(1 but be2ore it is 2i,,ed.
@2A /n t(e time bet'een '(en t(e Mar is 2i,,ed and 3o7ered 'it( t(e
me,ted 'aC.
@3A <(en t(e 'aC 3oo,s1 i2 it pu,,s a'a6 2rom t(e side o2 t(e Mar1
,ea7in- an openin- 2or t(e mo,d to -et in.
@JA /2 bubb,es 2orm in t(e para22in1 '(i3( brea0 and ,ea7e (o,es.
/t is 2or t(is reason t(at most 3annin- aut(orities no ,on-er
re3ommend usin- t(is te3(ni>ue. /2 6ou must use it1 t(e Me,,6 Mars
s(ou,d be boi,ed 2or at ,east 10 minutes be2ore t(e Me,,6 is poured into
t(e Mars. T(e 2i,,ed and 'aC 3apped Mars s(ou,d t(en be 3o7ered 'it(
some sort o2 prote3ti7e ,id. T(e boo01 Puttin- ood =6 (as eC3e,,ent
instru3tions on t(is or see t(e app,i3ab,e se3tion o2 t(e
re3.2ood.preser7in- "% b6 9es,ie =ase,.
=.3 ;!9DS /N #R"/NS "ND 9E#U;ES
/t+s ,on- been 0no'n t(at eatin- mo,d6 -rain is bad 2or 6our
(ea,t(. T(e u-,6 3onse>uen3es o2 eatin- er-otBin2e3ted r6e probab,6
ma0e t(e best 0no'n eCamp,e. /t+s on,6 been 2or about t(irt6 6ears1
t(ou-(1 t(at intensi7e stud6 o2 t(ese -rain 2un-i (a7e been 3arried out
on ot(er 7arieties o2 mo,ds and t(eir respe3ti7e m63otoCins.
ortunate,61 2or t(ose o2 us in t(e U.S.1 t(e USD" and t(e 7arious state
departments o2 a-ri3u,ture -o to a -reat dea, o2 troub,e to dete3t -rain
and ,e-umes in2e3ted 'it( t(ese toCi3 2un-i. /n some o2 t(e ,ess
de7e,oped 3ountries1 t(e 3itiDenr6 are not so ,u306. Sti,,1 it is -ood
to (a7e somet(in- o2 an understandin- o2 '(at one s(ou,d do to pre7ent
mo,d -ro't( in oneVs stored -rains and to (a7e an idea o2 '(at to ,oo0
2or and as0 about '(en pur3(asin- -rains and ,e-umes.
T(e one 2un-a, t6pe t(at (as 3aused t(e most 3ommotion in re3ent
(istor6 are t(e 7arious ."sper-i,,us. spe3ies o2 mo,ds. Under 3ertain
3onditions 'it( 3ertain -rains1 ,e-umes1 and to a ,esser eCtent1 nuts1
t(e6 3an produ3e a m63otoCin 3a,,ed .a2,atoCin.. T(is is a serious
prob,em in some parts o2 t(e 'or,d1 most espe3ia,,6 in peanuts1
o33asiona,,6 in 3orn. / am not a'are o2 an6 do3umented deat(s in t(e
United States 2rom a2,atoCi3it61 but ot(er nations (a7e not been so
2ortunate. <(at ma0es a2,atoCin so 'orrisome in t(is 3ountr6 is t(at it
is a,so a 7er6 potent 3ar3ino-en @3an3er 3ausin- a-entA.
/n addition to t(e "sper-i,,us mo,ds1 t(ere is a,so a 7er6 ,ar-e
2ami,6 o2 mo,ds 3a,,ed .usarium. and t(ese 3an produ3e a 'ide 7ariet6 o2
m63otoCins1 a,, o2 '(i3( 6ou do not 'ant to be eatin- dire3t,6 or
2eedin- to 6our 2ood anima,s '(ere 6ou 'i,, -et t(e toCins ba30
indire3t,6 '(en 6ou eat t(em.
T(e edera, -o7ernment and t(e 7arious state -o7ernments
3ontinuous,6 monitor 2ood and 2ora-e 3rops. T(ose produ3ts '(i3( are
prone to mo,d -ro't( and toCin produ3tion are not a,,o'ed to be so,d 2or
2ood. !n3e pur3(ased (o'e7er1 it is up to 6ou to 0eep 6our 2ood sa2e
2rom mo,d -ro't(. /2 6ou (a7e a,read6 2ound mo,d -ro't( in 6our '(o,e
-rains1 mea,s1 2,ours or ot(er -rain produ3ts1 t(e6 s(ou,d be dis3arded.
;ost m63otoCins are not bro0en do'n or destro6ed b6 3oo0in- temperatures
and t(ere is no sa2e 'a6 to sa,7a-e -rain t(at (as mo,ded.
=.3.1 PREVENT/N# ;!9D #R!<T) /N ST!RED #R"/NS "ND 9E#U;ES
T(e easiest met(od to pre7ent mo,d -ro't( in 6our stored -rains and
,e-umes is simp,6 to 0eep t(em too dr6 2or t(e mo,d to -ro'. T(e
"sper-i,,us and usarium mo,ds re>uire moisture 3ontents o2 18P and
abo7e to reprodu3e. T(is is subMe3t to some 7ariabi,it61 but in a,,
-rains and so6beans1 t(e6 must (a7e a moisture 3ontent o2 t(at ,e7e,.
/2 6ou are storin- ra' @not roastedA peanuts1 in t(e s(e,, or s(e,,ed1
6ou 'ant to -et t(e moisture 3ontent to ,ess t(an 8P as peanuts are
parti3u,ar,6 sus3eptib,e to mo,d -ro't(. T(e re3ommended moisture
3ontent 2or a,, ot(er -rain and ,e-ume stora-e is no more t(an 10P.
8P,ease see part 2.".3.1 #rains and 9e-umes 2or a met(od to determine
moisture 3ontent.8 "t 10P moisture1 it is simp,6 too dr6 2or 2un-i to
-ro'. 8P,ease see 1.".J Storin- #rains and 9e-umes 2or a suitab,e
pa30a-in- te3(ni>ue.8
* BB ="*TER/"9 SP!/9"#E
4ust ,i0e t(e 2un-i1 ba3teria are e7er6'(ere. T(e6+re in t(e
'ater1 soi,1 air1 on 6ou1 6our 2ood and 6our 2ood stora-e 3ontainers.
ortunate,61 t(e 7ast maMorit6 o2 t(e ba3teria 'e en3ounter are
re,ati7e,6 (arm,ess or e7en beni-n and on,6 a 2e' represent a dan-er to
us and our stored 2oods.
=a3teria 3an be 7er6 mu3( more di22i3u,t to 0i,, o22 t(an mo,ds and
inse3ts. Some o2 t(em are 3apab,e o2 3ontinued -ro't( at temperatures
t(at 'ou,d 0i,, ot(er spoi,a-e or-anisms. <(en 3onditions are su3( t(at
t(e6 are unab,e to -ro'1 some ba3teria 3an -o dormant and 2orm spores.
T(ese spores 3an be >uite (ard61 e7en to t(e point o2 sur7i7in- a
ro,,in- boi,.
/n order to -ro'1 ba3teria need moisture1 some as ,itt,e as a 20P
moisture 3ontent. or dr6 -rains1 ,e-umes1 po'dered mi,0 and ot(er ,o'
moisture 2oodstu22 ba3teria, spoi,a-e 'i,, se,dom be a prob,em so ,on-
as t(e moisture ,e7e, in t(e 2oodstu22 remains too s3ant to support its
-ro't(. or t(is reason1 it is imperati7e t(at su3( produ3ts be drier
t(an 20P and pre2erab,6 be,o' 10P to 'ard o22 mo,d -ro't( as 'e,,. T(e
botu,ism ba3terium needs moisture in t(e 35P ran-e to -ro'. T(us1
ma0in- bein- sure o2 t(e moisture 3ontent o2 t(e 2ood produ3ts 6ou 'ant
to store1 and appropriate,6 usin- desi33ants in 6our 2ood pa30a-in- are
a,so eC3e,,ent ideas.
<"RN/N#$ /t is in 'et pa30 3anned -oods @'(ere t(e 3ontainer (as
2ree ,i>uid in itA and 2res( 2oods 'e must be t(e most
3on3erned about spoi,a-e ba3teria. /t is (ere t(at a ,itt,e bad ,u30
and a moment+s inattention to '(at 6ou are doin- 3ou,d 0i,, or serious,6
inMure 6ou or some ot(er person '(o eats t(e 2oods 6ou+7e put b6. /n
bot( (omeB3anned and 3ommer3ia,,6B3anned -oods1 / T)E *"N /S =U9#/N#1
9E"F/N#1 S;E99S ="D1 !R SPE<S 9/%U/D <)EN :!U !PEN /T T)EN T)R!< /T !UTE
=ut1 t(ro' it out sa2e,6 so t(at 3(i,dren and anima,s 3annot -et into
it.
*.1 =!TU9/S;
8*,ostridium botu,inum8 is one o2 t(e o,dest ,i2e 2orms 2ound on
t(e p,anet. 9i0e t(e -an-rene ba3teria1 it is an anaerobi3 or-anism
meanin- it ,i7es and -ro's in t(e absen3e o2 2ree oC6-en. /t 2orms
spores '(en 3onditions are not suitab,e 2or it to -ro' and it is
3ommon,6 2ound in t(e soi,. T(is means it 3an be brou-(t into 6our ,i2e
on ra' produ3e1 too,s1 (ands or an6t(in- e,se t(at 3ame into 3onta3t
'it( dirt. To 2urt(er 3omp,i3ate matters1 botu,inum spores are
eCtreme,6 (eatB(ard6. T(e ba3teria itse,2 3an be 0i,,ed b6 eCposin-
t(em 2or a s(ort time to boi,in- 'ater @212 de-. "T SE" 9EVE9
PRESSUREA1 but t(eir spores 3an not. To 0i,, t(em1 t(e 2ood produ3t and
3ontainer must be eCposed to temperatures o2 2J0 de-. @"#"/N "T SE"
9EVE9 PRESSUREA 2or a ,on- enou-( period o2 time to a,,o' a,, o2 t(e
2ood in ea3( 3ontainer to 3ome 3omp,ete,6 up to t(e proper temperature.
!n,6 a pressureB 3anner 3an rea3( t(e ne3essar6 temperature.
/t+s not t(e ba3teria or its spores '(i3( are dire3t,6 dead,61 but
t(e toCin t(e ba3teria 3reates '(en it -ro's and reprodu3es. /n its
pure 2orm1 botu,ism toCin is so potent t(at a mere teaspoon o2 it 'ou,d
be enou-( to pro7ide a 2ata, dose to (undreds o2 t(ousands o2 peop,e.
/t is t(is ,et(a,it6 t(at is '(6 e7er6 responsib,e boo0 on 3annin-1 2ood
preser7ation1 2ood stora-e1 and t(e ,i0e (ammers 3onstant,6 on t(e need
2or 3are in te3(ni>ue and met(od and '(6 spoi,a-e must be ta0en so
serious,6.
*. botu,inum1 ,i0e an6 ot(er ,i2e 2orm1 must (a7e suitab,e
3onditions 2or it to -ro' and be3ome a dan-er to 6ou. !ne o2 t(e
3onditions it must (a7e is a suitab,e p) ran-e in its en7ironment.
p) is t(e measure o2 t(e a3idit6 or a,0a,init6 o2 a substan3e and is
measured on a s3a,e o2 1B1J 'it( an6t(in- abo7e 5 bein- 3onsidered
a,0a,ine and e7er6t(in- be,o' 5 bein- 3onsidered a3id. /2 t(e p) o2
6our 'et pa30 2ood is =E9!< J.I t(en botu,ism is unab,e to -ro'. Feep
in mind p) is not eterna, in 2oods and it is possib,e 2or it to 3(an-e.
/2 it s(ou,d 3(an-e to a ,esser a3idit6 t(an J.I p) 6our pre7ious,6
botu,inum proo2 2ood ma6 start a,,o'in- t(e ,et(a, spoi,er to -ro' @see
=.21 mo,ds in 3anned -oodsA. T(is is '(6 it is 7ita, to use proper
te3(ni>ue1 e7en 2or a3id 2oods ,i0e tomatoes. /t (as been 2ound t(at
'(en t(is o33urs and botu,inum be3omes a3ti7e and produ3es its ,et(a,
toCin it a,so produ3es minute amounts o2 a3id '(i3( 3an ,o'er t(e p) o2
t(e poisoned 2ood ba30 into '(at s(ou,d (a7e been t(e sa2e Done (ad t(e
p) not Mumped up and a,,o'ed t(e ba3teria to -ro'. "-ain and a-ain BB
use -ood te3(ni>ue and pa6 attention to '(at 6ou are doin-.
=otu,inum toCin1 un,i0e 2un-a, m63otoCins1 3an be destro6ed b6
boi,in- t(e 2ood bris0,6 in an open 7esse, 2or 2i2teen minutes. =e3ause
o2 t(is1 i2 6our 3anned 2ood s(o's an6 sa2et6 prob,ems 6ou s(ou,d 2o,,o'
t(is pro3edure. /2 t(e 2ood s(o's e7en t(e s,i-(test mo,d -ro't(1 0eep
in mind t(at m63otoCins are not 2or t(e most part bro0en do'n b6 (eat
and dispose o2 t(e 2ood sa2e,6.
/ don+t intend to -o into t(e (o's o2 (ome 3annin- (ere. or t(at
/ stron-,6 re3ommend t(at 6ou read t(e 8r.2.p. "%81 t(e 8=a,, =,ue
=oo08 and most espe3ia,,6 t(e boo0 8Puttin- ood =68 2or in dept(
in2ormation on t(is subMe3t.
*.2 !T)ER ="*TER/"9 SP!/9ERS ! !!D
T(is se3tion 'i,, be in a 2uture 7ersion o2 t(is "%.
D BB ENT:;"T/* "*T/!N /N !!D SP!/9"#E
E7er6 ,i7in- or-anism uses enD6mes o2 man6 sorts in its bodi,6
2un3tions as part o2 its norma, ,i2e 363,e. EnD6mes are used in
3reatin- ,i2e. "2ter deat(1 enD6mes p,a6 a ro,e in t(e de3omposition o2
on3e ,i7in- tissue. T(e enD6mes in a tomato (e,p it to ripen and
enD6mes produ3ed b6 t(e tomato and '(ate7er 2un-a, and ba3teria,
spoi,ers are on it 3ause it to de3a6.
ortunate,61 s,o'in- do'n or stoppin- t(e a3tion o2 a 2ood+s
enD6mes is mu3( easier to do t(an s,o'in- or stoppin- some o2 t(e
ba3teria, spoi,ers mentioned abo7e. EnD6mes are most a3ti7e in a
temperature ran-e bet'een 85B120 de-. and be-in to be destro6ed '(en
t(e temperature -oes abo7e 1J0 de-.. *o,d a,so s,o's do'n t(e a3tion
o2 enD6mes1 '(i3( is '(6 2res( tomatoes ,ast ,on-er in t(e re2ri-erator
t(an t(e6 do on t(e 0it3(en tab,e. ;ost enD6mati3 a3tion a,so re>uires
moisture to o33ur. /n 2oods stored at 10P moisture or ,ess1 t(ere is
not enou-( moisture 2or most enD6mes to be a3ti7e.
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
BB /V BB
SPE*//* E%U/P;ENT %UEST/!NS
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
" BB ST!R"#E *!NT"/NERS
".1 <)"T /S !!D #R"DE P"*F"#/N#N
%$ !F1 /+m read6 to start m6 stora-e pro-ram. <(at s(ou,d / put
t(e 2ood inN
"$ :ou s(ou,d use 2ood -rade pa30a-in- 2or storin- an6t(in- 6ou
intend to eat. " 2ood -rade 3ontainer is one t(at 'i,, not trans2er
noCious or toCi3 substan3es into t(e 2ood it is (o,din-. /2 6ou are
un3ertain '(et(er a pa30a-e t6pe is 2ood -rade 6ou 3an 3onta3t t(e
manu2a3turer. "s0 i2 t(at parti3u,ar 3ontainer is @USA D" appro7ed
meanin- t(at it is sa2e 2or 2ood use. <(en in>uirin- be sure to spe3i26
t(e 3(ara3teristi3s o2 t(e 2ood 6ou are storin-G 'et1 dr61 stron-,6
a3idi3 or a,0a,ine1 a,3o(o,i3 or a (i-( 2at 3ontent. " 3ontainer t(at
is appro7ed 2or one o2 t(e abo7e t6pes o2 2ood ma6 not be appro7ed 2or
anot(er.
T(e maMor 2un3tions o2 a 2ood stora-e 3ontainer are to$
Q1. Prote3t its 3ontents 2rom outside en7ironmenta, in2,uen3es su3(
as moisture1 and oC6-en1 but possib,6 a,so (eat or 3o,d1 ,i-(t1
inse3ts andHor rodents as 'e,,.
Q2. Pre7ent dama-e durin- (and,in- and s(ippin-.
Q3. Estab,is( andHor maintain mi3robio,o-i3a, stabi,it6. T(e
3ontainer s(ou,d not a,,o' mi3roor-anisms su3( as 2un-i and ba3teria
2rom outside t(e 3ontainer to 3ome into 3onta3t 'it( its 3ontents.
T(is is o2 3riti3a, importan3e to 'etBpa30 2oods su3( as 3anned
7e-etab,es1 2ruits and meats.
QJ. <it(stand t(e temperatures and pressures it 'i,, be eCposed to.
T(is is ne3essar6 i2 t(e 3ontents are to be pasteuriDed or
steri,iDed1 eit(er immediate,6 be2ore or a2ter 2i,,in-. /t must not
(a7e an6 stru3tura, 2ai,ures nor re,ease an6 noCious or toCi3
brea0do'n 3(emi3a,s into t(e 2ood it 3ontains. T(is is t(e reason
'(6 purpose bui,t 3annin- Mars are re3ommended 2or (ome 3annin- and
ma6onnaise Mars aren+t. T(e 2ormer are made (ea7ier to 'it(stand
(i-( temperatures and (and,in- '(ereas t(e ,atter are not and (a7e
an in3reased ris0 o2 brea0a-e i2 used 2or t(at purpose.
Virtua,,6 a,, 3ontainers used in (ome 2ood preser7ation in7o,7in-
eCposure to (i-( temperatures are made o2 -,ass or meta,1 'it( t(e
eC3eption o2 some spe3ia,iDed .(eat & sea,. t6pe o2 p,asti3 ba-s. #,ass
3an be used 'it( an6 2ood t6pe pro7idin- it is 3,ean and in sound
3ondition1 but meta, 3ans are more spe3ia,iDed. T(e6 must be intended
2or 2ood use and must a,so (a7e a ,inin- or 3oatin- o2 t(e inside t(at
is suitab,e 2or t(e p) ,e7e, o2 t(e 2ood it 'i,, be in 3onta3t 'it(.
/2 t(e 2oods are not subMe3ted to some 2orm o2 (eat pro3essin- Must
be2ore or a2ter pa30a-in- 6our se,e3tion o2 3ontainer t6pes 2or (ome use
is a -reat dea, ,ar-er. Virtua,,6 an6 0ind o2 3,ean1 sound -,ass Mar
3an be used and man6 t6pes o2 ne' meta, 3ontainers. Se7era, sorts o2
p,asti3s (a7e be3ome popu,ar. T(ese 7arious 0inds o2 p,asti3s are ea3(
suited 2or di22erent purposes1 ma0in- se,e3tion a more 3omp,eC tas0.
".1.1 <)ERE D! / /ND !!D #R"DE *!NT"/NERSN
ood -rade pa30a-in- is e7er6'(ere. E7er6 time 6ou -o into t(e
-ro3er6 store 6ou are surrounded b6 it. ;an6 'e,, 0no'n 3ompanies su3(
as Tupper'are and Rubbermaid manu2a3ture and se,, empt6 pa30a-in- 2or
t(e eCpress purpose o2 3ontainin- repa30a-ed 2oods. T(e 0inds o2
3ontainers 6ou are interested in and t(e t6pes o2 2oods 6ou 'ant to put
in t(ose 3ontainers 'i,, di3tate '(ere 6ou need to ,oo0 2or a parti3u,ar
pa30a-in- s6stem.
or 2ood stora-e purposes most 2o,0s are usua,,6 interested in 2i7e
and siC -a,,on p,asti3 pai,s1 -,ass Mars 2rom pint to -a,,on siDes1
meta, 3ontainers su3( as t(e institutiona, siDed Q10 3ans1 and ;6,ar or
ot(er (i-( barrier propert6 p,asti3 ba-s. T(ose are t(e 3ontainers most
o2ten used1 but 7irtua,,6 an6t(in- t(at 3an prote3t 2oods 2rom outside
en7ironmenta, in2,uen3es1 sa2e,6 3ontain somet(in- 6ou+re -oin- to ,ater
eat and (a7e a 7o,ume 3apa3it6 ,ar-e enou-( to be 'ort('(i,e ma6 be
used.
" number o2 2ood stora-e retai,ers su3( as t(ose ,isted in t(e
Resour3es se3tion se,, p,asti3 bu30ets1 ;6,ar ba-s and a 2e' e7en se,,
ne' Q10 3ans 'it( ,ids. /t ma6 a,so be possib,e to pur3(ase Q10 3ans
t(rou-( t(e 9DS ami,6 *anneries and dea,ers su3( as 9e(man+s )ard'are
*umber,and #enera, Store or )ome *annin- Spe3ia,t6 and Supp,6. !n t(e
,o3a, s3ene1 p,asti3 2i7e -a,,on bu30ets are 'ide,6 a7ai,ab,e1 but on,6
i2 6ou pur3(ase t(em t(rou-( a restaurant or 3ommer3ia, 2oods supp,6
(ouse 'i,, 6ou ,i0e,6 be ab,e to te,, i2 t(e6+re sa2e to 0eep 2ood in.
/2 6ou 3an ,o3ate a 3ustomer ser7i3e number 2or t(e manu2a3turer 6ou 3an
3a,, t(em and as0. ;an6 times manu2a3turers 'i,, ma0e produ3ts t(at are
D" appro7ed and se,, t(em as -enera, purpose 3ontainers1 but 6ou need
to 3a,, to be sure.
Pa30a-in- supp,6 (ouses1 su3( as United States P,asti3s and ot(ers1
(a7e ,ar-e D" appro7ed pa30a-in- ,ines. Se7era, su3( 3ompanies are
,isted in t(e Resour3es se3tion and a bit o2 dete3ti7e 'or0 3an probab,6
turn up more. Some re>uire minimum orders and ot(ers don+t. T(e 3ost
o2 s(ippin- t(e 3ontainers 'i,, probab,6 p,a6 a maMor ro,e in 6our
de3ision ma0in-. /2 6ou are -oin- to pa30a-e a -reat dea, o2 2ood a,,
at on3e1 per(aps 2or a -roup o2 peop,e1 some o2 t(e 3ompanies t(at
re>uire minimum pur3(ases 3an sometimes sa7e 6ou a 2air amount o2 mone6
and supp,6 pa30a-in- 6ou mi-(t ot(er'ise (a7e a di22i3u,t time 2indin-.
Some time spent sear3(in- t(e T(omas Re-ister1 a7ai,ab,e bot( on,ine
@(ttp$HH'''12.t(omasre-ister.3om A and in ,ibrar6 re2eren3e se3tions1
mi-(t turn up some 7a,uab,e ,eads.
or -,ass Mars1 don+t o7er,oo0 2,ea mar0ets1 6ard sa,es1 t(ri2t
s(ops and simi,ar p,a3es. *annin- Mars 3an sometimes be (ad 2or 7er6
,itt,e. De,i3atessens1 sub s(ops and restaurants o2 a,, sorts 3an be a
sour3e o2 one -a,,on -,ass Mars 2ormer,6 3ontainin- pi30,es1 peppers1
et3. /2 t(e ,ids are sti,, in -ood 3ondition1 t(e6 are 'e,, suited to
bu,0 stora-e and 3an be reused o7er and o7er.
;eta, 3ans1 b6 and ,ar-e1 are not reusab,e 2or -ood stora-e1 but
some 3ompanies mi-(t be ab,e to se,, 6ou ne' 3ans. T(e traditiona,
sin-,e use Q10 3an is on,6 t(e be-innin- o2 '(at mi-(t be a7ai,ab,e 'it(
a ,itt,e ,oo0in-. #a,,on siDed or ,ar-er 3ans 'it( doub,e 2ri3tion ,ids
@,i0e paint 3omes inA ma0e eC3e,,ent stora-e 3ontainers and some
3ompanies ma0e t(em 2ood sa2e. !ne -a,,on and ,ar-er 3ans 'it( 'ide
diameter s3re' 3aps are a7ai,ab,e 2rom some 3ompanies as 'e,,. :ou
mi-(t (a7e seen some o2 t(ese (o,din- edib,e oi,s1 so6 sau3e1 (one6 and
ot(er ,i>uid 2ood. /2 t(e6 3ome 'it( a 3ap t(at 'i,, sea, air ti-(t
t(e6 'ou,d be 'e,, suited 2or bu,0 stora-e o2 -rains and ,e-umes1
parti3u,ar,6 i2 t(e6 3ome in a 2our to siC -a,,on siDe.
Pi30 up 6ou ,o3a, p(one boo01 ,o- on to 6our 2a7orite sear3( en-ine
or (ead to 6our ,o3a, pub,i31 3o,,e-e or uni7ersit6 ,ibrar6 and eCp,ore
t(e possibi,ities. ;a0e it 3,ear t(at '(at 6ou 'ant must be D"
appro7ed and be up 2ront about (o' man6 6ou need or 3an dea, 'it(. /2
one 3ompan6 'on+t dea, 'it( 6ou1 tr6 anot(er. :ou+,, e7entua,,6 -et '(at
6ou 'ant.
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
rom$ Denis Dei-ueiredo dde2i-Lne'(a,,.3om
!ri-ina,,6 posted in$ re3.2ood.preser7in-
/ 3a,,ed =er,in Reds. note1 a p,asti3 3ontainer m2-r.S 1B800B
JB=ER9/N and spo0e to t(em1 p,us an out2it 3a,,ed Fir0 *ontainer @t(e6
manu2a3tured some 5 -a,,on paint bu30ets / sa' in t(e ,o3a, (ard'are
storeA. =ot( p,a3es said t(at bu30ets made 2rom )i-( Densit6
Po,6Et(e,ene @)DPEA are appro7ed 2or 2ood. /t (as to do 'it( t(e
possibi,it6 o2 intera3tion bet'een an6 3(emi3a,s in t(e 2ood and t(e
p,asti3. "s it turns out1 Fir0 manu2a3tures on,6 one 0ind o2 bu30et1
and t(en mar0ets it 2or paint1 (ard'are1 2ood1 et3. T(e pri3e is ri-(t
on t(e .paint bu30ets. B mu3( 3(eaper t(an t(e ,o3a, restaurant supp,6
(ouse.
)i-( densit6 po,6et(e,ene bu30ets 'i,, (a7e )DPE stamped on t(em1
or a re363,e s6mbo, 'it( a .2. in t(e midd,e.
D/S*9"/;ER$ /+m on,6 passin- on in2ormation / re3ei7ed 2rom t(e
manu2a3turers. / am in no 'a6 pro2essin- t(ese t(in-s to be abso,ute
2a3tE
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
rom$ .4enn6 S. 4o(anssen. Mo(anssenLmatnet.3om
!ri-ina,,6 posted in$ re3.2ood.preser7in-
Denis B sa' 6our 3omments on 2ood -rade bu30ets and t(ou-(t /+d
o22er m6 so,ution. ;6 son 3oo0s at a ,o3a, ;eCi3an restaurant. T(e6
-et a,, t(eir stra'berries @2or t(e stra'berr6 ma-aritas at t(e barA in
3 -a,,on p,asti3 bu30ets. No' 6ou 0no' (o' man6 mar-aritas pass t(rou-(
a ;eCi3an bar ea3( ni-(t B ,ots. So / as0ed m6 son to sa7e me some
bu30ets. T(e6 are idea, 2or storin- 2,our1 ri3e1 / made @2rom m6 (ome
-ro'n raspberriesA a de,i3ious raspberr6 3ordia, in one o2 t(e bu30ets1
anot(er / made Raspberr6 'ine in. ;6 motto is '(6 bu6 '(en 6ou 3an
re363,eE T(an0s 2or -i7in- me t(e time and spa3e to add m6 t'oBbits
'ort(. B 4enn6
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
rom$ <ood6 )arper ,a-erLprimenet.3om
!ri-ina,,6 posted$ re3.2ood.preser7in-
.../ -et toppin- bu30ets 2rom Dair6 %ueen and / (a7e to ma0e sure
t(ere is no tra3e o2 t(e stra'berr6 s6rup ,e2t. " ,itt,e deter-ent and
e,bo' -rease 2o,,o'ed b6 a 3(,orine so,ution bat( 0eep e7er6t(in- ni3e
and 3,ean.BB
".2 P9"ST/* P"*F"#/N#
=e2ore 'e 3an inte,,i-ib,6 dis3uss p,asti3 pa30a-in- it is
ne3essar6 to understand '(at t(e substan3e 'e 3a,, .p,asti3. is.
P,asti3s are produ3ed 2rom basi3 po,6mers 3a,,ed .resins.1 ea3( o2 '(i3(
(a7e di22erin- p(6si3a, properties. "dditi7es ma6 be b,ended in to
3o,or t(em or to modi26 parti3u,ar properties su3( as mo,dabi,it61
stru3tura, properties1 resistan3e to ,i-(t or (eat or oCidation.
"dditiona,,61 it is 3ommon 2or se7era, di22erent 0inds o2 p,asti3 to be
,aminated to-et(er ea3( per2ormin- a parti3u,ar desired tas0. !ne mi-(t
o22er stru3tura, ri-idit6 and t(e ot(er mi-(t be more impermeab,e to t(e
trans2er o2 -asses and odors. <(en bonded to-et(er a ri-id1 -as
impermeab,e pa30a-e 3an be made.
<(et(er t(at pa30a-e is sa2e 2or 2ood use 'i,, depend on t(e eCa3t
nature o2 t(e additi7es b,ended into t(e p,asti3. Some o2 t(em1 notab,6
p,asti3iDers and d6es1 3an mi-rate 2rom t(e pa30a-in- materia, into t(e
2ood it+s 3ontainin-. T(is ma6 be eCa3erbated b6 t(e nature o2 t(e 2ood
it+s in 3onta3t 'it( espe3ia,,6 i2 it is (i-( 2at1 stron-,6 a3idi3 or
a,3o(o,i3 in parti3u,ar. Time and temperature ma6 a,so p,a6 a prominent
ro,e in t(e mi-ration o2 p,asti3 additi7es into 2ood. or t(is reason1
t(e @USA D" assesses t(e sa2et6 o2 pa30a-in- materia,s 2or 2ood 3onta3t
and 3ondu3ts toCi3o,o-i3a, studies to estab,is( sa2et6 standards. !n,6
p,asti3s t(at are D" appro7ed 2or a parti3u,ar 2ood t6pe s(ou,d be used
2or dire3t 3onta3t 'it( t(at 2ood.
4ust bein- D" appro7ed1 (o'e7er1 ma6 not be a,, o2 t(e stor6. /t
must sti,, be determined '(et(er t(e parti3u,ar p,asti3 in >uestion (as
t(e p(6si3a, properties t(at 'ou,d ma0e it desirab,e 2or 6our purpose.
"s mentioned abo7e ea3( base resin (as some'(at di22erin- p(6si3a,
properties t(at ma6 be modi2ied 'it( additi7es or 3ombined b6 ,aminatin-
'it( anot(er p,asti3 or e7en 3omp,ete,6 unre,ated materia,s su3( as
meta, 2oi,s. "n eCamp,e o2 t(is is .;6,ar.1 a t6pe o2 po,6ester 2i,m.
=6 itse,21 it (as moderate barrier resistan3e to moisture and oC6-en.
<(en ,aminated to-et(er 'it( a,uminum 2oi, it (as 7er6 (i-( resistan3e
and ma0es an eC3e,,ent materia, 2or 3reatin- ,on- term 2ood stora-e
pa30a-in-. !ne or more ot(er 0inds o2 p,asti3 'it( ,o' me,tin- points
and -ood 2,o' 3(ara3teristi3s are t6pi3a,,6 bonded on t(e opposite side
o2 t(e 2oi, to a3t as a sea,ant p,6 so t(at t(e a,uminiDed ;6,ar 3an be
2as(ioned into ba-s or sea,ed a3ross 3ontainer openin-s. T(e 3ombined
materia,s (a7e properties t(at ma0e t(em use2u, 2or ,on- term stora-e
t(at ea3( separate,6 do not (a7e.
Probab,6 t(e most 3ommon p,asti3 t(at raises suitabi,it6 >uestions
is )i-( Densit6 Po,6Et(6,ene @)DPEA. /t+s used in a 'ide arra6 o2
pa30a-in- and is t(e materia, t(at most p,asti3 2i7e and siC -a,,on
bu30ets are made o2. /t (as a moderate ri-idit61 a -ood resistan3e to
2ats1 oi,s1 moisture and impa3ts1 a 2air resistan3e to a3ids1 but is a
poor barrier to oC6-en.
<(et(er it is suitab,e 2or 6our purpose depends on (o' sensiti7e to
oC6-en eCposure 6our produ3t is and (o' ,on- 6ou need it to sta6 in
optima, 3ondition. oods su3( as '(o,e -rains are not parti3u,ar,6
de,i3ate in nature and 'i,, easi,6 0eep 2or 6ears in not(in- more t(an a
ti-(t,6 sea,ed )DPE bu30et. ;ost ,e-umes are t(e same 'a61 but t(ose
t(at (a7e (i-( 2at 3ontents su3( as peanuts and so6beans are more
sensiti7e to !2. !t(er 2oods su3( as dr6 mi,0 po'der mi-(t on,6 -o a
6ear be2ore de,eterious 3(an-es are noti3ed. /2 t(at mi,0 'ere sea,ed
in an airBti-(t a,uminiDed ;6,ar ba- 'it( t(e oC6-en inside remo7ed1 t(e
mi,0 'ou,d probab,6 -o 2or t'o 6ears or more. =etter sti,, 'ou,d be to
sea, t(e mi,0 in a meta, 3an or -,ass Mar. )DPE 3an sti,, be used 2or
,on- term stora-e1 but 'it( one or more o2 t(e 2o,,o'in- pre3autions to
0eep a (i-( 2ood >ua,it6$ T(e 2ood s(ou,d eit(er be put on a s(orter
rotation 363,e t(an pa30a-in- a,so usin- a se3ond -as barrier su3( as
;6,arG be periodi3a,,6 opened and reBpur-ed or 2res( absorbers s(ou,d be
inserted.
Some spe3ia, p,asti3s and p,asti3 ,aminates (a7e eC3e,,ent oC6-en
and moisture barrier properties and are eminent,6 suited to ,on- term
stora-e1 but 2or (ome use t(e6 are not eas6 to 2ind1 t(ou-( some used
3ontainers mi-(t be a7ai,ab,e 2or reuse..
".2.1 )!< D! / #ET T)E !D!R !UT ! P/*F9E =U*FETSN
/+7e (ad 2air,6 -ood ,u30 doin- it in t(e 2o,,o'in- 'a6. Sin3e
7ine-ar is t(e primar6 sme,, in pi30,es and it+s a3idi31 'e used a base
to 3ountera3t it. irst 'e s3rubbed t(e bu30et 'e,,1 inside and out1
'it( Da'n dis( deter-ent. ;ost an6 sort 'i,, do. T(en 'e 2i,,ed t(e
bu30ets 'it( (ot 'ater and disso,7ed a 3up o2 ba0in- soda in ea3(. Stir
'e,,1 -et t(e bu30et as 2u,, as 6ou 3an and put t(e top on. Put t(e
bu30et in t(e sun to 0eep it 'arm so t(e p,asti3 pores sta6 open as mu3(
as possib,e. /n a 3oup,e o2 da6s 3ome ba30 and empt6 t(e bu30ets.
Rinse t(em out1 2i,, 'it( 'arm 'ater a-ain and add about a 3up o2 b,ea3(
and resea,. Put ba30 in t(e sun 2or anot(er 3oup,e o2 da6s. Empt6 out
and ,et dr6 'it( t(e tops o22. <e 3omp,ete,6 e,iminated t(e 7ine-ar
sme,, t(is 'a6. /t mi-(t be possib,e to 3ut t(e time do'n a ,ot1 but 'e
(a7en+t eCperimented t(at mu3( sin3e 'e 3an+t -et t(at man6 pi30,e
bu30ets.
".3 ;ET"9 *"NS
;eta, 3ans and -,ass Mars bein- (eat resistant1 3an bot( be used
2or (eat pro3essed1 'etBpa30 2oods and 2or nonB(eat treated dr6 pa30
3annin-. or 'et 2oods1 (o'e7er1 meta, 3ans (a7e se7era, disad7anta-es
2or t(e doBitB6ourse,2er. T(e6 are (ard to 3ome b61 and t(e6 ta0e
spe3ia,iDed e>uipment to use t(at 3an be di22i3u,t to ,o3ate. Probab,6
t(e -reatest 2,a' '(i3( ma0es t(em unpopu,ar 2or (ome 3annin- (eat
pro3essed 'etBpa30 2ood is t(at t(e6 3an on,6 be used on3e. Sin3e t(e
3ommer3ia, 3annin- industr6 is not interested in reusin- t(e 3ontainers1
meta, 3ans ma0e -reat sense 2or t(eir purposes. T(e 3ans are bot(
3(eaper @2or t(emA and ,i-(ter t(an -,ass Mars. T(is adds to t(e
e3onom6 o2 s3a,e t(at ma0es 3anned 2oods as 3(eap as t(e6 are in t(e
-ro3er6 store.
or (ome 3annin-1 'etBpa30 (eat pro3essed 2oods -,ass Mars are
better be3ause e7en t(e sma,,est o2 to'ns 'i,, usua,,6 (a7e at ,east one
business t(at 3arries pressure and boi,in- 'ater 3anners a,on- 'it(
Mars1 rin-s and ,ids. <it( meta, 3ans a 3an sea,er is ne3essar6 and
t(is usua,,6 (as to be ordered 2rom t(e manu2a3turer or a mai,Border
distributor. " 2e' o2 '(i3( are ,isted in t(e Resour3es se3tion.
;eta, 3ans are not rea,,6 made entire,6 o2 tin. T(e6+re a3tua,,6
stee, 3ans 'it( a tin 3oatin- on t(e inside and outside. Some 0inds o2
stron-,6 3o,ored a3idi3 2oods 'i,, 2ade in 3o,or 2rom ,on- eCposure to
tin so a t6pe o2 ename, ,iner 3a,,ed .RB ename,. is used to 2oresta,,
t(is. *ertain ot(er 0inds o2 2ood t(at are (i-( in su,2ur or t(at are
3,ose to neutra, in p) 'i,, a,so dis3o,or 2rom pro,on-ed 3onta3t 'it(
tin. or t(ose 2oods1 3ans 'it( .*Bename,. are used.
T(e eC3e,,ent 2ood preser7ation boo01 8Puttin- ood =68 *(apter I
@see re2eren3e ,istA (as a se3tion on t(e use o2 meta, 3ans 2or 'et
pa30ed 2oods.
/t is in dr6Bpa30 3annin- t(at meta, 3ans 2or (ome use be-in to
3ome into t(eir o'n. =e3ause mi3robio,o-i3a, steri,iDation isn+t
ne3essar61 2oods t(at are dr6 pa30ed into 3ontainers do not (a7e to be
subMe3ted to (eat pro3essin- nor does t(e sa2et6 o2 t(eir sea,s depend
upon t(e 7a3uum t(at t(e 3oo,in- 3ontents 3reate. T(is means t(at ot(er
pa30a-in- met(ods and 3ontainer t6pes ma6 be used.
Probab,6 t(e most 3ommon use o2 meta, 3ontainers is t(e Q10 3ans
su3( as are used b6 t(e 9DS 2ami,6 3anneries dis3ussed be,o'. T(is is
not t(e on,6 'a6 t(e6 ma6 be used t(ou-(. /t 'i,, probab,6 ta0e a bit
o2 sear3(in-1 but t(ere are 7arious 2ood -rade meta, 3ontainers
a7ai,ab,e o2 su22i3ient 7o,ume to ma0e t(em use2u, 2or 2ood stora-e.
T(e6 usua,,6 (a7e doub,e 2ri3tion ,ids simi,ar to paint 3ans or s3re'
3aps ,i0e Mars t(at 3an a3(ie7e an airBti-(t sea,. /2 6ou 3an 2ind t(em
in a ,ar-e enou-( 7o,ume 3apa3it6 t(e6 3an be o2 rea, use 2or storin-
bu,06 2oods su3( as -rains1 ,e-umes and su-ar. Sma,,er 3ans o2 a -a,,on
or ,ess 'ou,d be use2u, 2or storin- items ,i0e dr6 mi,0s. /2 proper,6
sea,ed1 meta, 3ans (a7e a 2ar (i-(er barrier resistan3e to -asses su3(
as oC6-en1 *!21 and nitro-en t(an an6 p,asti3.
",t(ou-( t(e6 3an (ard,6 be 3onsidered portab,e t(e use o2 meta,
drums @not -arba-e or tras( 3ansA1 eit(er t(emse,7es 2ood -rade or used
'it( 2ood -rade ,iners1 is a,so a possibi,it6. " 2i2t6 2i7e -a,,on drum
2u,, o2 -rain 'i,, 'ei-( se7era, (undred pounds1 but ma6 ma0e 2or a mu3(
easier stora-e so,ution t(an mu,tip,e bu30ets. T(e ad7anta-e o2 usin-
su3( a ,ar-e 3ontainer is t(at a -reat amount o2 a sin-,e produ3t 3an be
0ept in a sma,,er amount o2 spa3e and 2umi-atin- or pur-in- t(e stora-e
atmosp(ere 'ou,d be simp,er. T(e disad7anta-es are t(e di22i3u,ties o2
mo7in- it and rotatin- t(e sto30 in t(e drum. /2 usin- oC6-en absorbers
ma0e sure t(e drum 6ou 'ant to use is 3apab,e o2 ma0in- an airBti-(t
sea,1 ot(er'ise 6ou s(ou,d sti30 'it( 3arbon dioCide 2umi-ation.
".3.1 P!!9/N# RES!UR*ES$ T)E *)UR*) ! 4ESUS *)R/ST !
9"TTER D": S"/NTS BB T)E ;!R;!NS
",t(ou-( t(e pur3(ase o2 a 3an sea,er and meta, 3ans 2or (ome use
is not e3onomi3a,,6 2easib,e 2or most peop,e t(ere is one 'a6 t(at it
3an be. T(is is b6 poo,in- 3ommunit6 resour3es to pur3(ase t(e
e>uipment and supp,ies. /t ma6 e7en1 in 2a3t1 not be ne3essar6 to 2orm
6our o'n 3ommunit6 to do t(is. /2 6ou ,i7e in t(e ri-(t area 6our ,o3a,
9atter Da6 Saints 3(ur3( ma6 (a7e 2a3i,ities t(e6 'i,, a,,o' 6ou to use.
T(e6 ma6 e7en (a7e suitab,e 2ood produ3ts to se,, 6ou. T(is is an
o22s(oot o2 t(e 3(ur3(+s 'e,2are pro-rams and it is done in t(eir 2ami,6
3anneries. Rat(er t(an usin- p,asti3 bu30ets t(e6 (a7e -one o7er to
usin- meta, 3ans 3(ur3(B'ide 2or dr6Bpa30 3annin-. =6 s(arin- t(e 3ost
o2 t(e e>uipment and pur3(asin- t(e 3ans in bu,0 >uantities1 t(e6 are
ab,e to enMo6 t(e ad7anta-es o2 meta, 3ans o7er p,asti3 3ontainers '(i,e
minimiDin- t(e disad7anta-es o2 3ost. "s 'e approa3( t(e end o2 t(e
;i,,ennium1 ot(er -roups1 bot( re,i-ious and se3u,ar1 are pur3(asin- 3an
sea,ers in order to 2a3i,itate t(eir o'n 2ood stora-e pro-rams as 'e,,.
8P,ease see V/..1 !r-aniDations. T(e *(ur3( o2 4esus *(rist o2
9atter Da6 Saints BB 9DS ami,6 *anneries 2or more detai,ed in2ormation
about '(ere 9DS ami,6 *anneries ma6 be 2ound and (o' best to approa3(
usin- t(em.8
"n6 2ood produ3ts 6ou 'ant to (a7e sea,ed in 3ans 'i,, need to 2a,,
'it(in t(e 9DS 3anner6 -uide,ines o2 suitabi,it6 2or t(at t6pe o2
pa30a-in-. T(is is 2or reasons o2 spoi,a-e 3ontro, sin3e man6 t6pes o2
2oods Must aren+t suitab,e 2or Must sea,in- in a 3ontainer 'it(out
2urt(er pro3essin-. /2 6ou pur3(ase 2ood produ3ts 2rom t(em1 t(e6 'i,,
a,read6 be 'it(in t(ose -uide,ines. 8" brie2 treatment o2 t(ese
-uide,ines ma6 be 2ound in V/..1 9DS ami,6 *anneries #uide,ines.8
!n3e 6ou (a7e 6our 2oodstu22s on (and1 eit(er supp,6in- 6our o'n or
b6 pur3(asin- t(em 2rom t(e 3anner6 6ou+re read6 to pa30a-e t(em. /t is
(ere t(at usin- some 2oret(ou-(t 3on3ernin- 6our pa30a-in- s6stem 3an
sa7e 6ou mu3( time and a--ra7ation. <it( t(e ;i,,ennium 3omin- upon us
t(e tra22i3 ,oad o2 t(e 3anneries is rea,,6 be-innin- to pi30 up. T(is
means t(at a33ess time to t(e 3an sea,ers and ot(er e>uipment ma6 be
,imited.
/;P!RT"NT N!TE$ P,ease do 0eep in mind t(at t(e indi7idua,s
responsib,e 2or t(e 2ami,6 3anneries are a,,
87o,unteers8 'it( demands on t(eir time 2rom man6 areas. =e 3ourteous
'(en spea0in- 'it( t(em and1 i2 t(ere are 2a3i,ities 2or use1 2,eCib,e
in ma0in- arran-ements to use t(em. :ou 'i,,1 o2 3ourse1 (a7e to pa6
2or t(e supp,ies t(at 6ou use1 3ans and ,ids at t(e ,east1 and an6 2ood
produ3ts 6ou -et 2rom t(em. <it( t(e onset o2 t(e mi,,ennium t(e 9DS
2ami,6 3anner6 7o,unteers are be3omin- >uite bus6 so be prepared to (a7e
to 'or0 'it( t(eir a7ai,ab,e s3(edu,in-. "s a -enera, ru,e t(e6 3annot
put 6our 2ood in stora-e 2or 6ou. =e read6 to pa6 2or 6our pur3(ases in
ad7an3e1 i2 ne3essar6. T(e6 do not ta0e 3redit 3ards and probab,6
3annot ma0e 3(an-e so ta0e a 3(e30 a,on- 'it( 6ou.
T(e 2o,,o'in- is a ,ist o2 su--estions to ma0e t(e most e22i3ient
use o2 6our a33ess time$
Q1 B ;a0e 6our appointment 'e,, in ad7an3e. ;an6 peop,e are
be-innin- to ma0e use o2 t(e 3anneries so ma0in- ad7an3ed
reser7ations is a must.
Q2 B )a7e enou-( peop,e to set up an assemb,6 ,ine t6pe operation.
;a0e sure ea3( o2 6our peop,e 0no's '(at t(e6 need to do and
(o' to do it. "t ,east 2our peop,e 2or an6 serious amount o2
2ood is a -ood number. "s0 t(e 3anner6 7o,unteer to -o o7er
t(e pro3ess 'it( 6ou and 6our 3re'.
Q3 B ;a0e sure 6ou (a7e enou-( mus3u,ar (e,pers to do t(e (ea76
,i2tin- so 6ou don+t 'ear 6ourse,2 out or (urt 6our ba30. Some
o2 t(e supp,ies 6ou 'i,, be 'or0in- 'it(1 su3( as '(eat1 3ome
in 2i2t6 pound ba-s and a boC o2 Q10 3ans 2u,, o2 su-ar or
ot(er 'ei-(t6 items are (ea76.
QJ B ;a0e ,abe,s 2or t(e 2oods 6ou are -oin- to pa30 in ad7an3e.
T(is 'i,, sa7e time a2ter t(e 3ans are 2i,,ed.
Q5 B Ta0e out on,6 as man6 as oC6-en absorbers as 6ou 3an sea, up in
a (a,2 (our. T(e6 use up most o2 t(eir 3apa3it6 'it(in t'o to
t(ree (ours dependin- on temperature and (umidit6. :ou don+t
'ant t(em to 'aste an6 b6 soa0in- up t(e oC6-en in t(e room.
T(e ones 6ou don+t use up ri-(t a'a6 s(ou,d be ti-(t,6 sea,ed
in a -as proo2 3ontainer.
QI B Sa7e po'der6 2ood items su3( as dr6 mi,0 po'der1 puddin- miCes
and -rain 2,ours and mea,s ti,, ,ast. T(e6 3an be mess6 to 3an
and t(is 'i,, 0eep t(em out o2 6our ot(er 2oods.
Q5 B 9ea7e time to 3,ean up a2ter 6ourse,2. T(e6 are doin- 6ou t(e
3ourtes6 o2 usin- t(eir e>uipment and se,,in- 6ou t(e supp,ies
at 3ost. :ou s(ou,d return t(e 2a7or b6 ,ea7in- t(e p,a3e at
,east as 3,ean as 6ou 2ound it.
Q8 B ",'a6s 0eep in t(e ba30 o2 6our mind Must (o' mu3( 7o,ume and
'ei-(t 6our 7e(i3,e 3an 3arr6. :ou+d (ate to 2ind 6ou 3anned
more t(an 6ou 3ou,d 3arr6 (ome.
8See a,so /V.*.2 Pre7entin- *orrosion o2 *anned #oods.8
".J #9"SS 4"RS
*ompared to meta, 3ans1 -,ass Mars are 7er6 stab,e1 a,t(ou-( t(e6
ob7ious,6 don+t ta0e bein- ban-ed around 7er6 'e,,. T(e 3ardboard boCes
most Mars 3ome in are 'e,, desi-ned to 3us(ion t(em 2rom s(o30s. T(e
boC a,so (as t(e added bonus o2 0eepin- dama-in- ,i-(t a'a6 2rom 2ood.
T(e maMor ad7anta-e o2 -,ass Mars is t(at t(e6 are reusab,e. or
'etBpa30 3annin- t(e ,ids must be rep,a3ed1 but t(e rin-s don+t. or
dr6 pa30 3annin- e7en t(e ,ids ma6 be reused probab,6 inde2inite,6.
<(en 6ou -et ri-(t do'n to t(e bottom ,ine1 it is se,dom pra3ti3a,
stri3t,6 in terms o2 do,,ars and 3ents to 'etBpa30 6our o'n 2ood in
Mars. <(en 6ou 3ount t(e 3ost o2 6our e>uipment1 in3,udin- t(e Mars1
rin-s1 ,ids and a,, t(e rest1 a,on- 'it( a not in3onsiderab,e amount o2
6our persona, time1 t(e 3ost o2 pur3(asin- or -ro'in- 6our produ3e1
6ou+,, a,most a,'a6s 3ome out a(ead to bu6 2ood 3anned 2or 6ou b6 t(e
3ommer3ia, 3annin- industr6. T(at said1 2or-et about t(e stri3t bottom
,ine and eCamine more 3,ose,6 '(6 6ou 'ant to put up 6our o'n 2ood. or
man61 -ardenin- is a p,easure and t(e6 (a7e to (a7e somet(in- to do 'it(
t(e 2ood t(e6+7e -ro'nE T(ere+s a,so t(e 2a3t t(at 2or man61 6ou simp,6
3annot bu6 t(e >ua,it6 o2 t(e 2ood 6ou 3an put up 2or 6ourse,2. T(e
3annin- industr6 tries to appea, to a broad spe3trum o2 t(e -enera,
pub,i3 '(i,e 6ou 3an put up 2ood to 6our o'n 2ami,6+s spe3i2i3 tastes.
)ome 3annin- is not so mu3( about sa7in- mone6 as it is about
satis2a3tion. :ou -et '(at 6ou pa6 2or.
/2 (ome 3annin- appea,s to 6ou1 p,ease a,,o' me to point 6ou to'ard
t(e 8re3.2ood.preser7in- "%8 '(ere mu3( 7er6 -ood in2ormation about
met(ods and te3(ni>ues ma6 be 2ound.
Dr6Bpa30 3annin- usin- -,ass Mars1 on t(e ot(er (and1 ma6 'e,, ma0e
a -reat dea, o2 e3onomi3 sense. /t is usua,,6 2ar 3(eaper per pound to
pur3(ase 2ood in bu,0 >uantities1 but o2ten unsuitab,e to store it t(at
'a6. =rea0in- t(e 2ood do'n into sma,,er units a,,o's 2or easier
(and,in- and eCposes a sma,,er >uantit6 o2 2ood to oC6-en and moisture
be2ore it 3an be used up. !2 3ourse1 pa30a-in- used 2or doin- t(is 3an
be made o2 man6 di22erent materia,s1 but -,ass is o2ten t(e easiest and
most 3on7enient to a3>uire and use. Used 3ontainers are 2re>uent,6
suitab,e and are o2ten 2ree or o2 ,itt,e 3ost. !ne sour3e o2 -a,,on
siDed -,ass Mars are sand'i3( s(ops and restaurants t(at use pi30,es1
peppers and ot(er sand'i3( 3ondiments. / (a7e a Sub'a6 sand'i3( s(op
t(at sa7es its pepper Mars 2or me and re3ei7e se7era, per 'ee0. T(ere
are a,so (a,2B-a,,on 3annin- Mars1 t(ou-( t(e6 are sometimes di22i3u,t
to 2ind. T(e brand / bu6 is made b6 Ferr.
".5 ;:9"R ="#S
T(e 'ord .;6,ar. is a trademar0 o2 t(e DuPont 3orporation 2or a
spe3ia, t6pe o2 po,6ester 2i,m. T6pi3a,,6 made in t(in s(eets1 it (as a
(i-( tensi,e stren-t( and is used in a 'ide 7ariet6 o2 industria,
settin-s.
/n 2ood stora-e1 parti3u,ar,6 2or t(e ,on- term1 it is 3ommon,6
2ound as a ,aminate 'it( ;6,ar as t(e top ,a6er1 a 7er6 t(in a,uminum
2oi, in t(e midd,e and one or more ot(er t6pes o2 p,asti3 2i,ms on t(e
bottom a3tin- as sea,ant p,ies. T(is ,aminate 3ombination possesses a
(i-( resistan3e to t(e passa-e o2 oC6-en1 3arbon dioCide1 nitro-en1
ot(er -asses and 'ater 7apor and is '(at ma0es it 7a,uab,e 2or our
purposes. Un2ortunate,61 it (as a poor pun3ture resistan3e so it must
be used as an interior ,iner 2or more pun3ture resistant 3ontainers
rat(er t(an as a standB a,one pa30a-e.
ood -rade a,uminiDed ;6,ar 3omp,ies 'it( US D" re>uirements and
is sa2e to be in 3onta3t 'it( a,, 2ood t6pes eC3ept a,3o(o,i3.
or 2ood use1 ;6,ar is most 3ommon,6 a7ai,ab,e as preBmade ba-s o2
7arious siDes. ,at s(eets or ro,,s o2 t(e materia, mi-(t a,so be 2ound
2rom '(i3( ba-s 3ou,d be 2as(ioned as 'e,,.
<(en ;6,ar ba-s are used b6 t(e stora-e 2ood industr6 t(e6 are
-enera,,6 2or produ3ts sea,ed in p,asti3 bu30ets. T(e reason 2or doin-
t(is is t(at t(e )i-( Densit6 Po,6Et(6,ene @)DPEA 2rom '(i3( t(e pai,s
are made is some'(at porous to -asses. T(is means t(at sma,, mo,e3u,es1
su3( as oC6-en @!2A1 3an s,o',6 pass t(rou-( t(e p,asti3 and 3ome into
3onta3t 'it( t(e 2ood inside. T(e prob,em is 2urt(er 3ompounded i2
oC6-en absorbers are used1 as t(e resu,t o2 t(eir absorbin- a3tion is to
,o'er t(e air pressure inside t(e 3ontainer un,ess it (as 2irst been
3are2u,,6 2,us(ed 'it( an inert -as su3( as nitro-en. )o' 2ast t(is
mi-ration a3ti7it6 'i,, o33ur is a 2un3tion o2 t(e spe3i2i3 p,asti3
2ormu,ation1 its 'a,, t(i30ness and t(e air pressure inside t(e
3ontainer. /n order to -ain t(e maCimum possib,e s(e,2 ,i2e a se3ond
-as barrier1 t(e ;6,ar ba-1 is used inside t(e pai,.
<(et(er t(e use o2 t(ese ba-s is ne3essar6 2or 6our (ome pa30a-ed
stora-e 2oods depends on (o' oC6-en sensiti7e t(e 2ood item is and (o'
,on- 6ou 'ant it to sta6 2res(. /2 t(e 3ontainer is made o2 a -as
imper7ious materia, su3( as meta, or -,ass t(en a se3ond -as barrier
inside is not needed. /2 it is )DPE or a p,asti3 'it( simi,ar
properties and 6ou 'ant to -et t(e 7er6 ,on-est possib,e stora-e ,i2e
@sa6 10W 6rs 2or -rainA t(en ;6,ar is a -ood idea. /2 6ou+re -oin- to
rotate t(at -rain in 2our to 2i7e 6ears or ,ess t(en it is not needed.
Pro7ided t(e oC6-en (as been pur-ed 2rom t(e 3ontainer in t(e 2irst
p,a3e1 eit(er 'it( a proper 2,us(in- te3(ni>ue1 or b6 absorption1 t(ere
'i,, not (a7e been su22i3ient !2 in2i,tration to serious,6 impa3t t(e
2ood. Parti3u,ar,6 oC6-en sensiti7e 2oods su3( as dr6 mi,0 po'ders t(at
are to be 0ept in p,asti3 3ontainers 2or more t(an t'o 6ears 'ou,d
bene2it 2rom t(e use o2 ;6,ar. Natura,,61 stora-e temperature and
moisture 3ontent is -oin- to p,a6 a maMor ro,e as 'e,,.
T(ere is a,so t(e >uestion o2 t(e sea, inte-rit6 o2 t(e outer
3ontainer. /2 6ou are usin- t(in 'a,,ed p,asti3 bu30ets in 3onMun3tion
'it( oC6-en absorbers t(e resu,tin- drop in air pressure inside t(e pai,
ma6 3ause t(e 'a,,s to bu30,e. /2 t(is s(ou,d o33ur1 t(ere 'ou,d be a
ris0 o2 ,osin- sea, inte-rit61 parti3u,ar,6 i2 t(e bu30ets are sta30ed
t'o or more deep. /2 t(e 2ood 'as pa30ed in ;6,ar ba-s 'it( t(e
absorbers inside t(is 'ou,d 0eep t(e 7a3uum 2rom serious,6 stressin- t(e
3ontainer 'a,,s. =etter sti,, 'ou,d be not to (a7e t(e prob,em at a,,
b6 eit(er usin- 3ontainers o2 su22i3ient 'a,, t(i30ness or 2,us(in- 'it(
inert -as be2ore sea,in-. <a,, t(i30ness is one reason '(6 t(e siC
-a,,on SuperPai,s (a7e be3ome so 'idespread. /t s(ou,d be noted t(at
;6,ar is not stron-,6 resistant to inse3t penetration and not resistant
at a,, to rodents. /2 mi3e 3(e' t(rou-( 6our bu30ets1 t(e6+,, -o ri-(t
t(rou-( t(e ba-s.
" number o2 retai, dea,ers 3arr6 ;6,ar ba-s. *onta3t in2ormation
ma6 be 2ound in t(e supp,iers se3tion.
".5.1 )!< D! / USE ;:9"R ="#SN
Sea,in- 2ood in ;6,ar ba-s is a strai-(tB2or'ard a22air1 but it ma6
ta0e a bit o2 pra3ti3e to -et it ri-(t1 so pur3(ase one or t'o more ba-s
t(an 6ou t(in0 6ou+,, need in 3ase 6ou don+t immediate,6 -et t(e (an- o2
it.
Q1 B T(e ba-s t6pi3a,,6 so,d b6 stora-e 2ood dea,ers ,oo0 rat(er
,ar-e '(en 6ou 3ompare t(em to t(e 2i7e or siC -a,,ons bu30ets
t(e6 are 3ommon,6 used in. T(at eCtra materia, is 7er6
ne3essar6 i2 6ou are to (a7e enou-( ba- ,e2t o7er a2ter 2i,,in-
to be ab,e to 'or0 'it( it. Un,ess 6ou are 7er6 sure o2 '(at
6ou are doin-1 don+t trim o22 an6 materia,.
Q2 B P,a3e t(e ba- inside t(e outer 3ontainer and 2i,, 'it( t(e 2ood
produ3t. Resist 2i,,in- it a,, t(e 'a6 to t(e top. :ou need
at ,east an in3( or so be,o' t(e bu30et rim ,e2t open to -et
t(e ,id to seat 3omp,ete,6.
Q3 B <(en it seems to be 2u,,1 -ent,6 t(ump t(e pai, on t(e 2,oor a
2e' times to pa30 t(e produ3t in and redu3e air po30ets. "dd
an6 ma0eup 2ood ne3essar6 to brin- ,e7e, ba30 to '(ere it
s(ou,d be.
QJ B Ta0e t(e ba- b6 t(e 3orners and pu,, out an6 s,a30 in t(e
materia, so t(at a,, sides 3an be pu,,ed to-et(er e7en,6.
P,a3e 6our oC6-en absorbers inside i2 6ou are -oin- to use
t(em. No' p,a3e a board o7er t(e top o2 t(e bu30et and 2o,d
t(e ba- end do'n o7er it 0eepin- it strai-(t and e7en. P,a3e a
pie3e o2 t(in 3otton 2abri3 su3( as s(eet or tBs(irt materia,
o7er t(e ed-e o2 t(e ba- mout(. Usin- a 3,ot(es iron set on
t(e 3otton1 'oo, or (i-( settin- run it o7er t(e 3,ot(B3o7ered
;6,ar about a (a,2Bin3( 2rom t(e ed-e 2or about t'ent6 se3onds
or so unti, it sea,s. :ou+,, probab,6 (a7e to do t(e ba- in
se3tions. ECperimentin- on a ,e2tBo7er strip to 2ind t(e ri-(t
temperature settin- is a -ood idea.
Q5 B <(en 6ou+7e done t(e entire mout( o2 t(e ba- a,,o' it to 3oo,.
!n3e 3oo, tr6 to pu,, t(e mout( o2 t(e ba- open. /2 it doesn+t
3ome open1 2o,d t(e ba- do'n into t(e pai, unti, 6ou 2ee, t(e
trapped air pi,,o'in- up 2irm,6 a-ainst t(e materia, and 'ait
to see i2 it de2,ates. /2 it doesn+t1 t(en 6our sea, is -ood.
:ou 3an sea, on t(e bu30et ,id at t(is point or ta0e t(e
2urt(er step to 7a3uum or -as 2,us( t(e ba-.
!n3e a sea, (as been obtained t(e ba-s 3an be ,e2t asBis1 7a3uum
sea,ed or -as 2,us(ed. To obtain t(e most e22i3ient oC6-en remo7a, t(e
ba-s 3an be 2irst dra'n do'n 'it( a 7a3uum pump and t(en pur-ed usin- an
inert -as.
V"*UU; SE"9/N# ;:9"R ="#S
!n3e 6ou (a7e obtained a -ood sea, on t(e ba-1 pu,,in- a 7a3uum on
t(e 3ontents is a,so prett6 strai-(t 2or'ard.
irst 6ou+,, need somet(in- to ma0e a 7a3uum 'it(. T(is 3an be
eit(er a re-u,ar 7a3uum pump1 a 7a3uum sea,er su3( as t(e Ti,ia ood
Sa7er or e7en t(e su3tion end o2 6our (ouse(o,d 7a3uum 3,eaner. T(e end
t(at is to be inserted into t(e ba- 'i,, need to be o2 2air,6 sma,,
diameter in order to 0eep t(e (o,e in t(e ;6,ar 2rom bein- an6 ,ar-er
t(an ne3essar6. T(is means t(at i2 6ou use a 7a3uum 3,eaner 6ou+,, need
to 2as(ion some 2orm o2 redu3tion 2ittin-.
*ut a (o,e into t(e ;6,ar ba- on a 3orner1 ma0in- t(e openin- on,6
Must ,ar-e enou-( to admit t(e 7a3uum probe. /nsert t(e noDD,e and
usin- a spon-e1 or somet(in- simi,ar1 pus( do'n on t(e materia, o7er t(e
probe to ma0e a sea,. No' dra' do'n a 7a3uum on t(e ba-. /t 'i,,
probab,6 on,6 ta0e a se3ond or t'o. <(en it+s dra'n do'n as mu3( as
possib,e1 run a (ot iron dia-ona,,6 a3ross t(e 3ut 3orner resea,in- t(e
ba-.
#"S 9US)/N# ;:9"R ="#S.
,us(in- 'it( inert -as 'or0s essentia,,6 Must ,i0e 7a3uum sea,in-
eC3ept t(at 6ou+re puttin- more -as into t(e ba- rat(er t(an ta0in- it
out. :ou+,, 'ant to 0eep t(e entr6 (o,e sma,,1 but don+t ma0e a sea,
around it as abo7e. =e6ond t(at1 2o,,o' t(e dire3tions as -i7en in
Se3tion /V.=.2 B *!2 and Nitro-en. <(en 6ou 2ee, t(at t(e ba- (as been
su22i3ient,6 2,us(ed1 run t(e iron a3ross t(e 3orner Must as abo7e to
sea,.
,us(in- 'it( dr6 i3e 3an a,so be done1 but it is important to 'ait
unti, t(e 2roDen 3arbon dioCide (as 3omp,ete,6 sub,imated into -as
be2ore ma0in- t(e 2ina, sea, ot(er'ise t(e ba- 'i,, burst ,i0e an
o7er2i,,ed ba,,oon.

".I REUS/N# !R RE*:*9/N# P"*F"#/N#
/n an e22ort to sa7e mone6 or be3ause ne' pa30a-in- ma6 be (ard to
3ome b61 it is 3ommon 2or man6 peop,e to 'ant to reBuse pre7ious,6 used
3ontainers. T(ere is not(in- 'ron- 'it( t(is1 but it is sometimes more
3omp,i3ated t(an Must usin- ne' 3ontainers 'ou,d be. )ere are some
-enera, .ru,es o2 t(umb. t(at 3an be used i2 6ou (a7e an interest in
doin- t(is.
Q1. Do not use 3ontainers t(at (a7e pre7ious,6 3ontained
produ3ts ot(er t(an 2ood. T(ere are t'o ris0s t(is 3an
eCpose 6ou to. T(e 2irst is t(at t(e parti3u,ar pa30a-e t6pe
ma6 not (a7e been tested 2or 2ood use and ma6 a,,o' t(e
trans2er o2 3(emi3a,s 2rom t(e pa30a-in- into 6our 2ood. T(e
se3ond is t(at a,, p,asti3s are porous to some de-ree. Sma,,
amounts o2 t(e pre7ious 3ontents ma6 (a7e been absorbed b6
t(e pa30a-in- materia, on,6 to be re,eased into 6our 2ood1
parti3u,ar,6 i2 it is 'et1 oi,6 or a,3o(o,i3.
Q2. Pre7ious,6 used 3ontainers s(ou,d on,6 be used 'it(
2oods o2 a simi,ar nature and eCposed to simi,ar pro3esses.
T(is means t(at i2 a 3ontainer pre7ious,6 (e,d a materia,
(i-( in 2at1 su3( as 3oo0in- oi,1 t(en it s(ou,d not be used
to store a stron- a3id su3( as 7ine-ar. Nor s(ou,d a
3ontainer be eCposed to eCtreme 3onditions1 su3( as (eat1 i2
t(e ori-ina, use o2 t(e pa30a-e did not subMe3t it to t(at
treatment. "n eC3eption to t(is is -,ass '(i3( is 3o7ered
be,o'. #enera,,6 spea0in-1 dr61 nonBoi,61 nonBa3idi3 or
a,0a,ine1 nonBa,3o(o,i3 2oods ma6 be sa2e,6 3ontained in an6
2ood sa2e 3ontainer. "n eCamp,e o2 t(is is 0eepin- -rains
and ,e-umes in )DPE bu30ets 2ormer,6 3ontainin- pi30,es.
Q3. #,ass ma6 be used to store an6 2ood pro7ided it is in
sound 3ondition and (as on,6 been used to store 2ood
pre7ious,6. T(e ,id or 3ap1 (o'e7er1 t(at sea,s t(e Mar is
subMe3t to t(e 3autions -i7en abo7e. #,ass Mars not
spe3i2i3a,,6 made 2or (ome 3annin-1 eit(er boi,in- 'ater bat(
or pressure 3annin-1 (a7e a si-ni2i3ant ris0 o2 brea0a-e i2
used 2or t(at purpose.
QJ. Porous pa30a-in- materia,s su3( as paper1 3ardboard and
St6ro2oam s(ou,d not be reused. T(eir open teCture 3an trap
2ood parti3,es and are 7er6 di22i3u,t to ade>uate,6 3,ean.
Pa30a-in- 2ormer,6 (o,din- ra' meats or s(e,,ed e-- produ3ts
are parti3u,ar,6 at ris0.
Q5. *ontainers pre7ious,6 (o,din- odorous 2oods ma6 trap
t(ose odors and trans2er t(em to 2oods ,ater stored. Trust
me1 pi30,e 2,a7ored mi,0 ,ea7es a ,ot to be desired. oods
su3( as dr6 mi,0 po'ders1 2ats and oi,s1 2,ours and mea,s
'i,, absorb an6 odors seepin- 2rom 6our 3ontainer materia,.
=e sure to -et t(e sme,, out be2ore 6ou 2i,, t(em.
= BB *!2 "ND N/TR!#EN
*arbon dioCide @*!2A and nitro-en @N2A are 3ommon,6 used in
pa30a-in- bot( 2res( and s(e,2Bstab,e 2oods1 in order to eCtend t(eir
usab,e s(e,2 ,i7es. res( 2oods are outside t(e s3ope o2 t(is 'or0 so
attention s(a,, be 2o3used on,6 on t(ose 2oods suitab,e 2or use in
stora-e pro-rams.
T(e most 3ommon use o2 t(ese -asses is 2or eC3,udin- oC6-en @!2A
2rom t(e atmosp(ere 3ontained inside o2 a stora-e 3ontainer @3a,,ed (ead
-asA. <(en oC6-en ,e7e,s 3an be dropped be,o' 2P t(e amount o2
de,eterious oCidation rea3tions in stored 2oods 3an be -reat,6 de3reased
resu,tin- in ,on-er pa,atabi,it6 and nutritiona, s(e,2 ,i7es. "3tua,,6
a3(ie7in- t(is ,o' oC6-en 3ontent is not a simp,e matter '(en ,imited to
t(e e>uipment and 2a3i,ities t6pi3a,,6 a7ai,ab,e in t(e (ome. <it(
3are2u, te3(ni>ue and proper pa30a-in- materia,s it is possib,e to
a3(ie7e use2u, resu,ts t(ou-(.
/n order 2or eit(er -as to be used most e22e3ti7e,6 to -ain t(e
,on-est possib,e s(e,2 ,i2e it is re3ommended t(at it be 3ontained
inside o2 pa30a-in- 'it( (i-( barrier properties to pre7ent it 2rom
di22usin- out o7er time or a,,o'in- oC6-en to in2use in. ECamp,es o2
t(is 0ind o2 pa30a-in- are ;6,ar and ot(er (i-( barrier propert6
p,asti3s1 meta, 3ans and -,ass Mars. =u30ets made o2 )DPE p,asti3 are
poor -as barriers and 'i,,1 o7er time1 a,,o' oC6-en to in2use into t(e
3ontainer. /n order 2or 2oods to be 0ept 2or t(eir maCimum s(e,2 ,i7es
t(e 3ontainers 'ou,d need to be reBpur-ed e7er6 t(ree to 2our 6ears.
oods t(at are parti3u,ar,6 oC6-en sensiti7e1 su3( as dr6 mi,0 po'ders1
s(ou,d not be stored in )DPE 'it(out a se3ondar6 -as barrier. /t is
possib,e to use )DPE bu30ets a,one '(en -as pur-in- i2 a s(orter
rotation period is used. "n eCamp,e 'ou,d be usin- '(eat in 2our to
2i7e 6ears instead o2 t(e ei-(t to ten t(at 'ou,d be a3(ie7ab,e i2 a
(i-( barrier 3ontainer 'ere used.
Pur-in- e22i3ien36 3an be -reat,6 impro7ed '(en used 'it( a 7a3uum
de7i3e. =6 2irst dra'in- do'n t(e (ead -as o2 t(e 3ontainer and t(en
2,oodin- 'it( t(e pur-in- -as mu3( more oC6-en 3an be remo7ed 2rom t(e
3ontainer. Repeatin- t(e pro3ess on3e more 'i,, impro7e remo7a,
e22i3ien36 e7en more. /2 a true 7a3uum pump is not a7ai,ab,e1 t(e
su3tion end o2 a (ome 7a3uumB3,eaner 3an be made to ser7e and sti,,
a3(ie7e use2u, resu,ts. <it( 3are2u, te3(ni>ue1 oC6-en ,e7e,s 3an be
dropped to be 0.5B2P. ine,6 teCtured materia,s su3( as -rain 2,ours
and mea,s1 dr6 mi,0 po'ders and simi,ar teCtured 2oods 'i,, pur-e poor,6
and are better pa30a-ed 'it( oC6-en absorbers. /nstru3tions 2or 7a3uum
usa-e are -i7en in 8".5.1 Usin- ;6,ar =a-s.8 /nstru3tions 2or -as
pur-in- are -i7en be,o' in 8=.1 Dr6 /3e and =.2 *ompressed Nitro-en8.
" ,ess 3ommon1 but important use 2or 3arbon dioCide is 2umi-ation.
T(is is t(e 0i,,in- or retardin- o2 inse3t ,i2e 3ontained in a produ3t.
;an6 3(emi3a, 2umi-ants are a7ai,ab,e to do t(is but are not t(ou-(t
desirab,e b6 man6 '(o (a7e 2oodstu22s t(e6 'ant to put into stora-e.
*!2 is not as 3ertain as t(e more toCi3 2umi-ants1 but it 3an be made to
'or0 and 'i,, not ,ea7e potentia,,6 (arm2u, residues be(ind. /t is
possib,e 2or nitro-en to 'or0 in a simi,ar manner1 but it must be in a
(ead -as 3on3entration o2 99PW '(ereas 3arbon dioCide 3an be e22e3ti7e
o7er time at ,e7e,s as ,o' as 3P. T(e pre3ise amount o2 time ne3essar6
2or t(e -as to do its 'or0 'i,, 7ar6 a33ordin- to t(e spe3i2i3 spe3ies
and -ro't( sta-e o2 t(e inse3t a,on- 'it( t(e temperature and (umidit6
,e7e, o2 t(e produ3t bein- 2umi-ated. /n -enera,1 t(e more a3ti7e t(e
-ro't( sta-e and t(e 'armer t(e temperature t(e more e22e3ti7e *!2 is in
0i,,in- 'ee7i, in2estations. T(e -as a,so eC(ibits ba3teria, and 2un-a,
in(ibitin- properties1 but 2or our purposes t(is 'i,, be o2 ,itt,e
moment sin3e a,, 2oods s(ou,d be too dr6 to support su3( -ro't( in t(e
2irst p,a3e.
T(e pro3edure 2or 2umi-atin- 2oodstu22s 'it( 3arbon dioCide is
pre3ise,6 t(e same as t(e one used in pur-in- oC6-en 2rom stora-e
3ontainers mentioned be,o'. T(e on,6 3(an-e is t(at 2or t(e 2astest
e22e3ti7eness t(e sea,ed 3ontainer s(ou,d be ,e2t in a 'arm p,a3e 2or a
'ee0 or so be2ore mo7in- it into its 2ina, stora-e ,o3ation. T(e -as is
sti,, e22e3ti7e at 3oo,er temperatures1 but be3ause inse3t ,i2e is
s,o'ed b6 ,o'er temperatures t(e 3arbon dioCide ta0es ,on-er to 3omp,ete
its mission.
N!TE$ =ot( ;itsubis(i #asB*(emi3a,1 ma0er o2 t(e "-e,ess ,ine o2
oC6-en absorbers1 and ;u,tisorb1 manu2a3turer o2 t(e res(PaC D
550 absorbers1 state t(e t(eir produ3ts s(ou,d not be used in a (i-(
3arbon dioCide (ead -as en7ironment.
=.1 DR: /*E
Usin- dr6 i3e to disp,a3e oC6-en 2rom 2ood stora-e 3ontainers is a
7er6 strai-(t2or'ard a22air. To -et t(e best pur-in- resu,ts it is
re3ommended t(at a,, 2oodstu22s and pa30a-in- materia,s be put in a 'arm
,o3ation 2or a 2e' (ours be2ore be-innin- t(e pur-in- pro3ess. T(e
reason 2or t(is is t(at t(e 3o,d *!2 sub,imatin- 2rom t(e dr6 i3e 'i,,
be denser t(an t(e 'armer1 ,i-(ter oC6-en 3ontainin- air. T(e 3o,d -as
'i,, tend to sta6 on t(e bottom1 -radua,,6 2i,,in- t(e 3ontainer and
pus(in- t(e 'arm air out o2 t(e top.
<(en 6ou 2irst pi30 6our dr6 i3e up 2rom t(e supp,ier1 put it in a
moisture proo2 3ontainer so t(at 'ater 7apor 'i,, be ,ess ab,e to
3ondense and 2reeDe on it. T(e sub,imatin- -as 'i,, pre7ent 6ou 2rom
bein- ab,e to ti-(t,6 sea, it1 but 6ou 3an s,o' do'n an6 'ater i3e
a33umu,ation.
"ssemb,e t(e 3ontainer and an6 interior pa30a-in- materia,s. =rea0
o22 a pie3e o2 dr6 i3e o2 su22i3ient siDe 2or t(e 7o,ume to be pur-ed.
!ne pound o2 dr6 i3e 'i,, produ3e about 8.3 3ubi3 2eet o2 3arbon dioCide
-as so approCimate,6 2our oun3es per 2i7e -a,,on bu30et 'i,, do. <ipe
o22 an6 a33umu,ated 'ater 2rost '(i3( s(ou,d ,oo0 '(iter t(an t(e
some'(at b,uis( 2roDen -as. <rap in a paper to'e, to 0eep 2oodstu22s
out o2 dire3t 3onta3t. P,a3e in t(e bottom o2 t(e 3ontainer t(at 'i,,
a3tua,,6 3ontain t(e 2ood1 i.e. t(e ba-. i,, t(e pa30a-e 'it( t(e 2ood
produ3t1 s(a0in- and 7ibratin- '(i,e doin- so to a3(ie7e t(e maCimum
pa30in- densit6.
/2 a 7a3uum pro3ess is not to be used t(en p,a3e t(e ,id on t(e
3ontainer1 but do not 2u,,6 sea,. /2 a ,iner ba- is bein- used t(en
-at(er t(e top to-et(er or (eat sea, and 3ut o22 a sma,, 3orner. T(is
is to a,,o' t(e air bein- pur-ed to es3ape as it is pus(ed up'ard b6 t(e
eCpandin- -as 2rom t(e dr6 i3e. Do not mo7e or s(a0e t(e 3ontainer
'(i,e t(e i3e is sub,imatin- so as to minimiDe turbu,en3e and miCin-.
"2ter approCimate,6 t'o (ours 3omp,ete t(e sea,. *(e30 t(e 3ontainer
e7er6 2i2teen minutes or so to be sure t(at a pressure bui,d up is not
o33urrin-. " sma,, amount o2 positi7e pressure is !F1 but do not a,,o'
to bu,-e.
/2 a 7a3uum pro3ess is used t(en 3ut o22 a 3orner o2 t(e ba- and
insert t(e probe or p,a3e t(e 3ontainer in t(e 7a3uum 3(amber. Dra' a
7a3uum and '(en it (as rea3(ed t(e desired point s(ut it o221 but do not
a,,o' air to -et ba30 inside. <(en t(e dr6 i3e (as 2inis(ed sub,imatin-
sea, t(e 3ontainer. /2 a s,i-(t,6 ,ar-er pie3e o2 dr6 i3e is used t(is
pro3ess ma6 be repeated on3e more to impro7e oC6-en remo7a,. <at3( 2or
pressure si-ns as abo7e.
N!TE$ /t is natura, 2or some -rains and ,e-umes to adsorb 3arbon
dioCide '(en stored in a atmosp(ere 'it( (i-( ,e7e,s o2 t(e
-as. T(is 'i,, resu,t in a drop in (ead spa3e air pressure mu3( ,i0e
usin- oC6-en absorbers 'i,, 3ause as t(e6 absorb oC6-en. Pre3autions
s(ou,d be ta0en in t(in 'a,,ed 3ontainers a-ainst bu30,in- and possib,e
,oss o2 sea, inte-rit6. <(en t(e 2ood produ3ts are remo7ed 2rom t(e
3ontainer t(e6 'i,, re,ease t(e adsorbed *!2 and su22er no (arm.
<"RN/N#$ Dr6 i3e @2roDen 3arbon dioCideA is eCtreme,6 3o,d and 3an 3ause
burns to t(e s0in b6 mere,6 tou3(in- it. =e3ause o2 t(is 6ou
s(ou,d 'ear -,o7es '(ene7er (and,in- it. ",so1 dr6 i3e e7aporates into
3arbon dioCide -as1 '(i3( is '(6 'e 'ant it. *!2 is not in(erent,6
dan-erous1 'e breat( it out 'it( e7er6 breat( 'e ta0e1 but 6ou s(ou,d
ma0e sure t(e area 6ou are pa30in- 6our stora-e 3ontainers in is
ade>uate,6 7enti,ated so t(e es3apin- -as 'i,, not bui,d to a ,e7e,
dan-erous enou-( to asp(6Ciate 6ou.
/;P!RT"NT N!TE$ =e3ause dr6 i3e is 7er6 3o,d1 i2 t(ere is mu3(
moisture in t(e air trapped in t(e 3ontainer 'it( it1
and 6our 2ood1 it 'i,, 3ondense. Tr6 to pa30 6our 3ontainers on a da6
'(en t(e re,ati7e (umidit6 is ,o' or in an area 'it( ,o' (umidit61 su3(
as in an airB3onditioned (ouse. Use o2 a desi33ant pa30a-e '(en usin-
dr6 i3e to pur-e stora-e 3ontainers ma6 be a -ood idea.
=.1.1 DR: /*E SUPP9/ERS
Dr6 i3e ma6 be 2ound at i3e (ouses1 'e,din- supp,6 s(ops1 some i3e
3ream stores1 meat pa30ers or 6ou 3ou,d ,oo0 in 6our ,o3a, p(one boo0
under t(e (eadin-s .dr6 i3e. or .-asses..
=.2 *!;PRESSED N/TR!#EN
=.2.1 T:PES ! "V"/9"=/9/T:
=ot( nitro-en @N2A and 3arbon dioCide @*!2A are 3ommon,6 a7ai,ab,e
in t(e 2orm o2 3ompressed -as in 36,inders. /n 2ood stora-e1 *!2 is
main,6 used in t(e 2orm o2 dr6 i3e @see abo7eA '(i3( is o2ten easier to
a3>uire 'it( mu3( ,ess e>uipment needed to use it. =e3ause o2 t(is1
/+,, be ,imitin- t(is se3tion to t(e use o2 3ompressed nitro-en. /2 2or
some reason 6ou pre2er to use 3ompressed *!2 t(e in2ormation -i7en be,o'
'i,, 'or0 2or it as 'e,,1 t(ou-( 36,inder siDes ma6 di22er.
/n t(e U.S. t(ere are about ei-(t prin3ipa, supp,iers o2 3ompressed
-asses$ "ir 9i>uide1 "ir3o1 9inde1 "ir Produ3ts1 ;at(eson1 9i>uid
*arboni31 ;# /ndustries1 and S3ott. !ne or more o2 t(ese produ3ers
s(ou,d (a7e 3ompressed -asses a7ai,ab,e in 7irtua,,6 e7er6 area o2 t(e
United States and *anada.
9o3atin- a sour3e o2 3ompressed nitro-en is probab,6 as eas6 as
,oo0in- in 6our ,o3a, p(one boo0 under t(e (eadin-s .3ompressed -as
supp,iers.1 .-asses.1 or .'e,din- supp,ies.. !t(er sour3es mi-(t be
automoti7e supp,6 (ouses1 uni7ersit6 or 3o,,e-e resear3( departments1
7oBte3( s3(oo,s1 and medi3a, supp,6 (ouses.
Nitro-en is -enera,,6 a7ai,ab,e in a number o2 2orms ran-in- 2rom
-as intended 2or 'e,din-1 to 7arious purit6 assured t6pes1 to -as
miCtures '(ere N2 'ou,d be one o2 t(e 3omponents.
Un,ess 6ou are 7er6 0no',ed-eab,e about 3ompressed -asses and t(e
e>uipment needed to use t(em it is stron-,6 re3ommended t(at 6ou not use
an6 -as miCtures in 6our 2ood stora-e1 but rat(er to sta6 'it( pure
nitro-en -as. Use o2 3ompressed -as miCtures re>uires 0no',ed-e and
e>uipment be6ond t(e s3ope o2 t(is "%.
/;P!RT"NT N!TE$ <e,din- nitro-en is essentia,,6 a pure -as1 but it
(as one important 3a7eat. <(en a 36,inder o2 'e,din-
-as is used t(ere is an un0no'n possibi,it6 t(at some 2orm o2
3ontaminant ma6 (a7e ba302ed into t(e 36,inder 2rom a pre7ious user.
Possib,6 t(is 3ou,d (appen i2 t(e tan0 'as bein- used in an app,i3ation
'(ere t(e 36,inder+s interna, pressure 2e,, ,o' enou-( 2or pressure 2rom
'(ate7er t(e tan0 (ad been 2eedin- to ba302,us( into t(e 36,inder.
",ternati7e,61 t(e tan0 pressure ma6 (a7e be3ome dep,eted and 'as
repressuriDed usin- ordinar6 3ompressed ser7i3e air. T(e most ,i0e,6
3ontaminants 'i,, be moisture1 3arbon monoCide1 3arbon dioCide1 oC6-en
and (6dro3arbons1 but t(ere is t(e remote possibi,it6 o2 somet(in- e7en
more eCoti3 or toCi3 -ettin- into 6our 36,inder. <e,din- -as 36,inders
ma6 not be 3(e30ed b6 t(e -as supp,ier be2ore bein- re2i,,ed and sent
ba30 out 2or use. /t is t(is remote1 but un0no'n possibi,it6 o2
3ontamination t(at 3auses me to re3ommend a-ainst t(e use o2 'e,din-
-rade nitro-en in 2ood stora-e. /2 6our supp,ier is 'i,,in- to 3erti26
t(at 'e,din- -as 36,inders are 3(e30ed be2ore re2i,,in- t(en t(e6 'ou,d
be !F to use.
T(e 7ar6in- t6pes o2 purit6 assured nitro-en -as are s,i-(t,6 more
di22i3u,t to 2ind and s,i-(t,6 more eCpensi7e in 3ost1 but / be,ie7e
t(is is more t(an made up 2or b6 t(e 2a3t 6ou 0no' eCa3t,6 '(at 6ou+re
-ettin-. "ir 9i>uide1 as an eCamp,e1 o22ers se7en t6pes o2 purit6
assured nitro-en ran-in- 2rom 99.995P to 99.9995P pure 'it( none (a7in-
a 'ater 7apor 3ontent o7er 1 part per mi,,ion @ppmA or an oC6-en 3ontent
o7er 3 ppm. "n6 o2 t(em are eminent,6 suited to t(e tas0 so t(e most
ineCpensi7e 2orm is a,, 6ou need bu6.
"s 6ou mi-(t eCpe3t1 3ompressed -as 36,inders 3ome in a number o2
di22erent siDes. or t(e sa0e o2 simp,i3it6 / 'i,, address on,6 t(e
most 3ommon 36,inder siDes sin3e t(e6 'i,, a,most 3ertain,6 be t(e most
ineCpensi7e as 'e,,.
"-ain usin- "ir 9i>uide as an eCamp,e1 it is t(eir siDe JJ and J9
36,inders t(at are t(e most 3ommon. T(ere are ot(er 36,inder siDes o2
sma,,er p(6si3a, dimensions and 3apa3ities. )o'e7er1 t(e ,o-isti3s o2
3ompressed -as produ3tion and transport bein- '(at t(e6 are1 t(e6
2re>uent,6 'i,, 3ost as mu3( or e7en more t(an t(e ,ar-er1 more 3ommon
siDes. T(e a3tua, -as inside t(e 36,inder is 2air,6 3(eap. i,,in- and
mo7in- t(e (ea76 36,inders around is not.
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
Tab,e 1. "ir 9i>uide most 3ommon 36,inder siDes.
*6, *ap6 i,,ed <t )t Dia
SiDe *u t PS/# 9bs /n /n
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
JJ)) JJ5 I000 339 51 10
JJ) 332 3500 225 51 10
J9 30J 2IJ0 1I5 55 9.25
JJ 23J 22I5 1J9 51 9
1I 55 2000 51 32.5 5
9e-end$
T(e .). su22iC means (i-( pressure.
PS/# K Pounds per S>uare /n3( on t(e #au-e1 t(is does not re2,e3t
atmosp(eri3 pressure '(i3( 'ou,d be Pounds per S>uare /n3( "bso,ute
@PS/"A. PS/" is t(e abso,ute pressure o2 atmosp(eri3 and interna,
36,inder pressure 3ombined.
",t(ou-( it is not a 7er6 3ommon siDe1 / ,e2t t(e Q1I 36,inder in
t(e abo7e tab,e in 3ase someone rea,,6 'ants or needs to use a sma,,er
36,inder.
..................................................................
Tab,e 2. *6,inder SiDe *omparison. "bbre7iated tab,e.
@",p(a-aD in *o,umn 1A
*6, "ir 9i> ;#
SiDe "ir3o Prod 9inde *arb ;at( /nd S3ott
R1S R2S R3S RJS R5S RIS R5S R8S
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
J9 300 " T 4 19 300 F
JJ9 200 B F ) 1" 200 "
JJ 200 = B B B B B
JJ) B =: 3F B 1) 2)P B
JJ)) 500 =O IF B 1U 3)P B
1I 80 * % ; 2 80 =
9e-end$
R1S ",p(a-aD @"ir 9i>uideA
R2S "ir3o
R3S "ir Produ3ts
RJS 9inde
R5S 9i>uid *arboni3
RIS ;at(eson
R5S ;# /ndustries
R8S S3ott
Re2eren3e$ )i-( Purit6 Spe3ia,t6 #ases and E>uipment *ata,o-G 3op6ri-(t
19951 "ir 9i>uide "meri3a *orporation1 )ouston TO US"G pa-es I and 5.
.......................................................................

"s 6ou 3an see1 t(e siDe J9 36,inder 2rom "ir 9i>uide (as an
e>ui7a,ent 2rom a,, ei-(t manu2a3turers. T(is siDe is t(e one 3ommon,6
seen bein- used to 2i,, (e,ium ba,,oons at 3ount6 2airs and ba,, -ames.
=.2.2 !=T"/N/N# T)E #"S "ND NE*ESS"R: E%U/P;ENT
",t(ou-( 6ou 3an pur3(ase 6our o'n 36,inder t(e most ineCpensi7e
'a6 to use nitro-en is to rent a 36,inder 2rom 6our -as supp,ier. T(is
ma6 re>uire 2i,,in- out an app,i3ation1 pa6in- a re2undab,e 36,inder
deposit and bu6in- t(e -as 3ontained in t(e 36,inder. Tan0 renta,
periods 3an 7ar61 but t(e most 3ommon is 2or t(irt6 da6s.
)a7in- rented or pur3(ased t(e 36,inder 6ou must no' -et it (ome.
De,i7er6 b6 t(e supp,ier 3an o2ten be arran-ed or t(e6 ma6 assist 6ou in
-ettin- t(e 36,inder into 6our 7e(i3,e. T(e pre2erred met(od o2
transportation is 2or t(e 36,inder to be 3(ained1 3,amped or ot(er'ise
so,id,6 se3ured in a 7erti3a, position in t(e transportin- 7e(i3,e 'it(
t(e 36,inder 3ap in p,a3e. Transportation re>uirements 7ar6 2rom nation
to nation1 state to state and e7en 3it6 to 3it6 so 6our best bet is to
in>uire o2 6our -as supp,ier to 2ind a sa2e and ,e-a, means o2 mo7in-
t(e tan0.
/;P!RT"NT N!TE$ T(e maMor eCpense in usin- 3ompressed -as is not t(e
3ost o2 obtainin- t(e -as itse,21 but in t(e
e>uipment needed to sa2e,6 (and,e and 3ontro, it. Un,ess 6ou 3an borro'
t(e appropriate me3(anisms t(e6 'i,, (a7e to be pur3(ased1 ne' or used1
and e7en t(e 3(eapest re-u,ator and -au-e are not ineCpensi7e. T(ere is
a temptation to 2or-o t(e eCpense and not use a re-u,ator1 but / must
3aution stron-,6 a-ainst t(is. "s tab,e 1 abo7e s(o's1 a 2u,, 36,inder
o2 3ompressed -as 'i,, (a7e an interna, pressure o2 2000W PS/#. Norma,
atmosp(eri3 pressure is about 15 PS/". /2 t(e 36,inder 7a,7e 'as opened
on,6 s,i-(t,6 too 2ar a -reat dea, o2 7er6 (i-( pressure -as 'i,, 2,o'
t(rou-( t(e de,i7er6 (ose and meta, 'and and t(e potentia, 2or serious
inMur6 '(en it be-an to '(ip around 'ou,d be 7er6 -reat. or 6our
sa2et61 -et t(e ne3essar6 e>uipment. /2 6ou pur3(ase 6our o'n
re-u,atorH-au-e 3,uster andHor 6our o'n 36,inder1 t(ere is ne3essit6 2or
periodi3 maintenan3e. Re-u,ators and -au-es need to be 3a,ibrated
@usin- a 'ater dead'ei-(t 3a,ibratorA and 36,inders need to be
(6drostati3a,,6 tested1 t6pi3a,,6 e7er6 ten 6ears 2or bot(. :our -as
supp,ier 3an pro7ide 6ou 'it( more detai,ed in2ormation.
T(e on,6 e>uipment t(at 'i,, 3ome 'it( 6our 36,inder is t(e
36,inder 3ap. .Don+t ,ea7e (ome 'it(out it. and t(e6 mean it. ",, o2
t(e 3ommon 36,inder siDes 'i,, use t(e *#"B580 @*ompressed #as "ssemb,6A
36,inder 2ittin-. T(e do'nstream side o2 t(is 2ittin- 3an be obtained
'it( di22erent t(reads1 but a 1HJ. NPT @Nationa, Pipe T(readA nipp,e is
norma,,6 needed to mate 'it( t(e re-u,ator bod6. T(e nipp,e is rea,,6
not(in- more t(an Must a s(ort ,en-t( o2 (i-( pressure pipe. T(e *#"
2ittin-s 3ome in a 7ariet6 o2 meta, 3ompositions su3( as 3arbon stee,1
stain,ess stee, and brass. T(e best 3(oi3e is one '(i3( mat3(es t(e
3omposition o2 t(e re-u,ator bod6. /2 t(e *#" 2ittin- and re-u,ator are
to be used on,6 'it( dr61 nonBoC6-en -asses1 in a dr6 en7ironment t(en
-a,7ani3 3orrosion 3an be disre-arded so t(e most ineCpensi7e meta,
3omposition 3an be used e7en i2 it is not t(e same as t(e re-u,ator. /2
it is to be used in a 'et area1 or 'it( oC6-en 3ontainin- -asses t(en
mat3(in- meta, 3omposition be3omes 7er6 important.
<(en t(e tan0 is to be returned t(ere must be some residua,
pressure sti,, in t(e 36,inder or t(e renter mi-(t (a7e to pa6 a
sur3(ar-e or ,ose t(eir deposit. T(is is parti3u,ar,6 true o2 purit6
assured -asses be3ause t(e residua, -as 3omposition 'i,, be ana,6Ded.
T(is is done 2or t(e sa2et6 o2 a,, 36,inder users.
T(e re-u,atorH-au-e 3,uster s(ou,d be 3are2u,,6 remo7ed usin- t(e
same pro3edure t(at is des3ribed be,o' to put it a,, to-et(er. *are
s(ou,d be ta0en not to dama-e t(e 36,inder 7a,7e t(reads. Rep,a3e t(e
36,inder 3ap and transport in t(e same manner as 6ou brou-(t it (ome.
=.2.3 PUTT/N# /T "99 T!#ET)ER
/2 t(e 2ittin- and re-u,ator are bou-(t separate,6 t(en some 1H2.
'ide Te2,on tape is re3ommended 2or assemb,6 sin3e it is a 3,ean and
ineCpensi7e 'a6 o2 sea,in- pipe Moints. 9oo0in- into t(e open end o2
nipp,e 'rap t(e tape 3,o30'ise around t(e t(readed end 2or 1.5 to 2
turns1 'or0in- 2rom t(e open end ba30'ards. /2 6ou 'ant to do a neat
,oo0in- Mob1 t(e tape ma6 be s,it ,en-t('a6s to ma0e it 1HJ. 'ide1 but
t(is is not a re>uirement. " brass nipp,e ma6 s(rin0 some'(at durin-
ti-(tenin- and need a bit more tape t(an a (arder meta, ,i0e stain,ess
stee, 'ou,d. T(e Te2,on tape s(ou,d on,6 be used on t(e end o2 t(e
nipp,e t(at atta3(es to t(e re-u,ator bod61 N!T to an6 part o2 t(e
36,inder end.
T(e re-u,ator end (as tapered t(reads and uses t(em dire3t,6 2or
sea,in-. T(e 36,inder end (as strai-(t t(reads and depends upon t(e
pre3ision matin- o2 ma3(ined meta, sur2a3es to sea,. T(e 36,inder end
t(reads simp,6 app,6 t(e 3,ampin- 2or3e.
=e2ore atta3(in- t(e *#" 2ittin- to t(e 36,inder t(e user s(ou,d
put on sa2et6 -,asses and -ood (earin- prote3tion. T(e 36,inder 7a,7e
3an t(en be 3ra30ed 7er6 s,i-(t,6 to b,o' out an6 dust or debris. "2ter
3,osin- t(e 7a,7e1 inspe3t t(e 36,inder 7a,7e and nipp,e 2or an6
abrasions1 ni30s1 -ou-es1 embedded parti3,es1 et3.1 be2ore atta3(ment is
made.
:ou 'i,, need t'o 'ren3(es @not adMustab,e p,iersA to e>ua,iDe t(e
tor>ue1 parti3u,ar,6 on t(e 36,inder 7a,7e '(ere it s(ou,d be minimiDed.
Put one 'ren3( on t(e 2ittin- and t(e ot(er 'ren3( on t(e 36,inder 7a,7e
and ma0e t(e Moin.
!n3e t(e re-u,atorH-au-e 3,uster (as been mated to t(e 36,inder1
t(e de,i7er6 (ose 3an no' 2itted to t(e re-u,ator and t(e meta, 'and to
t(e ot(er end o2 t(e (ose. T(e 'and is not(in- more t(an a s(ort ,en-t(
o2 meta, tubin- at ,east siC in3(es -reater in ,en-t( t(an t(e dept( o2
t(e bu30ets to be 2i,,ed. *opper 'ater ,ine 'or0s 'e,,.
<(en t(e Moins (a7e been made1 a miCture o2 a s(ort s>uirt o2 dis(
'as(in- deter-ent and 'ater 3an be used to 3(e30 2or ,ea0s. =e 3ertain
t(e deter-ent does not 3ontain ammonia. Pour some on ea3( 2ittin-
'or0in- 2rom t(e 36,inder end out'ard1 openin- ea3( 7a,7e and
pressuriDin- as 6ou -o. !n3e t(e ,ea0 3(e30 is 2inis(ed rinse o22 and
'ipe do'n a,, sur2a3es to minimiDe t(e 3(an3e o2 a33idents in t(e
2uture.
/2 t(e -as is not to be used at t(at time t(en t(e 36,inder 7a,7e
s(ou,d be 3,osed and a,, pressure s(ou,d be drained to Dero in t(e
re-u,ator and -au-e. T(is s(ou,d be done an6 time t(at t(e tan0 is not
in a3tua, use. /2 6ou (a7e pur3(ased 6our o'n 36,inder t(en it is a
-ood idea to a,so a3>uire one o2 t(e p,asti3 7a,7e p,u-s1 simi,ar to
t(ose seen 'it( propane 36,inders1 in order to prote3t t(e 36,inder
7a,7e t(reads and 0eep dust1 debris and inse3ts out o2 t(e 7a,7e.
<"RN/N#$ *are s(ou,d be ta0en t(at t(e 36,inder is used and stored in
su3( a 'a6 as to minimiDe t(e ris0 o2 t(e tan0 2a,,in- o7er.
<it( t(e re-u,ator and -au-e atta3(ed t(ere is an in3reased ,i0e,i(ood
o2 dama-e o33urrin- to t(e 36,inder 7a,7e s(ou,d t(e tan0 2a,,.
*atastrop(i3 2ai,ure o2 t(e 36,inder 7a,7e 'i,, turn t(e tan0 into a
(i-(Bener-61 un-uided ro30et 'it( t(e 3apabi,it6 o2 doin- -reat dama-e
andHor serious inMur6.
=.2.J PUTT/N# /T /NT! USE.
)a7in- assemb,ed and tested 6our -as s6stem1 6ou are no' read6 to
be-in t(e 'or0 o2 pa30a-in- 6our 2ood. :ou+,, need 3ontainers1 and 2ood
-rade p,asti3 or ;6,ar ba-s t(at are a bit ,ar-er in interna, 7o,ume
t(an t(e 3ontainer. NeCt is t(e dr6 2ood 6ou intend to pa30a-e and a
pa30 o2 mat3(es or a 3i-arette. :ou+,, a,so need to 'ear t(e sa2et6
-,asses and (earin- prote3tion 6ou 'ore '(en 6ou put t(e -as s6stem
to-et(er.
Ta0e t(e 3ontainers 6ou are -oin- to use to store 6our 2ood in1 t(e
ba-s t(at 'i,, ,ine t(em and t(e 2ood 6ou are puttin- up and p,a3e t(em
in some 'arm @not (otA area ,on- enou-( 2or t(em a,, to e>ua,iDe to t(at
temperature. T(is 'i,, mean t(at t(e air 3ontained inside t(em 'i,,
a,so be at a 'arm temperature and ma0e it more ,i0e,6 t(at it 'i,, sta6
on top '(en t(e 3oo, -as 2rom t(e nitro-en 36,inder be-ins to 2,o' in.
T(e 'arm -as bein- on top 'i,, be t(e 2irst to pur-e 2rom t(e 3ontainer1
ta0in- a -ood dea, o2 t(e oC6-en 'it( it.
9ine t(e interior o2 t(e 3ontainer 'it( a p,asti3 ba- or ;6,ar ba-.
i,, t(e 3ontainer 'it( t(e 2ood produ3t s(a0in- to -et it as 2u,, as
possib,e. Don+t 2or-et to add 6our desi33ant pa30a-e i2 6ou+re -oin- to
use one. :ou don+t 'ant an6 po30ets ,e2t bet'een t(e p,asti3 ba- and
t(e 3ontainer. !n3e 6ou (a7e -otten it 2u,, to Must s(ort o2 not bein-
ab,e to 2u,,6 put on t(e ,id1 -at(er t(e top o2 t(e p,asti3 ba- to-et(er
or (eat sea, t(e ed-es. /2 6ou (a7e sea,ed it1 3ut a sma,, 3orner o22
o2 t(e ba- Must ,ar-e enou-( to a,,o' a probe to enter.
"t t(is point 6ou 3an eit(er simp,6 2,us( t(e ba- as des3ribed
be,o' or dra' a 7a3uum on it 2irst and t(en 2,us(. /2 usin- a 7a3uum
t(e su3tion probe s(ou,d be 0ept at t(e top o2 t(e ba-1 Must inside o2
t(e openin-. T(e -as 'and s(ou,d be inserted to t(e bottom o2 t(e
3ontainer1 ta0in- 3are not to po0e an6 (o,es in t(e ,iner ba-. !n3e
bot( instruments are inserted1 dra' t(e 7a3uum. <(en it (as rea3(ed a
satis2a3tor6 ,e7e,1 s(ut o2 t(e su3tion1 maintain t(e sea, and turn on
t(e -as.
!pen t(e 36,inder 7a,7e and set t(e re-u,ator to a 7er6 s,o' -as
2,o' and be-in to 2i,, t(e ba- 'it( -as. :ou 'ant t(e 3ontainer to 2i,,
s,o',6 so 6ou 3an minimiDe turbu,en3e and miCin- as mu3( as 6ou 3an.
/t+,, ta0e a ,itt,e '(i,e to 2i,, ea3( 3ontainer1 a 2e' minutes per
bu30et. 4ust as 'it( dr6 i3e1 t(e idea (ere is 2or t(e 3oo, -as to
disp,a3e t(e 'armer atmosp(ere 2rom t(e 3ontainer. T(e ba- s(ou,d pu22
Must a bit. <(en / t(in0 it+s 2u,, /+,, (o,d a ,it mat3( Must abo7e t(e
ba- in t(e air t(at is es3apin- 2rom it. /2 it snu22s ri-(t out t(en /
,et it run 2or about se7era, minutes ,on-er to 2,us( out more o2 an6
remainin- oC6-en and remo7e t(e 'and.
or t(e most e22i3ient oC6-en remo7a,1 repeat t(e su3tionH-as
2,us(in- pro3edure one more time. <(en satis2ied1 tie or (eat sea, t(e
ba- o22 and sea, t(e bu30et. "-ain1 6ou 'ant to (a7e t(e bu30et as 2u,,
as possib,e so t(at t(ere+,, be on,6 minima, air spa3e. :ou s(ou,d
monitor t(e 3ontainers 2or an (our or t'o a2ter 2i,,in- to 3(e30 2or an6
si-ns o2 bu,-in- or ot(er pressure bui,d up as t(e 3oo, -as inside
-radua,,6 'arms up and eCpands. " s,i-(t positi7e pressure is !F1 but
serious bu,-in- needs some o2 t(e pressure re,eased.
N!TE$ ",t(ou-( t(e pro3edure 2or 2,us(in- a 3ontainer 'it( nitro-en
is strai-(t2or'ard enou-(1 a3tua,,6 -ettin- a -ood pur-e o2 t(e
3ontainer is not. Nitro-en 2,us(in- 'or0s best '(en t(e 3ontents o2 t(e
3ontainer are 2air,6 3oarse in siDe so t(at t(e -as 2,o' around and
t(rou-( t(e 2ood is 2ree and unrestri3ted. oods su3( as t(e ,ar-er
siDed -rains @3orn1 '(eat1 bar,e61 ,on- -rain ri3e1 et3.A1 ,e-umes and
nonBpo'dered de(6drated 2oods are best suited to t(is te3(ni>ue. oods
'it( sma,, parti3,e siDes su3( as 2,ours1 mea,s1 and dr6 mi,0s 'i,,
2,us( 'it( medio3re resu,ts.
=e3ause o2 t(e di22i3u,ties in pur-in- su22i3ient oC6-en 2rom a
3ontainer to ,en-t(en t(e s(e,2 ,i2e o2 t(e 2ood it 3ontains man6
3ommer3ia, supp,iers (a7e dropped t(is te3(ni>ue in 2a7or o2 usin-
oC6-en absorbers. T(ere is no reason t(at inert -as 2,us(in- and oC6-en
absorbers 3annot be used to-et(er and one -ood reason t(at t(e6 s(ou,d.
/2 6ou are usin- 2i7e -a,,on p,asti3 bu30ets as 6our stora-e 3ontainers1
it (as been obser7ed t(at absorbers used in un,ined pai,s 3an 3ause t(e
air pressure inside t(e bu30et to drop enou-( 2or t(e 'a,,s to bu30,e1
possib,6 ,eadin- to a sea, brea3( or a sta30 3o,,apsin-. or t(is
reason1 2,us(in- 'it( inert -as @nitro-en or *!2A mi-(t be a -ood idea1
in order to pur-e as mu3( oC6-en as possib,e so t(at t(e pressure drop
3aused b6 t(e absorber remo7in- t(e remainin- oC6-en 'i,, not 3ause t(e
bu30et to bu30,e. 9iner ba-s 3an ame,iorate t(e 7a3uum prob,ems.
* BB !O:#EN "=S!R=ERS
*.1 <)"T /S "N !O:#EN "=S!R=ERN
/2 a,, o2 t(is messin- about 'it( -asses sounds ,i0e too mu3(
troub,e1 6ou 3an tr6 usin- oC6-en absorption pa30ets. / don+t 0no'
eCa3t,6 '(en t(e6 2irst s(o'ed up on t(e mar0et1 but t(e6 are a
re,ati7e,6 re3ent 2ood stora-e too,. T(e pa30ets absorb 2ree oC6-en
2rom t(e air around t(em and 3(emi3a,,6 bind it b6 oCidiDin- 2ine,6
di7ided iron into iron oCide. T(is remo7es it 2rom bein- a7ai,ab,e 2or
ot(er purposes su3( as oCidati7e ran3idit6 and respiration b6 inse3ts1
2un-i or aerobi3 ba3teria. T(e pra3ti3a, ups(ot o2 a,, t(is is t(at b6
remo7in- t(e 2ree oC6-en 2rom 6our stora-e 3ontainers1 6ou 3an -reat,6
eCtend t(e stora-e ,i2e o2 t(e 2oods in t(e 3ontainers.
T(e absorbers t(emse,7es (a7e on,6 a re,ati7e,6 s(ort ,i2e span1
rou-(,6 about siC mont(s 2rom t(e time t(e6 'ere manu2a3tured 2or t(e
t6pes t(at do not need eCterna, moisture.
indin- an6 in2ormation about t(ese absorbers (as been di22i3u,t1
but1 t(an0s to ", Durts3(i1 / 'as ab,e to 2ind a stud6 o2 t(eir
e22e3ti7eness 2rom =ri-(am :oun- Uni7ersit6.
T(e stud6 tested t(e absorption 3apa3it6 o2 t(e "-e,ess T300E
pa30ets made b6 ;itsubis(i #asB*(emi3a,. /t 2ound t(e6 'ere e7en more
e22e3ti7e t(an t(eir rated absorption 3apa3it6 o2 300 mi,,i,iters o2
oC6-en @!2 at sea ,e7e, pressureA. " sin-,e pa30et sea,ed into an empt6
Q10 3an @80P o2 one -a,,onA redu3ed t(e oC6-en in t(e 3anned air to ,ess
t(an 1H2P.
T(e 2o,,o'in- is t(e 7erbatim teCt o2 t(e 3on3,usions se3tion o2
t(e =ri-(am :oun- stud6. See V.= Pamp(,ets 2or t(e 3omp,ete 3itation o2
t(is stud6.
*on3,usions$
.!C6-en absorbin- pa30ets are e22e3ti7e in redu3in- oC6-en
3ontents in sea,ed 3ans. T(e a-e,ess T300 pa30et (as a
-reater t(an 3,aimed 3apa3it6 2or absorbin- oC6-en. Pa30ets
abused b6 J (ourBeCposureBtoBair sti,, eC3eed 3,aimed
3apa3it6. /t ma6 be e3onomi3a, to use sma,,er pa30ets based
on t(e dead air 7o,ume instead o2 3an 7o,ume. Sma,,er
pa30ets 'ou,d (a7e ,ess to,eran3e 2or abuse and personne,
'ou,d need to be more di,i-ent in prote3tin- t(e pa30ets..
.T(e ,e7e, o2 oC6-en remainin- in t(e presen3e o2 t(e
absorber pa30ets is su22i3ient,6 ,o' to -reat,6 retard
de7e,opment o2 ran3idit6. T(e bio,o-i3a, 3onse>uen3es are
not so eas6 to predi3t. ;i3roor-anisms ran-e 2rom aerobi3 to
anaerobi31 t(us no un>ua,i2ied statement 3an be made. T(e
ener-6 re>uirements o2 anaerobi3 ba3teria are met b6
rea3tions bet'een oC6-en and more t(an one ot(er mo,e3u,e.
T(is ma0es ba3teria, ener-6 a (i-(er order o2 rea3tion t(an
ran3idit6. T(us1 t(e rate o2 ba3teria, aerobi3 rea3tion
'ou,d be more serious,6 retarded t(an ran3idit6. T(ese
matters are not o2 pra3ti3a, importan3e be3ause t(e produ3ts
to be 3anned s(ou,d be too dr6 to support mi3robia, -ro't(.
/nse3ts are aerobi3 and 'ou,d ,i0eB'ise su22er retardation o2
a3ti7it6. No 3ompre(ensi7e statement 3an be made about
irre7ersib,e ina3ti7ation or deat( o2 inse3ts. "s ,on- as
t(e oC6-en ,e7e, remains ,o'1 inse3t a3ti7it6 'i,, be ,o'er
b6 at ,east t(e s>uare root o2 oC6-en 3ontent. /n a
pra3ti3a, sense1 t(ese pa30ets are e22e3ti7e in stoppin-
inse3t a3ti7it6. USD" does not re3o-niDe an6 met(od eC3ept
disinte-ration as e22e3ti7e 2or 3omp,ete,6 0i,,in- inse3t
e--s..
Use o2 !C6-en "bsorbers in Dr6 Pa30 *annin-
*.2 <)ERE *"N / /ND !O:#EN "=S!R=ERSN
=e3ause t(e6 are a re,ati7e,6 ne' too, on t(e 2ood preser7ation and
stora-e mar0et1 oC6-en absorbers (a7e not 6et a3(ie7ed a 'idespread
dissemination amon-st t(e 7arious stora-e 2ood dea,ers and supp,iers.
T(e6 are a7ai,ab,e1 but 6ou ma6 (a7e to do a bit o2 sear3(in- to 2ind
t(em.
T(e 2o,,o'in- s(ort ,ist are t(e supp,iers /+7e ,o3ated1 t(us
2ar1 '(o se,, t(em$
<"9T!N EED
=EST PR/*ES ST!R"=9E !!DS
D!U=9E SPR/N#S )!;E=RE< SUPP9:
N/TR!BP"F PREP"REDNESS *ENTER
S)ERR:+S ST!RE)!USE
*S/N
<<<.#9/T*)PR!!.*!;
*!UNTR:S/DE #R"N"R:
/n addition to t(e abo7e supp,iers it ma6 be possib,e to a3>uire
oC6-en absorbers t(rou-( a 9DS 2ami,6 3anner6 i2 6ou (a7e one ,o3a,,6
a7ai,ab,e. 8P,ease see se3tion /V.".2 2or in2ormation on (o' to eCp,ore
t(is possibi,it6.8
*.3 )!< "RE !O:#EN "=S!R=ERS USEDN
E7en t(ou-( t(e T300E t6pe 'i,, apparent,6 absorb a -reat dea, more
t(an t(e 300 m, o2 !2 t(e6 are rated 2or1 t(e 2o,,o'in- instru3tions 2or
use are based on t(eir ,isted ratin-. So1 '(en usin- t(e ;itsubis(i
"-e,ess T300E oC6-en absorption pa30ets1 6ou s(ou,d a,,o' one pa30et 2or
e7er6 >uart and a (a,2 @1J30 m,A o2 remainin- air 7o,ume in 6our 2i,,ed
stora-e 3ontainers. T(e res(PaC D550 2rom t(e ;u,tisorb *orporation
'or0 'it( Must o7er 3 >uarts @28I0m,A o2 remainin- air 7o,ume.
No' determinin- t(e 7o,ume o2 air remainin- in a 2i,,ed 3ontainer
is no eas6 t(in-. /n t(e stud61 Q10 3ans 2i,,ed 'it( eit(er e,bo'
ma3aroni or po'dered mi,0 'ere used and t(eir respe3ti7e air 7o,umes
'ere determined. " 3an 2u,, o2 e,bo' ma3aroni 'as 2ound to 3ontain 22P
remainin- air 7o,ume and a 3an 2u,, o2 po'dered mi,0 'as 2ound to
3ontain 10.5P. <it( t(ese as -uides1 6ou s(ou,d t(en be ab,e to rou-(,6
2i-ure t(e remainin- air 7o,ume o2 t(e 2oods 6ou (a7e in 6our
3ontainers. :ou+,, (a7e to de3ide '(et(er t(e 2ood 6ou are 'or0in- is
3,oser to t(e ma3aroni or t(e dr6 mi,0 in its pa30in- densit6.
!b7ious,61 t(is is a rat(er ru,e o2 t(umb and t(is is '(6 / 0ept m6
instru3tions to t(e ,isted ratin-s rat(er t(an on '(at t(e6 'i,,
apparent,6 rea,,6 do. T(e eC3ess 3apa3it6 'i,, t(us ser7e to 3o7er t(e
s(ort3omin-s o2 6our re30onin-s. T(ese absorption pa30ets s(ou,d be
used on,6 in dr6 2oodstu22s and not 'it( an6 produ3t t(at 'i,, ma0e t(em
'et or oi,6.
:our absorbers be-in t(eir remo7a, mission t(e se3ond t(e6 3ome
into 3onta3t 'it( oC6-en1 '(et(er it be in 6our stora-e 3ontainer or in
t(e open air 'aitin- to be used. Tr6 to arran-e t(in-s in su3( a 'a6 as
to (a7e 6our 3ontainer pa30ed and read6 to -o be2ore eCposin- t(e
pa30ets. Ta0e out on,6 t(ose 6ou are -oin- to be ab,e to use up in no
more t(an about 2i2teen minutes or so e,se 6ou are ,osin- 7a,uab,e
absorption 3apa3it6. <(en 6ou ta0e t(em out o2 t(eir pa30a-e1 spread
t(em out on a tra6 so t(e6 do not 3onta3t ea3( ot(er. T(e oCidation
rea3tion t(at absorbs t(e oC6-en re,eases sma,, amounts o2 (eat. T(e
'armer t(e pa30et be3omes t(e 2aster t(e rea3tion o33urs so 6ou do not
'ant t(e pa30ets 'armin- ea3( ot(er. )and,e ea3( one 'it( ton-s1 -,o7ed
(ands or b6 t(e ed-es o2 t(e en7e,ope to 0eep bod6 moisture and s0in
oi,s o22. Sea, t(e ,id or seam o2 t(e 3ontainer as soon as t(e pa30ets
(a7e been inserted.
N!TES$
Q1 BB =ot( ;u,tisorb and ;itsubis(i 3orporations ad7ise t(at t(eir
oC6-en absorbers s(ou,d not be used in a (i-( 3arbon dioCide
en7ironment. / (a7en+t 6et been ab,e to determine i2 t(is is 2or
reasons o2 3(emi3a, intera3tion bet'een t(e *!2 and t(e oCidation
rea3tion o33urrin- in t(e absorber.
Q2 BB /2 6ou do 3(oose to use oC6-en absorbers in pa30in- 6our 2ood
stora-e 3ontainers 6ou s(ou,d -i7e some 3onsideration to t(e 3ontainer
6ou+re usin-. T(e absorber is -oin- be remo7in- t(e 20P o2 t(e
atmosp(ere t(at oC6-en 3onstitutes. Sin3e not(in- is rep,a3in- it t(is
'i,, ,ea7e t(e interior o2 t(e stora-e 3ontainer 'it( a ,o'er
atmosp(eri3 pressure t(an t(e outside. /2 t(e 3ontainer is su22i3ient,6
sturd6 t(is pressure di22erentia, 'i,, be o2 ,itt,e 3onse>uen3e. or
3ontainers 'it( t(inner 'a,,s or more 2,eCib,e materia, t(e pressure
drop 3ou,d 3ause t(em partia,,6 3o,,apse or bu30,e1 parti3u,ar,6 i2
ot(er 3ontainers are sta30ed upon t(em. T(is 3ou,d ma0e t(em more
,i0e,6 to ,ose sea, inte-rit6. ;eta, 3ans and -,ass Mars s(ou,d (a7e no
prob,ems. P,asti3 bu30ets made o2 )DPE are poor -as barriers and s(ou,d
(a7e a ,iner ba- o2 ;6,ar or ot(er (i-( -as barrier p,asti3 '(en used
'it( absorbers. Sea, t(e absorbers inside o2 t(e ,iner ba- so t(at t(e
pressure drop 'it( not stress t(e 'a,,s o2 t(e 3ontainer. !t(er
3ontainers s(ou,d probab,6 be tested or 2irst 2,us(ed 'it( an inert -as
@N2A be2ore t(e absorber is sea,ed in.
Q3 BB /2 t(e pa30 o2 absorbers 6ou need to open 3ontains more t(an
6ou are -oin- to use up in 2i2teen minutes or so1 6ou s(ou,d minimiDe
eCposure o2 t(e remainin- pa30ets. T(is 3an be done b6 (eat sea,in- t(e
ba- t(e6 3ame in 'it( an iron a2ter eCpe,,in- as mu3( air as possib,e or
better 6et b6 7a3uum sea,in- t(e ba-. :ou 3an a,so put t(e remainin-
absorbers in as sma,, a Mar or meta, 3an as t(e6 'i,, 2it in and 3,osin-
'it( an air ti-(t ,id.
QJ BB /2 absorbers are sea,ed in a pa30a-e 'it( desi33ants some
t(ou-(t s(ou,d be -i7en to Must (o' ,o' t(e re,ati7e (umidit6 'i,, be
dropped. Si,i3a -e, 'i,, redu3e (umidit6 to approCimate,6 J0P '(i3(
s(ou,d not inter2ere 'it( t(e absorbers oCidation rea3tion. !t(er
desi33ants1 (o'e7er1 are 3apab,e o2 redu3in- re,ati7e (umidit6 to 7er6
,o' ,e7e,s. T(is mi-(t ad7erse,6 a22e3t 6our absorber+s abi,it6 to
3arr6 out its mission b6 remo7in- moisture 2rom t(e absorber pa30a-e
t(at is ne3essar6 to sustain t(e oCidation rea3tion.

D BB DES/**"NTS
D.1 <)"T /S " DES/**"NTN
;oisture in inappropriate amounts and p,a3es is 7er6 dama-in- to
t(e use2u, ,i2e o2 2ood. =e3ause o2 t(is1 mu3( e22ort is put into
redu3in- t(e 'ater 3ontent o2 dr6 2oods in order to pro,on- t(eir s(e,2
,i7es. !n3e it is redu3ed to t(e desired ,e7e, t(e produ3t 3an t(en be
pa30a-ed 2or stora-e. Un2ortunate,61 mere,6 redu3in- moisture 3ontent
is not a,'a6s su22i3ient. En7ironmenta, 3onditions 3an p,a6 a ro,e as
'e,,.
T(ere are 2our me3(anisms b6 '(i3( en7ironmenta, 3onditions ma6
3ause a moisture prob,em in 6our 2ood stora-e$
1. B T(e air trapped in t(e 3ontainer 'it( t(e 2ood ma6 (a7e (e,d
su22i3ient (umidit6 to raise t(e moisture 3ontent o2 t(e 2ood to
undesirab,e ,e7e,s.
2. B E7en i2 t(e 'ater 7apor 3ontent 'asn+t too (i-(1 a 2a,,in-
temperature ,e7e, ma6 3ause t(e trapped (umidit6 to rea3( its de'
point 3ausin- 'ater to be s>ueeDed out o2 t(e air to 3ondense on
6our 2ood mu3( t(e same 'a6 as de' 2orms on 6our ,a'n on 3oo,
mornin-s a2ter a 'arm1 (umid ni-(t.
3. B T(e sea, o2 t(e 3ontainer ma6 not be su22i3ient,6 ti-(t enou-(
to pre7ent moisture 2rom ,ea0in- in.
J. B T(e pa30a-in- materia, itse,2 ma6 be porous to one de-ree or
anot(er to 'ater 7apor. ",, paper1 'ood and 3ardboard (as t(is
2au,t. Dependin- upon t(eir parti3u,ar p(6si3a, properties man6
p,asti3s do as 'e,,. ;eta, and -,ass 3ontainers (a7e eC3e,,ent
barrier properties t(ou-( t(eir sea,s ma6 not.
T(e so,ution 2or moisture prob,ems is mu,tiB2a3eted. irst1 ma0e
sure t(e produ3t to be stored is at an appropriate 'ater 3ontent 2or
t(at parti3u,ar 2oodstu22. =eans and -rains store >uite 'e,, at a 10P
moisture ,e7e,1 but mi,0 po'ders1 dried e--s and de(6drated or 2reeDe
dried 2oods s(ou,d be ,o'er 2or best resu,ts.
Se3ond,61 tr6 to pa30a-e 6our -oods in a 3oo,1 dr6 atmosp(ere and
do not a,,o' eCtreme temperature s'in-s in stora-e areas. <arm
temperatures and (i-( re,ati7e (umidities '(en a 3ontainer is sea,ed
means t(e air trapped inside t(e 3ontainer 'i,, (a7e a (i-( de' point.
T(is 'i,, ,ead to 3ondensation s(ou,d stora-e temperatures 2a,, be,o'
t(at de' point. "n eCamp,e o2 t(is 'ou,d be a 3ontainer sea,ed on a da6
t(at 'as 50 de-. and J0P re,ati7e (umidit6. "t t(at temperature t(e
re,ati7e (umidit6 'ou,d be >uite reasonab,e 2or a,, but t(e most
moisture sensiti7e 2ood. )o'e7er1 s(ou,d t(e temperature 2a,, to JJ
de-. t(e 3apa3it6 o2 t(e air to (o,d 'ater 7apor 'ou,d (a7e dropped to
t(e point t(at it 3ou,d not 3ontain '(at 'as sea,ed in at 55 de-. and
t(e eC3ess 'ou,d be s>ueeDed out to 3ondense on t(e 2ood1 i.e. B it 'i,,
-et 'et. Possib,6 t(e 2ood 'i,, be ab,e to adsorb t(is moisture 'it(out
(arm and t(en a-ain1 it ma6 not.
T(ird,61 use appropriate pa30a-in- materia,s and ma0e 3ertain it is
sea,ed 3orre3t,6. /2 6ou are -oin- to 3onsume t(em in 2our to 2i7e
6ears1 storin- -rains1 beans and peas in un,ined )DPE bu30ets at norma,
(umidities is 2ine. /2 6ou 'ant to 0eep t(em at t(eir best 2or ten
6ears or more1 t(e p,asti3 t(e pai, is made o2 is too porous to 'ater
7apor 2or best resu,ts and s(ou,d (a7e an interior ,iner o2 a materia,
'it( better barrier properties. Dr6 mi,0 po'ders s(ou,d not be 0ept 2or
more t(an a 6ear in un,ined )DPE1 but 3an be 0ept 2or mu3( ,on-er in Q10
meta, 3ans1 -,ass Mars or ;6,ar ba-s. Natura,,61 e7en t(e most (i-(,6
resistant pa30a-in- materia, is use,ess i2 its sea, isn+t -ood so be
sure 6ou use -ood te3(ni>ue '(en ma0in- 3,osures.
9ast,61 6ou ma6 'is( to 3onsider usin- a desi33ant i2 -ood (umidit6
3ontro, at t(e time o2 pa30in- is di22i3u,t or i2 6ou are not 3on2ident
o2 t(e 2oods+ moisture 3ontent or i2 t(e stora-e area is in a (i-(
(umidit6 en7ironment or i2 t(e pa30a-in- materia, does not (a7e
su22i3ient,6 (i-( barrier properties.
" desi33ant is a substan3e 'it( 7er6 .(6-ros3opi3. properties1
meanin- it 'i,, soa0 up 'ater 7apor 2rom t(e air surroundin- it. "
number o2 di22erent substan3es are 3apab,e o2 doin- t(is1 but on,6 a
re,ati7e 2e' o2 t(em are o2 pra3ti3a, use and 2e'er sti,, are -oin- to
be readi,6 a7ai,ab,e to t(e a7era-e person. =e2ore e,aboratin- on t(e
di22erent t6pes t(at mi-(t be use2u, 2or our purposes it+s ne3essar6 to
eCp,ain (o' to 3(oose a desi33ant.
T(e U.S. mi,itar6 (as done mu3( o2 t(e best resear3( on t(e use o2
desi33ants in pa30a-in- and (a7e ,ar-e,6 set t(e standards b6 '(i3( t(e6
are Mud-ed. Ea3( t6pe o2 desi33ant (as temperature and (umidit6 ran-es
'(ere it per2orms best and parti3u,ar p(6si3a, and 3(emi3a,
3(ara3teristi3s t(at ma6 need to be 3onsidered in re,ation to '(at 6ou
propose to do 'it( t(em.
T(e standard most app,i3ab,e 2or '(at 3an be done in (ome 2ood
stora-e de2ines a unit o2 desi33ant as 8t(e amount o2 desi33ant t(at
'i,, adsorb at ,east I -rams o2 'ater 7apor at J0P re,ati7e (umidit6 at
55 de-. @25 de-. *A.8
T(e 2o,,o'in- tab,e -i7es t(e amount o2 desi33ant ne3essar6 per
s>uare area 2or 2,eCib,e 3ontainers su3( as ;6,ar ba-s or per 7o,ume o2
area 2or ri-id 3ontainers su3( 2i7e -a,,on pai,s or Q10 meta, 3ans. T(e
a3tua, 'ei-(t o2 a parti3u,ar desi33ant to use 'i,, depend upon t(e
adsorben36 per unit o2 desi33ant mass.
9EO/=9E *!NT"/NERS R/#/D *!NT"/NERS
@;6,ar and ot(er @=u30ets1 3ans1 Mars1 et3.A
p,asti3 ba-sA
Units o2 Vo,ume in$
"rea s> 2t "rea s> in Desi33ant #a,,ons *uHT *uH/n
Re>uired
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
0.1 30 1HI 1.1 0.1J 235
0.3 J5 1H3 2.1 0.28 J5I
0.I 90 1H2 3.2 0.J2 51J
1.3 180 1 I.2 0.83 11J28
1.9 250 2 12.5 1.I5 2185I
2.5 3I0 3 18.5 2.50 J128J
3.1 J50 J 25.0 3.33 51512
RTab,e adapted 2rom .;oisture /n Pa30a-in-$ Se,e3tin- t(e Ri-(t
Desi33ant. @3A1 ;u,tisorb *orp. (ttp$HH'''.mu,tisorb.3om S

/n order to maCimiDe sur2a3e area to obtain optima, adsorption1
desi33ants are manu2a3tured in -ranu,ar or po'der 2orms. T(is presents
a prob,em o2 0eepin- t(e desi33ant1 '(i3( ma6 not be sa2e 2or dire3t
3onta3t 'it( 2ood1 out o2 t(e produ3t '(i,e sti,, a,,o'in- su22i3ient
air 2,o' 2or it to 3arr6 out its tas0. ;anu2a3turers 3a,, t(is
.dustin-. and dea, 'it( it b6 pa30a-in- t(e adsorbent in materia,s su3(
as un3oated T67e01 a spunbonded (i-(Bdensit6 po,6et(6,ene materia,
produ3ed b6 t(e Dupont 3orporation. Un2ortunate,61 / (a7e not 6et been
ab,e to ,o3ate a retai, sour3e o2 un3oated T67e01 Must t(e 3oated
7ariet6 su3( as is used in posta, en7e,opes. Se3ond best1 and '(at /
use1 is one or more ,a6ers o2 3o22ee 2i,ter paper se3ure,6 sea,ed o7er
t(e mout( o2 t(e 3ontainer (o,din- t(e desi33ant. /+7e a,so made
.3artrid-es. o2 2i,ter paper 2or use in narro' ne30ed 3ontainers su3( as
t'oB,iter bott,es. or t(is / used ordinar6 '(ite -,ue1 but -ettin- a
-ood sea, a,, t(e 'a6 around 'it(out sea,in- too mu3( sur2a3e area
re>uires some 3are in eCe3ution.
or 3oarse -ranu,ar materia,s ti-(t,6 'o7en 2abri3s mi-(t ser7e t(e
purpose pro7idin- t(e seams 'ere ade>uate.
D.2 T:PES ! DES/**"NTS
D.2.1 S/9/*" #E9
T(e most 3ommon,6 0no'n and used desi33ant is si,i3a -e, '(i3( is a
2orm o2 si,i3a dioCide @Si!2A1 a natura,,6 o33urrin- minera,. /t 'i,,
'or0 2rom be,o' 2reeDin- to past t(e boi,in- point o2 'ater1 but
per2orms best at room temperatures @50B90 de-. A and (i-( (umidit6
@I0B90PA. /ts per2orman3e be-ins to drop o22 o7er 100 de-. 1 but 'i,,
3ontinue to 'or0 unti, approCimate,6 220 de-. . /t 'i,, drop t(e
re,ati7e (umidit6 in a 3ontainer do'n to around J0P at an6 temperature
in its ran-e unti, it is saturated. Si,i3a -e, 'i,, absorb up to J0P o2
its 'ei-(t in moisture. /t is t(e on,6 desi33ant t(at is appro7ed b6
t(e D" 2or dire3t 2ood use. /t re3(ar-es easi,6 and does not s'e,, in
siDe as it adsorbs moisture.
/n t(e retai, trade1 t(e most 3ommon,6 2ound 2orm o2 si,i3a -e, is
8indi3atin- si,i3a -e,8 '(i3( are sma,, '(ite 3r6sta,s ,oo0in- mu3( ,i0e
-ranu,ated su-ar 'it( sma,, pin0 or b,ue 3o,ored 3r6sta,s s3attered
t(rou-(out. T(is is ordinar6 si,i3a -e, 'it( t(e 3o,ored spe30s bein-
3oated 'it( 3oba,t 3(,oride1 a (ea76 meta, sa,t. <(en t(e -e, (as
absorbed approCimate,6 ei-(t per3ent o2 its 'ei-(t in 'ater t(e 3o,ored
3r6sta,s 'i,, turn 2rom b,ue to pin0 ma0in- an eas6 7isua, indi3ator o2
'(et(er t(e -e, (as be3ome saturated 'it( moisture. =e3ause 3oba,t is a
(ea76 meta,1 indi3atin- si,i3a -e, is not 2ood sa2e and s(ou,d be 0ept
2rom spi,,in- into an6t(in- edib,e.
<(en saturated1 si,i3a -e, 3an be dried out and used a-ain. T(is is
a33omp,is(ed b6 (eatin- t(e 3r6sta,s in an o7en at a temperature o2 no
more t(an 300 de-. 2or approCimate,6 t(ree (ours or unti, t(e 3r6sta,s
turn b,ue. De(6dratin- t(e desi33ant ma6 a,so be a33omp,is(ed b6
(eatin- in a mi3ro'a7e o7en. Usin- a 900 'att o7en (eat t(e 3r6sta,s
2or t(ree minute inter7a,s unti, t(e 3o,or 3(an-e o33urs. T(e eCa3t
amount o2 time ne3essar6 'i,, depend upon t(e o7en 'atta-e. Spreadin-
t(e desi33ant in a broad pan in a s(a,,o' ,a6er 'i,, speed t(e pro3ess
)eatin- to 325 de-. or more1 or b6 usin- a mi3ro'a7e o7en o7er 900
'atts 3an dama-e t(e -e,.
",t(ou-( /+7e ne7er 2ound an6t(in- t(at mentions t(is1 apparent,6
it is possib,e 2or si,i3a -e, to brea0 do'n o7er time1 or at ,east t(e
3o,ored 3r6sta,s 3an. / (ad a 2i7e pound 3an stored in an outside s(ed
(ere in ,orida 2or se7era, 6ears be2ore / opened it a-ain to use some
o2 it. Near,6 a,, o2 t(e 3o,ored indi3ator spe30s (ad bro0en do'n and
disappeared. / don+t 0no' i2 t(e -e, itse,2 'as sti,, -ood and 'it( no
'a6 to re,iab,6 determine '(et(er it 'as saturated or not1 / dis3arded
it. T(e 3an t(e -e, 'as in 'as Must 3ardboard and it -ets 7er6 (umid
(ere in ,orida so it rea,,6 'as 7er6 poor,6 stored. Under de3ent
3onditions it ma6 not brea0 do'n at a,,. @/+7e ne7er (eard o2 t(is
o33urrin-1 an6'a6.A
D.2.2 *9": DES/**"NT
",t(ou-( not t6pi3a,,6 2ound 2or sa,e on t(e retai, mar0et1 3,a6
desi33ant is 2air,6 3ommon in 3ommer3ia, and industria, use. T(e primar6
reason 2or t(is seems to be t(at it is ineCpensi7e 3ompared to an6 ot(er
2orm o2 desi33ant.
T(e materia, is 8;ontmori,,onite 3,a681 3omposed primari,6 o2
ma-nesium a,uminum si,i3ate1 a natura,,6 o33urrin- minera,. "2ter
minin- it is puri2ied1 redu3ed to -ranu,es and subMe3ted to a 3ontro,,ed
de(6dration pro3ess to in3rease its sorbent porosit6. /t re3(ar-es
easi,6 and does not s'e,, as it adsorbs 'ater 7apor. /t 'or0s 'e,, at
,o' and room temperatures1 but (as a rat(er ,o' 3ei,in- temperature. "t
120 de-. it 'i,, be-in to desorb or s(ed t(e moisture it (as adsorbed.
T(is is an important 3onsideration 2or stora-e in (ot areas.
SubMe3t to a de-ree o2 7ariabi,it6 2or bein- a natura, materia,1
3,a6 desi33ant 'i,, adsorb approCimate,6 25P o2 its 'ei-(t in 'ater
7apor at 55 de-. and J0P re,ati7e (umidit6.
D.2.3 *"9*/U; !O/DE
",so 0no'n as .>ui30,ime. or .uns,a0ed ,ime.1 3a,3ium oCide is a
s,o'1 but stron- adsorbent. /t is e22i3ient at ,o' (umidities and 3an
drop moisture 7apor to be,o' 10P re,ati7e (umidit6. %u30,ime is
83austi38 and must be 3are2u,,6 (and,ed1 parti3u,ar,6 'it( re-ards to
dust in(a,ation and eCposure to s0in and e6es. /t eCpands as it soa0s
up 'ater 7apor and t(is must be ta0en into a33ount '(en pa30a-in- it.
/t 'i,, adsorb up to about 28P o2 its 'ei-(t in moisture1 but does it
s,o',6 o7er a period o2 se7era, da6s rat(er t(an a matter o2 (ours ,i0e
ot(er desi33ants. /t is most e22e3ti7e '(en used in (i-( (umidit6
en7ironment '(ere a 7er6 ,o' ,e7e, is desired. /t 'i,, re,ease a -reat
dea, o2 (eat i2 eCposed to dire3t @,i>uidA moisture or eCtreme
(umidities.
/t 3an be re3(ar-ed1 but / do not (a7e an6 detai,s on (o' to -o
about t(is ot(er t(an roastin- at 2ire temperatures.
or eCpedient use1 >ui30,ime 3an be manu2a3tured 2rom 3,ean1 pure
,ime stone or pi30,in- ,ime a7ai,ab,e in t(e 3annin- se3tions o2 man6
-ro3er6 and (ard'are stores.
D.2.J *"9*/U; SU9"TE
",so 0no'n as t(e minera, -6psum and 3ommer3ia,,6 as Drierite1
3a,3ium su,2ate is anot(er natura,,6 o33urrin- minera,. /t is produ3ed
b6 t(e 3ontro,,ed de(6dration o2 -6psum @*aS!JA. /t is 3(emi3a,,6 stab,e
and does not readi,6 re,ease its adsorbed moisture. /t (as a ,o'
adsorben36 3apa3it61 on,6 approCimate,6 10P o2 it 'ei-(t. /t 3an be
re-enerated1 but apparent,6 not easi,6 so.
or eCpedient use1 -6psum is 3ommon,6 used in (ouse(o,d dr6'a,, and
Fearn6 mentions usin- t(is sour3e in (is Nu3,ear <ar Sur7i7a, S0i,,s.
D.2.5 !T)ER DES/**"NTS
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
rom$ P6otr i,ipi7i3( p6otrL3o(o.(a,36on.3om
Simp,e tri30 is to dr6 a pie3e o2 'ood in t(e o7en and on3e it is
bone dr6 @more t(an usua,A t(en put it in 6our 3ontainer and sea, it.
T(e 'ood 'i,, su30 up an6 a7ai,ab,e moisture.
Editors note$ <ood 3an soa0 up to 1JP o2 its 'ei-(t in moisture1
dependin- on spe3ies. <oods 'it( 3oarse1 open -rains 'or0 t(e best.
/+m not a'are at '(at temperature it 'i,, be-in to .desorb. or s(ed its
stored 'ater and it mi-(t be 2air,6 ,o'. Some empiri3a, eCperimentation
'ou,d be in order be2ore re,6in- (ea7i,6 on it.
D.3 <)ERE D! / /ND DES/**"NTSN
/ bu6 indi3atin- si,i3a -e, at <a,B;art in t(eir dr6 2,o'er se3tion
'(ere it is so,d in one and 2i7e pound 3ans 2or 2,o'er dr6in-. /+7e
seen it so,d t(e same 'a6 in 3ra2ts stores and ot(er department t6pe
stores t(at 3arr6 2,o'erBarran-in- supp,ies. :ou 3an a,so bu6 it 2rom
man6 ot(er businesses a,read6 prepa30a-ed in one 2orm or anot(er to be
used as an adsorbent. ",, o2 t(e desi33ant t(at /+7e 2ound pa30a-ed
t(is 'a6 (as been rat(er eCpensi7e @to meA so s(op 3are2u,,6.
=usinesses 3arr6in- pa30a-in- supp,ies sometimes a,so se,,
desi33ants. Some businesses 3ommon,6 re3ei7e pa30ets or ba-s o2
desi33ants pa30a-ed a,on- 'it( t(e produ3ts t(e6 re3ei7e. /+7e seen
;ontmori,,onite 3,a6 in ba-s as ,ar-e as a pound s(ipped 'it( pianos
3omin- in 2rom 4apan. Sma,, pa30ets o2 si,i3a -e, seem to be pa30ed in
near,6 e7er6t(in-. Natura,,61 an6 sa,7a-ed or re363,ed desi33ant s(ou,d
be o2 a t6pe appropriate 2or use 'it( t(e produ3t 6ou 'ant to pa30a-e.
/t is possib,e to ma0e 6our o'n desi33ants usin- -6psum 2rom
dr6'a,, and ma6be P,aster o2 Paris. *a,3ium oCide 3an a,so be produ3ed
2rom ,imestone @3a,3ium 3arbonateA or s,a0ed or pi30,in- ,ime @3a,3ium
(6droCideA b6 roastin- to dri7e o22 t(e adsorbed 'ater and 3arbon
dioCide. / don+t (a7e an6 3,ear instru3tions1 as o2 6et1 on (o' to -o
about t(is. P,ease do 0eep in mind t(at 3a,3ium oCide @>ui30,imeA is
3austi3 in nature and is (aDardous i2 (and,ed in3orre3t,6.
D.J )!< D! / USE DES/**"NTSN
/dea,,61 t(e dr6 2oodstu22s 6ou (a7e on (and 'i,, (a7e no more t(an
a 10P moisture 3ontent. /2 t(e6 do not t(en 6ou 'i,, need to redu3e
moisture to a ,e7e, appropriate 2or t(e 0ind o2 2ood 6ou are storin-.
!ne o2 t(e 2o,,o'in- met(ods mi-(t be o2 use in ,o'erin- moisture
3ontent. T(e ,east in7o,7ed is to 'ait unti, t(e driest time o2 6ear
2or 6our ,o3ation ma0in- sure t(ere is p,ent6 o2 2ree air 3ir3u,ation
around t(e 2ood produ3t. /2 t(is doesn+t suit1 t(en turn 6our air
3onditionin- on a ,itt,e (i-(. =rin- in 6our bu30ets1 ,ids1 and t(e
stora-e 2ood. 9et e7er6t(in- sit in a 'e,,B7enti,ated p,a3e '(ere it+s
-oin- to -et p,ent6 o2 3oo,1 dr6 air 2rom t(e "H* @a7oid an6'(ere near
t(e 0it3(en or bat(room areas1 as t(e6 put out a ,ot o2 moistureA. Stir
t(e 2ood 2re>uent,6 to maCimiDe moisture ,oss. "bout t(ree da6s o2
3oo,1 3onstant air 2,o' and ,o' (umidit6 ou-(t to dr6 t(in-s out a bit.
Due to its (i-(,6 odor absorpti7e nature1 / 'ou,d not do t(is 'it( an6
dried mi,0 produ3ts or ot(er po'dered 2oods1 2,ours or mea,s . T(is
met(od 'or0s best 'it( 3oarse parti3,es su3( as -rain1 ,e-umes and dried
2oods.
<arm1 dr6 air 3an a,so be used to a33omp,is( t(is and 'or0s 'e,, i2
6ou (a7e ,ar-e >uantities o2 -rains and ,e-umes. /t is 7er6 simi,ar to
'(at is used on 2arms 2or dr6in- (ar7ested -rain. :ou+,, need a sour3e
o2 2or3ed1 'arm1 8not (ot81 air. P,a3e t(e -rain in a drum or barre,
and b,o' t(e (eat 2rom t(e bottom so t(at t(e 'arm and t(e moisture it
'i,, 3arr6 3an eCit 2rom t(e top. /t+s important to not ,et t(e bottom
produ3t -et too (ot. :ou s(ou,d a,so monitor t(e top1 3enter o2 t(e
drum to be 3ertain t(at t(e produ3t t(ere is not -ettin- too damp 2rom
t(e moisture es3apin- 2rom ot(er areas. Stirrin- o33asiona,,6 ma6 be
ne3essar6. /+7e seen t(is done 'it( an o,d1 drum st6,e 7a3uum 3,eaner
t(at put o22 2air,6 'arm eC(aust air and it 'or0ed prett6 'e,,. Do be
sure to 3,ean t(e 7a3uum so 6ou don+t b,o' t(e -rain 2u,, o2 dust.
/2 t(e abo7e met(ods 'on+t do or 6ou (a7e po'der6 2oods to dr61 6ou
3an p,a3e a ,ar-e >uantit6 o2 desi33ant in a stora-e 3ontainer. i,,
t(e remainin- spa3e 'it( 6our 2ood produ3t and sea, on t(e ,id. "2ter
about a 'ee01 unsea, and 3(e30 t(e desi33ant. /2 it+s saturated1 3(an-e
it out 'it( dr6 desi33ant and resea,. *ontinue to do t(is unti, t(e
3ontents are su22i3ient,6 dr6. *a,3ium oCide 'i,, 'or0 parti3u,ar,6
'e,, 2or t(is. /2 it doesn+t be3ome saturated t(e 2irst time1 3(an-e it
an6'a6 be2ore sea,in- t(e bu30et permanent,6. :ou+d (ate to 2ind ,ater
it saturated in stora-e.
/2 6our 2ood produ3ts are su22i3ient,6 dr6 6ou 3an pa30 t(em in
stora-e 3ontainers usin- t(e pa30a-in- met(od o2 6our 3(oi3e and (a7e a
reasonab,e eCpe3tation o2 6our 2ood sta6in- in -ood 3ondition. <(et(er
6ou 'i,, need to use a desi33ant 'i,, be dependent upon t(e 3onditions
dis3ussed abo7e.
/ use indi3atin- si,i3a -e, 2or pra3ti3a,,6 e7er6t(in-. ;6 usua,
pro3edure is to sa7e or s3roun-e 3,ear p,asti3 pi,, bott,es1 su3( as
5003t aspirin bott,es or sma,, p,asti3 Mars1 su3( as t(e sma,,er siDes
o2 peanut butter 3omes in. i,, t(e bott,e 'it( t(e desi33ant @remember
to dr6 t(e -e, 2irstA and t(en use a doub,e t(i30ness o2 3o22ee 2i,ter
paper 3are2u,,6 and se3ure,6 tied around t(e ne30 o2 t(e bott,e to 0eep
an6 o2 it 2rom ,ea0in- out. T(e paper is 7er6 permeab,e to moisture so
t(e -e, 3an do its adsorbin-1 but it+s ti-(t enou-( not to ,et t(e
3r6sta,s out. T(is 'a6 moisture 3an be sa2e,6 adsorbed. /t 'on+t dr6
out a ,ot o2 moisture BB 6ou sti,, need to ta0e steps to -et e7er6t(in-
as dr6 as possib,e be2ore 6ou pa30 it BB but it 'i,, ta0e 3are o2 '(at
,itt,e is ,e2t.
T(e abo7e met(od 'i,, a,so 'or0 2or t(e ot(er desi33ants1 subMe3t
to '(ate7er pre3autions t(e indi7idua, t6pe ma6 (a7e.
/;P!RT"NT N!TE$ T(e indi3atin- 2orm o2 si,i3a -e, @(as sma,, b,ue or
pin0 spe30s in itA is not edib,e so 6ou 'ant to use
3are '(en puttin- to-et(er 6our desi33ant pa30a-e to insure t(at is does
not spi,, into 6our 2ood.

E BB D/"T!;"*E!US E"RT)

E.1 <)"T /S D/"T!;"*E!US E"RT)N
Diatoma3eous eart( is a natura,,6 o33urrin- substan3e 3omprised o2
t(e 2ossi,iDed remains o2 marine diatoms. T(ese diatoms are mi3ros3opi3
in siDe and are 3o7ered in s(arp spines t(at ma0e t(em dan-erous to
eCos0e,eta, inse3ts1 but not to anima,s 'it( interna, s0e,etons. T(e
spines o2 t(e diatom s0e,etons pier3e t(e so2t bod6 tissues o2 inse3ts
bet'een t(eir (ard eCos0e,eta, p,ates and it is t(rou-( t(ese numerous
mi3ros3opi3 'ounds t(at t(e inse3t ,oses bodi,6 moisture to t(e point o2
desi33atin- and d6in-. *reatures 'it( interna, s0e,etons su3( as
(umans1 3att,e and pets (a7e means o2 resistin- su3( dama-e and are not
(armed. T(us1 it is possib,e to miC a sma,, amount o2 DE into 6our
stored -rains and beans to 3ontro, inse3ts 'it(out (a7in- to remo7e t(e
dust a-ain be2ore 6ou 3onsume t(em.

E.2 <)ERE D! / /ND D.E. "ND <)"T T:PE S)!U9D / =U:N
/;P!RT"NT N!TE$ T(ere are a3tua,,6 t'o 0inds o2 diatoma3eous eart( to
be 2ound on t(e mar0et and on,6 one o2 t(em is
suitab,e 2or use as an inse3ti3ide to use in 6our stored -rains. T(e
0ind t(at 6ou D! N!T <"NT !R !!D USE is t(e t6pe so,d b6 s'immin- poo,
supp,iers as a 2i,terin- a-ent. /t (as been subMe3ted to a (eat
treatment t(at dramati3a,,6 in3reases it+s si,i3ate 3ontent and ma0es it
unsuitab,e 2or use 'it( 6our 2oodstu22s. T(e t6pe t(at 6ou 'ant is so,d
b6 a number o2 supp,iers as a -arden inse3ti3ide. ;an6 or-ani3 -arden
supp,iers 'i,, 3arr6 it. Read t(e ,abe, 3are2u,,6 to be 3ertain no
de,eterious substan3es su3( as 3(emi3a, pesti3ides (a7e been added. "n
appendiC 'it( t(e names and addresses o2 some DE supp,iers ma6 be 2ound
in t(e 2ood and e>uipment supp,iers se3tion.

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
rom$ (i--ins10Lao,.3om @)i--ins10A
!ri-ina,,6 posted in$ re3.-ardens
#ood a2ternoon a,,. Diatoma3eous eart( is appro7ed b6 t(e USD" as
an anima, 2eed additi7e1 (o'e7er / (a7e 2ound out t(at t(ere are 7ast
di22eren3es bet'een 7arious 2orms o2 diatoma3eous eart(. Some DE
produ3ts ma6 not be e22e3ti7e in 3ontro,,in- inse3ts1 '(i,e ot(ers ma6
be (arm2u, to (umans and pets. T(e most important di22eren3es bet'een
indi7idua, 2orms o2 DE is t(e s(ape o2 t(e diatom1 3ontent o2
*r6sta,,ine Si,i3a1 and t(e purit6 o2 t(e Si,i3a DioCide. T(e <or,d
)ea,t( !r-aniDation 3autions t(at DE 'it( a 3r6sta,,ine si,i3a 3ontent
o2 t(ree per3ent or (i-(er is dan-erous to (umans1 @and probab,6 pets
and birds as 'e,,A. Diatoma3eous Eart( used in s'immin- poo, 2i,ters
(as 3,ose to a I0P 3r6sta,,ine si,i3a 3ontent. / 0no' o2 a produ3t
3a,,ed !r-ani3 So,utions @inse3ti3ideA '(i3( is appro7ed b6 bot( t(e EP"
and USD" and (as a 3r6sta,,ine si,i3a 3ontent ran-in- bet'een 0.3IP to
1.12P a33ordin- to its ,abe,s et3. /t is 3,assi2ied as "morp(ous res(
<ater Diatoma3eous Eart( @'(ate7er t(at meansA. )o'e7er1 a,, ,iterature
/ (a7e read assures it is sa2e 2or bot( (umans and anima,s and seems to
be 7er6 e22e3ti7e at 0i,,in- inse3ts. / stumb,ed a3ross a,, t(is in2o.
'(i,e s(oppin- in t(e ma,,. /2 6ou+re interested in readin- it too1 -o
to t(e !r-ani3 So,utions 'ebsite at (ttp$HH'''.=u6!r-s.3om. )ope t(is
(e,ps ans'er t(e >uestion and a,'a6s use en7ironmenta,,6 sa2e produ3tsE
)i--ins10

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
rom$ 0a(,essLns.'a6mar0.net
Date$ Sat "u- 2J 1J$08$J8 199I
To$ Dunross @".T. )a-anA Pri7ate eBmai,
Rpre7ious teCt de,etedS
/ (a7e a,'a6s pur3(ased DE at t(e ,o3a, 2eed store. /t+s 3(eaper
t(ere t(an at t(e -arden and (ard'are stores. T(e 2eed store / bu6 at
(as DE a7ai,ab,e in bu,01 but t(e6+,, pa30a-e up a sma,,er amount i2
t(at+s '(at 6ou 'ant. ;6 pa30a-e in t(e -ara-e doesn+t (a7e a brand
name but sa6s .Nitron /ndustries. at t(e bottom. T(e ,abe, re3ommends 5
pounds o2 DE 2or ea3( ton o2 -rain. )aE "s i2 / (ad .tons. o2 -rain in
stora-e 8BD
/+7e been usin- DE 2or -rain stora-e 2or about 15 6ears no' but
2,ea 3ontro, on,6 2or t(e past I 6ears. T(e on,6 2,eas 'e+7e seen in
t(at period o2 time is t(e ones t(at (it3( a ride in 'it( 2riends pets.
" 7er6 ,i-(t dustin- a2ter'ard ta0es 3are o2 t(at prob,em. ;ira3,e
stu22 as 2ar as /+m 3on3erned sin3e 'e+d (ad an a'2u, time 'it( 2,eas
be2ore 'e started usin- DE. ;u3( mu3( mu3( 3(eaper and as 2ar as /+m
3on3erned t(e ad7anta-es "R out'ei-( t(e ris0s.
Sam
@(ope t(at 'as (e,p2u,A
E.3 )!< D! / USE D.E. /N !!D ST!R"#EN
To use1 6ou s(ou,d miC t(orou-(,6 one 3up o2 DE to e7er6 2ort6
pounds o2 -rain1 -rain produ3ts or ,e-umes. :ou need to ma0e 3ertain
t(at e7er6 0erne, is 3oated so it is better to do t(e miCin- in sma,,
bat3(es '(ere 6ou 3an insure more e7en 3oatin-.
<"RN/N#$ DE is a 7er6 po'der6 0ind o2 dust1 so 6ou need to ta0e steps to
0eep it out o2 6our ,un-s and e6es. E7en '(o,e '(eat 2,our dust
3an 3ause ,un- irritation i2 6ou breat( enou-( o2 it.
DE does not 0i,, t(e inse3t e--s or pupae1 but it 'i,, 0i,, adu,ts
and ,ar7ae and an6 e--s or pupae t(at (at3( into adu,ts 'i,, die a2ter
3omin- into 3onta3t 'it( it.

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BB V BB
S)E9 9/VES
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

.)o' ,on- 'i,, t(is 0eepN. T(is is t(e de2inin- >uestion o2 2ood
stora-e. E7er6t(in- 6ou 'i,, read in t(is 'or0 e7o,7es 2rom t(is
3entra, >uestion. T(e ,en-t( o2 time a parti3u,ar 2ood 'i,, remain
pa,atab,e and nutritious in stora-e determines its use2u,ness 2or our
purposes. T(e 2a3t o2 t(e matter is t(at t(ere are 2e' (ard and 3,ear
ans'ers. "s a resu,t it is not un3ommon to 2ind t'o or more sour3es '(o
purport to 0no'1 but t(at -i7e 3on2,i3tin- data. T(e 2o,,o'in- 'i,,
(ope2u,,6 3ut t(rou-( some o2 t(e 2o-.
". .=EST USED.1 .USE =:. "ND !T)ER !!D PR!DU*T D"TES
",t(ou-( t(ere are some t'ent6 States in t(e U.S. t(at (a7e 2ood
produ3t datin- ,a's t(e edera, -o7ernment (as ,itt,e re-u,ation
3on3ernin- 2ood produ3t datin- eC3ept 2or in2ant 2ormu,as and some bab6
2oods. /t does1 (o'e7er1 re>uire t(at i2 a manu2a3turer puts a 3a,endar
date on a 2ood produ3t it must a,so put 'ordin- to t(e e22e3t o2 .use
b6. or .best be2ore. neCt to it to eCp,ain '(at t(e date means. T(is is
3a,,ed .open datin-. '(i3( is to sa6 t(at it is a p,ain1 eas6 to read
3a,endar date rat(er t(an .3,osed or 3oded datin-. t(at must be
de3ip(ered. "not(er date a,so 3ommon,6 seen is t(e .se,, b6. date.
<(i,e not as use2u, 2or 2ood stora-e1 it does (a7e importan3e 2or
da6BtoBda6 2res( 2ood pur3(ases.
=e3ause t(e edera, -o7ernment (as so 2e' 2ood produ3t datin-
standards manu2a3turers use t(eir o'n to determine a33eptab,e s(e,2
,i7es. or t(e most part1 t(e6 are based upon 3(an-es in teCture1
appearan3e1 taste and 3oo0in- >ua,ities. <(en a 2ood item be-ins to
eC(ibit si-ns o2 a-in- t(at 'ou,d ma0e it unappea,in- to 3ustomers t(en
it is 3onsidered to be at t(e end o2 its mar0etab,e s(e,2 ,i2e. 9oo0
2or statements su3( as .use b6.1 .best i2 used b6.1 .best i2 used
be2ore. or simi,ar 'ordin- to 2ind t(is date. or s(e,2 stab,e and
2roDen produ3ts it must in3,ude bot( t(e mont(1 da6 and 6ear. T(ese
dates are use2u, 2or determinin- (o' ,on- a produ3t 3an be retained in
t(e stora-e pro-ram be2ore it s(ou,d be rotated out. <(en a 2ood be-ins
to under-o taste and appearan3e de-radation t(e nutrient 3ontent 'i,,
(a7e be-un to serious,6 2ade and t(e time 'i,, (a7e 3ome to use it up so
it 3an be rep,a3ed 'it( 2res( sto30. /2 t(e produ3t 'as proper,6
preser7ed and not subMe3ted to eCtreme stora-e 3onditions it is not
unsa2e to use a2ter t(is date. /2 t(ere is not(in- to rep,a3e it 'it(
it ma6 be 0ept1 but its pa,atabi,it6 and nutriti7e 3ontent 'i,, Must
3ontinue to de-rade.
res( 2ood items su3( as meat1 mi,0 and e--s use a .se,, b6. date
'(i3( simp,6 means t(at t(e item s(ou,d not be pur3(ased be6ond t(at
date. Produ3ts usin- t(is date t6pe are on,6 re>uired to use t(e da6
and mont(. Pro7ided t(at it 'as proper,6 transported and stored1 an
item 0ept past t(is date is not unsa2e to use1 but 'i,, be-in to eC(ibit
si-ns o2 a-in- t(at 'i,, ma0e it unappea,in- and s(ou,d be 2roDen or
3onsumed s(ort,6 t(erea2ter.
N!TE$ T(e s(e,2 ,i2e o2 an6 2ood1 '(et(er indi3ated 'it( a .use b6.
or .se,, b6. date or 2ound on some 3(art1 is predi3ated upon
assumed stora-e 3onditions. /2 t(e a3tua, stora-e 3onditions are
di22erent 2rom t(e assumed stora-e 3onditions t(en t(e s(e,2 ,i2e 'i,,
natura,,6 7ar6. "s is eCp,ained in 8Se3tion /$ Time1 Temperature1
;oisture1 !C6-en and 9i-(t81 en7ironmenta, stora-e 3onditions (a7e a
maMor impa3t on t(e ,en-t( o2 time an6 2oodstu22 'i,, remain pa,atab,e1
nutritious and e7en '(et(er it 'i,, remain sa2e.
"s a -enera, ru,e1 '(en a s(e,2 ,i2e is -i7en1 it is 2or 3onditions
o2 50 de-. in a dar01 dr6 ,o3ation un,ess stated ot(er'ise. =e sure
to read t(e 2ine print on an6 s(e,2 ,i2e 3(art 6ou ma6 3ome a3ross to
see '(at its 7a,ues are predi3ated upon. T(ere are some 2,oatin- around
-i7in- s(e,2 ,i7es o2 2oods in stora-e temperatures as ,o' as J0 de-. .
"t t(at temperature 6ou 'ou,d eCpe3t to 0eep 6our 2res( butter1 e--s and
mi,01 but 7er6 2e' (a7e t(e abi,it6 to 0eep an6 si-ni2i3ant amount o2
3anned -oods in so 3oo, a stora-e area.
Re-ard,ess o2 '(at t(e date or 3(art ma6 indi3ate1 i2 stora-e
3onditions (a7e been 7er6 poor t(en a 2ood 'i,, be3ome nonBnutritious1
unpa,atab,e1 per(aps e7en unsa2e to eat e7en i2 its ,isted time is not
6et up. "n eCamp,e o2 t(is 'ou,d be 0eepin- e-- sa,ad at room
temperature 2or se7era, (ours at a pi3ni3. T(e e--s ma6 (a7e been ,aid
6esterda61 but 6ou are ta0in- 6our 3(an3es i2 6ou eat it. Ne7er put
b,ind 2ait( in an6 date. ",'a6s 0eep in mind t(at t(e6 are predi3ated
on unspo0en assumptions. / T)E *!NT"/NER /S =U9#/N#1 ;!9DED1 !U9
S;E99/N# !R SPE<S 9/%U/D <)EN !PENED1 T)R!< /T !UTE =ut t(ro' it out
sa2e,6 so t(at 3(i,dren and anima,s 3annot -et into it.
8P,ease see Se3tion ///$ Spoi,a-e 2or 2urt(er in2ormation8
=. *9!SED D"T/N# *!DES USED =: S!;E !!D ;"NU"*TURERS.
/n spite o2 t(e 2a3t t(at in3reasin- numbers o2 2ood pro3essin-
3ompanies are mo7in- to open datin- it is not 6et uni7ersa,. or t(ose
produ3ts t(at do not 3ome 'it( a p,ain .best used b6. date it is sti,,
possib,e1 a,beit 'it( mu3( more di22i3u,t61 to determine t(e rotation
period 2or t(at spe3i2i3 produ3t.
or a pro3essor to mo7e t(eir produ3t in interstate 3ommer3e it
must eC(ibit a pa30in- 3ode. T(is a,,o's t(em to easi,6 tra30 t(eir
produ3t 2or purposes o2 sto30 rotation and in t(e e7ent o2 a re3a,,.
T(ese pa30in- 3odes are usua,,6 a series o2 ,etters and numbers t(at
indi3ate dates1 times1 and sometimes p,a3es o2 manu2a3ture. T(ese dates
are not .use b6. dates1 but t(e time t(e 3ontainer 'as a3tua,,6 2i,,ed.
"s t(e6 are not rea,,6 intended 2or -enera, pub,i3 0no',ed-e t(ese 3odes
are 2re>uent,6 uni>ue to a parti3u,ar pro3essor and are not 3ommon,6
pub,is(ed b6 t(em.
/t is possib,e to -et t(e 0e6s to t(ese 3odes b6 3onta3tin- t(e
pro3essor and as0in- (o' to de3ip(er t(e datin- 3ode 2or spe3i2i3
produ3t ,ines. !7er time1 readers (a7e been doin- t(is and t(e 3ode
0e6s be,o' are t(e ones t(at (a7e been sent to me. !b7ious,61 t(e6 are
on,6 a 2e' o2 t(e man61 man6 produ3ts t(at use 3,osed datin- and / (ope
t(at 2uture readers 'i,, 3ontinue to send t(ese 3odes in as t(e6 are
-,eaned 2rom t(e pro3essors.
ran0,61 '(en it 3omes to t(e potentia, doDens o2 produ3ts t(at
'ou,d re>uire de3ip(erin- t(eir pa30in- 3odes t(e entire pro3ess is a
maMor nuisan3e. <(i,e it is better to (a7e an en3oded date t(an not to
(a7e one at a,,1 it 'ou,d be 2ar better i2 pro3essors 'ou,d Must use
3,ear open datin- and @best used b6A so 'e 'ou,dn+t (a7e to 3arr6 a boo0
o2 3ode 0e6s ,i0e 3o7ert a-ents e7er6 time 'e -o to t(e -ro3er6.
=e2ore / ,ist spe3i2i3 manu2a3turers t(ere is one 2air,6 'ide,6
used 3ode 0e6 t(at ma6 be use2u,. Some pro3essors use a s6stem '(ere
a,, t(e da6s o2 t(e 6ear are ,isted 1B3I5 @3II 2or ,eap 6earA as t(e
2irst t(ree di-its in t(e 3ode. T(is number is t(en 2o,,o'ed b6 a
sin-,e ,etter su3( as .=. and t(en b6 a sin-,e di-it t(at represents t(e
6ear.
Some eCamp,es o2 t(is mi-(t be$
Pa30in- 3ode Date pa30ed
0J5=95 ebruar6 1J1 1995
101)98 ;a6 11 1998
13JF9I 4u,6 J1 199I
252U98 !3tober 311 1998
T(ere ma6 be ot(er 'ide,6 used 3odin- s6stems 6et to be dis3o7ered
and as t(e6 be3ome a7ai,ab,e / 'i,, in3,ude t(em in t(is 'or0.

SPE*//* PR!DU*T 9/NES$
/;P!RT"NT N!TE$ / (a7e not persona,,6 7eri2ied a,, o2 t(ese 3ode
0e6s. ",so1 3,osed date 3odin- s3(emes ma6 3(an-e
o7er time. or t(is reason1 t(e 3ode 0e6s -i7en be,o' ma6 not be
3orre3t. =e sure to 3(e30 a number o2 3ontainers in a produ3t ,ine to
7eri26 t(at a parti3u,ar 3ode 0e6 'i,, 'or0 'it( t(e produ3t ,ine 6ou
are interested in.

"R;!UR ST"R *"NNED ;E"T PR!DU*TS
Vienna Sausa-e1 Ste'1 *(i,i1 De7i,ed )am1 Potted ;eat1 S,i3e Dried
=ee21 Soups1 et3. but does N!T in3,ude "rmour Star Roast =ee2 or *orned
=ee2.
T(e 3ode is on t(e bottom o2 t(e 3ontainer. T(e 2irst ,etter is
t(e mont( o2 produ3tionG "K4anuar61 =Kebruar61 *K;ar3( and so on. T(e
2o,,o'in- t'o numbers represent t(e da6 o2 t(e mont( it 'as pro3essed
and t(e t(ird number indi3ates t(e 6ear.
ECamp,e$ " 3ode o2 =1J8*23 'ou,d be =Keb1 1J K t(e 2ourteent(
da61 8K1998. =1J8*23Kebruar6 1J1 1998 and t(e ,ast t(ree 3(ara3ters
'ou,d be p,ant or pro3essin- ,ine ,o3ations.
"rmour Star ;i3ro'a7eab,e ;ea,s (a7e a t'o ,ine produ3tion 3ode on
t(e 3ontainer ,id. T(e se3ond ,ine is t(e is date and uses t(e same
3ode as abo7e.
=ERT!99/ !9/VE !/9
Pa30ed t'o 6ears prior to t(e use b6 date on t(e bott,e or 3an.
=US) =R!T)ERS & *!.
=a0ed beans1 3(i,i1 et3.
" 2i7e di-it 3ode on t(e bottom o2 t(e 3an. T(e 2irst di-it is t(e
mont(1 t(e neCt t'o di-its is t(e da6 o2 t(e mont(1 t(e neCt number is
t(e 6ear and t(e ,ast di-it is i-nored.
ECamp,e$ " 3ode o2 50153 de3ip(ers to be$
5 K t(e 2i2t( mont( or ;a6
01 K t(e 2irst da6 o2 ;a6
5 K 1995
3 K ,ast number is dis3arded.
T(us 50153 is ;a6 1st1 1995.
*";P=E99 S!UPS$
=est b6 date on 3ans. i,,ed eCa3t,6 t'o 6ears prior to t(at date.
DE9 ;!NTE
*anned 2ruits1 7e-etab,es1 et3. /+m not sure i2 it app,ies to
8a,,8 produ3t ,ines.
" 2i7e 3(ara3ter pa30in- 3ode1 usua,,6 on t(e bottom. T(e 2irst
3(ara3ter is a di-it representin- t(e 6ear. T(e neCt t(ree 3(ara3ters
are di-its representin- t(e da6 o2 t(e 6ear t(e produ3t 'as pa30ed. T(e
,ast 3(ara3ter is a ,etter and ma6 be i-nored.
ECamp,e$ " pa30in- 3ode o2 80J5= de3ip(ers to be$
8 K 1998
0J5 K T(e J5t( da6 o2 t(e 6ear or ebruar6 1Jt(.
= K " p,ant 3ode.
T(us 80J5= is ebruar6 1Jt(1 1998.
#ENER"9 ;/99S$
T(e manu2a3turin- date is 3oded to t(eir 2is3a, 6ear t(at be-ins on
4une 1st and ends on ;a6 31st.
/nterpret t(e 3ode as 2o,,o's$
T(e 2irst 3(ara3ter o2 t(e 3ode is a ,etter and represents t(e
mont( t(e produ3t 'as made.
T(e se3ond 3(ara3ter in t(e 3ode is a number '(i3( represents t(e
6ear t(e produ3t 'as made.
T(e 2o,,o'in- t'o 3(ara3ters are numbers t(at represent t(e da6 o2
t(e mont( t(e produ3t 'as made.
T(e remainin- 3(ara3ters 2o,,o'in- identi26 p,ant ,o3ation and
s(i2t in2ormation.
ECamp,e$ " pa30in- 3ode o2 E531= 'ou,d trans,ate as 2o,,o's$
E K !3tober
5 K 1995
31 K 31st da6 o2 t(e mont(
= K " p,ant ,o3ation
T(e 2o,,o'in- is t(eir 12 mont( 363,e. T(e ,etter ./. is not used
be3ause it 3an be 3on2used 'it( t(e number .1..
" K 4une E K !3tober 4 K ebruar6
= K 4u,6 K No7ember F K ;ar3(
* K "u-ust # K De3ember 9 K "pri,
D K September ) K 4anuar6 ; K ;a6
)"N!VER !!DS *!RP.
Sma,, '(o,e potatoes1 -reen beans1 3orn1 et3.
" 2i7e di-it 3ode on t(e bottom o2 t(e 3an. !mit t(e 2irst di-it.
T(e neCt di-it is t(e 6ear. T(e remainin- t(ree di-its are t(e da6 o2
t(e 6ear t(e produ3t 'as pa30ed.
ECamp,e$ " 3ode o2 2830J de3ip(ers to be$
2 B dis3ard t(is number
8 K 1998
30J K t(e 30Jt( da6 o2 t(e 6ear or !3tober 31st
T(us 2830J is !3tober 31st1 1998
)E"9T): *)!/*E$
irst 3(ara3ter is a number1 se3ond is a ,etter 'it( t(e remainin-
3(ara3ters bein- a ,ot /D. T(e number is t(e 6ear it 'as pa30ed 'it(
t(e ,etter bein- t(e mont(1 !3tober K "1 No7ember K =1 De3ember K *1
4anuar6 K D1 and so on t(rou-( t(e 6ear. T(e re3ommended s(e,2 ,i2e is
2 6ears.
)!R;E9 PR!DU*TS
T(eir pa30in- 3ode is a ,etter 2o,,o'ed b6 2i7e numbers. T(e
,etter is t(eir p,ant ,o3ation and t(e numbers are t(e datin- 3ode in a
;;BDDB: 2ormat.
ECamp,e$ " 3ode o2 #050J8 de3odes to mean$
# K p,ant ,o3ation
05 K 4u,6
0J K T(e 2ourt( da6 o2 t(e mont(
8 K 1998
T(e 3an 'as pa30ed 4u,6 J1 1998 at p,ant ,o3ation #.
4E99B! =R"ND PUDD/N#S & #E9"T/NS
T(e 2irst 2our di-its are t(e date 3odin-. T(e 2irst di-it is t(e
6ear and t(e 2o,,o'in- t(ree di-its is t(e da6 o2 t(e 6ear.
ECamp,e$ " pa30in- 3ode o2 80J522 10$38 de3ip(ers as$
8 K 1998
0J5 K t(e J5t( da6 o2 t(e 6ear or ebruar6 1Jt(
22 K dis3ard t(e ,ast t'o di-its.
10$38 K t(e time it 'as pa30ed.
T(us 80J522 10$38 means t(at boC o2 puddin- miC 'as pa30ed on
ebruar6 1Jt(1 1998 at 10$38 a.m.
;3*!R;/*F )ER=S & SP/*ES$
@See a,so (ttp$HH'''.m33ormi30.3omHin2oHo2tenas0ed.(tm, A
T(ere s(ou,d be a 2our di-it number o2 t(e bottom o2 t(e spi3e
pa30a-e or eCtra3t bott,e. !n 2oi, pa30a-es1 it 'i,, be around t(e
outside ed-e. T(is 3ode is more 3omp,i3ated t(an ot(er manu2a3turers so
read 3,ose,6.
ECamp,e$ Usin- a number 3I0J as t(e pa30in- 3ode$
To deri7e t(e 6ear1 ta0e t(e 2irst number and add 5 @3 W 5 K 8A so
1998 is t(e 6ear o2 manu2a3ture.
To deri7e t(e mont( and da61 di7ide t(e ,ast t(ree di-its b6 50
@I0J 50 K I 'it( J remainin-A. T(e siC indi3ates t(e ,ast '(o,e or
3omp,ete mont( be2ore t(e mont( o2 produ3tion1 4anuar61 ebruar61 ;ar3(1
"pri,1 ;a61 and t(en 4une. T(e neCt mont(1 4u,61 is t(e produ3tion
mont(. T(e J remainin- is t(e da6 it 'as produ3ed.
T(ere2ore a pa30in- 3ode o2 3I0J means t(at produ3t 'as pa30ed 4u,6
J1 1998.
<(i,e not as pre3ise1 6ou 3an sa7e 3onsiderab,e time b6 Must
2indin- t(e 6ear. T(e ,ast t(ree di-its representin- t(e da6 and mont(
'i,, in3rease as t(e 6ear -ro's.
PR!#RESS! !!DS
*anned soups1 beans1 et3.
T'o ,ines o2 3ode on top o2 t(e 3an. T(e top ,ine1 t(e 2irst t'o
3(ara3ters are t(e date portion. T(e 2irst 3(ara3ter is a ,etter
indi3atin- t(e mont( and t(e se3ond 3(ara3ter is a di-it indi3atin- t(e
6ear.
ECamp,e$ " pa30in- 3ode o2 95N18 1211 @t(is is t(e 2irst ,ineA
'ou,d be$
9 K 12t( mont( or De3ember
5 K 1995
N18 K i-nored
1211K i-nored.
T(us a pa30in- 3ode o2 95N18 1211 indi3ates t(e 3an 'as pa30ed in
De3ember o2 1995.
*. S)E9 9/VES ! S!;E *!;;!N ST!R"#E !!DS.
T(e 3(art -i7en be,o' (as been adapted 2rom a number o2 di22erent
s(e,2B,i2e 3(arts pub,is(ed b6 t(e 3ooperati7e eCtension ser7i3es o2
se7era, states. /t presupposes no spe3ia, pa30a-in-s ot(er t(an t(e 'a6
t(e 2ood 3omes 2rom t(e store. T(e -enera, assumption is t(at '(en a
-i7en 2oods+ taste1 appearan3e or teCture be-in to ta0e on noti3eab,e
3(an-es it (as rea3(ed t(e end o2 its best mar0etab,e s(e,2 ,i2e and
s(ou,d be rotated out. T(is is not to sa6 t(e 2ood is no ,on-er edib,e1
but it is ,osin- nutritiona, 3ontent at t(e same time so no purpose is
ser7ed b6 0eepin- it 2or ,on-er t(an is ne3essar6 to rep,a3e it 'it(
2res(er sto30. or '(at it+s 'ort(1 /+m not 2u,,6 in a-reement 'it( it
m6se,21 but it+s a -ood 'or0in- (6pot(esis and / modi26 it b6 m6
persona, eCperien3e '(i3( ma6 7ar6 2rom 6ours. /2 it is a dr6 2ood t(en
on,6 dr6 utensi,s s(ou,d be used to remo7e it 2rom its 3ontainer. T(e
,ess ,i-(t1 moisture1 (eat and oC6-en it 3omes into 3onta3t 'it(1 t(e
,on-er t(e 2ood 'i,, 0eep.
",, o2 t(e be,o' are 2or ne'1 unopened 3ontainers.
RE*!;;ENDED
ST!R"#E T/;E
!!D "T 50 de-. . ST!R"#E
T/PS Feep t(e produ3t$
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
=a0in- po'der.................Ti,, 3an date......Sea,ed & bone dr6
=a0in- soda.....................2 6ears..........Sea,ed & bone dr6
=is3uit1 bro'nie1 mu22in miC....9 mont(s.........Sea,ed1 3oo, and dr6
=oui,,on1 3ubes or -ranu,es.....2 6ears..........Sea,ed1 3oo, and dr6
*a0e miCes1 re-u,ar.............9 mont(s.........Sea,ed1 3oo, and dr6
an-e, 2ood..........1 6ear...........Sea,ed1 3oo, and dr6
*anned meta, 3an1 nonBa3idi3...2 6ears..........*oo,
2ood1 meta, 3an1 a3idi3.....12B18 mont(s.......*oo,
-,ass Mars.............2B3 6ears.........Dar0 and 3oo,
*(o3o,ate1 semiBs'eet
or uns'eetened.............18 mont(s.........*oo, and dar0
*(o3o,ate s6rup.................2 6ears..........*oo, & ti-(t,6 sea,ed
*o3oa1 po'der or miCes..........8 mont(s.........Sea,ed and 3oo,
*o22ee1 re-u,ar.................2 6ears..........*oo,1 dr6 and sea,ed
instant................1B2 6ears.........Sea,ed
*o22ee 3reamers1 po'dered.......9 mont(s.........Sea,ed and 3oo,
*ornmea,........................1 6ear...........#uard a-ainst 'ee7i,s
*ornstar3(.....................18 mont(s.........Dr6
*ra30ers........................3 mont(s.........Dr6
,our1 '(ite...................8B12 mont(s.......#uard a-ainst 'ee7i,s
'(o,e '(eat.............IB8 mont(s........*oo, and 'ee7i, proo2
rostin-s1 3anned...............3 mont(s.........*oo,
miC..................8 mont(s.........Dr6 and 3oo,
ruits1 dried..................IB12 mont(s.......*oo, & sea,ed
#e,atin1 a,, t6pes.............18 mont(s.........Prote3t 2rom moisture
#rains1 '(o,e...................2 6ears..........Dr6 and 'ee7i, proo2
)omin6 & (omin6 -rits...........1 6ear...........#uard a-ainst 'ee7i,s
)one6...........................1 6ear...........Sea,ed
4e,,ies1 Mams1 preser7es........1 6ear...........Re2ri-erate a2ter use
;o,asses & s6rups...............1 6ear...........Sea,ed
;a6onnaise......................I mont(s.........Re2ri-erate a2ter use
;i,01 3ondensed or
e7aporated................1 6ear...........Turn o7er e7er6 2 mos
NonB2at dr6...............I mont(s.........=one dr6 and 3oo,
Nuts1 7a3uum 3anned.............1 6ear...........*oo, and dar0
ot(er pa30a-in-...........3 mont(s.........*oo, and dar0
in s(e,,..................J mont(s.........*oo,1 dr6 and dar0
Pan3a0e miC....................IB9 mont(s........Dr6 and 'ee7i, proo2
Pastas
@ma3aroni1 nood,es1 et3A.......2 6ears..........#uard a-ainst 'ee7i,s
Peanut butter..................IB9 mont(s........Sea,ed1 3oo,1 dar0
Peas and beans1 dr6
@not so6beansA.................2 6ears..........Dr6 and 'ee7i, proo2
Potatoes1 instant..............IB12 mont(s.......Dr6 and 'ee7i, proo2
Puddin- miCes...................1 6ear...........*oo, and 7er6 dr6
Ri3e1 '(ite.....................2W 6ears.........#uard a-ainst 'ee7i,s
bro'n.....................3BI mont(s........*oo, and 'ee7i, proo2
2,a7ored or (erb...........I mont(s.........Sea,ed & 'ee7i, proo2
Sa,ad dressin-s...............10B12 mont(s.......Re2ri-erate a2ter use
Sa,ad oi,s......................I mont(s.........Sea,ed1 dar0 and 3oo,
Sau3e and -ra76 miCes..........IB12 mont(s.......*oo, and dr6
S(ortenin-1 so,id...............1 6ear...........Dar0
Soup miCes......................1 6ear...........*oo, and dr6
Su-ar1 bro'n....................I mont(s........."irti-(t 3ontainer
3on2e3tioners...........18 mont(s.........Dr6 and sea,ed
-ranu,ated...............2W6ears..........Dr6
S6rups @3orn s6rup basedA......8B12 mont(s.......Sea,ed and 3oo,
Tea1 ba-s......................18 mont(s.........Sea,ed and dr6
instant....................3 6ears..........Sea,ed
,oose......................2 6ears..........Sea,ed and dr6
Ve-etab,es1 dried...............1 6ear...........*oo, and sea,ed
Vine-ar.........................2W 6ears.........Sea,ed
:east @dr6A...............P0- eCpiration date....*oo, and dr6

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
BB V/ BB
RES!UR*ES
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

RT(is "% does not te,, me '(at / need to 0no'ES
P,ease put t(e >uestion to t(e 8re3.2ood.preser7in-81
8re3.2ood.3oo0in-818mis3.sur7i7a,ism81 8a,t.sur7i7a,8 or 8mis3.rura,8
Usenet ne's-roups. :ou 3ou,d e7en resort to t(e tried and true met(od1
a boo0.
T(e 2o,,o'in- is a ,ist o2 boo0s t(at / (a7e 2ound to (a7e use2u,
in2ormation. /t is b6 no means an eC(austi7e ,ist on t(e subMe3t. /2
6ou (a7e boo0s 6ou 'ou,d ,i0e to su--est1 p,ease 2ee, 2ree to eBmai, me
'it( t(e parti3u,ars. /2 6ou 3an p,ease in3,ude t(e same 0ind o2
in2ormation about t(e boo0 in >uestion as 6ou see be,o'1 parti3u,ar,6
t(e /S=N Q1 i2 it (as one.
". =!!FS$
" :E"R+S SUPP9:G =arr6 #. & 96nette =. *ro30ettG 1988G /S=NQ
0B915131B88B9G "7ai,ab,e 2orm t(e aut(or at P.!. =oC 1I011 !rem1 Uta(
8J055 and a7ai,ab,e in some stores. Pub,is(er+s Press.
=!!F ! T!U1 T)EG <i,,iam S(urt,e22 & "0i0o "o6a-iG 1955G
/S=NQ0B3J5B35181B9G =a,,antine =oo0s.
=U/9D :!UR "RFE =oo0 1$ ood Se,2BSu22i3ien36G #eri #uidettiG 199IG
/S=NQ 0B938928B01B5G Pub,is(ed b6 t(e aut(orG T(e "r0 /nstitute1 P.!.
=oC 1J21 !C2ord1 !(io J505IG (ttp$HH'''.ar0institute.3omG EBmai, to
ar0instL3on3entri3.net
*!!F/N+ </T) P!<DERED ;/9F and *!!F/N+ </T) P!<DERED E##SG Pe--6
9a6tonG =ot( 199JG No /S=NG "7ai,ab,e 2rom t(e aut(or P.!. =oC JJ1
;anti1 Uta(1 8JI82.
*!!F/N+ </T) )!;E ST!R"#EG Vi30i TateG 1993G /S=NQ noneG Pub,is(ed b6
t(e aut(orG "ddress$ 302 East 200 Nort(1 ;anti1 Uta(1 8JIJ2G Te, Q @801A
835B8283
*!UNTR: =E"NSG Rita =in-(amG 199IG /S=N 1B88231JB10B5G Pub,is(ed b6
Natura, ;ea,s /n ;inutes 30500 SE 4a30son Rd1 #res(am1 !R 95080.
*RE"T/N# T)E *!;P9ETE !!D ST!R"#E PR!#R";G S0ipper *,ar0G 199IG No
/S=NG "7ai,ab,e 2rom t(e aut(or1 Sierra Sun Pub,is(in-1 P.!. =oC I2091
!ro7i,,e1 *" 959II
)!;E !!D S:STE;SG Edited b6 Ro-er =. :epsen1 4r.G 1981G /S=NQ
0B85855B325B9G Roda,e Press.
)!< T! DEVE9!P " 9!<B*!ST ";/9: !!DBST!R"#E S:STE;G "nita
E7an-e,istaG 1995G /S=N 1B55950B130B8G 9oompani3s Un,imited.
)!< T! DR: !!DSG Deanna De9on-G 1992G /S=N 1B55588B050BIG )P =oo0s
FEEP/N# !!D RES)G 4anet =ai,e6G 1985G /S=NQ 0B385B25I55B3G
Doub,eda6 & *o.
FEEP/N# T)E )"RVESTG *(io22i and ;eadG 1991G /S=NQ 0B882IIBI50B9G
Store6 *ommuni3ations.
9/V/N# <E99 !N <)E"TG #eri #uidettiG 1995G /S=N 0B938928B02B3G
Pub,is(ed b6 t(e aut(orG T(e "r0 /nstitute1 P.!. =oC 1J21 !C2ord1 !(io
J505IG (ttp$HH'''.ar0institute.3om G EBmai, ar0instL3on3entri3.net
;"F/N# T)E =EST ! ="S/*S B ";/9: PREP"REDNESS )"ND=!!FG 4ames T.
Ste7ensG 199IG /S=N Q1B882523B25B2G #o,d 9ea2 Press or 2rom t(e aut(or$
15123 9itt,e <ren 9ane1 San "ntonio1 TO 58255G EBmai,
Mste7ensLiameri3a.net
;"R9ENE+S ;"#/* </T) !!D ST!R"#EG ;ar,ene PetersenG 1991G No /S=NG
Pub,is(ed b6 t(e aut(orG ;ar,ene+s ;a-i31 J958 ",pine *ir3,e )i-(,and1
Uta( 8J003
NUTR/ENT *!NTENT ! T)E U.S. !!D SUPP9:1 1909B1988G 1992G Nutrient
Edu3ation Di7isionG )uman Nutrition /n2ormation Ser7i3e o2 t(e USD".
NUTR/T/VE V"9UE ! ";ER/*"N !!DSG *at(erine S. "damsG 1955G No /S=NG
USD" )andboo0 No. J5I
PER;"*U9TURE =!!F ! ER;ENT & )U;"N NUTR/T/!N1 T)EG =i,, ;o,,isonG
1993G /S=N 0B908228B0IBIG Ta-ari Pub,i3ations
PUTT/N# !!D =:G #reene1 )ertDber- and Vau-(nG 1982 @1Jt( editionAG
/S=NQ 0B525B933J2B5G Pen-uin #roup.
RE*!;;ENDED D/ET"R: "99!<"N*ES @T(e RD" =oo0AG Nationa, Resear3(
*oun3i,G 1989@10t( editionAG /S=N 0B309B0JI335 @paperAG Nationa,
"3adem6 Press
R!!T *E99"R/N# @199JAG ;i0e and Nan36 =ube,G /S=N 0B882IIB503B3.
T!U & S!:!!DS *!!FER:G Peter #o,bitDG 1998G /S=N 1B550I5B050B1G
=oo0 Pub,is(in- *ompan6G P.!. =oC 991 Summerto'n1 TN 38J83
<)!9E #R"/NSG Sara PitDerG 1981G /S=N Q0B882IIB251B1G #arden <a6 =oo0s
=. P";P)9ETS$
*onsumer /n2ormation *enter1 Department EE1 Pueb,o *! 81009. "s0 2or
t(e *onsumer ;ai,in- 9ist *ata,o-. :ou 3an order t(ose ni2t6 USD"
pamp(,ets 2rom t(is 3ata,o-.
*(e30 6our eCtension ser7i3e o22i3e 2or pamp(,ets1 '(i3( 3an usua,,6 be
bou-(t 2or a do,,ar or so. Espe3ia,,6 important 2or (i-( a,titude
3annin-1 -ettin- re3ipes spe3i2i3 2or ,o3a,e1 e7en in2ormation on UBPi30
sites and ,o3a, 2armers+ mar0ets.
*ontro,,in- /ndianmea, ;ot(s in Stored S(e,,ed *orn and So6beansG P(i,
)arein and =(. Subraman6amG SB099IB"B#! Re7ised 1990 ;innesota
ECtension Ser7i3e1 Uni7ersit6 o2 ;innesota
!!D ST!*FP/9/N# !R E;ER#EN*: S)E9TERSG ood and ;ateria,s Di7ision1
*ommodit6 Stabi,iDation Ser7i3e1 USD"1 "pri, 19I1S
ood Stora-e /n T(e )ome N502G Uta( State Uni7ersit6 *ooperati7e
ECtension Ser7i3e =u,,etin
re>uent,6 "s0ed ood %uestions N 250G 1993 Uta( State Uni7ersit6
*ooperati7e ECtension Ser7i3e =u,,etin
;o,ds "nd ;63otoCins /n eedsG *.;. *(ristensen1 *.4. ;iro3(a1 R.".
;eronu30G !B3538B*B#! 1988G ;innesota ECtension Ser7i3e1 Uni7ersit6 o2
;innesota
;o,ds /n #rain Stora-eG Ri3(ard ". ;eronu30G !B05IJB*B#!G Re7ised
1985G ;innesota ECtension Ser7i3e1 Uni7ersit6 o2 ;innesota
Non2at Dr6 ;i,0 N1J2G Uta( State Uni7ersit6 *ooperati7e ECtension
Ser7i3e =u,,etin
Use o2 !C6-en "bsorbers in Dr6 Pa30 *annin-G ",bert E. Pur3e,,1 T(eodore
*. =arber1 4o(n )a, 4o(nsonG =enson %ua,it6 "ssuran3e 9aborator6
Department o2 ood S3ien3e1 =ri-(am :oun- Uni7ersit6
*. ;"#"T/NES$
"meri3an Sur7i7a, #uide
P.!. =oC I8033
"na(eim1 *" 92815B0833
@51JA I93B18II
=a30'oods )ome ;a-aDine. Da7e Du2261 pub,is(er.
P.!. =oC 512
#o,d =ea3(1 !R 95JJJ
@5J1A 2J5B8900
(ttp$HH'''.ba30'oods(ome.3om
*ountr6side & Sma,, Sto30 4ourna,
N2I01 <inter Sports Rd1
<it(ee1 <is3onsin 5JJ98
@800A 551B5I91
;ot(er Eart( Ne's
P.!. =oC 5I302
=ou,der1 *! 80322BI302
@303A I58B0J39
D. P)!NE$ @nonBmodemA
:our ,o3a, 3ooperati7e eCtension ser7i3eBB3(e30 6our ,o3a, uni7ersit6
dire3tor61 espe3ia,,6 i2 its a 9and #rant *o,,e-eG ,oo0 under #o7ernment
Ser7i3es1 under Dept. o2 "-ri3u,ture. ;aster Preser7ersBBsimi,ar to
;aster #ardeners or ;aster *omposters.
E. E9E*TR!N/*$
E.1 /N!R;"T/!N S!UR*ES
2tp$HH2tp.u3da7is.eduHpubHeCtensionHJ(B6out(H2p001.DipB2p008.Dip
i,es are 3ompressed1 'ritten in <ord Per2e3t 5.1 or Post S3ript
2ormat. i,es are ei-(t ,essons in 2ood preser7ation.
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T(e "% 2or t(e 8re3.2ood.ba0in-8 ne's -roup. #ood stu22.
(ttp$HH'a,ton2eed.3omHse,2Hde2au,t.(tm
T(e <a,ton eed in2ormation area on 2ood produ3tion1 preser7ation1
and stora-e1 'ater stora-e and puri2i3ation1 nutrition1 p,annin-1
3u,ture and a -reat dea, o2 ot(er use2u, in2ormation. !ne area a,so
(as t(e ,abe,s s(o'in- 3ontents1 nutritiona, brea0do'ns and ot(er
in2ormation o2 most o2 t(e produ3ts produ3ed andHor so,d b6 <a,ton
eed. ",so ,isted are (ead -as ana,6ses o2 t(eir pa30a-ed produ3ts.
)e (as a -ood se3tion on do it 6ourse,2 2ood stora-e pa30a-in- as
'e,,.
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T(is is t(e (ome o2 T(e /nternationa, Dut3( !7en So3iet6. T(ere+s
more (ere about (o' to use Dut3( o7ens to 3oo0 more 2oods t(an 6ou
e7er t(ou-(t about. ",so a ,ot o2 -ood ,in0s1 in3,udin- ;a3s3outer1
a =o6 S3out site 'it( a ,ot o2 open 2ire 3oo0in- in2ormation.
(ttp$HH'''.n6C.netHYd-reen'Hsourdou-(2a>s.(tm,
" tru,6 7ast 3o,,e3tion o2 in2ormation1 re3ipes and tips on
sourdou-( breads o2 e7er6 sort and some rea,,6 interestin- ,in0s.
T(e 8re3.2ood.sourdou-( "%s8 ma6 be 2ound (ere as 'e,,.
(ttp$HHsunsite.un3.eduH(ermed
" 3o,,e3tion o2 "%s and ot(er assorted in2ormation and pi3tures o2
3u,inar6 and medi3ina, (erbs.
(ttp$HH'''.-eo3ities.3omH)eart,andH"3resH19I2Hr22,.(tm,
T(e 8re3.2ood.preser7in-8 "%. T(is 'or0 and mine are 6in and 6an-
to ea3( ot(er. <(at / don+t 3o7er1 9es,ie does and 7i3eB7ersa.
Un2ortunate,61 t(ere isn+t a -ood 'a6 to -et a p,ain "S*// teCt
7ersion and it (asn+t been updated in a '(i,e1 but it+s sti,, 3(o30
2u,, o2 so,id1 use2u, in2ormation.
(ttp$HH'''.disasterre,ie2.or-H,ibrar6Hprepare
T(e ,ibrar6 o2 t(e Disaster Re,ie2 !r-aniDation. Some rea,,6 -ood
preparedness in2ormation.
(ttp$HH'''.2ema.-o7H,ibrar6Hem2d'tr.(tm Emer-en36 ood & <ater
H2amp,an.(tm :our ami,6 Disaster P,an
Hdis0it.(tm :our ami,6 Disaster Supp,ies
Fit
T(ree o2 t(e man6 2i,es a7ai,ab,e on t(e edera, Emer-en36
;ana-ement "-en36 'eb site. T(ere+s a,so 3orresponden3e 3,asses on a
'ide ran-e o2 subMe3ts a7ai,ab,e1 most o2 t(em 2or 2ree. :ou s(ou,d
a,so 3(e30 out t(e *ommunit6 Emer-en36 Response Team materia,s
a7ai,ab,e. T(ere+s a tremendous amount o2 resour3es and 0no',ed-e
a7ai,ab,e (ere and 6ou+7e a,read6 paid 2or it1 8so use it8.
(ttp$HH36press.idir.netHYmedintDHsur7X2a>Hsur7X2a>XindeC.(tm,
;i0e ;edintD+s 'eb site and it 3ontains t(e "%s nati7e to t(e
mis3.sur7i7a,ism ne's-roup. Parti3u,ar,6 ,oo0 2or t(e 8T(reat
"ssessment "%8 b6 Ri3(ard De*astro and t(e 8<ater Treatment "%8 b6
Patton Turner.
(ttp$HH'''.mi,,enniumBar0.netHNe'sXi,esH)o,,6s.(tm,
(ttp$HH'''.ba,,arat.net.auHYstande6oHNe'sXi,esH)o,,6s.(tm,
T(ese t'o sites in t(e States and "ustra,ia mirror ea3( ot(er.
*reated b6 )o,,6 and Stan De6o1 t(e6 o22er a -reat dea, o2 use2u,
2ood stora-e in2ormation1 so2t'are1 'ater puri2i3ation and stora-e
and more. <e,, 'ort( a ,oo0.
(ttp$HH'''.2,as(netHYb(p(i0erH=)PH
T(e =a30 *ountr6 (omepa-e. ",, sorts o2 0no',ed-e re,atin- to t(e
ba30 3ountr6. *,i30 on t(e .disti,,ed 'isdom. ,in0 to -et to t(e
8re3.ba303ountr68 ne's-roup "%s. !ne o2 t(e most important ones
t(ere is t(e 8'ater treatment "%8. /t ma0es a 2ine 3omp,ement to
Pat Turner+s 'ater treatment "%.
(ttp$HH'''.(ome3annin-.3om
T(e =ernardin @",tristaA 'eb site. <etBpa30 pressure and
boi,in-B'ater bat( 3annin- in2ormation.
(ttp$HH'''.danonene's,etter.2rHindeCan-,.(tm,
T(is is not Dannon1 but Danone1 t(e ren3( 6o-urt ma0er. T(e site
(as a -reat dea, o2 in2ormation on 2ermented mi,0 produ3ts. /t+s in
En-,is(1 but ren3( is a7ai,ab,e as 'e,,.
(ttp$HH3ountr6,i2e.net
" 7i,,a-e o2 (i-( >ua,it6 2ood in2ormation about edib,e 'i,d p,ants1
(erbs1 -rain1 mi,,in-1 ba0in-1 2ermented mi,0 produ3ts and more.
(ttp$HH'''.mana-in-desire.or-H)esperianH)esperian.(tm,
Not(in- to do 'it( 2ood at a,,1 but a pa-e 2or orderin- t(e 7arious
pub,i3ations o2 t(e )esperian oundation1 su3( as 8<(ere T(ere /s No
Do3tor81 8<(ere T(ere /s No Dentist8 and 8" )andboo0 or ;id'i7es8.
/n man6 situations '(ere 6ou mi-(t (a7e to serious,6 re,6 upon 6our
2ood stora-e pro-ram t(ese boo0s 3ou,d surpass t(e 7a,ue o2 t(eir
'ei-(t in -o,d. T(in0 serious,6 about -ettin- t(em.
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T(e ood /nse3ts Ne's,etter site. 4ust in 3ase 6ou t(in0 6ou+,,
e7er (a7e to.
E.2 S!T<"RE S!UR*ES
R/ (a7e not used an6 o2 t(ese pro-rams m6se,21 but /+m ,istin- t(em 2or
t(ose '(o mi-(t be interested B editorS
(ttp$HH'''.'a,ton2eed.3omH-rainH3a,3.(tm,
T(ere are t'o EC3e, spreads(eets (ere t(at 3an a,so be imported into
9otus 1231 %uattropro or <or0s or <indo's. T(e 2irst spreads(eet
is a nutritiona, 3a,3u,ator s(o'in- t(e brea0do'n o2 I5 nutrients
2or 1I5 2oods 'it( more bein- importab,e. T(e se3ond spread s(eet
is a 6ear,6 supp,6 3a,3u,ator.
(ttp$HH'a,ton2eed.3omHse,2Hp,an.(tm,
" nutritiona, 3a,3u,ator t(at a,,o's 6ou to enter 6our 2ood supp,6
and it -i7es 6ou a dai,6 nutritiona, printout. T(is is a sma,,er1
,ess 7ersati,e 7ersion o2 t(e one 2rom Re7e,ar be,o'1 but is ,ess
resour3e intensi7e and 'i,, run on a D!S on,6 ma3(ine.
(ttp$HH'''.re7e,ar.3omH2sp.(tm,
" more eCtensi7e1 7ersati,e 7ersion o2 t(e abo7e pro-ram1 ma0es it
mu3( easier to modi26 2or persona, use. /t a,so re>uires at ,east a
J8I1 <indo's and 8mb o2 Ram. " 7ersion 2or t(e ;a3 is a7ai,ab,e as
'e,,.
(ttp$HH'''.beprepared.3om @3,i30 on 2ree so2t'are areaA
!22ered on t(e Emer-en36 Essentia,s 'eb site. T(e 2irst pro-ram is
a 2ood p,anner demo 2or 3reatin- s(oppin- ,ists and p,annin- re3ipes
2or an6 ,en-t( o2 time. T(e se3ond is a 52 (our preparedness
pro-ram t(at 'i,, ta0e 6ou t(rou-( 7arious disasters and (o' to
prepare 2or t(em.
(ttp$HH'''.mi,,enniumBar0.netHNe'sXi,esH)o,,6s.(tm,
(ttp$HH'''.ba,,arat.net.auHYstande6oHNe'sXi,esH)o,,6s.(tm,
T(e U.S. and "ustra,ian 'eb sites 2or )o,,6 and Stan De6o. T(e6
o22er 2ood stora-e 3a,3u,ators simi,ar to t(e one 2rom Re7e,ar1 but
'it( more 2ood items a,read6 bui,t in.
. !R#"N/T"T/!NS
.1 T)E *)UR*) ! 4ESUS *)R/ST ! 9"TTER D": S"/NTS
T(e 9DS 3(ur3(1 3ommon,6 0no'n as t(e ;ormon *(ur3(1 (as ,on- (ad a
'e,2are pro-ram 2or t(e bene2it o2 its members in need. =e,ie7in- t(at
t(e best 'a6 to dea, 'it( t(e prob,em o2 need6 members is not to (a7e
an61 t(e 3(ur3( a,so stron-,6 en3oura-es its members(ip to be as
se,2Bre,iant and se,2Bdependent as possib,e. To 2urt(er t(is end it
pro7ides a33ess to 3(ur3( o'ned 3anner6 2a3i,ities and ma0es ,ar-e1
e3onomi3a, bu,0 pur3(ases o2 stora-e 2oods to se,, at 3ost to an6 member
'it( an interest in startin- a persona, 2ood stora-e pro-ram. =e,ie7in-
t(at t(e more se,2Bdependent peop,e t(ere are in -enera, t(e 2e'er t(ere
'i,, be need6 in times o2 (ards(ip t(e 9DS 3(ur3( a,so ma0es t(ose same
2a3i,ities and supp,ies a33essib,e to nonB3(ur3( members1 or .-enti,es.1
as 'e,,.
;ost 2a3i,ities 'i,, be ,o3ated at one o2 t(e 9DS =is(op+s
Store(ouses ,o3ated in 7arious p,a3es around t(e 3ountr61 but some
3(ur3(es 'i,, a,so (a7e t(eir o'n ,o3a, 2a3i,ities. T(e easiest means
o2 2indin- out is simp,6 to as0 t(e 9DS 3(ur3( member 6ou 0no'. /2 t(e6
don+t t(emse,7es 0no'1 or 6ou don+t 0no' an6 ;ormons t(en a ,itt,e p(one
boo0 resear3( 'i,, be ne3essar6. ind 6our nearest ,o3a, ;ormon 3(ur3(
and as0 about spea0in- 'it( t(e ,o3a, =is(op o2 t(e <ard or Re,ie2
So3iet6 president. Eit(er one o2 t(ose t'o indi7idua,s 'i,, be ab,e to
-i7e 6ou t(e in2ormation 6ou see0. ai,in- an6 o2 t(e abo7e1 6ou 3an
a,so 3a,, t(e 9DS 3(ur3( (ead>uarters in Sa,t 9a0e *it6 at
1B800BJ53B38I0 eCtension J1IJ.
!r 6ou 3an 'rite to$
T(e *(ur3( o2 4esus *(rist
o2 9atterBDa6 Saints
<e,2are Ser7i3es
Se7ent( ,oor
50 East Nort( Temp,e Street
Sa,t 9a0e *it61 Uta( 8J150
/2 6ou 2ind t(at 6ou (a7e a 3anner6 'it(in stri0in- distan3e t(en
-i7e t(em a 3a,,. /n>uire about a7ai,ab,e times1 '(at 6ou need to
pro7ide and '(at is not suitab,e 2or 3annin-. =e up 2ront and (onest
'it( t(em1 t(e6+re sin3ere about a,,o'in- nonB3(ur3( members to use
t(eir 2a3i,ities. :ou+,, (ard,6 be t(e 2irst one to 'ant to ta,0 to
t(em about 2ood stora-e. "s0 2or a 3op6 o2 t(e 3anner6 -uide,ines and a
pri3e ,ist o2 '(at is a7ai,ab,e. T(ere ma6 a,so be 3,asses or seminars
a7ai,ab,e. T(ere is a 3ertain de-ree o2 7ariabi,it6 bet'een t(e
3anneries so '(at is a7ai,ab,e at one ma6 not be at anot(er.
/+7e 3orresponded 'it( man6 9DS members and (a7e e7en 3onta3ted t(e
9DS (ead>uarters in Sa,t 9a0e *it6 to -et t(e o22i3ia, 'ord. Feepin- in
mind t(at not e7er6 area ma6 (a7e 2a3i,ities 2or use and t(at t(e 2ami,6
3anneries are run b6 7o,unteers1 t(e6 are >uite earnest about a,,o'in-
nonB3(ur3( members to use t(eir 2a3i,ities. /t+s 'ort( in7esti-atin-.
/;P!RT"NT N!TE$ P,ease do 0eep in mind t(at t(e indi7idua,s
responsib,e 2or t(e 2ami,6 3anneries are a,,
87o,unteers8 'it( demands on t(eir time 2rom man6 areas. =e 3ourteous
'(en spea0in- 'it( t(em and1 i2 t(ere are 2a3i,ities 2or use1 2,eCib,e
in ma0in- arran-ements to use t(em. :ou 'i,,1 o2 3ourse1 (a7e to pa6
2or t(e supp,ies t(at 6ou use1 3ans and ,ids at t(e ,east1 and an6 2ood
produ3ts 6ou -et 2rom t(em. <it( t(e onset o2 t(e mi,,ennium t(e 9DS
2ami,6 3anner6 7o,unteers are be3omin- >uite bus6 so be prepared to (a7e
to 'or0 'it( t(eir a7ai,ab,e s3(edu,in-. "s a -enera, ru,e t(e6 3annot
put 6our 2ood in stora-e 2or 6ou. =e read6 to pa6 2or 6our pur3(ases in
ad7an3e1 i2 ne3essar6. T(e6 do not ta0e 3redit 3ards and probab,6
3annot ma0e 3(an-e so ta0e a 3(e30 a,on-.
"n6 2ood produ3ts 6ou 'ant to (a7e sea,ed in 3ans 'i,, need to 2a,,
'it(in t(eir -uide,ines o2 suitabi,it6 2or t(at t6pe o2 pa30a-in-. T(is
is 2or reasons o2 spoi,a-e 3ontro, sin3e man6 t6pes o2 2oods Must aren+t
suitab,e 2or Must sea,in- in a 3ontainer 'it(out 2urt(er pro3essin-. /2
6ou pur3(ase 2ood produ3ts 2rom t(em1 t(e6 'i,, a,read6 be 'it(in t(ose
-uide,ines. " brie2 treatment o2 t(ese -uide,ines ma6 be 2ound be,o'.
.1.1 9DS ";/9: *"NNER: #U/DE9/NES
SubMe3t to some 7ariabi,it61 t(e 2o,,o'in- 2oods are -enera,,6
a7ai,ab,e at t(e 3anneries$
"pp,e s,i3es1 dried ;a3aroni Ri3e1 '(ite
=eans1 pinto1 pin01 ;i,01 nonB2at dr6 Soup miC
-reat Nort(ern !ats1 >ui30 ro,,ed Spa-(etti
*arrots1 dr6 !nions1 dr6 Su-ar1 '(ite
*o3oa1 (ot miC Puddin- miC <(eat berries
,our1 '(ite @3(o3o,ate & 7ani,,aA @(ard red 'interA
ruit drin0 miC
:ou 'i,, be ab,e to pur3(ase t(e ne3essar6 3ans1 oC6-en absorbers1
boCes and p,asti3 ,ids 2or '(at 6ou 'ant to 3an.
T(e 2o,,o'in- 2ood items are not t(ou-(t to store 'e,, '(en dr6
pa30 3anned and -enera,,6 3annot be put up at t(e 3anner6$
=a0ed -oods E-- nood,es Peanut butter
=a0in- po'der ,our1 '(o,e '(eat Ri3e1 bro'n
or soda #rano,as Spi3es
=ar,e61 pear,ed )one6 Su-ar1 bro'n
*erea,1 mi,,ed -rain ;iCes1 i2 t(e6 3ontain :east
*o3onut ,ea7enin- a-ents
*ornmea, Nuts1 roasted or ra'
Dried meats !i,s or 2ats
",t(ou-( / am not in 3omp,ete a-reement 'it( t(e abo7e ,ist1 it is
'or0ab,e and 'i,, -et t(e Mob done. ;a0e sure t(at t(e 2ood 6ou 'ant to
pa30 (as ,itt,e 2at 3ontent and stri7e to ma0e sure it (as a ,o'
moisture 3ontent and 6ou s(ou,d be !F. or -rains1 ,e-umes1 2,ours1
mea,s and dried 2ruits and 7e-etab,es do ma0e sure to use t(e oC6-en
absorbers. :ou s(ou,d not assume t(e 2ood is inse3t 2ree. <(en t(e
pa30ets remo7e t(e a7ai,ab,e oC6-en an6 inse3t ,i2e in t(e 3an 'i,,
eit(er die or at ,east -o into stasis.
#. !!D "ND E%U/P;ENT SUPP9/ERS
#.1 ;"/9 !RDER/N# ST!R"#E !!DS BB
<)"T :!U S)!U9D FN!<
<(en it 3omes to bui,din- a 2ood stora-e pro-ram1 sooner or ,ater
6ou ma6 'ant to serious,6 3onsider mai, orderin- at ,east a part o2 t(e
2oods 6ou 'ant. E7en 2or t(ose o2 us '(o tr6 do as mu3( as 'e 3an
,o3a,,6 t(ere are some t(in-s '(i3( are not -oin- to be easi,6 a7ai,ab,e
in our areas. To (e,p 'it( t(is / (a7e in3,uded be,o' a ,ist o2 2ood
and e>uipment supp,iers '(ere Must about an6t(in- 3an be 2ound.
=e3ause man6 do 2ind it ne3essar6 or desirab,e to pur3(ase t(rou-(
mai, order / am in3,udin- a 2e' points '(i3( s(ou,d be 3onsidered be2ore
s(e,,in- out t(e 3as(.
1.BB ind out (o' mu3( t(e s(ippin- 3osts are -oin- to be. #rains
and ,e-umes are re,ati7e,6 3(eap1 but 'ei-( a ,ot '(en bou-(t b6 t(e
2i7e or siC -a,,onBbu30et. =e3ause o2 t(is1 s(ippin- 3(ar-es 3an
sometimes as mu3( as doub,e t(e a3tua, 3ost o2 t(e produ3t b6 t(e time
6ou -et it to 6our door. "ddin- insu,t to inMur6 is t(e ?2.00 per round
bu30et 2ee UPS is 3(ar-in-. *ompare 3are2u,,6 ea3( 3ompan6+s ,ist pri3e
and t(eir s(ippin- 3(ar-es1 3ombined1 '(en de3idin- '(o to order 2rom.
Sa7in- up 2or a ,ar-er order1 or tr6in- to 2ind someone to 3ombine
orders 'it( mi-(t enab,e 6ou to ma0e a ,ar-e enou-( order to -et a pri3e
brea0 on s(ippin-. :ou 3ou,d a,so ta0e a 7a3ation in t(e area o2 t(e
3ompan6+s ,o3ation or s'in- t(rou-( t(e area on t(e 'a6 ba30 2rom one.
/2 6ou 3(oose to do t(is1 be 3ertain to 3a,, a(ead and ,et t(em 0no' so
t(e6+,, (a7e 6our order read6 and 'aitin- 2or 6ou. T(e 3ompan6 in t(e
neCt state ma6 be (i-(er on t(e ,ist pri3e1 but end up bein- 3(eaper
t(an (a7in- it s(ipped in 2rom siC states a'a6.
2.BB "s0 t(e supp,ier '(en 6our order is -oin- to s(ip. Some
supp,iers are 'a6 be(ind in order 2i,,in- and 6ou 3ou,d be 'aitin- and
'aitin-. S,o'ness in s(ippin- is not ne3essari,6 a si-n o2 bad
business. Some supp,iers ma6 dra- t(eir 2eet1 but ot(ers ma6 be
-enuine,6 s'amped b6 t(e 7o,ume o2 business t(e6 are re3ei7in- be3ause
t(e6 (a7e a -ood produ3t at a 2air pri3e. T(e 3,oser 'e 3ome to t(e
mi,,ennium t(e 'orse t(is prob,em is -oin- to be3ome.
3.BB )o' 2res( is t(e produ3t 6ou are orderin-N res(ness is '(at
it+s a,, about '(en it 3omes to stora-e 2oods. /2 a 2ood (as a 2i7e
6ear s(e,2 ,i2e in its 3ontainer t(en 6ou 'ant as mu3( o2 t(ose 2i7e
6ears to be on 6our s(e,21 not t(e supp,ier+s.
J.BB =e 7er6 3,ear as to (o' t(e produ3t 6ou are orderin- is
pa30ed. ;an6 supp,iers o22er identi3a, 2oods pa30ed in se7era,
di22erent 'a6s. =e 3ertain t(e produ3t number 6ou are -i7in- t(e
sa,esperson is 2or t(e produ3t pa30ed in t(e manner in '(i3( 6ou 'ant
it.
5.BB <(at is t(e (ead -as ana,6sisN /2 6ou are orderin- 2oods
pa30ed in a nitro-en 2,us(ed oC6-en 2ree 3ontainer @'it( or 'it(out an
oC6-en absorber pa30et addedA t(en as0 about t(e ,aborator6 test resu,ts
t(at measure t(e oC6-en 3ontent o2 t(e (ead -asses in t(e 3ontainer.
T(is is o2 -reat importan3e i2 6ou are 3ountin- on t(e eCtra stora-e
,i2e su3( pa30a-in- 'i,, -i7e 6ou. T(ere are but a 2e' 3ompanies su3(
as Perma Pa01 Read6 Reser7e1 and <a,ton eed t(at a3tua,,6 produ3e
pa30a-ed stora-e 2oods and most dea,ers on,6 distribute and retai, t(eir
produ3ts. /2 t(e dea,er 3an not produ3e t(e manu2a3turer+s test data
measurin- t(e (ead -asses o2 t(e produ3ts t(e6 are se,,in- t(en 0eep
,oo0in-.
I.BB /2 6ou are pur3(asin- '(eat and intend to use it primari,6 2or
bread ma0in- t(en be sure to as0 about its protein 3ontent. T(e best
breads need at ,east 12P protein and t(e (i-(er t(e better. ",so ta0e a
3,ose ,oo0 at t(e 'ei-(t o2 t(e produ3t. !ne 3ompan6+s 2i7e or siC
-a,,on bu30et o2 '(eat ma6 not 'ei-( t(e same as anot(er+s. T(e same
app,ies to de(6drated 2oods su3( as 2ruits1 7e-etab,es1 TVP1 et3. "s0
about t(e moisture 3ontent o2 bu,0 2oods '(i3( are not a,read6 pa30a-ed
2or ,on- term stora-e. 10P moisture is '(ere 6ou 'ant to be 2or -rains1
,e-umes and most e7er6t(in- e,se.
5.BB <(at is t(e 3ompan6+s dama-e and return po,i36N /2 6our
3are2u,,6 pa30ed SuperPai,s and Q10 3ans -et dented or 3ra30ed in
s(ippin- 6ou+,, need to (a7e t(em rep,a3ed. ;ost mai, order 3ompanies
'i,, re>uire 6ou to 3onta3t t(e s(ipper @su3( as UPSA 2or a 3,aim
number. T(e s(ipper ma6 or ma6 not re>uire an inspe3tion so don+t
destro6 an6 pa30a-in- or 3ontainers unti, 6ou 0no' 2or sure.
Does an6one e,se 0no' o2 an6t(in- e,se a person s(ou,d ,oo0 out 2or
or as0 about '(en mai, orderin- stora-e 2oodN
#.2 "DDRESSES ! SUPP9/ERS
D/S*9"/;ER$ T(e addresses ,isted be,o' 'ere eit(er 2ound b6 me or sent
to me b6 t(e business o'ners or interested readers. /
ma0e 8N!8 representation as to t(eir 'ort(iness to do business 'it(.
;ost o2 t(ese mer3(ants or manu2a3turers (a7e been in t(eir 2ie,d 2or
man6 6ears and 'i,, be around 2or man6 more and are (onorab,e in t(eir
dea,in-s. )o'e7er1 t(ere are some businesses t(at sprin- up and t(en
disappear and 'it( e7er6 update o2 t(is 'or0 t(ere is at ,east one or
t'o t(at / 3annot ,o3ate 2rom t(e pre7ious update. T(e ad7ent o2 t(e
<or,d <ide <eb (as on,6 eCa3erbated t(is prob,em. /n addition to t(e
pre3autions mentioned in #.1 abo7e 6ou s(ou,d ta0e a,, o2 t(e usua,
pre3autions in mai, or p(one orderin-.
/ (a7e a33umu,ated t(e 2o,,o'in- ,ist o2 names and addresses o2
7arious supp,iers o2 one t(in- or anot(er re,atin- to 2ood preser7ation
and stora-e. T(e6 are rou-(,6 3ate-oriDed b6 t6pe$
ST!R"#E !!D ;"NU"*TURERS$ T(e a3tua, produ3ers or pa30a-ers o2
stora-e 2oods. Some a,so do retai, sa,es o2 t(eir produ3ts1 but most do
not.
!!D PRESERV"T/!N DE"9ERS "ND SUPP9/ERS$ T(ese are businesses dea,in-
'it( t(e aspe3ts o2 2ood preser7ation as opposed to stora-e. *annin-1
meat 3urin-1 2ermented mi,0s1 pi30,in-1 spi3es1 so6bean produ3ts1
bre'in-1 7intnin-1 et3.
!!D ST!R"#E "ND PRESERV"T/!N E%U/P;ENT ;"NU"*TURERS$ T(e a3tua,
manu2a3turers o2 e>uipment. Some 'i,, do retai, sa,es and some do not.
D/"T!;"*E!US E"RT) ;"NU"*TURERS "ND DE"9ERS$ Se,2BeCp,anator6.
ST!R"#E !!D RET"/9 DE"9ERS$ Retai, sa,es o2 a,, o2 t(e abo7e.
Natura,,61 addresses1 p(one numbers1 'eb sites1 et3 3(an-e o7er
time so i2 6ou (a7e more 3urrent in2ormation t(an /+m -i7in- (ere1
p,ease be so 0ind as to ,et me 0no'. "dditiona,,61 /+m a,'a6s ,oo0in-
2or ne' 3ompanies so i2 6ou (a7e some t(at / don+t (a7e /+d ,i0e to see
t(ose too. T(an0s B ed.
#.2.1. ST!R"#E !!DS ;"NU"*TURERS
"9P/NE"/RE !!DS
Post !22i3e =oC 92I
Ne7ada *it61 *a,i2ornia 95959
@800A 322BI325
@91IA 252B2I2J 2aC
(ttp$HH'''.a,pineaire2oods.3omH
EBmai,$ sa,esLa,pineaire2oods.3om
Stora-e 2ood manu2a3turer. S(e,2 stab,e 2oods 'it( a ,on- stora-e ,i2e.
;an6 2oods t(at re>uire no 3oo0in-. ",so ba30pa30in- mea,s. No retai,
sa,es. See supp,iers ,ist 2or retai, dea,ers.
REETE DR: !!DS1 9/;/TED
559 Speer Rd
!a07i,,e1 !ntario 9IF 2IJ *anada
@905A 8JJB1J51
@905A 8JJB81J0 2aC
(ttp$HH'''.2reeDeBdr6.3om
EBmai,$ in2oL2reeDeBdr6.3om
" *anadian 2reeDeBdried 2oods manu2a3turer. Produ3es )ardee *ampin-
oods. 9ist o2 dea,ers on site. No retai, sa,es.
)"RVEST !!D<!RFS
JJ5 )<: 29
RRQ1
To,edo1 !ntario F!E 1:!1 *anada
@800A 2I8BJ2I8
@I13A 255B2218
@I13A 255B1359 @2aCA
(ttp$HH'''.(ar7est.on.3a
eBmai,$ t(e2o,0sL(ar7est.on.3a
" *anadian produ3er o2 primari,6 7e-etarian @some (a7e meatsA de(6drated
and 2reeDe dried 2oods. No retai, sa,es1 but a ,in0s pa-e -i7es
,o3ation o2 dea,ers. /n-redients and nutrition in2ormation on site.
!RE#!N REETE DR:1 /N* @;ountain )ouseA
P.!. =oC 10J8
",ban61 !R 95321
@800A 5J5B02JJ
@5J1A 9I5BI525 2aC
@5J1A 92IBI001 internationa,
(ttp$HH'''.o2d.3omHm(HindeC.(tm,
EBmai,$ mtn(ouseLo2d.3om
;anu2a3turer o2 ;ountain )ouse 2reeDe dried 2oods in pou3(es and ,ar-er
3ans. Does not se,, dire3t1 but t(rou-( distributors. " ,ist o2
dea,ers and sto30in- stores on site.
PER;"BP"F
3999 S. ;ain St.1 Suite QSB2
Sa,t 9a0e *it61 UT 8J105
@800A 59JB895J
@801A 2I8B3913
@801A 2I8BJ35I 2aC
(ttp$HHpermapa0.3om
" maMor produ3er o2 stora-e 2oods. No retai, sa,es. See retai,
supp,iers ,ist 2or dea,ers.
RE"D: RESERVE !!DS
Post !22i3e =oC I95
1JJ2 S. #a-e
=eaumont1 *a,i2ornia 92J08
@800A J53B2202
!7er 100 di22erent dr6 2ood produ3ts 2or ,on- term stora-e. No retai,
sa,es. *onta3t 3ompan6 2or a ,ist o2 dea,ers.
S!P"F*!
P.!. =oC 1129
215 Sout( ;u,,ins St
;u,,ins1 Sout( *aro,ina 2955J
@800A 25IB9I58
@888A 25IB9I58
@803A JIJB0121
@803A JIJB2158 2aC
(ttp$HH'''.sopa03o.3om
;anu2a3turer o2 mi,itar6 ;RE+s1 t(eir 3i7i,ian ;RE e>ui7a,ent brand
8*amp & Trai,8 and (umanitarian pou3( mea,s. Some produ3t in2o on site.
No retai, sa,es1 but does (a7e dea,er 3onta3t in2o.
ST"R !!D PR!*ESS/N#1 /N*.
3JJJ East *ommer3e Street
San "ntonio1 TeCas 58220
@800A 882B;E"9
RET"/9 S"9ES. u,,6 3oo0ed (eat & eat ser7in- tra6s. Ea3( tra6 3ontains
10I oun3es o2 2u,,6 3oo0ed1 read6 to eat produ3ts. T(irt6 minutes time
re>uired to prepare a mea, 2rom pantr6 to t(e tab,e. T(is produ3t is
s(e,2 stab,e and re>uires no re2ri-eration or 2reeDin- 2or stora-e.
Norma, s(e,2 ,i2e is t'o 6ears.
<"9T!N EED1/N*
135 Nort( 10t(
P.!. =oC 305
;ontpe,ier1 /D 8325J
@800A 2I9B85I3
(ttp$HH'''.'a,ton2eed.3om
RET"/9 S"9ES. ;aMor manu2a3turer and supp,ier o2 stora-e 2oods. =u,0 &
N2 pa30ed de(6drated 2oods1 -rainsH,e-umes bu,0 and N2 pa30ed1 oC6-en
absorbers. ree 2ood stora-e p,annin- so2t'are. *an ,abe,s and (ead
-as ana,6ses o2 most produ3ts a7ai,ab,e 2or 7ie'in- on site. Ver6
in2ormati7e 'eb site.
<!RN/*F *!;P"N:1 T)E @2ormer,6 Ri-(t "'a6 oods and S(e,2 Stab,e oodsA
200 Nort( irst Street
;3",,en1 TO 58501
@800A 5I5BJ1J5 @;i,BSpe3 ordersA
@210A I85B9J01
@210A I85B5028 2aC
(ttp$HH'''.'orni30.3om
;anu2a3turer o2 mi,itar6 ;RE+s1 t(eir 3i7i,ian ;RE e>ui7a,ent brand
8;i,BSpe38 and (umanitarian pou3( mea,s. #ood in2ormation on mi,itar6
and 3i7i,ian ;RE+s on t(eir site. No retai, sa,es.
#.2.2 !!D PRESERV"T/!N DE"9ERS "ND SUPP9/ERS
*annin-1 meat 3urin-1 2ood dr6in-1 spi3es1 pi30,in-1 3u,tured mi,0
produ3ts1 so6bean produ3ts1 et3.
"99/EDBFEN*! S"9ES
2I 96er,6 St.
)ouston1 TeCas 55022
@800A 35IB5189
@513A I91B2935
@513A I91B3250 2aC
(ttp$HH'''.a,,ied0en3o.3om
EBmai,$ a,,ied0en3oLmsn.3om
" but3(er supp,6 (ouse spe3ia,iDin- in sausa-e and Mer06 ma0in- supp,ies
and e>uipment. Seasonin-1 sausa-e 3asin-s1 meat -rinders1 sausa-e
stu22ers1 3ommer3ia, 7a3uum sea,in- ma3(ines and more.
*!N :E"#ER SP/*E *!;P"N:
1JJ ;a-i,, Rd
Te,ienop,e1 P" 1I0I3
@800A 222B2JI0
@J12A J52BI151
(ttp$HH'''.nauti3om.netH'BpaH6ea-er.(tm
EBmai,$ b0re7erL26i.net
;eat 3urin-1 smo0in-1 (erbs and spi3es. =u,0 sa,es.
*!!F=!!F S)!PPE1 T)E
Vi30ie Tate
302 East 200 Nort(
;anti1 Uta( 8JIJ2
@801A 835B8283
)ome Stora-e & Preparedness =oo0s in3,udin- *oo0in- <it( )ome Stora-e.
*U;=ER9"ND #ENER"9 ST!RE
Q1 )i-('a6 I8
*ross7i,,e1 TN 38555
@800A 33JBJIJ0
@931A J5IB1211 2aC
(ttp$HH'''.3umber,and-enera,.3om
T(e ri7a, to 9e(man+s )ard'are. " -ood dea, o2 2ood preser7ation and
stora-e e>uipment 'it( t(e emp(asis on nonBmodern -ear. *an sea,ers1
-rain mi,,s1 'ater pumps and a -reat dea, o2 ot(er nonBe,e3tri3a,,6
po'ered e>uipment.
D!U=9E SPR/N#S )!;E=RE< SUPP9:
JI95 Doub,e Sprin-s Rd.
Va,,e6 Sprin-s1 *" 95252
@888A J99B2539
@209A 55JBJ888
(ttp$HH'''.doub,esprin-s.3omH
EBmai,$ (omebre'L#!9DRUS).3om
)ome bre'in- and 7intnin- supp,ies o2 a,, sorts. ;a6 (a7e oC6-en
absorbers. Preser7ati7e 3(emi3a,s. ;an6 boo0s1 in3,udin- 7ine-ar
ma0in-. Vine-ar mot(ers. " ,ot o2 e>uipment.
#E; *U9TURES
30301 S(er'ood Rd.
t =ra--1 *" 95J35
@505A 9IJB2922 @mornin-s are best time to 3a,,1 Pa3i2i3 timeA
ermented 2ood starter 3u,tures su3( as natto1 tempe(1 amaDa0e1 miso1
s(o6u1 tamari1 0oMi1 miso1 sourdou-( and ot(er bread ,ea7ens @barm1
et3.A1 2i, mMo,01 7ii,i1 and 0e2ir -rains. ",so natura, ni-ari
@bitternsA and 3a,3ium su,2ate @-6psumA as 'e,, as a 2orm boC 2or to2u
ma0in-.
)!;E *"NN/N# SUPP9: & SPE*/"9T/ES
P. !. =oC 1158
@1815 9a=ra6a St.A
Ramona1 *" 920I5
@I19A 588B0520 @p(oneA
@I19A 589BJ5J5 @2aCA
@800A 35JBJ050 @orders on,6A
)ome 3annin- and 2ood preser7ation supp,ies su3( as bu,0 pe3tin. T(e6
o22er re-u,ar pe3tin1 ,o'Bmet(oC6, pe3tin 'it(out preser7ati7es1 and
,o'Bmet( pe3tin 'it( preser7ati7es.
F!*) SUPP9/ES
1J11 <est 29t( St
Fansas *it61 ;issouri IJ108
@800A J5IB5I2J
@81IA 553B2150
@81IA 5I1B328I 2aC
(ttp$HH'''.0o3(supp,ies.3om
EBmai,$ 0o3(L0o3(supp,ies.3om
Primari,6 '(o,esa,e dea,er in meat 3urin-1 smo0in- and sausa-e ma0in-
supp,ies.
9E);"N+S )"RD<"RE
P.!. =oC J1
Fidron1 !) JJI3I
@330A 855B5555
(ttp$HH,e(mans.3om
EBmai,$ -etin2oL,e(mans.3om
Not a -reat dea, o2 2ood1 but a ,ot o2 2ood re,ated e>uipment1 -rain
mi,,s1 3an sea,ers1 'ater pumps1 but3(erin-1 3(eese ma0in-1 de(6drators1
pitters1 pee,ers1 et3. ;ost o2 it nonBe,e3tri3. ;an6 boo0s. ree
s(ippin- on man6 orders.
PENTE:S1 9TD. SP/*E )!USE
P.!.=oC 933
;us0e-o1 </ 53150B0933
@J1JA I59B5205 7oi3e
@J1JA I59B5858 2aC
(ttp$HH'''.penDe6s.3omH
EBmai,$ in2oLpenDe6s.3om
)erb and spi3e supp,6 (ouse. EC3e,,ent pri3es on bu,0 >uantities o2
(erbs and spi3es. #ood >ua,it6 and 7ariet6.
S"US"#E ;"FER1 T)E
1500 *,inton St
=ui,din- 123
=u22a,o1 N: 1J205B2855
@51IA 82JBI510 7oi3e
;ai, order sausa-e ma0in-1 meat 3urin- and smo0in- supp,ies1 trainin-
7ideos1 e>uipment1 et3
STUERS SUPP9: *!;P"N:
22958 raser )i-('a6
9an-,e61 =.*. V2T 2T9
@I0JA 53J 535J
@I0JA 53J 3089 2aC
(ttp$HH'''.(arb.netHstu22ers
EBmai,$ b,eat(emLstu22ers.3om
" *anadian sour3e o2 sausa-e ma0in- and meat 3urin- supp,ies.
#.2.3. !!D ST!R"#E "ND PRESERV"T/!N E%U/P;ENT ;"NU"*TURERS
=ER9/N P"*F"#/N#
Nationa, *ustomer Ser7i3e *enter
J35 East ",-on>uin Rd
"r,in-ton )ei-(ts1 /9 I0055
@a,so re-iona, sites1 addresses on 'eb siteA
@800A J23B55JI
(ttp$HH'''.ber,inpa30a-in-.3om
EBmai,$ in2oLber,inpa30a-in-.3om
ood -rade pa30a-in- and 3ontainers1 primari,6 p,asti31 but a,so meta,
and -,ass. T(e6 3,aim no order is too sma,,.
*!NS!9/D"TED P9"ST/*S
8181 Darro' Rd
T'insbur-1 !) JJ085
@800A 3I2B1000
@21IA J25B3900
@21IA J25B3333 2aC
D" appro7ed p,asti3 2ood stora-e 3ontainers1 2ood -rade p,asti3 ba-s1
s3re' o22 bu30et ,ids and more. "s0 2or t(eir Rubbermaid1
,aborator6Hindustria, 3ata,o-s and ba-sHpa30a-in-Hs(ippin- 3ata,o-s.
*!UNTR: 9/V/N# PR!DU*TS
1J525 5It( "7enue N<
Stan'ood1 <as(in-ton 98292

;anu2a3turer o2 t(e *ountr6 9i7in- -rain mi,,.
DES/**"RE1 /N*
East 3oast 2a3i,it6 <est 3oast 2a3i,it6
211 /ndustria, Dr 10I00 S(oema0er "7e1 =,d- *
Ri3(,and1 ;S 39218 Santa e Sprin-s1 *" 90I50BJ02I
@888A 932B0J05 @800A JJIBII50
@I01A 932B0JJ2 2aC @5I2A 903B2252
(ttp$HHdessi3are.3omH(omeprod.(tm
EBmai,$ desi33antLdesi33are.3om
Retai, sa,es o2 preBpa30a-ed and bu,0 desi33ants.
DR:/N# P"NTR:1 T)E
955I Sout( Fristin Dri7e
Sand61 Uta( 8J050
@801A 551B9115
" nonBe,e3tri3 0it3(en 2ood dr6er. Uses natura,,6 o33urrin- (eat1
eit(er 2rom t(e sun or 6our (omes (eatin- s6stem. )an-s 2rom a (oo0 to
sa7e 3ounter spa3e. /t 3an a,so ser7es as a sprouter.
REUND *"N *!;P"N:
155 <est 8Jt( St
*(i3a-o1 /9 I0I20B1298
@553A 22JBJ230 eCt 159
@553A 22JB8812 2aC
(ttp$HH'''.2reund3an.3om
;eta,1 -,ass and p,asti3 3ontainers. *an sea,ers o2 se7era, sorts.
*,aims 'i,, se,, an6 >uantit6.
#9/T*)PR!!.*!;
3151 #reen Va,,e6 Rd Q11
=irmin-(am1 "9 352J3
@205A 302B050I
@205A 9I9B935I
(ttp$HH'''.-,it3(proo2.3om
EBmai,$ in2oL-,it3(proo2.3om
No 2ood1 but 3arries 0its and produ3ts 2or doBitB6ourse,2 2ood stora-e.
=u30ets1 ,ids1 oC6-en absorbers1 ;6,ar and po,6 ,iner ba-s1 55 -a,,on
2oodBsa2e drum ,iners1 and ot(er pa30a-in- items.
9/E SPR!UTS
Post !22i3e =oC 150
Paradise1 Uta( 8J328B0150
@800A 2J1B151I
;anu2a3tures t(e Sprout ;aster Sprouter and 3arries or-ani3 sproutin-
seeds. ",so mar0ets re3ipe boo0s1 2ood stora-e.
UN/TED ST"TES P9"ST/*S
1390 Neubre3(t Rd
9ima1 !) J5801
@800A 535B952J
@J19A 228B503J 2aC
(ttp$HH'''.usp,asti3.3om
EBmai,$ uspLusp,asti3s.3om
D" appro7ed p,asti3 2ood stora-e 3ontainers1 2ood -rade p,asti3 ba-s1
s3re' o22 bu30et ,ids and more.
<E99S *"N *!;P"N:1 9TD.
8505 #o7ernment St
=urnab61 =ritis( *o,umbia V3N J#9 *anada
@I0JA J20B0959
@I0JA J20B0955 2aC
(ttp$HH'''.3obraBnetH'e,,s3anH3annin-.(tm,
EBmai,$ 'e,,s3anL,i-(tspeed.b3.3a
" *anadian manu2a3turer o2 pressure 3anners & 3oo0ers1 3an sea,ers1
meta, 3ans1 3annin- Mars1 p,asti3 and meta, bu30ets and 7a3uum sea,ers.
Retai, sa,es.
#.2.J D/"T!;"*E!US E"RT) ;"NU"*TURERS "ND DE"9ERS
"99 #!NEE
P(one$ 800B353B3J23
EBmai, a,,-one1L7ero.3om
Diatoma3eous eart(
D/"TE*T *!RP!R"T/!N
3Ho #ordon Di,, J10 E. J8t( St )o,,and1 ;/ J9J23
Diatoma3eous eart(
!SS/9 S)E99 SUPP9: *!;P"N:
P.!. =oC 50225 "mari,,o TO 59159
@800A 350B9920
@80IA 355BJ23I 7oi3e
@80IA 351B0555 2aC
(ttp$HH'''.'ebteC.3omH'ebteCH3omH2ss3 H
EBmai, MandMLarn.net
Diatoma3eous eart(
NE*ESS"R: !R#"N/*S1 /N*
!ne Nature+s <a6
Ne' *ast,e1 V" 2J125B0305
*on3ern brand diatoma3eous eart(. T(is is t(e brand /+7e been bu6in-.
P9"NET N"TUR"9
1I12 #o,d "7e
P.!. =oC 31JI
=oDeman1 ;T 59552
@800A 289BII5I
@J0IA 585B0223 2aC
(ttp$HH'''.'eb3omHe3ostoreHindeC.(tm,
EBmai,$ e3ostoreL'eb3om.3om
" 7er6 -reen dea,er. T(e DE is in t(e Soaps1 !i,s and ;ore dire3tor6.
#.2.5 ST!R"#E !!D RET"/9 DE"9ERS
";ER/*"N REED!; NET<!RF1 T)E
P.!. =oC 1550
4o(nsto'n1 *! 8053J
@800A 205BI2J5 orders
(ttp$HH'''.ameri2ree.3omHindeC.(tm
EBmai,$ 3ommentsLameri2ree.3om
;ainsta6 Emer-en36 Ration bars1 *ountr6 9i7in- -rain mi,,1 Fatad6n 'ater
2i,ters. PreBpa30a-ed stora-e 2oods1 in3,udin- or-ani3.
=&" PR!DU*TS
Rt 1 =oC 100
=un3(1 !F 5J931B9505
@918A I9IB5998
@918A I9IB5999 2aC
(ttp$HH'''.baprodu3ts.3om
EBmai,$ =6ronLbaprodu3ts.3om
<ater 2i,ters1 Read6 Reser7e1 ",pineaire 2oods and )eater ;ea,s.
="*F T! ="S/*S @F"T)9EEN 9";!NTA
P.!. =oC 1138
<a6nes7i,,e1 N* 2858I
@50JA J52B28II
(ttp$HH'''.dnet.netHYbasi3s
EBmai,$ basi3sLdnet.net
;an6 -ood boo0s1 2ood de(6drator1 Ti,ia 7a3uum sea,er1 7ideo taped 2ood
stora-e 3ourses. 9amont ,e3tures at some preparedness eCpos.
=EST PR/*ES ST!R"=9E !!DS b6 =ru3e )op0ins
1535 *as3ade St
;es>uite @Da,,asA TeCas 551J9
@952A 288B02I2 in t(e p.m.
@952A 288BJI10
@21JA 5J2B5555 'ee0da6s in t(e a.m.
(ttp$HH'eb2.airmai,.netH2oodstr2H
EBmai,$ 2oodstr2Lairmai,.net
PreBpa30a-ed de(6drated 2oods1 bu,0 2oods1 -rains1 ,e-umes1 and -rain
mi,,s. ;6,ar ba-s1 oC6-en absorbers1 3ontainers and DE. ;ountain )ouse
2reeDe dried 2oods. !r-ani3 2oods.
*!UNTR:S/DE #R"N"R:
P.!. =oC 501
)u,,1 /o'a 51239
@888A J35B39J8
@512A J39B18I1
<eb site & EBmai, 3omin-.
#rains1 ,e>umes1 dr6 mi,0 and ot(er bu,0 2oods in ba-s and I -a,,on
SuperPai,s. Sproutin- seeds. Diatoma3eous eart(1 oC6-en absorbers and
2oodB-rade 55 -a,,on drums.
*S/N
P.!. =oC 538
9ibb61 ;T 59923
@J0IA 293B8121 9a.m.B9p.m. ;ST
(ttp$HH'''.0ootenet.netH3sinHindeC.(tm
EBmai,$ *S/NL0ootenet.net
#rain mi,,s1 bu,0 and nitro-en pa30ed @bu30ets & 3ansA -rains1 ,e-umes1
de(6drated and 2reeDe dried 2oods1 sproutin- seeds. !C6-en absorbers and
;6,ar ba-s. ?100 minimum order.
E;ER#EN*: ESSENT/"9S
Nationa, *ata,o- Sa,es !22i3e
1I5 S. ;ountain <a6 Dri7e
!rem1 Uta( 8J058B5119
@801A 222B959I
@800A 999B18I3 To,, ree !rder 9ine
(ttp$HH'''.beprepared.3om
EBmai,$ 'ebmasterLbeprepared.3om
" maMor preparedness retai,er. Stora-e 2oods o2 a,, t6pes1 ;RE+s1 'ater
puri2iers1 stora-e 3ontainers1 -rain mi,,s and ot(er 2ood e>uipment.
EC3e,,ent 3osts on s(ippin-. ree preparedness so2t'are.
E;ER#EN*: !!D ST!R"#E
322 =u30in-(am
Pres3ott1 "T 8I303
@800A J1JB932J
(ttp$HH'''.nort(,in0.3omHY-'iatt
EBmai,$ permapa0Lusa.net
" PermaPa0 2oods distributor1 preBpa30a-ed 2ood p,ans.
EP/*ENTER1 T)E @E;ER#EN*: PREP"REDNESS /N!R;"T/!N *ENTERA
I523 *a,i2ornia "7e S<1 Q1I1
Seatt,e1 <" 9813I
@20IA 935B5I58 7oi3eH2aC
(ttp$HHT(eEpi3enter.3om
eBmai,$ bMne,sonLT(eEpi3enter.3om
)eater ;ea,s1 DatreC ration bars and ;REs. <ater 2i,ters.
* SURP9US
1512 Dundas St. E.
9ondon1 !ntario N5< 3E1 *anada
@519A J51B02JI 7oi3e & 2aC
@519A J51B93J1 2aC1 i2 abo7e ,ine is bus6.
(ttp$HH'''.23surp,us.3omHm,tr62d.(tm
EBmai,$ >uestionL23surp,us.3om
*anadian .redd6 *(e2. ;REs and ot(er surp,us re,ated items1 primari,6
*anadian or =ritis(.
)"PP: )!VE9 !!DS
P.!. =oC 581
:e,m1 <" 98595
@800A I35B5552
@3I0A J58BJJJ5
@3I0A J58B5955 2aC
(ttp$HH'''.''ma-i3.3omH(ap(o7
eBmai,$ (ap(o7Lseanet.3om
PreBpa30a-ed 2oods1 bu,0 -rains1 ,e-umes and de(6drated 2oods. ;RE+s1
2reeDe dried 2oods1 -rain mi,,s.
)!;ESTE"D PR!DU*TS
*onta3t 7ia p(one or eBmai, 2or posta, address
@5J1A I88B92I3
@5J1A I88B9555 2aC
(ttp$HH'''.te,eport.3omHYdan6Hmi,,
EBmai,$ dan6Lte,eport.3om
Se7era, -rain mi,,s1 Fatad6n 'ater 2i,ters and ",addin ,amps.
4&F ENTERPR/SES
519 #ri22it( "7e
Terre,,1 TO 551I0
(ttp$HH'''.(is3(ara3ter.3omH2oods.(tm
EBmai,$ MseitDL(is3(ara3ter.3om
PreBpa30a-ed stora-e 2oods1 bu,0 -rains1 ,e-umes1 de(6drated 2oods
or-ani3s1 ",pineaire1 sproutin- seeds. !C6-en absorbers1 -rain mi,,s.
4!SEP) PR!4E*T1 T)E
P.!. =oC I501
9ubbo301 TO 5J93BI501
No p(one ,isted.
(ttp$HH3orporate.od6sse61.netHMosep(proMe3tH
EBmai,$ 4osep(ProMe3tLods6.net
=u,0 de(6drated 2oods.
9"FER/D#E !!D ST!R"#E
89I E. IJ0 N.
!rem1 Uta( 8J095
@801A 221B8205 2aC
@800A 33IB5125
(ttp$HH'''.s(opsite.3omH,2s
EBmai,$ ,2s2oodLiC.net3om.3om
PreBpa30a-ed ,on- term stora-e 2oods1 bu,0 -rains1 ,e-umes1 or-ani3
2oods1 sproutin- seeds1 de(6drated 2oods and some 2reeDeBdried. #rain
mi,,s.
9/VE !"F "R;S
@855A 858BJ8I5
@J05A 59JB53I5
T(e site did not ,ist a posta, address
(ttp$HH'''.uni7ersa,'eb.3omH2oodHindeC.(tm
EBmai,$ ronLuni7ersa,'eb.3om
PreBpa30a-ed 2oods1 bu,0 2oods1 ;RE+s1 sproutin- seeds. #rain mi,,s and
ot(er e>uipment.
;"4!R SURP9US
J35 <. ",ondra =ou,e7ard
#ardena1 *a,i2ornia 902J8
@800A JJ1B8855
@310A 32JBI909 2aC
(ttp$HHmaMorsurp,usnsuri7a,.3om
EBmai,$ in2oLmaMorsurp,usnsur7i7a,.3om
;RE+s and some 2oodH'ater stora-e 3ontainers.
;E:ERS *UST!; SUPP9:
P.!.=oC 212
*asse,1 *" 9I01I
@800A J51BI105
@530A 335BJ320
(ttp$HH'''.*BDone.netHme6ers3sHm3s
EBmai,$ m3sL*BDone.net
",pineaire 2oods1 3i7i,ian ;REs.
;/99ENN/U; !!D ST!RES
52I Nort( 1890 <est Q3J
P.!. =oC 50595
Pro7o1 UT 8JI05
@800A 500B9893
@801A 355B22IJ
@801A 35IB1523 2aC
EB;ai,$ 2oodLitsnet.3om
(ttp$HH'''.mi,,ennium2oods.3om
De(6drated & 2reeDeBdried 2oods in Q10 3ans1 and ;6,ar ,ined bu30ets.
Some bu,0 2oods.
N/TR!BP"F PREP"REDNESS *ENTER
151 N. ;ain Street
)eber *it61 Uta( 8J032
@800A 8IIBJ85I
@888A IJ8B5I52 to,, 2ree 2aC
(ttp$HH'''.nitroBpa0.3om @/t+s been under 3onstru3tion 2or a ,on- '(i,eA
EBmai,$ nitropa0Ls(ado',in0.net
PreBpa30a-ed and bu,0 de(6drated1 2reeDeBdried1 stora-e 2oods. DatreC
and ;ainsta6 ration bars. ;ountain )ouse and ",pineaire 2oods and
3i7i,ian ;REs. <ater stora-e 3ontainers and 2i,ters. #rain mi,,s1 Q10
3an sea,er. !C6-en absorbers and ;6,ar ba-s..
P!NDER!S" SP!RTS & ;ER*"NT/9E1 /N*.
I85J )i-('a6 55
)orses(oe =end1 /da(o 83I29
@208A 593B3121
@208A 593B3133 2aC
EBmai,$ ponderLmi3ron.net
Preparedness 2ood1 e>uipment and supp,ies. ;RE+s1 ;ountain )ouse 2reeDe
dried 2oods1 )eatermea,s1 =; @=a,an3ed ood ;iCA1 2I pa-e 3ata,o-1
send ?2.
PR!DU*T S!UR*E /NTERN"T/!N"9
255 East J00 Sout(1 Ste 150
Sa,t 9a0e *it61 Uta( 8J111
@801A 531B899I 7oi3e
@801A 328B12J3 2aC
(ttp$HH'''.do'nto'nB'eb.3omHpsi
EBmai,$ psiusaLaros.net
PreBpa30a-ed and bu,0 ,on- term stora-e 2oods1 boo0s1 -rain mi,,s1
3ontainers @empt6 Q10 3ans 2or (ome useA. !C6-en absorbers @in
emer-en36 preparedness se3tionA.
PR!V/S/!NS 20001 /N*
2251 < 12t( 9ane
:uma1 "T 853IJ
@520A 329B5158
(ttp$HH(ome.spr6net.3omHspr6netHpro72000Hmain.(tm
EBmai,$ pro72000Lspr6net.3om
",pineaire -ourmet reser7es & *anadian mi,itar6 ;REs.
S"E TREF
90 Sa2e Tre0 P,a3e
=oDeman1 ;T 59518
@J0IA 585B5551
@J0IA 58IBJ8J2 2aC
@800A J2JB5850
(ttp$HH'''.sa2etre0.3om
EBmai,$ Sa,esLa7i3om.net
",pineaire preBpa30a-ed 2oods1 t(eir o'n 3anner6 ,ine as 'e,,. #rain
mi,,s1 boo0s1 !C6-en absorbers.
SE*URE UTURE
IJ0 =ai,e6 Rd1 Q128
Pittsbur-(1 *" 9J5I5
(ttp$HH'''.se3ure2uture.3om
EBmai,$ >uestionsLse3ure2uture.3om
N2 pa30ed de(6drated 2oods @Read6 Reser7eA1 PreBpa30a-ed 2ood p,ans1
-rain mi,,s.
S)ERR:+S ST!RE)!USE
P.!. =oC 1505
;er,in1 !R 95532
@5J1A J51B5859 da6s
@5J1A II0B82I5 e7enin-s
@800A II2B0135 2aC
(ttp$HH'''.(omeDen.3omHs(erstorHs(erstor.(tm,
EBmai,$ none ,isted.
#rains1 ,e-umes1 de(6drated1 2reeDe dried1 or-ani3 bu,0 and nitro-en
pa30ed 2oods @bu30ets and 3ansA1 sproutin- seeds1 ;ainsta6 ration bars.
!C6-en absorbers1 ;6,ar ba-s1 Q10 3ans and -rain mi,,s.
S!UT) SU;;/T *!RP!R"T/!N
P.!. =oC 851293
Ri3(ardson1 TO 55085
@952A J95B5250 7oi3e
@952A J95B9559 2aC
(ttp$HH'''.sout(summit.3om
EBmai,$ sout(summitLtop(er.net
Pro7ident Pantr6 ,on- term stora-e 2oods1 ;RE+s1 'ater stora-e1 2i,ters
and 3ontainers1 ration bars1 2reeDe dried 2oods @mu,tip,e
manu2a3turer+sA1 p,asti3 2ood stora-e bu30ets.
ST!RE)!USE PR!DU*TS
Post !22i3e =oC I90021
San "ntonio TeCas 582I9
@210A I90B5I32
(ttp$HH'''.d33i.3omHD**/Hstore(ouse.(tm,
EBmai,$ de6erLd33i.3om
" TeCas distributor pro7idin- a 3omp,ete ,ine o2 de(6drated 2oods1 -rain
mi,,s1 'ater puri2i3ation s6stems. *a,, or 'rite 2or a 2ree 3ata,o-ue.
SURV/V"9 *ENTER1 T)E
19223 *oo0 Road
P.!. =oC 23J
;3Fenna1 <as(in-ton 98558
@3I0A J58BI558 7oi3e
@3I0A J58BI8I8 2aC
@800A 321B2900 orders on,6
(ttp$HH'''.D6D.3omHsur7i7a,3enter
EBmai,$ sa,esLsur7i7a,3enter.3om
" ,ot o2 boo0s1 not a,, o2 t(em use2u,. PreBpa30a-ed 2ood p,ans.
;ountains )ouse 2reeDe dried 2oods in pou3(es and 3ans. ;RE+s. #rain
mi,,s. or 3ata,o- send ?2.00.
<)E"T ;!NT"N" "R;S & ="FER:
10558 )'6 285
T(ree or0s1 ;T 59552
@J0IA 285B3I1J
@J0IA 285B35J9 2aC
@800A 535B2598 @sma,, >uantit6 UPS ordersA
(ttp$HH'''.'(eatmt.3om
)ard red '(eat1 (ard '(ite '(eat1 or-ani3 '(eat1 ot(er bu,0 and pa30a-ed
-rains1 pinto beans. Empt6 bu30ets and ,ids. Sma,, >t6 and bu,0 2,ours
as 'e,,.
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
P,ease dire3t orders1 3omments1 >uestions1 3ontributions and 3riti3isms
to$ at(a-anLsprintmai,.3om
Posta, mai, address$
".T. )a-an
P.!. =oC 1J0008
#aines7i,,e1 , 32I1JB0008