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1960 1970 1980 1990 1997
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25
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LKA> LS> HKGFD> KFGB W> S>P. .LWFS>J PB K> S>XR FKQBIFDBK@FGR, > KB
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PQSBKFJ CFK>KPFGPHFJ FKQBOBPFJ>. 9QL GB K>GWK>[>GKFGB, ALH>WF HLGF FAR
R HLOFPQ LSLJB PR ?OLGKF. -SAB PB O>AF L JBKG>KGR K>[FK> K> HLGF
GBABQB F \FSFQB F L FWRWBQKLJ WAO>SIGR HLGB ZB RPIBAFQF.
)>H>S GB MOBJ> QLJB JLG OB@BMQ W> AL?OL WAO>SIGB? 3HO>QHL, O>AF
PB L SFXBPQORHFJ WAO>SPQSBKFJ HLOFPQFJ> LA HLOFXZBKG> ?FIGKFE K>JFO-
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PFLK>IKLJ \FSLQR. <>H P>J F HOFQFHLS>L DIBAFXQ> SBDBQ>OFG>K>@> ALH
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@FKR.
1>A> GB JLG> GBAFK> \BIG> A> L?G>PKFJ K>R[KR LPKLSR PSLGFE
DIBAFXQ> XQL GB G>PKFGB JLDRZB. .OLJBK> K>SFH> R FPEO>KF ZB PB LAF-
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HLOFPQF. *GRAF LAIR[RGR XQ> ZB GBPQF FW KFW> O>WILD>, MOF [BJR PR
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PQ>SFJ K>R[KB ALH>WB R L?IFHR HLGF PB JL\B O>WRJBQF. -PQ>IL GB K>
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S>OBK> LM>\>KGBJ F JBOBKGFJ>. -K> KFGB MOFSFAK>, EFMLQBQF[H> FIF >KBD-
ALQPH>; K>PQ>I> GB K> LPKLSR LMO>SA>KFE FPQO>\FS>[HFE K>I>W>. -SL GB
26
SOPQ> K>RHB HLGR GB MOSL?FQKL W>PQRM>L MOB 2.400 DLAFK> LQ>@ JBAF-
@FKB, &FMLHO>Q, HLGF GB OBH>L: ].LPQLGB, R PRXQFKF, ASB PQS>OF: WK>QF F
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HLG> P>J PMOLSLAFL G> F JLGF PQRABKQF F HLIBDB FW JLGB FPQO>\FS>[HB
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3HIGR[FS>I> PR FPQO>\FS>KGB O>H> GBQOB HLA CFIFMFKPHB AB@B F KGFELS RKLP
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22,23
@BKQOB K>@FLK>IKLD MOLDO>J> P> -
JL ML JLZF FPEO>KLJ W> KBREO>KGBKR MOBAXHLIPHR AB@R K> $FIFMFKF -
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24
FPQO>\FS>KGB C>HQLO> FPEO>KB HLGF RQF[R K> DRPQFKR HLPQFGR F LPQBL-
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25-27
FPQO>\FS>KGB ?FLJ>OHBO> HLGF H>O>H-
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28,29
F K>@FLK>IKL, L?FJKL FPQO>\FS>KGB C>HQL-
O> FPEO> KB F K>[FK> \FSLQ> MLSBW>KFE P> PJOQKLXZR LA ?LIBPQF R 170
PBI> FW )FKB F 2>GS>K> (LMXQB MLWK>QL H>L )FKBPHL FPQO>\FS>KGB).
30-33
-S> FPQO>\FS>KG>, SBLJ> O>WIF[FQ> ML PSLJ LMPBDR, ?>SFI> PR PB
?LIBPQFJ> W> HLGB PB PJ>QO>IL A> PR MLSBW>K> P> K>SFH>J> FPEO>KB,
L?BW?BYRGRZF K> Q>G K>[FK MOFIFHR W> L?FJKL FPQO>\FS>KGB SBW> FPEO>KB
F ?LIBPQF. )FKBPHL FPQO>\FS>KGB, [FGF P>J G> ?FL AFOBHQLO, LQML[BIL GB
1983. DLAFKB F GLX RSBH QO>GB.
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O>QLOFGPHF FPQO>\FS>[HF MOLDO>J BHPMBOFJBKQ>IKFE FPQO>\FS>KG> K> \FSLQF -
KG>J>. -SL FPQO>\FS>KGB HLGB GB LQML[BIL HO>GBJ 1960-FE F HLGB GB CFK>K-
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GFJ K>R[KFJ [>PLMFPFJ>, ALSBIF PR R MFQ>KGB P>JB LPKLSKB MOFK@FMB
RWOLH> O>H>.
)>A> GB PSB OB[BKL F FWSOXBKL JLGB HLIBDB F G> PJL FJ>IF [>PQ A>
MOFJFJL RHRMKL 74 DLAFKB LAL?OBKLD CFK>KPFO>KG>. "ORDFJ OB[FJ>,
MLXQL PJL SOXFIF SFXB LA GBAKLD FPQO>\FS>[HLD MOLDO>J> LAGBAKLJ,
JLGB HLIBDB F G> PJL PMOLSBIF 74 DLAFKB CFK>KPFO>KLD FPQO>\FS>KG> W>
J>KGB LA 35 DLAFK>. ,> LPKLSR LSLD FPQO>\FS>KG> ?FL P>J >RQLO FIF
HL>RQLO SFXB LA 350 K>R[KFE [I>K>H>. OLGKB K>DO>AB PR ALABIGBKB
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MR?IFH>@FG>. 3 KGFE GB, FWJBYR LPQ>ILD, PM>A>I> F K>DO>A> AJBOF[HLD
FKPQFQRQ> W> FPQO>\FS>KGB O>H> FW 1998. DLAFKB ]H>L MOFWK>KGB W> \FSLQ-
KF SBH WK>[>GKFE LPQS>OBKG> R K>R[KFJ FPQO>\FS>KGFJ>... L FPEO>KF F
O>HR^, K>DO>AR FW 1998. DLAFKB H>L GBAK> LA ]25 K>GRQF@>GKFGFE
IF[KLPQF W> MFQ>KGB FPEO>KB^ HLGR GB ALABIFL 1BIC [>PLMFP, F >OQLK
)>IJ>K K>R[KR K>DO>AR FW 2004. DLAFKB HLGR GB ALABIFIL 3AOR\BKGB
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JBAF@FKPHFJ RPQ>KLS>J> R SFXB LA [BQOABPBQ AO\>S> F KBHLIFHL
PQO>KFE WBJ> IG> MOBAPQ>SIG> ALH>W L W>KFJ>KGR W> LSB K>I>WB R MOL-
27
CBPFLK>IKLG W>GBAKF@F. +LG> MLG>S> MOBA HLKDOBPKFJ HLJFQBQFJ> F
P>SBWKFJ F AO\>SKFJ >DBK@FG>J> GB Q>HLYB RH>WFS>I> K> WK>[>G>K G>SKF
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MOF[B R [>PLMFPFJ> 31A 2LA>V, ,BT 7LOH 2FJBP, F 1>QROA>V #SBKFKD
.LPQ F XFOLHL L?G>SIGFS>KF 24 ALHRJBKQ>OKF CFIJLSF L K>XBJ O>AR
Q>HLYB PR MOBAPQ>SIG>IF ABL K>XFE G>SKFE >HQFSKLPQF.
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8>ES>IGRGRZF PSBJR LSLJB, RSFABL P>J A> PR HLOFPQF LPQS>OBKB
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H>HSLD IBH> FIF LMBO>@FGB HLOFXZBKB R JBAF@FKPHLG MO>HPF. 1O[>K> L?L -
IGBKG>, O>H, AFG>?BQBP, XILD, F MLSFXBK MOFQFP>H, >OQOFQFP, H>Q>O>HQ>,
AI@E>GJBOLS> ?LIBPQ, FJMLQBK@FG>, F O>WKB SOPQB AORDFE EOLKF[KFE L?L -
IGBKG> PB JLDR R SBIFHLG JBOF PMOB[FQF. -SB ?LIBPQF, HLGB PB RDI>SKLJ
G>SIG>GR MOF PQ>OBKGR F ABDBKBO>@FGF QHFS>, R?FG>GR SBZFKR K>P MOB SOB-
JBK>.
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RWK>MOBALS>I> PO[>K> L?LIGBKG>, OBI>QFSKL RWK>MOBALS>IF O>H
LAOBYBKLD QFM>, AFG>?BQBP F KBHLIFHL AORDFE ABDBKBO>QFSKFE ?LIBPQF
JLDR MOBLHOBKFQF FPEO>KLJ. 1BZ>J PB H>A> PR JLGF K>AOBYBKF P>JL
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PO[>K> L?LIGBKG>, >IF PR \BPQLHL KBDFO>IF KGBKR JLDRZKLPQ A>
MOBLHOBKB Q>HSR ?LIBPQ H>A> GB GBAKLJ SBZ RWK>MOBALS>I>. +BYRQFJ,
ALH>WF PB SFXB KB JLDR W>KBJ>OFS>QF. -KF FW K>RHB FIF JBAF@FKB HLGF
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DLSLOKF.
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LADLSLO>K W> ?LIBPQ. +BYRQFJ, CFK>KPFO>KGB DBKBQF[HFE FPQO>\FS>KG>
K>PQ>SIG> A> PB PQOJLDI>SL MLSBZ>S> R RSBOBKGR A> PR PMB@FCF[KF DBKF
LADLSLOKF W> MLG>SR PMB@FCF[KFE L?LIGBKG>, R K>AF A> ZBJL KBH>HL
RPMBQF A> ]FPHIGR[FJL^ QB KBWDLAKB DBKB. .OLDO>JF W> LAKLPB P>
G>SKLXZR HLJM>KFG> IBHLS> P>A> LMFPRGR ?RARZKLPQ R HLGLG ZB PS>HL
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F ILXFE DBK>. )LOFPQBZF LSR H>OQF@R, LA K>P ZB PB L[BHFS>QF A> LABJL
AL ALHQLO>, HLGF ZB MOBMFP>QF P>JL GBAKR MFIRIR W> FPHIGR[FS>KGB K>XFE
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PB MLHRX> P> KGFELSFJ PMOLSLYBKGBJ, LSL FJ>QF LW?FIGKB, KB\BIGBKB
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WAO>SPQSBK> OBXBKG> HLG> SBZ MLPQLGB: OBXBKG> W>PKLS>K> K> FPEO>KF.
28
3 PLMPQSBKLG I>?LO>QLOFGF PJL K> BHPMBOFJBKQ>IKFJ \FSLQFKG>J>
MLH>W>IF A> PB O>PQ O>H> JL\B FPEO>KLJ RHIGR[FS>QF F FPHIGR[FS>QF,
RMOHLP SBLJ> FWO>\BKB DBKBQF[HB PHILKLPQF. -SB BCBHQB PJL ABQ>IGKL
FPQO>\FS>IF F K>XB K>I>WB L?G>SFIF R K>G?LIGFJ K>R[KFJ [>PLMFPFJ>. )>L
XQL ZBQB H>PKFGB SFABQF, LSF K>I>WF PR PMBHQ>HRI>OKF, > FPQF BCBHQF PR
FWKLS> RQSOYFS>KF F HLA IGRAF.
'PEO>K> K> MO>SFI>K K>[FK KB P>JL A> PMOB[>S> ?LIBPQ SBZ F PQS>O>
WAO>SIGB F LPBZ>G AL?OL?FQF, F CFWF[HF F JBKQ>IKL. ,BHF SOERKPHF PMLOQFPQF,
H>L XQL PR QOFG>QILK>@ "BGS 1HLQ, >QIBQF[>OF )>OI *RFP F #ASFK +LWBP,
QBKFPBOH> +>OQFK> ,>SO>QFILS>, PSBQPHF X>JMFLK R OS>KGR )OFP )BJM?BI
(KFPJL R POLAPQSR) F 68-LDLAFXKGF J>O>QLK>@ 0RQ &>GAOFE PR LQHOFIF A>
FJ FPEO>K> P> J>IL J>PQF W>PKLS>K> K> ?FIGH>J> MOR\> WK>[>GKL ?LIGB
PMLPL?KLPQF. 3 I>?LO>QLOFGF PJL EO>KFIF BHPMBOFJBKQ>IKB M>@LSB FPEO>-
KLJ PIF[KLJ FPEO>KF MOLPB[KLD AJBOFH>K@> - ?LD>QLJ \FSLQFKGPHFJ
MOLQBFKFJ> - F RMLOBAFIF FE P> AORDFJ M>@LSFJ> EO>KGBKFJ FPEO>KLJ
PFOLJ>XKLJ \FSLQFKGPHFJ MOLQBFKFJ>. .LDLAFQB XQ> PB ABPFIL H>A> GB
M>@LSFJ> FW L?B DORMB ALMRXQBKL A> PSLGBSLIGKL HLOFPQB QL[>H W>
SB\?>KGB? -KF EO>KGBKF FPEO>KLJ P> J>IL \FSLQFKGPHFE MOLQBFK> PR
SB\?>IF WK>[>GKL SFXB, RW J>KGB W>JLO>, R LAKLPR K> LKB HLGF PR
EO>KGBKF SOPQLJ FPEO>KB HLG> GB H>O>HQBOFPQF[K> F W> SBZFKR K>P. 2L GB
FPQF BCBH>Q HLGF PR LM>WFIF F LSF SOERKPHF PMLOQFPQF. -SL KB ?F QOB?>IL
A> MOBAPQ>SIG> KLSLPQF W> JBAF@FKPHR W>GBAKF@R. .OB GBAKLD SBH>, MOL-
CBPLO 0>PBI <FQBKABK (0RPPBII !EFQQBKABK) [RSBKF FPQO>\FS>[ FPEO>KB P>
+BAF@FKPHLD RKFSBOWFQBQ> K> (BGIR, GB FPQO>\FS>L A> IF GB HLOFXZBKGB
?FIGKB FPEO>KB RQF@>IL K> CFWF[HB PMLPL?KLPQF PQRABK>Q>.
34,35
&O>KFL GB
PSLGB PQRABKQB, HLIBDB F PB?B ?FIGKLJ FPEO>KLJ F JBOFL KGFELSB CFWF[HB
PMLPL?KLPQF. "L?FL GB FPQB OBWRIQ>QB H>L F K>XF M>@LSF PHLOL SBH H>P-
KFGB - F LKF PR ?FIF MLAGBAK>HL PMBHQ>HRI>OKF.
2R GB F MFQ>KGB K>XB MOBHLJBOKB W>SFPKLPQF LA IBHLS> F LMBO>@FG>
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FPEO>K> K> MO>SFI>K K>[FK ?F R SBIFHLG JBOF RJ>KGFI> LDOLJKB QOLXHLSB
HLOFXZBKG> IBHLS>, H>L F KGFELSB PMLOBAKB BCBHQB. +>KGF ?OLG IGRAF ?F
SLAFL ARDB, PHRMB ?FQHB P> EOLKF[KFJ ?LIBPQFJ> R ?LIKF@>J> QLHLJ
PSLGFE MLPIBAKGFE DLAFK> \FSLQ>. 2OLXHLSF WAO>SPQSBKB KBDB ?F LM>IF, >
DOBXHB W?LD RMLQOB?B IBHLS> ?F PB PJ>KGFS>IB, ALH ?F ?OLG MOBSOB-
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29
AL W>I>PH> PRK@>, ?FIF K> LQSLOBKLJ P>ABZF F L?O>YRGRZF RPBSB F
?OFKRZF PB L \FSLQFKG>J>. +LG> J>GH> GB FJ>I> K>G?LIGR ?>XQR R K>XBJ
ABIR WBJIGB F K>MLOKL O>AFI> FW A>K> R A>K QLHLJ IBQ> H>HL ?F K>X>
MLOLAF@> ?FI> EO>KGBK> PSB\LJ EO>KLJ, HLG> GB R MLQMRKLPQF ?FI>
MOLFWSBABK> K> K>XLG PLMPQSBKLG C>OJF.
+LGB MRQLS>KGB GB ?FIL W>AFSIGRGRZB. 'WKLS> ?FE ?FL W>AFSIGBK LKFJB
XQL P>J K>R[FL. @>L JF GB XQL JLG> MLOLAF@> F AORDF LHL K>P KFPR
FJ>IF POBAFKLJ 1900-QFE FKCLOJ>@FGB HLGB P>A> FJ>JL L EO>KF F
WAO>SIGR. "> PJL FJ>IF, JLG LQ>@ GB JLD>L A> PMOB[F, FIF MOBLHOBKB
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DLSLD FJBKG>H>, HLGF P>O>YRGB P> JKLJ K> LSLG HKGFWF. +LD>L GB A>
\FSF GLX KBHLIFHL DLAFK> RW ?LIGF HS>IFQBQ WAO>SIG>. +LGB MRQLS>KGB HOLW
K>RHR QLHLJ MOLQBHIFE [BQOABPBQ F MBQ DLAFK> JB GB R?BAFIL A> GB P>A
EFQKFGB KBDL FH>A MOFH>W>QF IGRAFJ> H>HL JLDR A> FW?BDKR LSB QO>DBAF-
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R LS>HSLJ PQ>KGR F A> MLPJ>QO>JL H>HL K>XF SLIGBKF KBMLQOB?KL
M>QB. 4OBJB GB A> RPQ>KBJL F MOBRWJBJL HLKQOLIR K>A K>XFJ WAO>S -
IGBJ.
30
+LG> @BILHRMK> MOLCBPFLK>IK> H>OFGBO> R ?FLJBAF@FKPHLJ
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35
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6
PR 1970. DLAFKB L?G>SFI> A> GB
]KBALPQ>Q>H MOLQBFK> KBPRJKGFSL K>GLW?FIGKF HS>IFQ>QFSKF KBALPQ>Q>H R
FPEO>KF WBJ>IG> R O>WSLGR. 4BIFHF ABL MLMRI>@FGB LSFE WBJ>IG> \FSF
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4
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4
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OF[HLD JFKFPQ>OPQS> QODLSFKB, GLX GBA>K W>PQRMKFH HLOFXZBKG> \FSLQFKG -
PHFE K>JFOKF@>, MOFWK>L GB 1973. DLAFKB, A> ]F>HL KB MLPQLGF PRXQFK-
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1
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36
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?FIGKLD FWSLO>. AIF QL KFGB GBAFKF K>[FK, F, H>L XQL ZBJL SFABQF, KB MOBA-
PQ>SIG> KBLMELAKL K>[FK HLGF GB K>GALPIBAKFGF P> ARDLOL[KFJ WAO>SIGBJ.
'PEO>K> AB@B
.OBJ> QLJB, LSL GB ?FIL O>PMLIL\BKGB R QLJ MBOFLAR, > G> P>J ?FL
ABL QLD> HLIFHL F ?FIL HL AORDF. ,>MRPQFL P>J +'2 H>HL ?FE MOBRWBL
MLIL\>G K> C>HRIQBQR K> 4FOA\FKFG> 2BHR 1965. DLAFKB. .OLCBPLO <>OIF
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FPEO>KR K> 4FOA\FKFG> 2BHR, W>I>D>L PB W> O>WSLG JBYRK>OLAKLD MOL-
DO>J> FPEO>KB W> KBREO>KGBKR AB@R. FL GB W>FKQBOBPLS>K W> MOFJB -
KGFS>KGB ]J>G[FKPHLD^ MOLGBHQ> W> P>JLMLJLZ K> $FIFMFKFJ>. .OLGBH>Q
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KBREO>KGBKB AB@B. 'ABG> GB ?FI> A> >HL PB J>GHB K>R[B A> LADL-
S>O>GRZB SOPQB ILH>IKL RWD>G>KB EO>KB JLDR A> ALKBPR AL?OL KGFELSLG
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KBMLPQLGBZB ALHQLOB. #KDBI GB W>ML[BL MOLDO>J 1967. DLAFKB F MLW-
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3W K>DI>P>H K> MOLQBFKB H>L K> POBAPQSL W> OBX>S>KGB KBREO> -
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L?O>WLSKFE ]J>G[FKPHFE^ @BKQ>O> F A> QFJB MLJLDKBJL MLSBZ>KGR
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[BK> K> L?>IKB L?I>PQF. +F PJL OBXFIF A> O>WSFGBJL HFHFOFHF H>L FWSLO
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+BYRQFJ, MLPQLG>L GB MO>QBZF MOL?IBJ P> LSFJ RHRPKFJ J>ER-
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7-9
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37
.OB LAI>PH> K> $FIFMFKB, JLO>L P>J A> MRQRGBJ K> &>FQF H>HL ?FE
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IGB, > &>FQF GB PS>H>HL LADLS>O>L QLJ LMFPR. .>M> "LH "RS>IFGB,
MOBAPBAKFH &>FQFG>, GB W> PLMPQSBKF ?LD>QF \FSLQKF PQFI MLQOLXFL LKL
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K>GDLOF, MOBAPQ>SIG>L GB AB@R FPMLA 65%. 'J>GQB K> RJR A> ABQB LA
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AL?OL PB PBZ>J KBHFE LA JLGFE MOSFE MOFWLO> QB AB@B. +>GH>, F P>J>
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5 HFILDO>J> QBXHL, AORDL 6 HFILDO>J>, MLHRX>S> A> FE K>QBO> A>
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38
PMBHQFSB W>ES>IKL GBO K>J DLSLOF KB P>JL L RQF@>GR EO>KB FIF EBJFH>IF-
GB K> WAO>SIGB, SBZ F W>XQL LK> FJ> Q>H>S RQF@>G. ,> Q>G K>[FK PJL
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O>K >CI>QLHPFKLJ. .OL@BKFIF PJL A$ RKLP >K>IFWFO>GRZF FWIR[FS>KGB A$
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.OF P>HRMIG>KGR
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39
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9HLIPHF PFPQBJF XFOLJ WBJIGB, R ,GRGLOHR, *LP AKYBIBPR,
AQI>KQF F <FH>DR, FWJBYR LPQ>IFE, MOBPQ>IF PR P> PIR\BKGBJ G>?RH> F
MOLFWSLA> LA G>?RH>. .L "\LKR 0>GPR ((LEK 0F@B), ?FSXBJ MOBAPBA-
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AL\FSBI> BHLKLJPHF M>A, DR?BZF SFXB LA 250 JFIFLK> ALI>O>.
5
)LK>[KL GB, H>L LADLSLO K> MLSFH G>SKLPQF, MOLFWSLAKG> F RMLQOB?>
>I>O> MOBHFKRQ> GRK> 1989. DLAFKB.
3
.OF[> L >I>OR KFGB KBRL?F[>GBK>. 2LHLJ MOLXIFE KBHLIFHL AB@BKFG>,
R XQ>JMF GB SFXB EBJFH>IFG> K>SBABKL H>L POBAPQS> HLG> FW>WFS>GR O>H.
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- AJFKLQOF>WLI (EBO?F@FA HLOFXZBK K> RPBSFJ> ?ORPKF@B, MOLRWOLHR-
GRZF ]PQO>E LA ?ORPKF@>^ FW 1959. DLAFKB).
- ""2 (LMXQB MLWK>Q K>HLK HKGFDB 0BG[BI )>OPLK (0>@EBI !>OPLK)
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R SFOXI>J> F PI>KFKF).
- !OSBK> ?LG> ?OLG 2.
- 4BXQ>[HF W>PI>YFS>[F (RHIGR[RGRZF @FHI>J>QB F P>E>OFK).
45
3. MLDI>SIGB
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- "FLHPFK (HLKQ>JFK>KQ FKARPQOFGPHLD MOL@BP> F >DBKP> -O>K\,
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- ACI>QLHPFK (DIGFSF[KF QLHPFK MOLK>YBK R ?RY>SLJ HFHFOFHFGR F HRHR-
ORWR).
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#HPMBOQPHLD M>KBI> L P>E>OFKR F ?BW?BAKLPQF EO>KB ,>@FLK>IKB
>H>ABJFGB K>RH> (1978-79), HLGF GB ?FL W>AR\BK W> MOL@BKGFS>KGB
JLDRZB LM>PKLPQF LA P>E>OFK> R SOBJB H>A> GB G>SKLPQ ?FI> RW?RYBK>
K>HLK XQL GB $"A MOBAIL\FI> W>?O>KR SBXQ>[HFE W>PI>YFS>[>. FL P>J
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ORHB FW I>?LO>QLOFGB +'2-> R HLGLG PR FWSOXBK> HIGR[K> FPQO>\FS>KG> L
KFQOFQFJ>, F MOLSBL P>J JKLDL DLAFK> FPQO>\FS>GRZF F L?G>SIGRGRZF O>ALSB
L >CI>QLHPFKR, GBAKLG LA K>GH>K@BOLDBKFGFE EBJFH>IFG> FH>A> LQHOFSBKFE
- ?>O W> M>@LSB.
'>HL PB PSB LSB EBJFH>IFGB WK>[>GKL O>WIFHRGR ML PSLGFJ LPL?FK>-
J>, PSB FJ>GR PIF[KR MOF[R R MLDIBAR O>H>. 3 PSFJ PIR[>GBSFJ>,
FPQO>\FS>KG> PR MLH>W>I> A> LSB EBJFH>IFGB JLDR A> MLSBZ>GR PQLMR
MLG>SB O>H> HLA BHPMBOFJBKQ>IKFE \FSLQFKG>. 1IR[>G KFQOFQ> PIR\F H>L
LAIF[>K MOFJBO.
.OLGBHQFI FW SFOXIF
AHL PB JL\B OBZF A> PQB ]POBAKGFE DLAFK>^ FIF PQ>OFGF, H>A> H>\BJ,
]KFQOFQF, SFOXIB F O>H^ JLDIF ?FPQB A> PB W>S>IFQB R PQLIF@R, HIFJKBQB
DI>SLJ F H>\BQB, ]L A>, PBZ>J PB KB[BD> L QLJB^. 8> LKB JI>YB -
M>, PIRX>GQB, GBO FPQLOFG> FJ> KBL?F[KR LPL?FKR A> PB MLK>SIG>.
4OBJB: O>KB 1970-B. 1@BK>: 4FGBQK>JPHF O>Q GB ML[BL A> PB
PQFX>S>, 0F[>OA ,FHPLK ZB ?FQF W>RSBH MLSBW>K P> 4LQBODBGQLJ, BKBO-
DBQPH> HOFW> ZB MOLFWSBPQF OBALSB K> ?BKWFKPHFJ MRJM>J>, > KFQOFQ GB
MLPQ>G>L OB[ P> K>PILSKFE PQO>K>.
,>QOFGRJ KFQOFQ: JBPKF HLKWBOS>KP HLOFXZBK LA 1920-FE.
6
3?FG> ?>H-
QBOFGB F ALA>GB SBPBIR OR\F[>PQR ?LGR F ML\BIG>K RHRP SFOXI>J>, PI>KFKF
F HLKWBOSFO>KLJ JBPR.
%LAFKB 1970, [>PLMFP ,>QROB GB FWSBPQFL A> ?F KFQOFQF HLGB RKLPFJL
JLDIF A> OB>DRGR R K>XFJ QBIFJ> F CLOJFO>GR KFQOLW>JFKB.
7
,FQOLW>JFKF: W>PQO>XRGRZ> C>JFIFG> EBJFH>IFG>. AJBOF[HF K>@FLK>IKF
QLHPFHLILXHF MOLDO>J GB K>SBL A> PB W> K>GJ>KGB 17 KFQOLW>JFK>
]O>WRJKL L[BHRGB A> MOBAPQ>SIG>GR H>K@BOLDBKB W> IGRAB^.
8
1Q>KFJL W> QOBKRQ>H. 8>XQL PB W> LSB W>PQO>XRGRZB KFQOLW>JFKB
]L[BHRGB A> MOBAPQ>SIG>GR H>K@BOLDBKB W> IGRAB^? )O>Q>H LADLSLO:
BHPMBOFJBKQF K> \FSLQFKG>J> PR MLH>W>IF A> H>A> PB FWIL\BKLPQ
EBJFH>IFG>J> MLSBZ>, MLG>S> O>H> Q>HLYB O>PQB. +BYRQFJ, QL KFGB
ALSLIGKL. .LQOB?>K K>J GB MLQMRKFGF LADLSLO.
46
0>WJLQOFJL GBA>K KFQOLW>JFK, ,1A0 (,-KFQOLWLP>OHLWFK). 3 GBAKLJ
FPQO>\FS>KGR, AS>ABPBQ M>@LS> GB MLABIGBKL R ASB DORMB, MOF [BJR GB
PS>H> FWIL\BK> O>WIF[FQLJ KFSLR ,1A0->. .>@LSF P> SBIFHLJ ALWLJ PR
AL?FIF AS> MRQ> SBZR HLIF[FKR LA M>@LS> HLGF PR MOFJFIF KFPHR ALWR.
)LA M>@LS> HLGF PR AL?FIF KF\F KFSL ,1A0->, KBXQL SFXB LA 35% KGFE GB
RJOIL LA O>H> DOI>. -A M>@LS> HLGF PR AL?FIF SFXB KFSLB, 100% GB RJOIL
LA O>H> QLHLJ AORDB DLAFKB BHPMBOFJBKQ>.
9-11
)LIFHL ,1A0-> PR M>@LSF AL?FIF? -?B DORMB M>@LS> PR AL?FIB
KBSBOLS>QKB HLIF[FKB. "LMRPQFQB JF A> MOBSBABJ ]J>IR^ ALWR K>SL -
ABZF S>J HO>QHF P@BK>OFL. 8>JFPIFJL A> PQB FXIF AL PSLD MOFG>QBIG> W>
PS>HF L?OLH. -SLJ MOFG>QBIGR PQB ALP>AFIF F LK \BIF A> S>J A> O>H DOI>
FWI>\RZF S>P ,1A0-R. 8?LD QLD> S>J A>GB HLIF[FKR HLG> LADLS>O>
]KF\BJ^ KFSLR A>QLJ M>@LSFJ>. 4F ALI>WFQB AL KGBDLSB HRZB, > S>X
MOFG>QBIG S>J MOR\> PBKASF[ LA P>I>JB HLGF P>AO\F MLI> HFILDO>J>
P>I>JB R PB?F? 4F D> GBABQB. -K S>J KRAF GLX GBA>K, GLX GBA>K F GLX
GBA>K... +LO>IF ?FPQB A> MLGBABQB 270.000 PBKASF[> LA P>I>JB MOB
KBDL XQL S>P MOFG>QBIG MRPQF A> FABQB.
9,12
LIGB S>J GB A> SLIFQB P>I>-
JR, GBO ZB S>X MOFG>QBIG JLO>QF A> S>P EO>KF K> LS>G K>[FK PS>HLD A>K>
QLHLJ QOFABPBQ DLAFK>! AHL Q>HL R[FKF, ?FZBQB FWIL\BKF ,1A0-R (R LAKL-
PR K> QBIBPKR QB\FKR) H>L F M>@LSF FW DORMB FWIL\BKB ]KF\LG^ ALWF.
.LXQL PR SFXB PQLMB O>H> RL[BKB F HLA JFXBS> H>L F HLA M>@LS>,
HLOFXZBKGBJ O>WIF[FQFE JBQLA> FWI>D>KG>, W> ,1A0 PB ]O>WRJKL L[B -
HRGB^ A> MOBAPQ>SIG> H>K@BOLDBKR J>QBOFGR W> IGRAB. '>HL W> FWKLXBKGB
LSB MOL@BKB KFGB HLOFXZBKL KFGBAKL FPQO>\FS>KGB K> IGRAFJ>, SBOLS>QKL
GB A> EBJFH>IFG> H>L XQL GB LS>, HLG> ALPIBAKL FW>WFS> O>H F HLA
JFXBS> F HLA M>@LS>, JL\B A> MOLRWOLHRGB O>H HLA IGRAF K> KBHLJ
KFSLR. +BYRQFJ, KBJLDRZB GB WK>QF HLGF ?F KFSL FWI>D>KG> QL JLD>L A>
?RAB, K>OL[FQL GBO PR ALWB W> \FSLQFKGB QLIFHL >PQOLKLJPHB. 1SBGBAKL,
P>JF BHPMBOFJBKQF K> \FSLQFKG>J> PB PJ>QO>GR ALSLIGKFJ W> FWKLXBKGB
W>HIGR[H> A> PB JL\B ]O>WRJKL L[BHFS>QF^ A> ,1A0 MOBAPQ>SIG>
H>K@BOLDBK W> IGRAB.
9
">HIB, 1970. DLAFKB, H>A> GB [I>K>H R MOBPQF\KLJ [>PLMFPR
,>QROB W>HIGR[FL A> KFQOFQF MLJ>\R CLOJFO>KGR KFQOLW>JFK> R QBIR,
RH>WRGRZF QFJB A> MLJ>\R FW>WFS>KGR O>H>, IGRAF PR MLPQ>IF W>?OFKRQF.
#SL WS>KF[KLD PQ>S>: ]1J>KGBKGB FWI>D>KG> KFQOFQFJ> F LAOBYBKFJ
AORDFJ >JFKFJ> HLA IGRAF, K>OL[FQL FW EO>KB, JL\B A> MOLFWSBAB PJ>K-
GBKGB MLG>SB O>H> HLA IGRAF.^
7
,FQOFQF PR LAGBAKLJ MLPQ>IF MLQBK@FG>IKB
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JBP> H>L K> MOFJBO R SFAR SFOXIF F PI>KFKB, KBHF MOLFWSLAF PR ALXIF MLA
RA>O. 4FOXIB PR MOBAPQ>SIG>IB I>HR JBQR. .LOBA QLD> XQL PR P>AO\>IB
>AFQFSB H>L XQL PR KFQOFQF, SFOXIB PB JLDR MO>SFQF LA P>JIBSBKFE RP>K>,
KGRXHF, GBQOB, GBWFH>, DOI> F AORDFE L?IFH> JBP>.
13
2>HL A> H>A> PB
MFQ>KGB KFQOFQ>/KFQOLW>JFK> RW?ROH>IL, SFOXIB KFPR FWDIBA>IB Q>HL MOFSI>[ -
47
KL. 0>IC ,BGABO (0>IME ,>ABO) GB K>WS>L SFOXIB ]GBAKFJ LA K>GPJOQL -
KLPKFGFE >JBOF[HFE MOLGBHQFI>^.
14
,BHB DORMB W> W>PQRM>KGB MLQOLX>[>
PR QO>\FIB W>?O>KR KFQOFQKFE >AFQFS>, > AO\>SKF WS>KF[KF@F PR ML[BIF
LW?FIGKL A> O>WJ>QO>GR MLQBK@FG>IKB WAO>SPQSBKB MOL?IBJB HLGB ?F KFQOF-
QF JLDIF A> MOLRWOLHRGR.
.FQ>KGB PB MLKLSL FWKBIL 1978. DLAFKB, H>A> GB FPQO>\FS>KGB P>
+>P>[RPBQPHLD QBEKLILXHLD FKPQFQRQ> (+'2) RQSOAFIL A> PR KFQOFQF
MLSBZ>S>IF MLG>SR IBRHBJFGB HLA M>@LS>. 'PQO>\FS>KGB GB, H>HL GB FWKB-
QL R FWA>KGR [>PLMFP> 1@FBK@B FW 1979. DLAFKB,
15
RQSOAFIL A> PR, R
MOLPBHR, M>@LSF EO>KGBKF KFQOFQFJ> AL?FG>IF IBRHBJFGR R 10,2%
PIR[>GBS>, ALH PR \FSLQFKGB HLGB KFPR EO>KGBKB KFQOFQFJ> AL?FG>IB O>H
P>JL R 5,4% PIR[>GBS>. -S>G K>I>W GB ?FL ALSLIG>K A> PQSLOF KBJFO R
G>SKLPQF. -XQOB O>PMO>SB PR SLYBKB R SI>AF, FKARPQOFGF F FPQO>\FS>[HFJ
W>GBAKF@>J>. )>A> PB MO>XFK> PIBDI>, BHPMBOQPHF M>KBIF PR FWKBIF MOB-
MLORHB, FKARPQOFG> GB PJ>KGFI> RMLQOB?R KFQOFQ> F MFQ>KGB GB PHILKGBKL P>
P@BKB.
"> P>\JBJL MOF[R: J>ODFK>IKF K>R[KF OBWRIQ>QF JLDR A> PQSLOB
SBLJ> SBIFHB Q>I>PB R G>SKLPQF H>A> PB O>AF L EBJFH>IFG>J> HLGB FW>WF-
S>GR O>H. .LO>PQ MLG>SB O>H> P> 5% K> 10% HLA M>@LS> HLGF PR EO> -
KGBKF SBIFHFJ HLIF[FK>J> KFQOFQ> GB FW>WS>L BHPMILWFS>K PMLO. ,BPRJ -
KGFSL GB A> PR JFIFLKF ALI>O> QOLXBKF K>HLK +'2 FPQO>\FS>KG> H>HL ?F
PB LSF K>I>WF MOLR[>S>IF F O>WJ>QO>IF. ' W> ,1A0, KFQOLW>JFK HLGF PB
SBOLS>QKL CLOJFO> LA KFQOFQ>, PB ]O>WRJKL PJ>QO>IL A> MOBAPQ>SIG>
H>K@BOLDBKR EBJFH>IFGR W> [LSBH>^ K>HLK KBHLIFHL BHPMBOFJBK>Q> K>
\FSLQFKG>J> H>A> PR FWRWBQKL SFPLHF KFSLF EBJFH>IFGB A>S>KF \FSLQFKG>-
J> R QLHR PHLOL MLILSFKB KGFELSFE \FSLQ>.
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O>H, GB Q> HLG> RW?RYRGB G>SKLPQ. AIF XQ> H>A> ?F FPQO>\FS>KG> ALKBI>
WK>QKL FJMOBPFSKFGB K>R[KB OBWRIQ>QB HLGF ?F ?FIF A>IBHL WK>[>GKFGF? 9Q>
>HL ?F MLPQLG>I> EBJFH>IFG> HLG> ?F BHPMBOFJBKQ>IKL RHIGR[FS>I> O>H
HLA 100% QBPQFO>KFE \FSLQFKG>, > KGBKL OBI>QFSKL LAPRPQSL LDO>KF[>S>IL
O>H K> 0% \FSLQFKG>? 9Q>SFXB, XQ> >HL GB LS> EBJFH>IFG> ?FI> PMLPL?-
K> A> ABIRGB K> FPQF K>[FK MOF L?F[KFJ KFSLFJ> RKLP>, > KB MOF
FWRWBQKL SFPLHFJ KFSLFJ> HLOFXZBKFJ R ,1A0 BHPMBOFJBKQFJ>?
.OLK>I>\BKGB Q>HSB EBJFH>IFGB ?F MOBAPQ>SIG>IL K>GS>\KFGB LQHOFZB R
FPQO>\FS>KGR O>H>. .LPIBAF@B ML IGRAPHL WAO>SIGB ?F ?FIB LDOLJKB. +LDIL
?F PB MOBQMLPQ>SFQF A> ?F LS> EBJFH>IFG> MOBAPQ>SIG>I> WK>[>GKL SBZR
MOBQKGR LA KFQOFQ> F >I>O>, F GLX WK>[>GKFGR LA >CI>QLHPFK>, FWRWBQKL G>HLD
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48
-SL GB RMO>SL LKL XQL P>J SFABL R FKAFGPHLJ FPQO>\FS>[HLJ O>AR
16
H>A> P>J ?FL K> $FIFMFKFJ>. 2> EBJFH>IFG> GB ?FI> MOLQBFK, A>S>K>
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H>A> PR PSF M>@LSF ?FIF MOBAFPMLWF@FO>KF A> AL?FGR O>H GBQOB K>HLK XQL
FJ GB A>Q >CI>QLHPFK, P>JL PR \FSLQFKGB EO>KGBKB P> 20% MOLQBFK>
AL?FIB O>H ALH PB HLA \FSLQFKG> EO>KGBKFE P> 5% KFGB MLG>SFL KFGBA>K
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GBAFKPQSBK W> M>@LSB FWIL\BKB >CI>QLHPFKR F A> PB KB ?F G>SFL HLA
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K>QB J>QBOFGB HLGB PR RQF@>IB K> MLA>QHB. +L\A> GB JLG MOFG>QBIG,
FPQ>HKRQF MOLCBPLO P> +'2-> ?FL R MO>SR; JL\A> PR FABKQFQBQF \FSLQFKG>
R FKAFGPHLJ FPQO>\FS>KGR MLJBX>KF.
.FQ>KGB GB JLIFIL W> LADLSLO. )>HL ?FPJL A>IGB MOLR[FIF LSL MFQ> KGB,
QO>\FL P>J F MOFJFL AS> CFK>KPFO>KG> W> FPQO>\FS>KG> LA ,>@FLK>IKFE
FKPQFQRQ> WAO>SIG> (,'&) H>L XQL P>J O>KFGB PMLJBKRL. (BAKL GB ?FIL
W> FPQO>\FS>KGB K> IGRAFJ>, > AORDL W> BHPMBOFJBKQ>IKL FPQO>\FS>KGB K>
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MOLQBFKF JLDIF A> MLAPQF[R O>H. 'J>L P>J PSB A> FWDR?FJ, > KFXQ> A>
AL?FGBJ MLK>X>GRZF PB H>L GBOBQFH. .LOBA QLD>, KFP>J ?FL R?BYBK A>
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S>KGR K> \FSLQFKG>J>, MOBAIL\FL P>J A> PB FPQO>\RGR ]BCBHQF O>WIF[FQFE
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O>KL MOB PSBD> K> BCBHQB >CI>QLHPFK> K> O>H GBQOB K> $FIFMFKFJ>, GB
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CFK>KPFO>KGB! +LO>IF PJL A> RPMBJL. ,'& CFK>KPFO>KGB LSLD FPQO>\FS> -
KG> PB K>PQ>SFIL QLHLJ K>OBAKFE ABSBQK>BPQ DLAFK> F ALSBIL AL
ALA>QKLD CFK>KPFO>KG> LA AORDFE FPQO>\FS>[HFE >DBK@FG> (AJBOF[HL
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PQOR[KFJ M>KBIFJ>.
49
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MLQOB?KL A> PB EBJFGPHF H>K@BOLDBK RKBPB, >MPLO?RGB R HOS, MOBKBPB
AL ZBIFG>, MOLJBKF R PSLG >HQFSKF MOLFWSLA, SB\B W> ",) F MOBKBPB K>
ZBOHB ZBIFGB. )>A> PB KLSB ZBOHB ZBIFGB CLOJFO>GR, MOL@BP GB MLQMRK.
50
.0A4A @'4-2',(A
-PQ>Q>H LSLD MLDI>SIG> PB ?>SF BHPMBOFJBKQ>IKFJ FPQO>\FS>KGFJ>
K> \FSLQFKG>J>, HLG> PR RHIGR[FS>I> DILA>OB (M>@LSB F JFXBSB). "L? -
OL WK>J A> PB JKLDF MOLQFSB HLOFXZBKGR BHPMBOFJBKQ>IKFE \FSL QF KG>
W> FPQO> \FS>KG>. .LXQRGBJ LSR ?OFDR. +BYRQFJ, P> MLXQLS>KGBJ MOB -
A I> \BJ A> O>WJLQOFQB PIBABZB: SBLJ> GB SBOLS>QKL A> G> A>K>P KB
?FE W>PQRM>L ?FIGKR FPEO>KR A> KFGB ?FIL LSFE BHPMBOFJBK>Q> K>
\FSLQFKG>J>. ,>I>WF F MOFK@FMF FWSBABKF W>ES>IGRGRZF LSFJ FPQO>\FS>KGF-
J> K> \FSLQFKG>J> PR, H>L XQL ZBQB SFABQF, R SBIFHLG JBOF ALMOFKBIF
JLJ QRJ>[BKGR K>OBAKLD JLD O>A>, RHIGR[RGRZF )FKBPHL FPQO>\FS> -
KGB.
(BAKL L[FDIBAKL MFQ>KGB R SBWF LSB QBJB GB A> IF GB MLPQLG>L
>IQBOK>QFSKF MRQ HLGFJ ?FPJL JLDIF A> AL?FGBJL FPQB FKCLOJ>@FGB ?BW
HLOFXZBKG> BHPMBOFJBKQ>IKFE \FSLQFKG>. "L A>K>P, KFP>J MOLK>X>L
KF GBA>K, [>H F K>HLK XQL P>J QO>\FL P>SBQ LA JLGFE HLIBD> W>P-
QRMKFH> ]MO>S> \FSLQFKG>^. -S> BHPMBOFJBKQ>IK> FPQO>\FS>KG> K>
\FSLQFKG>J> PR ALSBI> AL KBHFE SBLJ> WK>[>GKFE MOFK@FM> L RWOLHR
O>H> HLGF PB KFPR JLDIF AL?FQF MOF FPQO>\FS>KGFJ> K> IGRAFJ>. -SF MOFK-
@FMF P>A> FJ>GR LDOLJ>K MLQBK@FG>I A> ?RAR HLOFPKF W> PS> PQSLOB -
KG>, K>XR POBAFKR F K>P P>JB.
-SB ZBOHB ZBIFGB F @BILHRMKL KGFELSL MLQLJPQSL ZB W>RSBH ?FQF DBKB -
QF[HF LXQBZBKB, PQS>O>GRZF MLQBK@FG>I W> O>H. -PFJ R OBQHFJ PIR[>GBSF-
J>, W>SOXBQ>H PQRMKG> FKF@FG>@FGB PB PJ>QO> FOBSBOWF?FIKFJ (KB JL\B PB
MOBLHOBKRQF).
51
,>HLK XQL RYR R K>XB ZBIFGB (HLO>H 1), SBZFK> H>K@BOLDBKFE
J>QBOF G> KB FKF@FO>, P>J> ML PB?F, MOL@BP O>H>. -KB PB MOSL JLO>-
GR MOBL?O>QFQF R MOLFWSLAB HLGF PR OB>HQFSKFGF (HLO>@F 2 F 3), RW ML -
JLZ HOFQF[HF WK>[>GKFE BKWFJ>. -SF H>K@BOLDBKF MOLFWSLAF PB W>QFJ
[SOPQL SB\R W> ",) ZBIFGB H>HL ?F CLOJFO>IF HLJMIBHPB H>K@BOLDBK-
",), FIF >ARHQB (HLO>H 4).
AHL PB KB MLMO>SB FIF RHILKB, HLJMIBHPF H>K@BOLDBK-",) FJ>GR
MLQBK@FG>I A> PQSLOB E>LP R DBKBQF[HLJ O>AR ZBIFGB. +BYRQFJ, ZBIF -
G> GB ]M>JBQK>^. -SF HLJMIBHPF PB JLDR MLMO>SFQF, F SBZFK> HLJ-
MIBHP> PB SBLJ> ?OWL MLMO>SF (HLO>H 5). +BYRQFJ, >HL LPQ>KR K>
PSLJ JBPQR ALH PB ZBIFGB ABIB H>HL ?F CLOJFO>IB KLSB ]ZBOHB^ ZBIF -
GB, DBKBQF[HL LXQBZBKGB PB G>SIG> F LS> KLS> DBKBQF[H> J>K> (FIF
JRQ>@FG>) PB MOBKLPF K> PSB KLSB ZBIFGB HLGB PR K>HLK QLD> CLOJF-
O>KB (HLO>H 6).
17
%O>CFHLK 3.1: 'KF@FG>@FG> QRJLO> >CI>QLHPFKLJ RKRQ>O ZBIFGB GBQOB
3 LSLJ QOBKRQHR R K>XBJ MLOBYBKGR P> QO>SKG>HLJ, PBJB QO>SB
GB MLP>YBKL R WBJIGR F PMOBJKL GB A> HIFG>. 'KF@FG>@FG> GB W>SOXBK>.
"ORDF PQRM>KG O>PQ> PB K>WFS> MOLJL@FG>. )>L F PBJB PMOBJKL A>
KFHKB SI>QF QO>SB F MOBQSLOF PB R WBIBKF QO>SKG>H, K>XB KLSLCLOJFO>KB
ZBIFGB PHILKB O>HR PR PMOBJKB A> O>PQR F RJKL\>S>GR PB ALH KB
MLPQ>KR RL[IGFS O>H. -S>G PQRM>KG PB G>SIG> K>HLK A>IBHL AR\BD SOB-
JBKPHLD MBOFLA> R LAKLPR K> FKF@FG>@FGR, HLA IGRAF [BPQL QLHLJ SFXB
DLAFK>. 2L GB PIR[>G H>A> PB KLSLFKF@FO>K> DLJFI> RJKL\>S> F O>PQB
AL PSB SBZFE F SBZFE J>P> MOF [BJR PB CLOJFO> HIFKF[HF SFAIGFS QRJLO.
+BYRQFJ, H>L F PBJB R WBJIGF, FKF@FG>IKB ZBIFGB O>H> KBZB O>PQF F
RJKL\>S>QF PB >HL PB KB LPQS>OB LADLS>O>GRZF RPILSF. 1BJBKR R
WBJIGFXQR, K> MOFJBO, MLQOB?K> GB WAO>S> HLIF[FK> SLAB, PRK[BS> PSBQ-
ILPQ F AORDB EO>KIGFSB J>QBOFGB MOB KBDL XQL JL\B A> MLPQ>KB MO>SF
QO>SKG>H. AHL PB ?FIL HLGF LA LSFE C>HQLO> RPHO>QF FIF KBALPQ>GB, PBJB
KBZB O>PQF. AHL ?FIL HLGF LA C>HQLO> KBALPQ>GB K>HLK XQL O>PQ LQML[KB,
KLSL PBJB ZB MLPQ>QF MOFJFOBKL, [BH>GRZF KLSR HLIF[FKR KBALPQ>GRZFE
C>HQLO>. -SL GB GBAK> LA K>GFPQ>HKRQFGFE LAIFH> MOLJL@FGB. .OLJL@FG> PB
JL\B MOBLHOBKRQF, R W>SFPKLPQF LA QLD> A> IF PR O>KLJ O>PQR O>H>
L?BW?BYBKF LADLS>O>GRZF RPILSF R HLGFJ> JL\B O>PQF. -SAB MLPQ>GR
FWRWBQKL WK>[>GKF LAOBYBKF C>HQLOF FPEO>KB. $>HQLOF FPEO>KB, WS>KF MOL-
JLQBOF, FPEO>KGRGR O>PQ O>H>. "ORDF C>HQLOF FPEO>KB, WS>KF >KQF-MOLJL-
QBOF, RPMLO>S>GR O>PQ O>H>. 0>PQ O>H> ?RG> H>A> FJ> SFXB MOLJLQBO> R
LAKLPR K> >KQF-MOLJLQBOB; H>A> >KQF-MOLJLQBOF MOBLSI>A>S>GR O>PQ
O>H> PB RPMLO>S> FIF W>RPQ>SIG>. 2L MOBAPQ>SIG> MOL@BP MLSR@F_MLQBDKF.
"R?LHF WK>[>G LSB JLDRZKLPQF MOBLHOBQ>KG> PB KB JL\B MOBK>DI>PFQF.
2OBZF PQRM>KG, MOLDOBPFG>, LQML[FKGB H>A> DLJFI> RWK>MOBALS>IFE
ZBIFG> O>H> K>MOBARGB R PSLJ O>PQR ALH KB FWSOXB PSLGR HO>GKGR XQBQR.
2L GB H>L MLQMRKL LCLOJIGBKF QO>SKG>H HLGF PB XFOF K> PSB LHL PB?B:
?>XQR, MRQ AL HRZB F MIL[KFH. 1IF[KL QLJB QRJLO HLGF PB O>WSFG> JL\B
A> LAIRQ> LA PSLD ML[BQKLD JBPQ> R QBIR F A> K>M>AKB PRPBAK> FIF
RA>IGBK> QHFS>. )>A> O>H PQBHKB LSB PJOQLKLPKB LAIFHB, PJ>QO> PB
J>IFDKFJ (WILZRAKFJ). )>A> PB LASLGF LA PSLD MOSL?FQKLD JBPQ> F
ML[KB A> IRQ>, MOBAPQ>SIG> JBQ>PQ>WB. -S>G MLPIBAKGF PQRM>KG O>H>
ALSLAF AL PJOQF.
,> ML[BQHR K>XBD FPQO>\FS>KG>, PQRMKGBSF CLOJFO>KG> O>H> PR ?FIF
MLWK>QF P>JL R KBG>PKFJ @OQ>J>. +BYRQFJ, WK>IF PJL ALSLIGKL L
LSFJ PQRMKGBSFJ> O>H> A> JL\BJL A> FKQBIFDBKQKFGB LPJFPIFJL K>XB
FPQO>\F S>KGB. ,FGB K>J KBALPQ>G>IL MFQ>KG>. "> IF PJL JLDIF A> MLQSOAF-
JL K>I>WB FW 'KAFGB A> FPEO>K> P> J>IL MOLQBFK> PMOB[>S> CLOJFO>KGB
O>H>? 9QL GB GLX WK>[>GKFGB, W>XQL MOLQBFKF RQF[R K> MOL@BP O>H>? )LGF
PR JBE>KFWJF; QL GBPQ, H>HL MOLQBFKF ABIRGR? 3W L?FIGB MFQ>KG> K> HLG>
GB QOB?>IL LADLSLOFQF, LQML[BIF PJL K>X> BHPMBOFJBKQ>IK> FPQO>\FS>KG>
52
M>\IGFSL F ABQ>IGKL H>HL ?FPJL AL?FIF OBWRIQ>QB HLGF ?F FWAO\>IF F
K>GPQOL\FGB FPMFQFS>KGB.
.OLQBFKF F FKF@FG>@FG>
)>HL RKLP MOLQBFK> RQF[B K> FKF@FG>@FGR O>H>? ,>X MOSF QBPQ GB ?FL
A> O>WJLQOFJL A> IF GB RKLP MOLQBFK> RQF@>L K> BKWFJ HLGF GB MOSBK-
PQSBKL LADLSLO>K W> JBQ>?LIFW>J >CI>QLHPFK>, SFXBCRKH@FLK>IKR LHPF-
A>WR (+$-). -S>G BKWFJ GB SBLJ> PIL\BK GBO JBQ>?LIFXB F IBHLSB F
AORDB EBJFH>IFGB, MOFG>QBIGB FIF KBMOFG>QBIGB QBI>. .>O>ALHP>IKL GB A> LS>G
BKWFJ F O>WDO>YRGB F >HQFSFO> >CI>QLHPFK. 2L MOBAPQ>SIG> FWRWBQ>K MOBL-
?O>\>G PRMPQ>K@B.
)>A> PJL W>ML[BIF P> K>XFJ FPQO>\FS>KGBJ, MOBQMLPQ>SFIF PJL A>
MOLQBFKF HLGB RKLPFJL RQF[R K> O>PQ QRJLO> JBKG>GRZF K>[FKB K> HLGB
PB >CI>QLHPFK O>WDO>YRGB BKWFJFJ> MOFPRQKFJ R GBQOF.
53
,> MLGBAKLPQ>SIGBK K>[FK, K> PFPQBJ +$- BKWFJ> PB JL\B DIB-
A>QF H>L K> C>?OFHR RKRQ>O FKARPQOFGPHLD HLJMIBHP> ZBIFGB. 0>WIF[FQB
EBJFG PHB ]PFOLSFKB^ PB RKLPB R C>?OFHR, DAB PB LAFDO>S>GR PSB
PIL\BKB OB>H@FGB. 1FOLSFKB PB JLDR O>WDO>YFS>QF FIF P>PQ>SIG>QF.
,>HLK MOL@BP> MOBL?O>\>G>, EBJFGPHB ]PFOLSFKB^ PR PMOBJKB W>
MOBKLP S>K C>?OFHB H>L, R SBZFKF PIR[>GBS>, KLOJ>IKF, ?BW?BAKF
MOLFWSLAF. +BYRQFJ, JLDR PB G>SFQF F PMLOBAKF MOLFWSLAF LSFE
PIL\BKFE MOL@BP> HLGF PR FWRWBQKL LM>PKF. .LJFPIFQB K> AFJKG>H
MO>SB C>?OFHB. AHL ?F S>J KBHL OBH>L A> DROKBQB IF@B R AFJKG>H F
AR?LHL AFXBQB KBHLIFHL P>QF, SF ?FPQB LA?FIF. 3KRQ>O ZBIFGB, LM>PKF
KRPMOLFWSLAF PR, >HL PB KB AO\B MLA HLKQOLILJ, SBLJ> OB>HQFSKF
JBQ>?LIF[HF MOLFWSLAF >CI>QLHPFK> HLGF K>M>A>GR ZBIFGPHR ",) F
LXQBZRGR KGBDLS DBKBQF[HF MI>K.
.OSL?FQKL PJL RQSOAFIF A> IF ?F HLIF[FK> MOLQBFK> HLGR GBABJL JLDI>
A> MOLJBKF LSR BKWFJPHR >HQFSKLPQ. ,>HLK KFW> BHPMBOFJBK>Q>
(DO>CFHLK 3.2
18
), LADLSLO GB ?FL G>P>K. #KWFJPH> >HQFSKLPQ GB I>HL
JLDI> A> ?RAB FWJBKGBK> GBAKLPQ>SKLJ MOLJBKLJ KFSL> RKLP> MOL-
QBFK>.
18-21
1J>KGBKGB RKLP> MOLQBFK> H>L LKL HLGB GB FWSOXBKL MOF LOFDFK>IKLJ
FPQO>\FS>KGR R 'KAFGF (P> 20% K> 5%) KB P>JL A> GB R SBIFHLG JBOF
PJ>KGFIL BKWFJPHR >HQFSKLPQ, SBZ GB QL R[FKFIL FWRWBQKL ?OWL.
22
9Q> QL
WK>[F? 1J>KGBKGB BKWFJPHB >HQFSKLPQF MOBHL FPEO>KB P> J>IL MOLQBFK>
GB RH>WFS>IL A> GB J>KG> HLIF[FK> >CI>QLHPFK> MOBL?O>\>S>K> R LM>PKB
MOLFWSLAB JBQ>?LIFWJ> >CI>QLHPFK> HLGF PR FJ>IF MLQBK@FG>I A> PB SBWR-
GR F JRQFO>GR ",).
-AIR[FIF PJL A> LSL MOLSBOFJL: A> IF GB FPEO>K> P> J>IL MOLQBFK>
W>FPQ> PJ>KGFS>I> SBWFS>KGB >CI>QLHPFKPHFE MOLFWSLA> W> ",), MOLFWSL -
ABZF J>KGB HLJMIBHP>? (BA>K PQRABKQ FW JLGB I>?LO>QLOFGB GB FWSOXFL
BHPMBOFJBKQ (DO>CFHLK 3.3) F MLH>W>L A> XQL GB J>KGF ?FL RKLP MOL-
QBFK>, QL GB ?FI> J>KG> HLIF[FK> HLJMIBHP> >CI>QLHPFK-",).
23
1>A> PJL FJ>IF FJMOBPFSKB ALH>WB A> GB KFW>H RKLP MOLQBFK>
JLD>L WK>[>GKL A> PJ>KGF BKWFJPHR >HQFSKLPQ F PMOB[F LM>PKL H>K@B -
OLDBKL SBWFS>KGB W> ",). -SL PR ?FIF SBLJ> FJMOBPFSKF K>I>WF. <>H ?F
JLDIL ?FQF ALSLIGKL FKCLOJ>@FG> A> PB ]L?G>PKF^ H>HL RKLP J>KGB
HLIF[FKB MOLQBFK> SLAF AL J>KGB PIR[>GBS> O>H>. +BYRQFJ, \BIBIF PJL
A> WK>JL SFXB F A> PB ASLPQORHL RSBOFJL R LS>G BCBH>Q, Q>HL A> PJL
K>PQ>SFIF A> QO>\FJL AORD> L?G>XKGBKG>. )>HL GB SOBJB MOLI>WFIL,
RQSOAFIF PJL KBXQL W>FPQ> FWRWBQKL. 1HLOL PS>HF MRQ H>A> ?FPJL QO>\FIF
K>[FK, FIF JBE>KFW>J HLGFJ ?F MOLQBFKF LPQS>OFS>IF PSLGB BCBHQB, MOLK>XIF
?FPJL GBA>K! ,> MOFJBO, RQSOAFIF PJL A> GB FPEO>K> P> J>IL MOLQBFK>,
FIF KGBK BHSFS>IBKQ, PJ>KGFS>L QRJLOB PIBABZFJ JBE>KFWJFJ>:
54
250
200
150
100
50
0
20% MOLQBFK> 5% MOLQBFK>
%O>CFHLK 3.2: #CBH>Q MOLQBFK> FW FPEO>KB K> BKWFJPHR >HQFSKLPQ
76% PJ>KGBKG>
BKWFJPHB >HQFSKLPQF
K> FPEO>KF P> J>IL
MOLQBFK>
- +>KGB >CI>QLHPFK> GB RI>WFIL R ZBIFGR
24-26
- ;BIFGB PR PB PMLOFGB RJKL\>S>IB!
- (>SIG>IB PR PB SFXBPQORHB MOLJBKB RKRQ>O BKWFJPHLD HLJMIBHP>
HLGB PR PJ>KGFS>IB KGBDLSR >HQFSKLPQ
27
- )LIF[FK> HOFQF[KFE HLJMLKBKQF LADLS>O>GRZFE BKWFJ> GB ?FI> PJ> -
KGBK>
28,29
- $LOJFO>L PB J>KGF ?OLG HLJMIBHP> >CI>QLHPFK-",)
<FKGBKF@> A> PJL MOLK>XIF SFXB LA GBAKLD K>[FK> (JBE>KFWJ>) K>
HLGF FPEO>K> P> J>IL MOLQBFK> ABIRGB ?FI> GB SBLJ> WK>[>GK>. 3 SBIFHLG
JBOF GB MLARMFO>I> OBWRIQ>QB FKAFGPHFE FPQO>\FS>[>. -SL GB Q>HLYB RH>WF-
S>IL A> ?FLILXHF BCBHQF, F>HL PB KGFELSL ABILS>KGB [BPQL LMFPRGB MLGB-
AFK>[KFJ OB>H@FG>J>, SBOLS>QKFGB ABIRGR MOBHL SBIFHLD ?OLG> O>WIF[FQFE
FPQLSOBJBKFE OB>H@FG>, K>GSBOLS>QKFGB ABIRGRZF K> SBLJ> FPMOBMIBQBK F
PIL\BK K>[FK. "> IF ?F QL JLDIL A> WK>[F A> GB QBIL FJ>IL SBIFHF ?OLG
MLJLZKFE PFPQBJ> R PIR[>GR A> PB KBHF LA KGFE W>L?FYB? )>HL PR
FPQO>\FS>KG> LQHOFI> R K>OBAKFJ DLAFK>J>, FPQFKFQLPQ LSB QBWB GB MLPQ>-
G>I> PSB L[FDIBAKFG>.
,> LPKLSR K>XBD L?FJKLD FPQO>\FS>KG> GBAK> FABG> GB FWDIBA>I>
G>PK>: J>KGF RKLP MOLQBFK> GB AO>J>QF[KL PJ>KGFS>L FKF@FG>@FGR QRJL-
O>. -S>G K>I>W, F>HL AL?OL RQSOYBK, ?FL ?F FWRWBQKL MOLSLH>QFS>K W>
JKLDB IGRAB.
.OLQBFKF F MOLJL@FG>
"> PB SO>QFJL K> MLOBYBKGB P> QO>SKG>HLJ, MLPQ>SIG>KGB PBJBK>
QO>SB R WBJIGFXQB GB MOBAPQ>SIG>IL MOL@BP FKF@FG>@FGB. .OBHL KFW> BHPMBOF -
55
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
",) &OLJ>QFK .OLQBFK
%O>CFHLK 3.3: 1J>KGBKGB SBWFS>KG> H>K@BOLDBKFE J>QBOFG> W>
HLJMLKBKQB GBAO> FW>WS>KL FPEO>KLJ P> J>IL MOLQBFK>
72% PJ>KGBKG>
",) SBWFS>KG>
68% PJ>KGBKG>
SBWFS>KG> W>
EOLJ>QFK
66% PJ>KGBKG>
MOLQBFKPHLD
SBWFS>KG>
20% MOLQBFK>
5% MOLQBFK>
JBK>Q> PJL R?BAIGFSL RQSOAFIF A> GB FPEO>K> P> J>IL MOLQBFK> JLDI>
A> PJ>KGF, R SOBJB P>AKGB, ?OLG PBJBKG> R K>XBJ ]H>K@BOLWKLJ^
QO>SKG>HR. -SL GB ?FL KBSBOLS>Q>K K>I>W, >IF GB ?FIL MLQOB?KL A>
R[FKFJL GLX SFXB. .FQ>IF PJL PB: XQ> PB ABX>S> QLHLJ PQRMKG> MOL-
JL@FGB O>H>, FWRWBQKL WK>[>GKLD PQRMKG> HLGF PB JL\B MOBLHOBKRQF? ">
IF ?F PB HLOFPQF LA RKLP> J>IB HLIF[FKB MOLQBFK> HLGB PR LPQS>OBKB
QLHLJ FKF@FG>@FGB LPQS>OFS>IB F QLHLJ MOLJL@FGB?
.O>HQF[KL DLSLOBZF, W?LD SOBJBK> F KLS@> GB ?FIL QBXHL MOLR[>S>QF
LS>G PQRM>KG O>H>. 2L MOBAPQ>SIG> PHRML FPQO>\FS>KGB HLGB ALMRXQ>
M>@LSFJ> A> \FSB ALH KB O>WSFGR MLQMRKL LCLOJIGBKB QRJLOB. 1S>HF
Q>H>S BHPMBOFJBKQ ?F QO>G>L SFXB LA ASB DLAFKB (KLOJ>IKF \FSLQKF SBH
M>@LS>) F HLXQ>L ?F MOBHL 100.000 ALI>O> (A>K>P GLX SFXB). "> ?FPJL
LADLSLOFIF K> JKLD> MFQ>KG> HLG> PJL FJ>IF, KFPJL JLDIF A> K>PQ>SF-
JL P> MOLR[>S>KGBJ O>WSLG> QRJLO>; GLX RSBH ?FE ?FL R I>?LO>QLOFGF,
35 DLAFK> H>PKFGB!
2>A> PJL P>WK>IF W> GBA>K RW?RAIGFS O>A HLGF PR AORDF FPQO>\FS>[F
RMO>SL L?G>SFIF
31
HLGF GB MLH>W>L H>HL PB JLDR JBOFQF PFZRXKB DLJFIF -
@B ZBIFG> K>IFH O>HR HLGB PB G>SIG>GR KBMLPOBAKL K>HLK W>SOXBQH> FKF-
@FG>@FGB. -SB J>IB JFHOLPHLMPHB DLJFIF@B ZBIFG> PR PB WS>IB \>OFXQ>
(CLHRPF, LDKGFXQ>).
@>OFXQ> PR MOBHROPLOF DLJFIF@> ZBIFG> HLGB PB O>WSFG>GR R QRJLOB.
'>HL PB SBZFK> \>OFXQ> KB MOBQS>O> R MLQMRKL O>WSFGBKB ZBIFGB QRJLO>,
RH>WRGR K> O>WSLG QRJLO>.
.LPJ>QO>KGBJ O>WSLG> \>OFXQ> F JBOBKGBJ KGFELSLD ?OLG> F SBIF -
[FKB,
32
JLDIF PJL MLPOBAKL A> P>WK>JL H>HL PR PB QRJLOF O>WSFG>IF
F H>H>S ?F BCBH>Q MOLQBFKF JLDIF A> FJ>GR. .OLR[>S>KGBJ BCBH>Q> MOL-
QBFK> K> MOLJL@FGR \>OFXQ> RJBPQL QRJLO> JLDIF PJL A> FW?BDKBJL
MOLSLYBKGB @BILD \FSLQ> F QOLXBKGB KBHLIFHL JFIFLK> ALI>O> MOF O>AR R
I>?LO>QLOFGF.
-KL XQL PJL RQSOAFIF ?FIL GB W>FPQ> FWRWBQKL. 0>WSLG \>OFXQ> GB ?FL
R MLQMRKLPQF W>SFP>K LA HLIF[FKB RKLP> MOLQBFK>, ?BW L?WFO> K>
HLIF[FKR RKLP> >CI>QLHPFK>!
-SL GB ALHRJBKQLS>KL K> SFXB W>KFJIGFSFE K>[FK>, MOF [BJR PR QL
MOSF MRQ LPQS>OFIF JLGF MLPQAFMILJ@F 1HLQ AMIBQLK (1@LQQ AMMIBQLK)
33
F
"\LOA\ "RK>GC (%BLODB "RK>FC)
34
(QFMF[KL MLOBYBKGB GB MOFH>W>KL K>
DO>CFHLKR 3.4). ,>HLK FKF@FG>@FGB >CI>QLHPFKLJ, \>OFXQ> PR A>IBHL SFXB
O>PI> (?FI> PR MOLJLSFP>K>) K> FPEO>KF HLG> GB P>AO\>I> 20% MOLQBFK>
KBDL K> FPEO>KF P> 5% MOLQBFK>.
33,34
"L LSLD QOBKRQH>, PSB \FSLQFKGB PR ?FIB FWIL\BKB FPQLG HLIF[FKF >CI>-
QLHPFK>. AIF XQ> >HL GB MOSL?FQKL FWI>D>KGB >CI>QLHPFKR S>OFO>IL? "> IF
?F MOLQBFKF F A>IGB FJ>IF BCBH>Q? 'PQO>\FS>IF PJL LSL MFQ>KGB A>GRZF
ASBJ> DORM>J> M>@LS> FIF SFPLHR ALWR >CI>QLHPFK> FIF KFPHR ALWR >CI>-
QLHPFK>, RW PQ>KA>OAKR LPKLSKR FPEO>KR. 2FJB PR LSB ASB DORMB M>@L-
56
57
3,5
3,0
2,5
2,0
1,5
1,0
0,5
0
5% 20%
%O>CFHLK 3.4: .OLQBFKF FW FPEO>KB F CLOJFO>KGB \>OFXQ>
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
.RKL A$ +>IL A$
+>IL MOLQBFK> .RKL MOLQBFK>
%O>CFHLK 3.5: "LW> H>K@BOLDBK> K>PRMOLQ RKLP> MOLQBFK>
-ADLSLO \>OFXQ>
,FSL MOLQBFK> R FPEO>KF
-ADLSLO \>OFXQ>
S> W>ML[FKG>IB P> MOL@BPLJ O>H> RW O>WIF[FQB MOSL?FQKB HLIF[FKB
H>K@BOLWKLD ]PBJBK>^. 8>QFJ PJL, QLHLJ PQRMKG> MOLJL@FGB, EO>KFIF
DORMR HLGLG GB A>Q> SFPLH> ALW> >CI>QLHPFK> FPEO>KLJ P> J>IL MOLQBF -
K>, > DORMF HLGLG GB A>Q> KFPH> ALW> >CI>QLHPFK> FPEO>KLJ P> MRKL
MOLQBFK>. .FQ>IF PJL PB A> IF ZB \FSLQFKGB HLGB PR ML[BIB P> MRKL
H>K@BOLWKLD PBJBKG> JLZF A> K>ASI>A>GR PSLGB X>KPB MOFJBKLJ
FPEO>KB P> J>IL MOLQBFK>.
0BWRIQ>QF PR MLKLSL ?FIF RMB[>QIGFSF (DO>CFHLK 3.5). @FSLQFKGB HLGB PR
HOBKRIB P> K>GSBZLJ FKF@FG>@FGLJ O>H> (SFPLH> ALW> >CI>QLHPFK>) O>WSFIB
PR WK>[>GKL J>KGB \>OFXQ> K> FPEO>KF P> 5% MOLQBFK>. ,>PRMOLQ QLD>,
\FSLQFKGB HLGB PR ML[BIB P> J>ILJ ALWLJ >CI>QLHPFK> PR RPQS>OF
MOLFWSBIB WK>[>GKL SFXB \>OFXQ> H>A> PR K>HLK QLD> EO>KGBKB FPEO>KLJ
P> 20% MOLQBFK>.
3PQ>KLSIGBK GB MOFK@FM. 0>WSLG \>OFXQ>, MOSL?FQKL LAOBYBK HLIF[FKLJ
FWI>D>KG> H>K@BOLDBKFJ J>QBOFG>J>, GB RPQS>OF A>IBHL SFXB HLKQOLIFP>K
MOLQBFKFJ> FW FPEO>KB RKBPBKFJ QLHLJ MOLJL@FGB. .OLQBFKF QLHLJ MOL-
JL@FGB RQF[R K> H>K@BOLDBKB J>QBOFGB, ?BW L?WFO> K> MOSL?FQKL FWI>-
D>KGB.
1> LSLJ MLW>AFKPHLJ FKCLOJ>@FGLJ LPJFPIFIF PJL A>IBHL WK>[>GKF-
GF BHPMBOFJBKQ. ,>SLAFJL HLO>H ML HLO>H KFW BHPMBOFJBK>Q>, HLGB
PJL FWSOXFIF.
35
1SFJ \FSLQFKG>J> GB A>Q> FPQ> HLIF[FK> H>K@BOLDBK>, >
W>QFJ PR K>FWJBKF[KL EO>KGBKB FPEO>KLJ P> 5% FIF 20% QLHLJ PQRM-
KG> MOLJL@FGB LA AS>K>BPQ PBAJF@>. .LABIFIF PJL LS>G PQRM>KG MOL-
JL@FGB LA AS>K>BPQ PBAJF@> K> [BQFOF MBOFLA> LA QOF PBAJF@B. .BOFLA
1 MOBAPQ>SIG> MBOFLA LA MOSB AL QOBZB PBAJF@B, MBOFLA 2 MOBAPQ>SIG>
PBAJF@B [BQFOF AL XBPQ, F Q>HL A>IGB.
)>A> PR \FSLQFKGB EO>KGBKB FPEO>KLJ P> 20% MOLQBFK> QLHLJ MBOF-
LA> 1 F 2 (20-20), \>OFXQ> PR K>PQ>SFI> A> PB RSBZ>S>GR, H>L XQL GB F
L[BHFS>KL. +BYRQFJ, H>A> PR \FSLQFKGB MOB?>[BKB K> FPEO>KR P> J>IL
MOLQBFK> K> ML[BQHR MBOFLA> 3 (20-20-5), ALXIL GB AL LXQOLD PJ> -
KGBKG> O>WSLG> \>OFXQ>. A H>A> PR \FSLQFKGB W>QFJ MLKLSL MOB?>[BKB K>
FPEO>KR P> 20% MOLQBFK> QLHLJ MBOFLA> 4 (20-20-5-20), O>WSLG \>OFXQ>
PB MLKLSL RHIGR[FL.
3 AORDLJ BHPMBOFJBKQR, HLA \FSLQFKG> HLGB PR ?FIB K> FPEO>KF P>
20% MOLQBFK> QLHLJ MBOFLA> 1, >IF PR MOBXIB K> FPEO>KR P> 5% MOL-
QBFK> QLHLJ MBOFLA> 2 (20-5), O>WSLG \>OFXQ> PB LXQOL PJ>KGFL. AIF H>A>
PR LSB \FSLQFKGB SO>ZBKB K> FPEO>KR P> 20% MOLQBFK> QLHLJ MBOFLA>
3 (20-5-20), MLKLSL PJL SFABIF FWRWBQKR JLZ MOLQBFK> FW FPEO>KB A>
MLAPQF[R O>WSLG \>OFXQ>.
-SF BHPMBOFJBKQF, RWBQF W>GBAKL, ?FIF PR FWRWBQKL WK>[>GKF. 0>WSLG
\>OFXQ> PB JLD>L MOBLHOBKRQF, H> SBZBJ F H> J>KGBJ, JBKG>GRZF
HLIF[FKR RKLP> MOLQBFK>, F MOF PSFJ PQRMKGBSFJ> O>WSLG> \>OFXQ>.
58
-SF BHPMBOFJBKQF PR Q>HLYB MLH>W>IF A> GB QBIL JLDIL A> ]M>JQF^
O>KB RKLPB H>K@BOLDBK>,
35-36
F>HL ?F LKF JLDIF A> JFORGR R QBIR RW
J>IF RKLP MOLQBFK>. 2L GBPQ, FWI>D>KGB >CI>QLHPFKR GB LPQ>SFIL DBKBQF[HF
]LQFP>H^ HLGF GB LPQ>L R JFOLS>KGR K> FPEO>KF P> 5% MOLQBFK> AL ABSBQ
PBAJF@> H>PKFGB H>A> GB LS>G LQFP>H MLKLSL MOL?RYBK H>HL ?F CLOJF-
O>L \>OFXQ> K> FPEO>KF P> 20% MOLQBFK>. (BAKLPQ>SKL OB[BKL, QBIL PSB
M>JQF. .LH>W>KL GB A> >HL PJL R MOLXILPQF FWIL\BKF H>K@BOLDBKFJ
J>QBOFG>J> HLGB FKF@FO>GR O>H HLGF LPQ>GB R JFOLS>KGR, LS>G O>H PB GLX
RSBH JL\B ]MOL?RAFQF^ ILXLJ FPEO>KLJ K>HLK FWSBPKLD SOBJBK>.
-S> FPQO>\FS>KGB PR MLH>W>I> A> PB O>WSLG O>H> JBKG> OBI>QFSKL
RJBOBKFJ MOLJBK>J> RKLP> MOLQBFK>. +BYRQFJ, HLG> HLIF[FK> MOL-
QBFK> GB MOBSBIFH> FIF MOBJ>I>? )LOFXZBKGBJ M>@LS>, FPQO>\FS>IF PJL
59
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
4 6 8 10 12 14 20
%O>CFHLK 3.6: .OLJL@FG> \>OFXQ> MOLQBFKFJ> FW FPEO>KB
0>WSLG \>OFXQ>
-ADLS>O>GRZ>
HLIF[FK> MOLQBFK>
W> O>PQ QBI>
% MOLQBFK> R FPEO>KF
LMPBD LA 4 AL 24% MOLQBFK> R FPEO>KF (DO>CFHLK 3.6
37
). @>OFXQ> PB
KFPR O>WSFG>I> PSB AL LHL 10% MOLQBFK> R FPEO>KF. 'WK>A 10%, O>WSLG
\> OFX Q> PB AO>J>QF[KL MLSBZ>S>L RW MLSBZ>KGB HLIF[FKB MOLQBFK> R
FPEO> KF. 0BWRIQ>QF PR H>PKFGB MLKLSIGBKF F AORDF MRQ R JLGLG I>?LO>QLOF-
GF FPQO>\FS>KGBJ MOLCBPLO> FW (>M>K>, $RJFGFHFG> &LOFG> ($RJFVFHF
&LOFL).
38
,>GWK>[>GKFGF K>I>W LSLD BHPMBOFJBKQ> GB ?FL PIBABZF: \>OFXQ> PR PB
O>WSFG>I> P>JL H>A> PR \FSLQFKGB AL?FG>IB FIF MOBJ>XFS>IB HLIF[FKR MOL-
QBFK> R FPEO>KF (12%) MLQOB?KR W> W>ALSLIGBKGB KGFELSB PQLMB QBIBPKLD
O>PQ>.
39
)>A> PR \FSLQFKGB LPQS>OFS>IB F K>AJ>XFS>IB W>EQBSB W> MOL-
QBFKFJ>, ?LIBPQ PB G>SIG>I>.
-SF K>I>WF JLDR A> ?RAR WK>[>GKF W> IGRAB [>H F>HL MOBAPQ>SIG>GR
FPQO>\FS>KG> K> M>@LSFJ>. -SL H>\BJ W?LD QLD> XQL GB HLIF[FK> MOL-
QBFK> MLQOB?K> W> O>PQ JI>AFE M>@LS> F IGRAF, H>L F HLIF[FK> MOLQBFK>
MLQOB?K> W> LAO\>S>KGB WAO>SIG> LAO>PIFE M>@LS> F IGRAF, SBLJ>
PIF[K>.
40,41
.L MOBMLOR[BKFJ AKBSKFJ HLIF[FK>J> (0"A) W> RKLP MOLQBFK>, JF
IGRAF ?F QOB?>IL A> AL?FG>JL LHL 10% LA K>XB BKBODFGB FW MOLQBFK>.
-SL GB WK>[>GKL SFXB LA PQS>OKB MLQOB?KB HLIF[FKB. +BYRQFJ, MLXQL
MLQOB?B JLDR A> S>OFO>GR LA LPL?B AL LPL?B, 10% MOLQBFK> R FPEO>KF
GB MOBMLOR[BKL H>HL ?F PB L?BW?BAFL LADLS>O>GRZF RKLP W> MO>HQF[KL
PSB IGRAB. )LG> GB HLIF[FK> HLGR SBZFK> LA K>P PS>HLAKBSKL RKLPF? 2L
GB WK>[>GKL SFXB LA MOBMLOR[BKFE 10%. .OLPB[KF AJBOFH>K>@ RKLPF 15-
16% MOLQBFK>. "> IF K>P LSL FWI>\B OFWFHR LA AL?FG>KG> O>H>? -S>
FPQO>\FS>KG> K> \FSLQFKG>J> RH>WRGR A> A>.
"BPBQ MOL@BK>Q> MOLQBFK> R FPEO>KF LADLS>O> HLIF[FKF LA LHL 50-
60 DO>J> MOLQBFK> K> A>K, R W>SFPKLPQF LA QBIBPKB QB\FKB F RHRMKLD
RKLP> MOLQBFK>. ,>@FLK>IKF MOLPBH LA 15-16% FWKLPF LHL 70-100
DO>J> MOLQBFK> K> A>K, MOF [BJR PR JRXH>O@F R DLOKGBJ ABIR LMPBD>,
> \BKB MOF ALKGBJ HO>GR. %IBA>KL ML K>JFOKF@>J>, R 100 H>ILOFG>
PM>K>Z> (425 DO>J>) PB K>I>WF LHL 12 DO>J> MOLQBFK>, > R 100
H>ILOFG> PFOLSFE IB?IB?FG> (KBXQL SFXB LA 2 PRMBKB H>XFHB) 5 DO>J> MOL-
QBFK>. 3 100 H>ILOFG> XKF@IB (KBXQL FWK>A 40 DO>J>) K>I>WF PB LHL 13
DO>J> MOLQBFK>.
(LX GBAKL MFQ>KGB GB DI>PFIL A> IF RKLP MOLQBFK> JL\B A> FWJBKF
FWRWBQKL WK>[>G>K LAKLP FWJBYR ALWB >CI>QLHPFK> F CLOJFO>KG> \>OFXQ>.
&BJFH>IFG> PB L?F[KL KB PJ>QO> W> H>K@BOLDBKR >HL SFXB ALWB RKLP>
KB LPQS>ORGR SBZR MLG>SR O>H>. ,> MOFJBO, H>HL ALW> >CI>QLHPFK>
MLPQ>GB SBZ>, O>PQ \>OFXQ> F QRJLO> ?F JLO>L A> ?RAB R LADLS>O>GRZLG
JBOF SBZF. AHL PB MLSBZ>K LADLSLO KB LM>WF W> MOBQMLPQ>SIGBKR
H>K@BOLDBKR EBJFH>IFGR, G>SIG>GR PB LW?FIGKB PRJKGB A> IF GB LK> W>FPQ>
H>K@BOLDBK>.
60
"> ?FPJL FPQO>\FIF LSL ALW>-LADLSLO MFQ>KGB, ABPBQ DORM> M>@LS> GB
EO>KGBKL O>PQRZFJ ALW>J> >CI>QLHPFK>, > W>QFJ EO>KGBKL ?FIL OBDR-
I>OKFJ KFSLFJ> (20%) FIF KFPHFJ KFSLFJ> (5-10%) MOLQBFK> QLHLJ MBOF-
LA> MOLJL@FGB (DO>CFHLK 3.7
34
).
AHL PR \FSLQFKGB ?FIB K> FPEO>KF P> 20% MOLQBFK>, ?OLG F SBIF[FK> \> -
OFX Q> PR O>PIF, H>L XQL GB F L[BHFS>KL, MOF MLSBZ>KGR ALWB >CI>QLHPFK>.
"LW>-LADLSLO LAKLP GB ?FL PK>\>K F G>P>K. +BYRQFJ, HLA \FSLQF KG>
EO>KGBKFE P> 5% MOLQBFK>, HOFS> ALWB-LADLSLO> GB MLQMRKL KBPQ>I>. ,F -
GB ?FIL LADLSLO> \>OFXQ>, [>H F H>A> PR \FSLQFKG>J> A>S>KB J>HPFJ>I -
KL MLAKLPFSB ALWB >CI>QLHPFK>. -SL GB MOBAPQ>SIG>IL GLX GBA>K OBWRIQ>Q
HLGF GB MLH>WFS>L A> GB FPEO>K> P> J>IL MOLQBFK> JLDI> A> MOBS>WFYB
BCBH>Q SBLJ> JLZKLD H>K@BOLDBK> R FW>WFS>KGR O>H>, >CI>QLHPFK>.
"> IF GB JLDRZB A> EBJFGPHF H>K@BOLDBKF, RLMXQBKL, KB FW>WFS>GR
O>H >HL EO>KIGFSF RPILSF KFPR ]LADLS>O>GRZF^? "> IF GB JLDRZB A> PJL
SBZF ABL PSLD \FSLQ> FWIL\BKF J>IFJ HLIF[FK>J> EBJFH>IFG> HLGB FW>WF-
S>GR O>H, >IF PB O>H KB G>SIG> >HL KB RKLPFJL K>JFOKF@B HLGB MLAPQF[R
F D>GB O>WSLG O>H>? "> IF MLJLZR FPEO>KB JL\BJL A> HLKQOLIFXBJL
O>H?
,FPR PSF MOLQBFKF FPQF
AHL PQB MO>QFIF MOF[R AL P>A>, SFABIF PQB HLIFHL PR LSF K>I>WF MOL-
SLH>QFSKF. )LKQOLIFP>KGB O>H> FPEO>KLJ MOBAPQ>SIG>IL GB, F GLX RSBH
MOBAPQ>SIG>, O>AFH>IKR FABGR. AIF, H>L A> LSL KFGB ?FIL ALSLIGKL; GLX
GBAKL MFQ>KGB ?F ALKBIL BHPMILWFSKB FKCLOJ>@FGB: A> IF MOLJBK> QFM>
MOLQBFK> HLOFXZBKFE R BHPMBOFJBKQFJ> RQF[B K> OBWRIQ>Q? 8> PSB
PMLJBKRQB BHPMBOFJBKQB PJL HLOFPQFIF H>WBFK, HLGF P>[FKG>S> 87% MOL-
61
%O>CFHLK 3.7: ACI>QLHPFK ALW>-\>OFXQB LADLSLO
QBFK> HO>SIGBD JIBH>. 1IBABZB ILDF[KL MFQ>KGB GB ?FIL A> IF ?FIGKF MOL-
QBFKF, QBPQFO>KF K> FPQF K>[FK, FPMLIG>S>GR FPQF BCBH>Q K> MOLJL@FGR O>H>
H>L F H>WBFK. -ADLSLO GB W>M>KGRGRZB ],#^. 3 LSFJ BHPMBOFJBKQFJ>,
?FIGKF MOLQBFKF KFPR MOLJLSFP>IF O>PQ O>H>, [>H F MOF SFXFJ KFSLFJ>
RKLP>. 1QRABKQ RSLA> R JBAF@FKR, "BGSFA 9>IPFKDBO (">SFA 1@ERIPFK -
DBO), HLGF GB O>AFL AFMILJPHF HLA JBKB, PMOLSBL GB LSL FPQO>\FS>KGB
(DO>CFHLK 3.8
42
). %IRQBK, MXBKF[KF MOLQBFK, KFGB MOLFWSBL FPQF OBWRIQ>Q
H>L H>WBFK, [>H F H>A> GB RKLP FWKLPFL 20%.
'PMFQFS>IF PJL F A> IF GB PLG> FPMLIG>S>I> FPQF BCBH>Q H>L H>WBFK K>
O>WSLG \>OFXQ>. .>@LSF K> FPEO>KF P> 20% PLGFKFE MOLQBFK> KFPR CLOJF-
O>IF O>K> \>OFXQ>, H>L KF K> FPEO>KF P> 20% MOLQBFK> MXBKF@B. -AGBA -
KLJ MOLQBFKF, MOLQBFKF JIBH> R LSLJ PIR[>GR, KFPR FWDIBA>IF Q>HL
MOFSI>[KL. -QHOFIF PJL A> J>IF RKLP MOLQBFK> PJ>KGRGB FKF@FG>@FGR O>H>
F ABIRGB K> SFXB K>[FK> FPQLSOBJBKL. )>L A> QL KFGB ALSLIGKL, RPQ>KL -
SFIF PJL A> SFPLH RKLP MOLQBFK>, R SFXHR LA HLIF[FKB MLQOB?KB W> O>PQ,
MOLJLSFXB O>H K>HLK FKF@FG>@FGB. )>L RHIGR[FS>KGB F FPHIGR[FS>KGB MOBHF-
A>[> PFG>IF@B, JLDIF PJL A> HLKQOLIFXBJL MOLJL@FGR O>H> GBAKLP-
Q>SKLJ MOLJBKLJ KFSL> RKLP> MOLQBFK>, ?BW L?WFO> K> MOSL?FQKL FWI>-
D>KGB H>K@BOLDBKLG J>QBOFGF. +BYRQFJ, C>HQLOF MOLJL@FGB O>H> PR R
LSLJ PIR[>GR ?FIF MOLQBFKF HO>SIGBD JIBH>. +LGFJ HLIBD>J> GB FLK>HL
62
100
50
0
2FM MOLQBFK>
%O>CFHLK 3.8: 2FM MOLQBFK> F LADLSLO \>OFXQ>
-ADLSLO \>OFXQ>
20% 20% 5%
H>WBFK DIRQBK H>WBFK
"LA>QK> MFQ>KG>
8> [FQ>L@B HLGF \BIB A> WK>GR SFXB, RHIGR[FL P>J KBHLIFHL MFQ>KG>
R "LA>Q>H A.
?FIL QBXHL A> MOFES>QB FABGR A> ?F MOLQBFKF JLDIF A> MLAPQF[R O>PQ O>H>,
>IF MOLQBFKF HO>SIGBD JIBH>? "> IF P>J G> IRA?
4BIFHL CFK>IB
"L P>A> PJL PB LPI>KG>IF K> BHPMBOFJBKQB R HLGFJ> PJL MOL@B -
KGFS>IF P>JL O>KB K>WK>HB O>WSLG> QRJLO>, O>K> \>OFXQ> K>IFH O>HR.
1>A> GB ALXIL SOBJB W> SBIFHL FPQO>\FS>KGB, R HLJB ?FPJL JBOFIF CLOJF-
O>KGB MLQMRKL O>WSFGBKFE QRJLO>. -OD>KFWLS>IF PJL SBLJ> SBIFHL
FPQO>\FS>KGB K> KBHLIFHL PQLQFK> M>@LS> F FPMFQ>IF CLOJFO>KGB QRJLO>
QLHLJ KGFELSFE \FSLQ> HLOFPQBZF KBHLIFHL O>WIF[FQFE MOFPQRM>.
36,43
#CBHQF MOLQBFK> FW FPEO>KB K> O>WSLG QRJLO> PR ?FIF PMBHQ>HRI>OKF.
.>@LSF RDI>SKLJ \FSB LHL ASB DLAFKB, Q>HL A> GB FPQO>\FS>KGB QO>G>IL
100 PBAJF@>. 1SB \FSLQFKGB HLGFJ> GB A>Q >CI>QLHPFK F HLGB PR EO>K-
GBKB P> OBDRI>OKFE 20% H>WBFK> PR FIF RJOIB FIF ?FIB ?IFWR PJOQF LA
QRJLO> GBQOB K>HLK 100 PBAJF@>.
36,43
1SB \FSLQFKGB PR MOFJFIB FPQF KFSL
>CI>QLHPFK>, >IF LKB K> FPEO>KF P> 5% MOLQBFK> PR ?FIB \FSB, >HQFSKB F
SFQHB, P> PG>GKFJ HOWKLJ K>HLK 100 PBAJF@>. -SL GB ?FL MO>SF 100
K> MOBJ> 0 OBWRIQ>Q - KBXQL XQL PB PHLOL KFH>A> KB SFAF R FPQO>\FS> -
KGFJ> F XQL GB PHLOL FABKQF[KL LOFDFK>IKLJ FPQO>\FS>KGR FW 'KAFGB.
16
3 LSLJ FPQLJ BHPMBOFJBKQR,
36
JBKG>IF PJL FPEO>KR KBHFE M>@LS>
R [BQOABPBQLG FIF XBWABPBQLG PBAJF@F, H>HL ?FPJL MLKLSL FPQO>\FS>IF
MOBLHOBQIGFSLPQ MOLJL@FGB O>H>. )LA \FSLQFKG> HLGB PR MOB?>[BKB P>
FPEO>KB P> MRKL MOLQBFK> K> J>IL MOLQBFK> LPQS>OBK GB WK>[>GKL J>KGF
O>PQ QRJLO> (35% - 40% J>KGB!) R LAKLPR K> \FSLQFKGB HLGB PR ?FIB
K> FPEO>KF P> MRKL MOLQBFK>. 2RJLOF \FSLQFKG> HLGB PR K> MLILSFKF PSLD
\FSLQ> MOB?>[BKB P> FPEO>KB P> J>IL MOLQBFK> K> FPEO>KR P> MRKL
MOLQBFK> PR ML[BIF MLKLSL A> O>PQR. -SF K>I>WF K> MLQMRKL O>WSFGBKFJ
QRJLOFJ> PR MLQSOAFIF K>XB O>KFGB K>I>WB K> \>OFXQFJ>. 2L GBPQ, J>KF -
MRIFP>KGB FPEO>KLJ JL\B A> ]RHIGR[RGB^ F ]FPHIGR[RGB^ O>H.
3 LSFJ ]AL\FSLQKFJ^ FPQO>\FS>KGFJ> PJL Q>HLYB JBOFIF O>K> \>OFXQ>
H>HL ?FPJL RPQ>KLSFIF A> IF GB KGFELS LADLSLO K> MOLQBFKB FW FPEO>KB
?FL PIF[>K LADLSLOR QRJLO>. .LARA>O>KGB FWJBYR O>PQ> \>OFXQ> F O>PQ>
QRJLO> KFGB JLDIL A> ?RAB SBZB (DO>CFHLK 3,9A).
36,43
9Q> GB GLX QOB?>IL A> RPQ>KLSFJL? ,FP>J JLD>L KF A> P>KG>J A>
ZB K>XF ALP>A>XKGF OBWRIQ>QF ?FQF Q>HL KBSBOLS>QKL ALPIBAKF, ?FLILXHF
JLDRZF F PQ>QFPQF[HF WK>[>GKF. 3 MLQMRKLPQF PJL MLQSOAFIF LOFDFK>IKF O>A
FW 'KAFGB F QL AL WK>[>GKFE ABQ>IG>.
,BH> SFXB KB ?RAB PRJKGB: MOLQBFKF HO>SIGBD JIBH> MOBAPQ>SIG>GR
FWRWBQKL JLZKB MOLJLQBOB O>H> HLA M>@LS> HLGFJ> GB A>Q >CI>QLHPFK.
<FKGBKF@> A> PB LS>G BCBH>Q MOLJL@FGB G>SIG> MOF KFSLR MOLQBFK> R
FPEO>KF (10 - 20%) HLGF RL?F[>GBKL RKLPB F M>@LSF F IGRAF [FKF LSL
K>OL[FQL JR[KFJ - F MOLSLH>QFSKFJ.
63
"ORDF QFMLSF O>H>, AORDB H>K@BOLDBKB J>QBOFGB
3 OBAR, @BKQO>IKL MFQ>KGB GB: H>HL PB LSL FPQO>\FS>KGB JL\B FPHL-
OFPQFQF W> WAO>SIGB IGRAF F K>OL[FQL O>H GBQOB HLA IGRAF? (BA>K K>[FK W>
MOLR[>S>KGB LSLD MFQ>KG> GB FPQO>\FS>KGB AORDFE SOPQ>, AORDFE H>K@BOL-
DBK> F AORDFE LOD>K>. AHL GB BCBH>Q H>WBFK> K> O>H ALPIBA>K R PSFJ
LSFJ H>QBDLOFG>J>, MLPQ>GB PSB SBOLS>QKFGB A> ?F IGRAF QOB?>IL A>
64
3330
2350
240
%O>CFHLK 3.9A: 0>WSLG QRJLO> K>HLK 100 PBAJF@>
6% 14% 22%
1SF JOQSF
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QRJLO>
40
20
10
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6% 14% 22%
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% H>WBFK> R FPEO>KF
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H>HL ?FPJL RQSOAFIF A> IF K>X> FPQO>\FS>KG> LMPQ>GR F K> QLJ KFSLR.
"LH PR PB K>X> FPQO>\FS>KG> K> M>@LSFJ> GLX RSBH SOXFI>, L?G>S -
IGBK> PR FPQO>\FS>KG>
44,45
HLG> PR RQSOAFI> A> GB EOLKF[K> FKCBH@FG> SFOR-
PLJ EBM>QFQFP> (&4) MOBAPQ>SIG>I> SBIFHF C>HQLO OFWFH> W> O>H GBQOB
HLA IGRAF. 1J>QO>IL PB A> PR IGRAF HLGF PR EOLKF[KL ?FIF FKCF@FO>KF &4-
LJ ?FIF FWIL\BKF 20 AL 40 MRQ> SBZBJ OFWFHR LA AL?FG>KG> O>H> GBQOB.
2LHLJ DLAFK>, FWSOXBK> PR WK>[>GK> FPQO>\FS>KG> L QLJB H>HL LS>G
SFORP FW>WFS> O>H GBQOB.
46
"BL DBK> SFORP> PB R?>@RGB R DBKBQF[HF
J>QBOFG>I GBQOB JFX> DAB FKF@FO> O>H GBQOB. )>A> PB LSL FWSOXF BHPMBOF-
JBKQ>IKL, \FSLQFKGB PB PJ>QO>GR QO>KPDBKFJ.
.O>HQF[KL PS> FPQO>\FS>KG> FWSOXBK> R AORDFJ I>?LO>QLOFG>J> K> &4
QO>KPDBKFJ JFXBSFJ> - > ?FIL GB ALPQ> KGFE - SOXBK> PR MOSBKPQSBKL
H>HL ?F PB O>WRJBL JLIBHRI>OKF JBE>KFW>J HLGFJ GB &4 ABILS>L.
,FH>HS> M>\KG> KFGB L?O>Z>K> K> FPEO>KR F KGBKB BCBHQB K> O>WSLG
QRJLO>. ,BHLIFHL DLAFK> P>J MLPJ>QO>L H>HL GB GBAK> W>GBAKF@>
FPQO>\FS>[> MOLDI>X>S>I> >CI>QLHPFK W> HIGR[KF RWOLH O>H> GBQOB HLA IGRAF,
> AORD> W>GBAKF@> W>PQRM>I> &4. ,FHL PB FW L?B W>GBAKF@B KFGB RPR-
AFL A> MOBAIL\F A> GB FPEO>K> FJ>I> ?FIL H>HSB SBWB P> LSLJ ?LIBXZR.
@BIBIF PJL A> RPQ>KLSFJL BCBHQB H>WBFK> K> &4 FW>WS>K O>H GBQOB
HLA JFXBS>. -SL GB ?FL SBIFHF HLO>H. 2L GB MOBS>WFXIL >CI>QLHPFK H>L
H>K@BOLDBK F M>@LSB H>L SOPQR. 'WS>KOBA>K JI>AF MLPQAFMILJ>@ FW )FKB
R JLGLG DORMF, (FC>K &R ((FC>K &R), LQML[BL GB FPQO>\FS>KGB H>HL ?F
LADL SLOFL K> LSL MFQ>KGB, > H>PKFGB JR PB MOFAOR\FL AO !FHFG>KD <BKD
(8EFNF >KD !EBKD). FI> K>J GB MLQOB?K> HLILKFG> LSFE QO>KPDBKFE
JFXBS>. .LPQLG>I> PR AS> Q>HS> ]PLG>^ JFXBS>, GBA>K FW *>GLIB, R
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ABL &4 DBK> RDO>YBK R DBKB KGFELSB GBQOB, W?LD [BD> GB PS>HF ?FL
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GR JFXBS>. -?B FPQO>\FS>[HB DORMB PR MFQ>IB XQ> PJL \BIBIF A>
PMOLSBABJL F L?B PR ?FIB PHILKB A> PJ>QO>GR A> GB MOLR[>S>KGB
BCBH>Q> MOLQBFK> ?FIL KBLW?FIGKL. 2>HLYB P>J MLAKBL JLI?R W>
FPQO>\FS>[HL CFK>KPFO>KGB H>HL ?FE MOLR[>S>L LSL MFQ>KGB F LK> GB ?FI>
LA?FGBK>. -KF KFPR ?I>DL K>HILKL O>WJ>QO>IF FABGR BCBH>Q> FPEO>KB K>
O>H FW>WS>K SFORPLJ, K>OL[FQL K> BCBHQB MOLQBFK> FW FPEO>KB. .L[BL
P>J A> PB MFQ>J: A> IF P>J P>A> ?FL MOBSFXB LQSLOBK R ALSLYBKGR R
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CFK>KPFO>KGB PR PS>H>HL RH>WFS>IF K> LSR JLDRZKLPQ.
,> HO>GR PJL AL?FIF POBAPQS>, FWSOXFIF FPQO>\FS>KG> K> L?> PLG>
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47,48
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F P>JF A> SFAFQB OBWRIQ>QB. 1IFH> (DO>CFHLK 3.10
47
) MLH>WRGB H>HL MLM -
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65
J>QBOFG>I RH>WRGB K> O>WSLG O>H> (FDKLOFXFQB ]ORMR^; QL GB P>JL
MLMOB[KF MOBPBH SBKB). +L\B PB SFABQF FKQBWFSKL O>KL CLOJFO>KGB O>H>
HLA \FSLQFKG> K> 22% H>WBFK> ("), A>IBHL J>KGB HLA \FSLQFKG> K> 14%
H>WBFK> (!), F KFGBA>K HLA \FSLQFKG> K> 6% H>WBFK> (); MOBLPQ>I> PIFH>
(A) MLH>WRGB GBQOR ?BW DBK> SFORP> (HLKQOLIKF RWLO>H).
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MLH>WRGR FPQR PQS>O: FPEO>K> P> 22% H>WBFK> GB RHIGR[FS>I> BHPMOBPFGR
SFORPKFE DBK> H>HL ?F FW>WS>IF O>H, ALH FPEO>K> P> 6% H>WBFK> DLQLSL
A> KFGB MLH>WFS>I> >HQFSKLPQ.
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W>HIGR[FJL A> GB H>WBFK, PSBQF MOLQBFK HO>SIGBD JIBH>, AO>J>QF[KL MLA-
PQF@>L O>WSLG O>H> GBQOB HLA:
66
,B-QO>KPDBKF JFXBSF (HLKQOLI>)
K> FPEO>KF P> 22% H>WBFK>
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P> 6% H>WBFK>
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P> 22% H>WBFK>
%O>CFHLK 3.10: #CBH>Q MOLQBFK> R FPEO>KF K> DBKBQF[HF W>PKLS>K
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MIBJBKQ>OKFE K>[FK> HLGFJ PR PB LPQS>OFS>IF.
,>OBAKL MFQ>KGB: A> IF JL\BJL A> RLMXQFJL LSB K>I>WB F K> AORDB
QFMLSB O>H> F K> AORDB H>K@BOLDBKB J>QBOFGB? 3 +BAF@FKPHLJ @BKQOR
R <FH>DR 3KFSBOWFQBQ> R 'IFKLFPR, AORD> FPQO>\FS>[H> DORM> GB O>AFI> P>
O>HLJ ALGHB HLA M>@LSB.
49-51
-SL FPQO>\FS>KGB GB MLH>W>IL A> MLSBZ> -
KGB RKLP> H>WBFK> MOLJLSFXB O>WSLG O>H> JIB[KB \IBWAB (ALGHB). -KF
PR RPQ>KLSFIF A> MLSBZ>K RKLP H>WBFK>:
- MOLJLSFXB O>H ALGHB HLA M>@LS> HLGFJ> PR A>Q> AS> BHPMBOF-
JBKQ>IK> H>K@BOLDBK> (7,12-AFJBQFI?BKW>KQO>@BK ("+A) F ,-KFQOLWL-
JBQFIROB> (,+3))
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O>H
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HLA IGRAF
67
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
6 14 22 6 14 22
%O>CFHLK 3.11: #CBH>Q MOLQBFK> R FPEO>KF K> BHPMOBPFGR DBK>
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SOPQB \FSLQFKG>, H>WBFK MOLJLSFXB O>PQ O>H> HLOFPQBZF SBLJ> FKQBDOFP>K
PFPQBJ JBE>KFW>J>. -SL MOBAPQ>SIG> JLZ>K, R?BAIGFS F ALPIBA>K
BCBH>Q. ,> MOFJBO, H>WBFK RQF[B K> K>[FK K> HLGF ZBIFGB OB>DRGR P>
AORDFJ H>K@BOLDBKFJ J>QBOFG>J>, K> K>[FK K> HLGF ",) OB>DRGB P>
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"R?FK> F ALPIBAKLPQ LSFE K>I>W> RH>WRGB A> PR LKF LA WK>[>G> F W>
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FPQF K>[FK H>L F K> M>@LSB. 2OBZB, KFSL RKLP> MOLQBFK> HLGF FW>WFS> O>PQ
QRJLO> GB FPQF LK>G HLGF RKLPB F IGRAF. ' [BQSOQL, F HLA M>@LS> F HLA
IGRAF PQRM>KG FKF@FG>@FGB GB A>IBHL J>KGB WK>[>G>K LA PQRMKG> MOLJL@F-
GB O>H>. 2L GB W?LD QLD> XQL K>GSBOLS>QKFGB RKLPFJL LAOBYBKB HLIF[FKB
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QL ALSBPQF AL MLQMRKL O>WSFGBKLD QRJLO> W>SFPF LA KGBDLSB MOLJL@FGB,
FIF KBALPQ>QH> FPQB.
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?FIF SBLJ> MOLSLH>QFSKF K>I>WF HLGF PR FW>WFS>IF PK>\>K PHBMQF@FW>J.
+BYRQFJ, LSF K>I>WF PR PSBGBAKL RH>WFS>IF K> PQS>OF HLGB ZB ALZF.
@BIBL P>J A> GLX SFXB MOLXFOFJ JLGB ALH>WB. )>HSB BCBHQB PR AORDB
EO>KIGFSB J>QBOFGB FJ>IB K> O>H, F H>HL PR LKB OB>DLS>IB P> O>WIF[FQFJ
H>K@BOLDBKFJ J>QBOFG>J> F O>WIF[FQFJ LOD>KFJ>? "> IF ?F BCBHQF AORDFE
EO>KIGFSFE J>QBOFG>, H>K@BOLDBK> FIF LOD>K> JLDIF A> MLKFXQ>S>GR GBAKF
AORDB, FIF JL\A> MLPQLGF ALPIBAKLPQ BCBH>Q> EO>KIGFSFE J>QBOFG> RKRQ>O
LAOBYBKLD QFM> K>JFOKF@>. "> IF ?F PB MOLJL@FG> F A>IGB JLDI> MOBLHOB -
KRQF? AHL GB Q>HL, O>H ?F PB I>HL JLD>L HLKQOLIFP>QF, [>H F MOBLHOBKR-
QF, GBAKLPQ>SKFJ PJ>KGBKGBJ RKLP> MOLJLSFXRZFE EO>KIGFSFE J>QBOFG>
F/FIF MLSBZ>S>GRZF RKLP >KQF-MOLJLSFXRZFE EO>KIGFSFE J>QBOFG>.
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QLG>H>, RHIGR[RGRZF MOLQBFKB OF?B, J>PQF F >KQFLHPFA>KPB MLWK>QB H>L
H>OLQBKLFAF. "S> JLG> FWRWBQK> MLPQAFMILJ>@>, 2LJ -')LKLO (2LJ
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EO>KIGFSFE J>QBOFG> A> RQF[R K> O>H GBQOB F M>KHOB>P>. 0BWRIQ>QF LSFE, F
JKLDFE AORDFE FPQO>\FS>KG>, PR MLH>W>IF A> GB FPEO>K> A>IBHL WK>[>GKF-
G> R HLKQOLIF MOLJL@FGB O>H> LA ALW> H>K@BOLDBKFE J>QBOFG> HLGB FW>WF-
S>GR FKF@FG>@FGR. 'ABG> A> EO>KIGFSB J>QBOFGB MOSBKPQSBKL RQF[R K> O>WSLG
QRJLO> QLHLJ MOLJL@FGB ML[BI> GB A> PB MLG>SIGRGB H>L LMXQ> LPL?F-
K> LAKLP> EO>KIGFSFE J>QBOFG> F O>H>. <>PLMFP (LROK>I LC QEB ,>QFLK>I
!>K@BO 'KPQFQRQB, HLGF MOBAPQ>SIG> WS>KF[KR MR?IFH>@FGR AJBOF[HLD
68
K>@FLK>IKLD FKPQFQRQ> W> O>H, MOFJBQFL GB LS> FPQO>\FS>KG> F L?G>SFL KBHB
LA K>XFE K>I>W> K> K>PILSKFJ PQO>K>J>.
52
9Q>SFXB, ML[BL GB A> PB MLG>SIGRGB L?O>W>@: EO>KIGFSB J>QBOFGB FW
\FSLQFKGPHFE K>JFOKF@> PR MLSBZ>S>IB O>WSLG QRJLO> ALH PR EO>KIGFSB
J>QBOFGB ?FIGKFE K>JFOKF@> PJ>KGFS>IB O>WSLG QRJLO>. 3 K>XBJ SBIFHLJ
AL\FSLQKLJ FPQO>\FS>KGR M>@LS> P> QRJLOFJ> FW>WS>KFJ >CI>QLHPFKLJ,
L?O>W>@ GB ?FL ALPIBA>K. )LA JFXBS> P> DBKFJ> FWJBKGBKFJ SFORPLJ
EBM>QFQFP> , L?O>W>@ GB ?FL ALPIBA>K. 3 FPQO>\FS>KGFJ> HLG> GB FWSOXFI>
AORD> FPQO>\FS>[H> DORM>, K> O>HR ALGHB F O>WIF[FQFJ H>K@BOLDBKFJ
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F AORDFE EO>KIGFSFE P>PQLG>H>, L?O>W>@ GB ?FL ALPIBA>K.
52,53
3 FPQO>\FS> -
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?FL ALPIBA>K.
54,55
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MOLJL@FGB O>H>, L?O>W>@ GB ?FL ALPIBA>K. -A GBAKLD JBE>KFWJ> AL
AORDLD, L?O>W>@ GB ?FL ALPIBA>K.
2LIFH> ALPIBAKLPQ GB ?FI> W>M>KGRZRGB FJMOBPFSK>, >IF GB GBA>K >P -
MBHQ LSLD FPQO>\FS>KG> W>EQBS>L A> ?RABJL LMOBWKF: PSF LSF ALH>WF PR
P>HRMIGBKF R BHPMBOFJBKQ>IKFJ FPQO>\FS>KGFJ> K> \FSLQFKG>J>. '>HL MLP-
QLGB PK>\KF >ODRJBKQF A> PR LSF MOLSLH>QFSKF K>I>WF HS>IFQ>QFSKL
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WK>[>GR. "ORDFJ OB[FJ>, A> IF PR LSF MOFK@FMF R SBWF \FSLQFKGPHFE MOL-
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P>JL LA PMLOBAKLD WK>[>G> W> J>IF ?OLG IGRAF R OBI>QFSKL GBAFKPQSB -
KFJ PFQR>@FG>J>? "> IF PR LSF MOFK@FMF RHIGR[BKF R EFIG>AR PIR[>GBS>
O>H> HLA IGRAF PS>HB DLAFKB, JFIFLK PIR[>GBS> O>H> HLA IGRAF PS>HB
DLAFKB FIF SFXB? FIF PR K>J MLQOB?KF AFOBHQKF ALH>WF FW FPQO>\FS>KG> K>
IGRAFJ>. 3 FAB>IKLJ PIR[>GR LSF ALH>WF ?F ?FIF P>HRMIG>KF PQOLDLJ
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HLOFXZBKGBJ SBIFHLD ?OLG> IGRAF HLGF PR FJ>IF PIF[>K K>[FK \FSLQ>, PIF[KR
DBKBQF[HR LPKLSR, > FM>H FJ>IF SBLJ> O>WIF[FQ PQBMBK MLG>SB ?LIBPQF.
.OFIFH> A> PB Q>HSL FPQO>\FS>KGB FWSOXF PB, R K>G?LIGBJ PIR[>GR, OBQHL
MLG>SIGRGB, >IF K>J GB KBSBOLS>QKLJ POBZKLJ LHLIKLXZR MOR\BK> RMO>-
SL LK> MOFIFH> HLG> K>J GB ?FI> MLQOB?K>. %LAFKB 1980. FJ>L P>J
POBZB A> ML\BIFJ AL?OLALXIF@R R JLGR I>?LO>QLOFGR FPQ>HKRQLJ MOLCB-
PFLK>IKLJ K>R[KFHR FW )FKB, AO (RKXF <BKR ((RKPEF !EBKR). 3W LSLD
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SBZFJ FPQFK>J>. FIL GB SOBJB A> MOLR[FJL RILDR FPEO>KB, K>[FK>
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@FKB. FIF PJL K> MRQR H> )FKBPHLJ FPQO>\FS>KGR.
69
2OBKRQ>H R SOBJBKR
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Q>H? 2>HSF QOBKR@F S>P JLDR SBW>QF K> K>[FK HLGF KFH>A> KBZBQB W>?L -
O>SFQF. 8> KBHB IGRAB, QF QOBKR@F PR R SBWF MLOLAF@B, ?IFPHFE MOFG>QBIG> FIF
POLAKFE >HQFSKLPQF; W> AORDB QF QOBKR@F JLDR A> PB LAKLPB K> MOFOL-
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PR MLPBQFIF 1A" K>HLK RPMLPQ>SIG>KG> LAKLP> FWJBYR K>XB ASB WBJ -
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PJOQKLPQF LA AS>K>BPQ O>WIF[FQFE SOPQ> O>H> R SFXB LA 2.400 HFKBPHFE
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DORMB. 0BDFLK R ORO>IKLG )FKF HLGF FJ> SFPLHB PQLMB RM>IB MIRZ>, K>
MOFJBO, KBZB FJ>QF SFPLHB PQLMB O>H> ALGHB, >IF ZB FJ>QF SFPLHB PQLMB
M>O>WFQPHFE L?LIGBKG>. LIBPQ HLG> R?FG> SBZFKR W>M>AKG>H>, ?LIBPQ
PO[>KFE PRALS>, GB [BXZ> R L?I>PQFJ> DAB GB [BXZF F O>H ALGHB. 3PMRQ,
?LIBPQF PO[>KFE PRALS> PR OBI>QFSKL OBQHB R JKLDFJ WBJIG>J> R O>WSL-
GR. -SL KFGB W?LD QLD> XQL IGRAF RJFOR JI>AF, FW?BD>S>GRZF QFJB ?LIBPQF
76
W>M>A>. -S> MLOBYBKG> MOBAPQ>SIG>GR PQLMB PQ>KA>OAFWLS>KB R LAKLPR
K> PQ>OLPQ, XQL WK>[F A> PB MLOBAB IGRAF FPQB PQ>OLPQF.
-SB ASB DORMB ?LIBPQF PR L?F[KL LWK>[BKB H>L ?LIBPQF L?FIG> F
?LIBPQF PFOLJ>XQS>. )>HL MLMRI>@FG> R O>WSLGR K>DLJFI>S> ?LD>QPQSL,
IGRAF JBKG>GR PSLGB K>SFHB FPEO>KB, K>[FK> \FSLQ> F P>KFQ>OKB PFPQBJB.
)>HL PB ?LD>QPQSL DLJFI>, PSB SFXB IGRAF RJFOB LA ?LIBPQF ?LD>QFE R
LAKLPR K> ?LIBPQF PFOLJ>XKFE. .LXQL PR LSB ?LIBPQF L?FIG> Q>HL QBPKL
MLSBW>KB P> K>SFH>J> FPEO>KB, ?LIBPQF L?FIG> ?F PB JLDIB ?LIGB K>W-
S>QF ]?LIBPQF BHPQO>S>D>KQKB FPEO>KB^. ,>GSBZF ?OLG IGRAF R 1GBAFKGBKFJ
"O\>S>J> F AORDFJ W>M>AKFJ WBJIG>J> RJFOB LA ?LIBPQF L?FIG>. 8?LD
LSLD>, LSB ?LIBPQF PB [BPQL LWK>[>S>GR H>L ]W>M>AKG>[HB^ ?LIBPQF.
,BHF ORO>IKF LHORWF PR FJ>IF J>KGF ?OLG PIR[>GBS> ?LIBPQF L?FIG> ALH PR
AORDF LHORWF FJ>IF A>IBHL SFXB LSFE ?LIBPQF. )IGR[KL MFQ>KGB )FKBPHLD
FPQO>\FS>KG> GB ?FIL PIBABZB: A> IF GB LSL ?FIL W?LD O>WIFH> R K>SFH>J>
FPEO>KB?
77
%O>CFHLK 4.4: %ORMB ?LIBPQF LM>\BKB R ORO>IKLG )FKF
LIBPQF L?FIG> 0>H (AB?BIL @OBSL, MIRZ>, ALGH>,
(MOBHLJBOK> FPEO>K>) IBRHBJFG>, JLW>H HLA AB@B,
PQLJ>H, GBQO>), AFG>?BQBP,
?LIBPQF PO[>KFE PRALS>
LIBPQF PFOLJ>XQS> 3M>I> MIRZ>, @OBSK> LMPQORH@FG>,
(KBLADLS>O>GRZ> FPEO>K> \BIRA>[KF [FO, AFDBPQFSKB ?LIBPQF,
F ILXF P>KFQ>OKF RPILSF) MIRZK> QR?BOHRILW>, M>O>WFQPHB
?LIBPQF, OBRJ>QF[K> ?LIBPQ PO@>,
JBQ>?LIF[HB F BKALHOFKB ?LIBPQF
O>WIF[FQB LA AFG>?BQBP>, ?LIBPQF MOF
QORAKLZF F JKLDB AORDB.
1Q>QFPQF[H> WK>[>GKLPQ
3 K>PQ>SHR MLDI>SIG> RH>WFS>ZR K> PQ>QFPQF[HR WK>[>GKLPQ O>WIF[FQFE
LM>\>KG>. 0FJPHF ?OLG GBA>K (
'
) MOBAPQ>SIG> 95+% PFDROKLPQF; OFJ-
PHF ?OLG AS> (
''
) MOBAPQ>SIG> 99+% PFDROKLPQF; > OFJPHF ?OLG QOF (
'''
)
MOBAPQ>SIG> 99,9+% PFDROKLPQF. ,FGBA>K OFJPHF ?OLG LWK>[>S> A> GB
SBW> J>KGB LA 95% PFDROK>.
11
-SB SBOLS>QKLZB PB Q>HLYB JLDR
LMFP>QF H>L SBOLS>QKLZ> A> GB LM>\>KGB OB>IKL; 99% PFDROKLPQF
WK>[F SBOLS>QKLZR LA 99 LA 100 A> GB LM>\>KGB OB>IKL; > 99,9%
PFDROKLPQF WK>[F SBOLS>QKLZR LA 999 LA 1.000 A> GB LM>\>KGB
OB>IKL.
&LIBPQBOLI R HOSF F ?LIBPQF
.LOBAFIF PJL MLG>SR W>M>AKG>[HFE ?LIBPQF R PS>HLJ LHORDR P>
FPEO>KLJ F K>SFH>J> \FSLQ> F, K> K>XB FWKBK>YBKGB, RPQ>KLSFIF PJL A>
GB GBAK> LA K>GG>[FE K>WK>H> W>M>AKG>[HFE ?LIBPQF ?FL KFSL ELIBPQBOL-
I> R HOSF.
'''
3 S>XLG EO>KF - R S>XLG HOSF
.LPQLGB ASB LPKLSKB H>QBDLOFGB ELIBPQBOLI>. &LIBPQBOLI FW FPEO>KB
GB MOFPRQ>K R EO>KF HLGR GBABJL. -K GB P>PQLG>H EO>KB, H>L F XBZBO,
J>PQF, MOLQBFKF, SFQ>JFKF F JFKBO>IF. -S>G ELIBPQBOLI PB K>I>WF P>JL R
K>JFOKF@>J> \FSLQFKGPHLD MLOBHI> F MOBAPQ>SIG> LK>G HLGF K>I>WFJL K>
BQFHBQ>J> EO>KB. )LIF[FK> ELIBPQBOLI> FW FPEO>KB HLGR RKLPFQB KFGB
KBXQL XQL S>X ALHQLO JL\B A> WK> H>A> MOLSBO>S> S>X KFSL ELIBP-
QBOLI>. "LHQLO KB JL\B A> FWJBOF ELIBPQBOLI FW FPEO>KB KFXQ> SFXB KBDL
XQL JL\B A> FWJBOF HLIFHL PQB SFOXIF FIF MFIBZFE HOFI@> MLGBIF. 3JBPQL
QLD>, ALHQLO JBOF HLIF[FKR ELIBPQBOLI> MOFPRQKLD R S>XLG HOSF. "ORDF QFM
ELIBPQBOLI>, ELIBPQBOLI R HOSF, PB MOLFWSLAF R GBQOF. &LIBPQBOLI FW HOSF F
ELIBPQBOLI FW EO>KB, F>HL EBJFGPHF FABKQF[KF, KB MOBAPQ>SIG>GR FPQR PQS>O.
1IF[K> PFQR>@FG> PB G>SIG> F P> J>PQFJ>. +>PQF FW EO>KB PR PQS>OF HLGB
GBABJL: J>PQ P> S>XBD MLJCOFQ>, K> MOFJBO. 2BIBPKB J>PQF, P> AORDB
PQO>KB, PR PRMPQ>K@B HLGB MOLFWSLAF K>XB QBIL F SBLJ> PB O>WIFHRGR LA
J>PQF HLGR RGRQOR J>\BQB K> S>X EIB? (J>PI>@ FIF J>OD>OFK). +>PQF F
ELIBPQBOLI FW EO>KB PB KB JLO>GR L?>SBWKL MOBQSLOFQF R QBIBPKR J>PQ
F ELIBPQBOLI FW HOSF. ,>[FK K> HLGF QBIL MOLFWSLAF QBIBPKB J>PQF F HOSKF
ELIBPQBOLI GB SBLJ> PIL\BK, RHIGR[RGRZF K> PQLQFKB O>WIF[FQFE EBJFGPHFE
OB>H@FG> F ABPBQFKB P>PQLG>H>. 8?LD LSB PIL\BKLPQF, BCBHQF J>PQF F
ELIBPQBOLI> FW FPEO>KB K> WAO>SIGB JLDR SBLJ> A> PB O>WIFHRGR LA
WAO>SPQSBKFE BCBH>Q> MLSFXBKLD ELIBPQBOLI> R HOSF (LKL XQL S>X ALH-
QLO JBOF) FIF SFXH> QBIBPKB J>PQF.
)>HL PB KFSL ELIBPQBOLI> R ORO>IKLG )FKF MLSBZ>S>L R LAOBYBKFJ
LHORWFJ>, MLG>S> ]W>M>AKG>[HFE^ ?LIBPQF GB Q>HLYB O>PI>. -KL XQL GB
?FIL QLIFHL FWKBK>YRGRZB GB A> PR HFKBPHF KFSLF ?FIF A>IBHL KF\F LA LKFE
HLGB PJL L[BHFS>IF. .OLPB[>K KFSL ELIBPQBOLI> R HOSF GB FWKLPFL P>JL
127 JD/AI, XQL GB PHLOL 100 MLBK> J>KGB R LAKLPR K> >JBOF[HF
MOLPBH (215 JD/AI)!
12
,BHF LHORWF PR FJ>IF MOLPB[>K KFSL F LA PSBD>
94 JD/AI. 8> ASB DORMB LA LHL 25 \BK> FW RKRQO>XKGBD ABI> )FKB,
MOLPB[>K ELIBPQBOLI R HOSF GB ?FL K> FWKBK>YRGRZB KFPHLJ KFSLR LA 80
JD/AI.
AHL WK>QB PSLG KFSL ELIBPQBOLI>, PES>QFZBQB HLIFHL PR LSB SOBAKLPQF
W>FPQ> KFPHB. 3 1A", K>X LMPBD FWKLPF LHL 170-290 JD/AI. ,>XB
KFPHB SOBAKLPQF PR ?IFWR SFPLHFE SOBAKLPQF W> ORO>IKR )FKR. 8>FPQ>, R
1A" GB SI>A>L JFQ A> JL\B ALZF AL WAO>SPQSBKFE MOL?IBJ> >HL GB KFSL
ELIBPQBOLI> J>KGF LA 150 JD/AI. AHL ?FPJL Q>HL O>WJFXIG>IF, LHL 85%
78
)FKBW> FW ORO>IKFE HO>GBS> ?F FJ>IL MOL?IBJ>. +BYRQFJ, FPQFK> GB
P>PSFJ AORD>[FG>. ,F\B PQLMB ELIBPQBOLI> PR MLSBW>KB P> KF\FJ PQLM>-
J> PO[>KFE L?LIGBKG>, O>H> F AORDFE W>M>AKG>[HFE ?LIBPQF, [>H F MOF
A>IBHL KF\FJ KFSLFJ> LA LKFE HLGF PB K> W>M>AR PJ>QO>GR ]?BW?BA-
KFJ^.
,> ML[BQHR )FKBPHLD FPQO>\FS>KG>, KFHL KFGB JLD>L, KFQF EQBL, A>
MOBASFAF A> ZB PB MLG>SFQF LAKLP FWJBYR ELIBPQBOLI> F PQLMB ?FIL HLGB
?LIBPQF. )>HSL K>P GB FWKBK>YBKGB [BH>IL! .OF PJ>KGBKGR KFSL> ELIBP-
QBOLI> R HOSF P> 170 JD/AI K> 90 JD/AI, O>H GBQOB,
''
OBHQRJ>,
'
AB?B -
ILD @OBS>,
''
MIRZ> JRXH>O>@>,
'
MIRZ> \BK>, ALGHB, IBRHBJFG> HLA AB@B,
IBRHBJFG> HLA LAO>PIFE,
'
O>H JLWD> HLA AB@B, JLWD> HLA LAO>PIFE,
'
PQLJ>H> F GBAKG>H> (DOI>) PB PJ>KGFS>L. )>L XQL JL\BQB A> SFAFQB, LSL
GB MLSBZ> IFPQ>. 4BZFK> AJBOFH>K>@> WK> A> >HL FJ>QB MLSFXBK ELIBP-
QBOLI, QOB?> A> ?OFKBQB L PO@R, >IF KB WK>GR A> ?FPQB QOB?>IL A> ?OFKBQB
F L O>HR.
.LPQLGF KBHLIFHL SOPQ> ELIBPQBOLI> R HOSF, RHIGR[RGRZF *"* F &"*
ELIBPQBOLI. *"* GB ]ILX], > &"* ]AL?>O^ QFM ELIBPQBOLI>. 3 )FKBPHLJ
FPQO>\FS>KGR SFXF KFSLF ILXBD &"* ELIBPQBOLI> PR Q>HLYB ?FIF MLSBW>KF
P> W>M>AKG>[HFJ ?LIBPQFJ>.
'J>GQB K> RJR A> PR LSB ?LIBPQF, ML W>M>AKG>[HFJ PQ>KA>OAFJ>,
?FIB OBI>QFSKL OBQHB F A> PR KFSLF ELIBPQBOLI> R HOSF ?FIF MOFIF[KL KFPHF
ML PQ>KA>OAFJ> W>M>A>. ,>XF K>I>WF PR RSBOIGFSL MLH>W>IF A> PR JKLDF
)FKBWF ?FIF R MLSLIGKFGBJ MLIL\>GR MOF KF\FJ KFSLFJ> ELIBPQBOLI>, [>H F
FPMLA 170 JD/AI. 8>JFPIFQB P>A> WBJIGR R HLGLG PR PQ>KLSKF@F FJ>IF
A>IBHL SFXF KFSL ELIBPQBOLI> R LAKLPR K> HFKBPHF MOLPBH. +LDIF ?FPQB
A> L[BHRGBQB A> ?F LSB OBI>QFSKL OBQHB ?LIBPQF, H>L XQL PR ?LIBPQF PO@>
F KBHF QFMLSF O>H>, MOBLSI>A>S>IB, > JL\A> ?FIB F SLABZB R?F@B!
,>O>SKL, RMO>SL GB LSL PIR[>G K> 8>M>AR. )>L MOFJBO, R SOBJB
K>XBD FPQO>\FS>KG>, PQLM> PJOQKLPQF LA ?LIBPQF PO[>KFE PRALS> ?FI> GB
PBA>JK>BPQ MRQ> SBZ> JBYR >JBOF[HFJ JRXH>O@FJ> R LAKLPR K>
HFKBPHB JRXH>O@B FW ORO>IKFE POBAFK>.
13
AJBOF[H> PQLM> PJOQKLPQF LA
O>H> ALGHB GB ?FI> MBQ MRQ> SBZ> R LAKLPR K> PQLMR ORO>IKB )FKB.
(LX RMB[>QIGFSFGB PR ?FIB FWRWBQKL KFPHB PQLMB ?LIBPQF PO[>KFE PRAL-
S> (!&") R GRDLFPQL[KFJ HFKBPHFJ MOLSFK@FG>J> 1B[R>K F )RBG[LR.
2LHLJ QOLDLAFXKGBD MBOFLA> MLPJ>QO>KG> (1973-1975), KF GBAK> LPL?>
JI>Y> LA 64 DLAFKB KFGB RJOI> LA !&"->, FWJBYR 246.000 JRXH>O>-
@> FW )RBG[LR LHORD> F 181.000 \BK> FW 1B[R>K>!
14
,>HLK XQL PR L?G>SIGBKF LSF MLA>@F L KFPHLJ ELIBPQBOLIR, P>WK>L
P>J LA QOF SBLJ> FPQ>HKRQ> FPQO>\FS>[> F IBH>O> R MLIGR PO[>KFE L?L -
IGBKG>, AO FI )>PQBIFG> (FII !>PQBIIF), AO FI 0L?BOQP> (FII 0L?BOQP) F AO
)BIASBI #PBIPQ>GK> JI>YBD (!>IATBII #PPBIPQVK, (O), A> QLHLJ PSLGFE
ARDFE H>OFGBO> KFH>A> KFPR SFABIF PJOQ>K PIR[>G LA PO[>KFE ?LIBPQF
JBYR PSLGFJ M>@FGBKQFJ> HLGF PR FJ>IF KFSL ELIBPQBOLI> R HOSF J>KGF
79
LA 150 JD/AI. "O )>PQBIF GB ARDL SOBJBK> ?FL AFOBHQLO [RSBKLD
$OBJFKDBJPHLD FPQO>\FS>KG> PO@> MOF ,'&-R; AO #PBIPQ>GK GB ?FL FPQ>HKR-
QF EFOROD K> )IFSIBKAPHLG HIFKF@F HLGF GB FWSOXFL FPQ>HKRQL FPQO>\FS>KGB L
MOBLHOBQ>KGR PO[>KFE ?LIBPQF (5. MLDI>SIGB); AO 0L?BOQP GB ARDL SOB-
JBK> ?FL ROBAKFH MOBPQF\KLD JBAF@FKPHLD [>PLMFP> !>OAFLILDV.
&LIBPQBOLI R HOSF F FPEO>K>
(>PKL GB A> KFSL ELIBPQBOLI> R HOSF MOBAPQ>SIG> WK>[>G>K FKAFH>QLO
OFWFH> LA ?LIBPQF. 4BIFHL MFQ>KGB GB: H>HL ZB EO>K> RQF@>QF K> ELIBPQBOLI
R HOSF? 3HO>QHL, \FSLQFKGPHB K>JFOKF@B PR MLSBW>KB P> MLSBZ>KFJ
KFSLLJ ELIBPQBOLI> R HOSF (DO>CFHLK 4.5). BW FWRWBQ>H>, EO>KIGFSB
J>QBOFGB FW ?FIGKFE K>JFOKF@> PR ?FIB MLSBW>KB P> PJ>KGBKGBJ KFSL>
ELIBPQBOLI> R HOSF.
-SB SBWB FWJBYR ?LIBPQF F KFSL> ELIBPQBOLI> R HOSF PR ?FIB
RMB[>QIGFSB, GBO PR ML >JBOF[HFJ PQ>KA>OAFJ> KFSL ELIBPQBOLI> R HOSF
F RKLP \FSLQFKGPHFE K>JFOKF@> ?FIF Q>HL KFPHF. 3 ORO>IKLG )FKF, RKLP \FSL -
QFKG PHFE MOLQBFK> (W> FPQR LPL?R) GB R MOLPBHR FWKLPFL P>JL 7,1
D/A>K, ALH GB >JBOF[HF MOLPBH ?FL [FQ>SFE 70 D/A>K. "> ?F ?FIL G>P-
KFGB, 7 DO>J> \FSLQFKGPHFE MOLQBFK> PB K>I>WF R LHL QOF MFIBZ> HOFI@> FW
+BHALK>IAP>. -[BHFS>IL ?F PB A> H>A> GB RKLP \FSLQFKGPHFE MOLQBFK> F
KFSL ELIBPQBOLI> R HOSF Q>HL KFW>H H>L R ORO>IKLG )FKF, A> KB ?F ?FIL
KLSFE SBW> P> W>M>AKG>[HFJ ?LIBPQFJ>. +BYRQFJ, MLDOBXFIF PJL. [>H
PR F LSB J>IB HLIF[FKB \FSLQFKGPHFE K>JFOKF@> R ORO>IKLG )FKF MLSBZ>S>IB
OFWFH LA W>M>AKG>[HFE ?LIBPQF.
.OLR[>S>IF PJL BCBHQB FPEO>KB K> O>WIF[FQB QFMLSB ELIBPQBOLI> R
HOSF. .OFJBZBKF PR FPQF AO>J>QF[KF BCBHQF. 3KLP \FSLQFKGPHFE MOLQBFK> HLA
JRXH>O>@> GB ?FL MLSBW>K P> MLSBZ>KFJ KFSLLJ ]ILXBD^ ELIBPQBOLI>
80
%O>CFHLK 4.5: ,>JFOKF@B MLSBW>KB P> ELIBPQBOLILJ R HOSF
)>HL PB RKLP JBP>,
'
JIBH>, G>G>, &LIBPQBOLI R HOSF O>PQB
OF?B,
'-''
J>PQF' F \FSLQFKGPHFE MOLQBFK>
MLSBZ>...
)>HL PB RKLP ?FIGKFE K>JFOKF@> F &LIBPQBOLI R HOSF PB
EO>KIGFSFE J>QBOFG> (RHIGR[RGRZF ?FIGKB PJ>KGRGB
MOLQBFKB,
'
SI>HK> FW EO>KB,
''
@BIRILWB,
''
EBJF@BIRILWB,
'
O>PQSLOIGFSFE RDIGBKFE
EFAO>Q>,
''
-SFQ>JFK> FW ?FIG>H> (H>OLQFKF,
2, 3),
'
J>ERK>OHF, MLSOZ> PSBQIB ?LGB,
SLZ>, X>OD>OBMB, HOLJMFO> F KBHLIFHL
SOPQ> \FQ>OF@>) MLSBZ>...
R HOSF,
'''
ALH GB RKLP ?FIGKFE MOLQBFK> ?FL MLSBW>K P> PJ>KGBKGBJ KFSL>
LSLD FPQLD ELIBPQBOLI>.
''
3YFQB R PHLOL ?FIL HLGR IBH>OPHR LOAFK>@FGR F RMFQ>GQB HLGF C>HQLOF
FPEO>KB RQF[R K> KFSL ELIBPQBOLI> R HOSF F LKF ZB S>J K>GSBOLS>QKFGB
PMLJBKRQF W>PFZBKB J>PKB HFPBIFKB F ELIBPQBOLI FW FPEO>KB. .LPIBAKGFE
AB@BKFG> KBHL ?F JLD>L A> PMLJBKB F BCBH>Q PLGB FIF JBHFKG> P> MRKL
SI>H>K> K> PKF\BKGB ELIBPQBOLI>, >IF ZB J>IL KGFE OBZF A> \FSLQFKGPHF
MOLQBFKF FJ>GR ?FIL XQ> P> KFSLLJ ELIBPQBOLI> R HOSF.
-ARSBH GB ?FIL Q>HL. "LH P>J ?FL K> MI>ZBKLJ LAPRPQSR P>
-HPCLOA>, MOFPRPQSLS>L P>J MOBA>S>KGFJ> W> PQRABKQB JBAF@FKB L
FPEO>KF F RWOL@FJ> PO[>KFE ?LIBPQF HLG> GB AO\>L FPQ>HKRQF MOLCBPLO JB -
AF@FKB. -K GB ARDL MOF[>L L XQBQKFJ BCBHQFJ> W>PFZBKFE J>PKFE HFPBIF-
K> F RKLP> ELIBPQBOLI> K> ?LIBPQF PO[>KFE PRALS> H>L A> PR QL ?FIF
GBAFKF C>HQLOF FPEO>KB HLGF PR ?FIF WK>[>GKF. ,FGB \BIBL A> MOFWK> A> GB
RKLP \FSLQFKGPHFE MOLQBFK> FJ>L ?FIL H>HSB SBWB P> KFSLLJ ELIBPQBOL-
I> R HOSF, F>HL PR ALH>WF R QL SOBJB R[FKFIF P>PSFJ G>PKFJ A> PR \FSL -
QFKGPHF MOLQBFKF ?FIF PK>\KFGB SBW>KF P> KFSLLJ ELIBPQBOLI> R HOSF LA
W>PFZBKFE J>PKFE HFPBIFK> F ELIBPQBOLI> FW EO>KB.
15
)>L F JKLDF AORDF,
KGBDLS> PIBM> SBO> R PQ>QRP HSL D> GB R[FKFI> KBPMOBJKFJ A> ?RAB
LQSLOBKLD RJ>. )>HL PR K>I>WF MOFPQFW>IF, ML[BL P>J A> LQHOFS>J A>
LQSLOBKLPQ RJ> KFGB MOBAPQ>SIG>I> IRHPRW, SBZ MLQOB?R.
+>PQF F O>H ALGHB
AHL ?F MLPQLG>I> KBH> SOPQ> M>O>AB EO>KIGFSFE J>QBOFG>, MOF [BJR ?F
PS>H> EO>KIGFS> J>QBOFG> FJ>I> PSLGB M>O>AKL SLWFIL, J>PQFJ> ?F MOF-
M>A>IL A>IBHL K>GSBZB. 2LIFHL MRKL IGRAF, LA FPQO>\FS>[> AL L?O>WLSKFE
O>AKFH>, LA MOBAPQ>SKFH> SI>AB HLGF CLOJFO>GR PJBOKF@B AL MOBAPQ>SKF-
H> FKARPQOFGB, ARDL GB FPQO>\FS>IL FIF FPQF@>IL J>PQF. *GRAF FW SBIFHLD ?OLG>
O>WIF[FQFE W>GBAKF@> PR SFXB LA MLI> SBH> O>AFIF K> HLKPQORH@FGF LSLD
[RALSFXQ>.
)>A> ?F LS> KBL?F[K> M>O>A> W>ML[BI> K> %I>SKLG RIF@F, R 1A",
M>\KG> PSFE HLGF PBAB K> MIL[KFHR ?F KBFW?B\KL ?FI> RPJBOBK> K>
M>O>AKL SLWFIL J>PQF. 4BZFK> IGRAF ?F JLDI> A> SFAF SLWFIL J>PQF F H>\B,
]QOB?>IL ?F A> PB HILKFJ QLD>^, > W>QFJ A> MLGBAB KGBDLS AL?>O ABL.
"ORDF ?F PB MLMBIF K> KBW>PFZBKR MLILSFKR SLWFI> F OBHIF A> PR LSB
J>PKB HFPBIFKB WAO>SB, > A> PR P>JL W>PFZBKB J>PKB HFPBIFKB ILXB.
+KLDF K>R[KF@F ?F RMBOFIF MOPQLJ K> SLWFIL W> J>PQF F QSOAFIF A> PB
HILSKLSF PO[>KFE ?LIBPQF F O>H> HOFGR RKRQO>. 8> QL SOBJB, KBHF P>JL-
MOLWS>KF DRORF FPEO>KB, H>L XQL PR MLHLGKF AO 0L?BOQ #QHFKP, JLDIF ?F
A> MLPQ>SB O>AKGR K> SLWFIR F ML[KR P> MOLA>S>KGBJ HKGFD>. ,> HO>GR
A>K> MOLPB[K> LPL?> HLG> PB W>PFQFI> SLWFILJ ?F PB [BXH>I> ML DI>SF
F LPBZ>I> KBI>DLAKL, MFQ>GRZF PB XQ> GB QOB?>IL A> R[FKF F W>XQL.
81
.LPQLGB AL?OF O>WILWF W?LD HLGFE GB MOLPB[>K MLQOLX>[ W?RKGBK.
,BLADLSLOBKL MFQ>KGB L J>PQFJ> GB LPQ>IL KBLADLSLOBKL, H>L F QLHLJ
MOLXIFE [BQOABPBQ DLAFK>. )LIFHL J>PKFE HFPBIFK> JL\BJL A> FJ>JL
R FPEO>KF? )LGR SOPQR J>PKFE HFPBIFK>? "> IF PR MLIFKBW>PFZBKB J>PKB
HFPBIFKB ?LIGB LA W>PFZBKFE? "> IF PR JLKLKBW>PFZBKB J>PKB HFPBIFKB
?LIGB LA LPQ>IFE? 9Q> GB P> LKFJ PMB@FCF[KFJ J>PKFJ HFPBIFK>J> H>L
XQL PR LJBD>-3, LJBD>-6, QO>KP J>PKB HFPBIFKB F "&A? "> IF ?F QOB-
?>IL A> FW?BD>S>JL J>PQF FW HLHLP>? 9Q> GB P> OF?IGFJ RIGBJ? "> IF
FJ> KB[BD MLPB?KLD R RIGR LA I>K>? 9Q> GB RLMXQB FPEO>K> ?LD>Q>
J>PQFJ>? A KFPHL-J>PK> FPEO>K>?
-SL JL\B A> ?RAB W?RKGRGRZB, [>H F W> L?R[BKB K>R[KFHB. "BQ>IGF
HLGF PB K>I>WB R LPKLSF LSFE MFQ>KG>, H>A> PB O>WJ>QO>GR FWLILS>KL,
SBLJ> PR L?J>KGRGRZF. )>L XQL ZBJL SFABQF, O>WJ>QO>KGB MLK>X>KG>
PIL\BKLD PMIBQ> EBJFH>IFG> RJBPQL FWLILS>KFE MLGBAFK>[KFE EBJFH>IFG>
A>IBHL GB PJFPIBKFGB.
+BYRQFJ, K> KBHF K>[FK LS> PJBXK> LMPBAKRQLPQ FWLILS>KFJ
>PMBHQFJ> RKLP> J>PQF GB Q> HLG> K>P R[F K>G?LIGFJ IBH@FG>J>. .OBJ>
QLJB, O>WJLQOFJL ML?IF\B LSR MOF[R L J>PQFJ>, LK>HL H>HL PB O>WSF-
G>I> QLHLJ MLPIBAKGFE [BQOABPBQ DLAFK>. -K> FIRPQORGB W>XQL GB G>SKLPQ
QLIFHL W?RKGBK> F R MLDIBAR J>PQF F R MLDIBAR FPEO>KB RLMXQBKL.
3 MOLPBHR, JF RKLPFJL 35-40% LA RHRMKB HLIF[FKB H>ILOFG> R SFAR
J>PQF.
19
&O>KFIF PJL PB LS>HSLJ FPEO>KLJ ?LD>QLJ J>PQFJ> GLX LA
HO>G> 19. SBH>, LA ML[BQH> FKARPQOFGPHB OBSLIR@FGB. .LXQL PJL FJ>IF
KLS@> ML[BIF PJL A> HLOFPQFJL SFXB JBP> F JIB[KFE MOLFWSLA>, HLGF PR
OBI>QFSKL ?LD>QF J>PQFJ>. .LH>WFS>IF PJL K>XB ?LD>QPQSL HLOFXZBKGBJ
Q>HSB EO>KB.
8>QFJ PR ALXIF POBAFK> F HO>G 20. SBH> H>A> PR K>R[KF@F ML[BIF A>
ALSLAB R MFQ>KGB MLAL?KLPQ FPEO>KB HLG> GB Q>HL ?LD>Q> J>PQFJ>.
.LG>SFIB PR PB K>@FLK>IKB F JBYRK>OLAKB MOBMLORHB L FPEO>KF
20-23
H>HL ?F K>J RH>W>IB A> QOB?> PJ>KGFQF RKLP J>PQF K> FPMLA 30% LA
H>ILOFG>. 2L GB QO>G>IL M>O AB@BKFG>, >IF PB P>A> PQO>E LA FPEO>KB
?LD>QB J>PQFJ> PJ>KGRGB. ,BHF >RQLOF MLMRI>OKFE HKGFD> [>H W>PQRM>GR
MLSBZ>K RKLP J>PQF! ,BHF FPHRPKF FPQO>\FS>[F PR MOBAIL\FIF A> KFGB
KBLMELAKL RKLPFQF J>KGB LA 30% J>PQF, PSB ALH RKLPFJL MO>SR SOPQR
J>PQF.
,FSL LA 30% J>PQF GB MLPQ>L MLH>W>QBIG, [>H F>HL KBJ> ALH>W>
HLGF ?F RH>WFS>IF A> GB LSL WK>[>G>K MLH>W>QBIG. 0>WJLQOFJL LSR @FCOR
K>SLYBKGBJ P>AO\>G> J>PQF R KBHLIFHL K>JFOKF@>, H>L XQL PB JL\B
SFABQF K> DO>CFHLKR 4.6.
3W KBHLIFHL FWRWBQ>H>, \FSLQFKGPHB K>JFOKF@B P>AO\B WK>[>GKL SFXB
J>PQF R LAKLPR K> ?FIGKB K>JFOKF@B.
24
-SL GB AL?OL FIRPQOLS>KL
MLOBYBKGBJ HLIF[FKB J>PQF R FPEO>K>J> O>WIF[FQFE WBJ>IG>. )LOBI>@FG>
FWJBYR RKLP> J>PQF F RKLP> \FSLQFKGPHFE MOLQBFK> FWKLPF SFXB LA
82
90%.
25
2L WK>[F A> PB RKLP J>PQF M>O>IBIKL MLSBZ>S> P> RKLPLJ
\FSLQFKGPHFE MOLQBFK>. "ORDFJ OB[FJ>, J>PQF FW FPEO>KB MOBAPQ>SIG>GR
MLH>W>QBIG HLIFHL R EO>KF FJ> \FSLQFKGPHFE K>JFOKF@>. .LARA>O>KGB GB
DLQLSL P>SOXBKL.
+>PQF F HLK@BKQOFP>KGB K> O>H
'WSBXQ>G ,>@FLK>IKB >H>ABJFGB K>RH> (,A1) FW 1982. DLAFKB L
FPEO> KF F O>HR, [FGF P>J G> ?FL HL>RQLO, ?FL GB MOSF BHPMBOQPHF FWSBXQ>G
HLGF GB DLSLOFL L SBWF J>PQF FW EO>KB P> O>HLJ. -S>G FWSBXQ>G GB ?FL
MOSF HLGF GB MOBMLOR[FL J>HPFJ>IKF RKLP J>PQF LA 30% LA H>ILOFG> O>AF
MOBSBK@FGB O>H>. .OB QLD>, )LJFQBQ L FPEO>KF >JBOF[HLD PBK>Q> HLGFJ
GB MOBAPBA>S>L PBK>QLO "\LOA\ +BH %>SBOK
26
PMOLSLAFL GB L?G>SIGF-
S>K> P>PIRX>KG> L FPEO>KF F PO[>KFJ ?LIBPQFJ> F MOBMLOR[FL J>HPF-
J>IKF RKLP LA 30% J>PQF R FPEO>KF. '>HL GB FWSBXQ>G +BH %>SBOK>
PQSLOFL G>SKR O>PMO>SR L SBWF FPEO>KB F ?LIBPQF, FWSBXQ>G ,A1-> FW 1982.
DLAFKB GB ?FL Q>G HLGF GB MLHOBKRL LSR O>PMO>SR. ,GBDLS> RPJBOBKLPQ
K> O>H, K>PRMOLQ PO[>KFE L?LIGBKG>, MLG>[>I> GB G>SKF FKQBOBP F W>?OFKR -
QLPQ. .LHOBKRI> GB ALA>QKR FPQO>\FS>[HR >HQFSKLPQ F G>SKR PSBPKLPQ L
WK>[>GR FPEO>KB R MOBSBK@FGF ?LIBPQF.
83
%O>CFHLK 4.6: 1>AO\>G J>PQF R K>JFOKF@>J>
,>JFOKF@> .OL@BK>Q H>ILOFG> FW J>PQF
+>PI>@ 100%
"RMIF [FW?RODBO FW +BHALK>IAP> 67%
.RKLJ>PKL HO>SIGB JIBHL 64%
9RKH> 61%
4FOXIB 54%
1LG> 42%
],FPHL-J>PKL^ (FIF 2%) JIBHL 35%
.FIBQFK> 26%
1M>K>Z 14%
@FQKB M>ERIGF@B 8%
-?O>KL JIBHL 5%
%O>X>H 5%
9>OD>OBM> 4%
.>PRIG 3,5%
.B[BKF HOLJMFO 1%
+KLDF FWSBXQ>GF FW QLD MBOFLA>
20,27,28
PR ?FIF HLK@BKQOFP>KF K> MFQ> -
KGB HLG> HLIF[FK> J>PQF FW FPEO>KB GB LADLS>O>GRZ> W> AL?OL WAO>SIGB.
(BAFKPQSBK> M>\KG> MOR\BK> J>PQFJ> GB JLQFSFP>K> JBYRK>OLAKFJ
FPQO>\FS>KGFJ> HLG> PR MLH>WFS>I> A> GB HLIF[FK> J>PQF FW FPEO>KB ?FI>
?IFPHL MLSBW>K> P> MLG>SLJ O>H> ALGHB, O>H> AB?BILD @OBS> F PO[>KFE
?LIBPQF. -SL PR ?FIB ?LIBPQF HLGB R?FG>GR MOB SOBJBK> SBZFKR IGRAF R
W>M>AKG>[HFJ WBJIG>J>. (>PKL GB A> GB LS> SBW> JLO>I> A> MOFSR[B
SBIFHR M>\KGR G>SKLPQF. )FKBPHL FPQO>\FS>KGB GB LQML[BIL RPOBA LS>HSLD
LHOR\BKG>.
,>G?LIGB MLWK>QL FPQO>\FS>KGB,
29
ML JLJ DIBAFXQR, GB ?FIL LKL MLHLG -
KLD )BK> )BOLI> ()BK !>OOLII), MOLCBPLO> P> 3KFSBOWFQBQ> 8>M>AKLD
-KQ>OFG> FW )>K>AB. ,GBDLSF K>I>WF PR MLH>W>IF SBLJ> FJMOBPFS>K
LAKLP FWJBYR J>PQF FW EO>KB F O>H> ALGHB (DO>CFHLK 4.7).
-S>G K>I>W, HLGF LADLS>O> O>KFGFJ FWSBXQ>GFJ> AORDFE FPQO>\FS>[>,
3,30
MLPQ>L GB K>OL[FQL W>KFJIGFS H>A> GB RMLOBYBK P> FPQO>\FS>KGFJ>
JFDO>@FG>.
31,32
-S> FPQO>\FS>KG> PR MLH>W>I> A> PR IGRAF HLGF PR PB MOB-
PBIFIF FW GBAKB L?I>PQF R AORDR F ML[BIF A> PB EO>KB QFMF[KLJ FPEO>KLJ
H>O>HQBOFPQF[KLJ W> KLSL JBPQL ?LO>SH> MLPQ>IF FWIL\BKF LKLJ KFSLR
84
%O>CFHLK 4.7: 3HRM>K RKLP J>PQF F O>H ALGHB
@#,#
1Q>OLPKL-KLOJ>IFWLS>K> PQLM>
PJOQKLPQF/100.000 PQ>KLSKFH>
3HRM>K RKLP J>PQF FPEO>KLJ (D/A>K)
OFWFH> LA ?LIBPQF HLGF GB H>O>HQBOFPQF[>K W> L?I>PQ R HLGR PR PB ALPBIFIF.
-SL GB RH>WFS>IL A> PR FPEO>K> F K>[FK \FSLQ> ?FIF LPKLSKF RWOL@F LSFE
?LIBPQF. 2L GB Q>HLYB RH>WFS>IL A> DBKF KFPR KBFW?B\KL QLIFHL WK>[>GKF.
)>L XQL GB O>KFGB PMLJBKRQL, SBLJ> FPQ>HKRQF FWSBXQ>G 0F[>OA> "LI> F
0F[>OA> .BQ> P> -HPCLOA> (FW 4BIFHB OFQ>KFGB) HLGF GB MLAKBQ >JB OF[ -
HLJ HLKDOBPR P>\BQL GB K>SBL JKLD> LA LSFE FPQO>\FS>KG> F W>H IGR[FL
A> PB P>JL 2-3% LA PSFE PIR[>GBS> O>H> JL\B MOFMFP>QF DBKFJ>.
4
"> IF MLA>@F LSFE JBYRK>OLAKFE F JFDO>@FLKFE FPQO>\FS>KG> RH>WRGR
A> JL\BJL A> PJ>KGFJL K>XR PQLMR O>H> ALGHB PHLOL K> KRIR >HL
LA>?BOBJL P>SOXBKB FW?LOB K>[FK> \FSLQ>? 'KCLOJ>@FGB PS>H>HL RH>WR-
GR A> ?F LSL JLD>L A> ?RAB PIR[>G. 3 SBWF ALH>W> P> DO>CFHLK> 4,7,
OBXBKGB FWDIBA> L[FDIBAKL: >HL GBABJL J>KGB J>PQF, LKA> ZBJL
RJ>KGFQF OFWFH LA O>H> ALGHB. 4BZFK> K>R[KFH> GB ALKBI> LS>G W>HIGR[>H,
> KBHF PR MOBQMLPQ>SFIF A> GB J>PQ FW EO>KB MOLRWOLHLS>I> O>H ALGHB.
+BYRQFJ, Q>HSL QRJ>[BKGB GB ?FIL MOBSFXB GBAKLPQ>SKL. "ORDF DO>CFHLKF
HLGB GB MOFMOBJFL MOLCBPLO )BOLI PR ?FIF R SBIFHLG JBOF, PHLOL MLQMRKL,
FDKLOFP>KF (DO>CFHLKF 4.8 F 4.9). -KF MLH>WRGR A> GB O>H ALGHB ?FL
MLSBW>K P> RKLPLJ \FSLQFKGPHFE J>PQF, >IF KB F P> ?FIGKFJ J>PQFJ>.
85
%O>CFHLK 4.8: 3KLP \FSLQFKGPHFE J>PQF F O>H ALGHB
@#,#
1Q>OLPKL-KLOJ>IFWLS>K> PQLM>
PJOQKLPQF/100.000 PQ>KLSKFH>
3HRM>K RKLP J>PQF (D/A>K)
3 ORO>IKLG )FKF, RKLP J>PQF EO>KLJ (R SOBJB FPQO>\FS>KG> 1983.
DLAFKB) GB ?FL SBLJ> O>WIF[FQ LA RKLP> R 1GBAFKGBKFJ "O\>S>J> K>
AS> K>[FK>. .OSL, J>PQF PR P>[FKG>S>IB P>JL 14,5% LA RKLP> H>ILOF-
G> R )FKF, R MLOBYBKGR P> LHL 36% R 1A". "ORDL, HLIF[FK> J>PQF FW
EO>KB R ORO>IKLG )FKF GB PHLOL MLQMRKL W>SFPFI> LA HLIF[FKB \FSLQFKGPHFE
K>JFOKF@> R FPEO>KF, H>L XQL MLH>WRGR K>I>WF P> DO>CFHLK> 4.7.
)LOBI>@FG> FWJBYR J>PQF FW EO>KB F \FSLQFKGPHFE MOLQBFK> R ORO>IKLG )FKF
GB ?FI> SBLJ> SBIFH>, 70-84%,
33
PIF[KL P> 93% RL[BKFE MOF MLOBYBKGR
O>WIF[F QFE WBJ>IG>.
25
-SL GB WK>[>GKL GBO GB R )FKF F R JBYRK>OLAKFJ FPQO>\FS>KGFJ>,
RKLP J>PQF ?FL GBAFKL MLH>W>QBIG RKLP> \FSLQFKGPHFE K>JFOKF@>. .OBJ>
QLJB, SBW> FWJBYR J>PQF F O>H> ALGHB ?F JLDI> RPQS>OF A> K>J DLSL -
OF A> H>HL RKLP \FSLQFKGPHFE K>JFOKF@> O>PQB, Q>HL O>PQB F O>H ALGHB.
-SL KFGB PIR[>G R 1A", DAB JF PBIBHQFSKL ALA>GBJL FIF RHI>KG>JL J>PQ
FW K>XFE K>JFOKF@> F K>XB FPEO>KB. +F AL?FG>JL MLAGBAK>HL FIF SFXB
86
%O>CFHLK 4.9: 3KLP ?FIGKFE J>PQF F O>H ALGHB
@#,#
1Q>OLPKL-KLOJ>IFWLS>K> PQLM>
PJOQKLPQF/100.000 PQ>KLSKFH>
3KLP ?FIGKFE J>PQF (D/A>K)
J>PQF FW ?FIGKFE K>JFOKF@> ([FMP, MLJCOFQ) R LAKLPR K> MOBO>YBKB \FSL -
QFKGPHB K>JFOKF@B (L?O>KL JIBHL, PRSL JBPL). )FK> KB L?O>YRGB J>PQF
FW PSLGFE K>JFOKF@> H>L XQL QL JF [FKFJL.
.OF LSLJ SBLJ> J>ILJ LMPBDR J>PQF FW EO>KB R )FKF, LA 6% AL
24%, MOSL?FQKL P>J PJ>QO>L A> J>PQF FW EO>KB KFPR MLSBW>KB P>
?LIBPQFJ> H>L XQL PR PO[>KB ?LIBPQF FIF O>WIF[FQB SOPQB O>H>, H>L XQL GB
QL PIR[>G K> W>M>AR. ,BHF IGRAF R 1A" - H>L F JKLDB JLGB HLIBDB FW
K>RHB F JBAF@FKB - FPEO>KR P> 30% J>PQF K>WFS>GR ]KFPHL-J>PKLJ^
FPEO>KLJ. .OBJ> QLJB, FPEO>K> P> J>IL J>PQF HLG> P>AO\F P>JL 25-
30% J>PQF GB PJ>QO>K> ALSLIGKL KFPHLJ W> LPQS>OFS>KGB J>HPFJ>IKB
HLIF[FKB HLOFPKFE BCBH>Q> ML WAO>SIGB. -SL GB RH>WFS>IL A> PJ>KGBKGB
RKLP> KB ?F L?BW?BAFIL KFH>HSB KLSB HLOFPQF. 'WKBK>YBKGB!
,>I>WF FW ORO>IKB )FKB PR MLH>W>IF A> GB PJ>KGBKGB J>PQF FW FPEO>KB
P> 24% K> 6% ?FIL MLSBW>KL P> KF\FJ OFWFHLJ LA O>H> ALGHB. +BYR -
QFJ, KF\F RKLP J>PQF FW EO>KB R ORO>IKLG )FKF GB WK>[FL J>KGB HLOFXZBKG>
KB P>JL J>PQF SBZ, XQL GB WK>[>GKFGB, \FSLQFKGPHFE K>JFOKF@>.
-S> SBW> O>H> ALGHB P> J>PQFJ> FW EO>KB, > QFJB F P> \FSLQFKGPHFJ
K>JFOKF@>J>, K>SBI> GB K> O>WJ>QO>KGB AORDFE C>HQLO> HLGF Q>HLYB
FWI>\R \BKR OFWFHR LA O>H> ALGHB:
- .OS> JBKPQOR>@FG> MOF O>KFGBJ RWO>PQR
- .LSFXBK ELIBPQBOLI R HOSF
- )>PK> JBKLM>RW>
- 4BIFHL FWI>D>KGB \BKPHFJ ELOJLKFJ>
9Q> )FKBPHL FPQO>\FS>KGB MLH>WRGB R SBWF LSFE C>HQLO> OFWFH>? 4BZ>
HLIF[FK> J>PQF R FPEO>KF GB MLSBW>K> P> SFXFJ KFSLLJ ELIBPQBOLI> R
HOSF,
'
> L?> LS> C>HQLO>, W>GBAKL P> SBZFJ KFSLLJ \BKPHFE ELOJLK>,
PR MLSBW>K>, W>RWSO>Q, P> SFXB PIR[>GBS> O>H> ALGHB F MOSLJ JBK-
PQOR>@FGLJ R O>KFGBJ RWO>PQR.
'
">IBHL SBZ> PQ>OLPQ MOF MOSLG JBKPQOR>@FGF R ORO>IKLG )FKF GB
RMB[>QIGFS>. "S>ABPBQ F MBQ \BK> R PS>HLJ LA 130 PBI> FW FPQO>\FS> -
KG> GB RMFQ>KL H>A> PR FJ>IB MOSF JBKPQOR>IKF @FHIRP. -MPBD MOLPB[KB
SOBAKLPQF PBI> GB FWKLPFL 15 AL 19 DLAFK>, RW MOLPBH LA 17 DLAFK>.
AJBOF[HF MOLPBH GB LHL 11 DLAFK>!
+KLD> FPQO>\FS>KG> PR MLH>W>I> A> MOS> JBKPQOR>@FG> MOF O>KFGBJ
RWO>PQR ALSLAF AL SBZBD OFWFH> LA O>H> ALGHB.
34
3WO>PQ MOF MOSLG JBK-
PQOR>@FGF W>SFPF LA PQLMB O>PQ> ABSLG[F@B; XQL ?O\B O>PQB, QL GB O>KFGF
ML[BQ>H. 2>HLYB GB AL?OL RPQ>KLSIGBKL A> ?OW O>PQ JI>AFE ABSLG[F@>
[BPQL ALSLAF AL SBZB QBIBPKB SFPFKB R WOBILPQF F SBZB QBIBPKB QB\FKB
F HLIF[FKB QBIBPKFE J>PQF, XQL GB PSB MLSBW>KL P> SBZFJ OFWFHLJ LA
O>H> ALGHB. .OS> JBKPQOR>@FG> MOF O>KFGBJ RWO>PQR, F HLA HFKBPHFE F HLA
\BK> P> W>M>A>, Q>HLYB ALSLAF AL MLSBZ>KLD KFSL> ELOJLK> R HOSF
H>L XQL GB K> MOFJBO BPQOLDBK. -SF KFSLF ELOJLK> LPQ>GR SFPLHF QLHLJ
87
OBMOLARHQFSKFE DLAFK>, >HL PB LAO\>S> FPEO>K> ?LD>Q> \FSLQFKGPHFJ
K>JFOKF@>J>. .LA LSFJ RPILSFJ>, ML[BQ>H JBKLM>RWB PB LAI>\B W>
QOF AL [BQFOF DLAFKB,
'
MOLAR\>S>GRZF OBMOLARHQFSKF \FSLQ LA ML[BQH> AL
HO>G> W> LHL ABSBQ AL ABPBQ DLAFK> F R SBIFHLG JBOF MLSBZ>S>GRZF FWI>-
D>KGB \BKPHFJ ELOJLKFJ> QLHLJ \FSLQ>. "ORD> FPQO>\FS>KG> PR MLH>W>-
I> A> GB MLSBZ>KGB ?OLG> DLAFK> OBMOLARHQFSKLD \FSLQ> MLSBW>KL P>
MLSBZ>KFJ OFWFHLJ LA O>H> ALGHB.
35,36
-S> JOB\> LAKLP> MLPQ>GB GLX FJMOBPFSKFG>. 4BZF RKLP J>PQF GB
MLSBW>K P> SBZFJ KFSLLJ BPQOLDBK> R HOSF QLHLJ HOFQF[KFE DLAFK> LA
35 AL 44 DLAFKB
'''
F SFXFJ KFSLLJ \BKPHLD ELOJLK> MOLI>HQFK> R HOSF
QLHLJ H>PKFGFE DLAFK> LA 55 AL 64 DLAFKB.
'''
'WJBYR LSFE ELOJLK> F
RKLP> \FSLQFKGPHFE MOLQBFK>
'''
F JIBH>
'''
F JBP>
''
MLPQLGF PK>\K> HLOBI>@F-
G>. ,> \>ILPQ KFPJL JLDIF A> MLH>\BJL A> IF PR LSF KFSLF ELOJLK>
?FIF AFOBHQKL MLSBW>KF P> OFWFHLJ LA O>H> ALGHB R )FKF GBO GB PQLM>
?LIBPQF MOBSFXB KFPH>.
37
1SBGBAKL, H>A> PR KFSLF ELOJLK> JBYR HFKBPHFJ \BK>J> MLOBYB -
KF P> KFSLFJ> ?OFQ>KPHFE \BK>,
38
HFKBPHF KFSLF BPQOLDBK> PR ?FIF RMLI>
J>KGF R LAKLPR K> LKB HLA ?OFQ>KPHFE \BK>, HLGB PR FJ>IB FPQLSBQ>K
ELOJLKPHF MOLCFI H>L F >JBOF[HB \BKB. .LXQL GB AR\FK> OBMOLARHQFSKLD
\FSLQ> HFKBPHFE \BK> P>JL LHL 70% R LAKLPR K> ?OFQ>KPHB (FIF >JB -
OF[HB) \BKB, QL WK>[F A> GB P> KF\FJ KFSLLJ BPQOLDBK> HFKBPH> \BK>
?FI> FWIL\BK> QLHLJ \FSLQ> HLIF[FKF LA P>JL 35-40% LA HLIF[FKB BPQOL-
DBK> HLA ?OFQ>KPHFE (F >JBOF[HFE) \BK>. -SL LADLS>O> PQLM>J> O>H>
ALGHB R )FKF HLGB FWKLPB MBQFKR LA PQLM> HLA W>M>AKG>[HFE \BK>.
1K>\K> SBW> FPEO>KB ?LD>QB MOLQBFKFJ> F J>PQFJ> P> OBMOLARH-
QFSKFJ ELOJLKFJ> F O>KFJ MBOFLALJ MOSB JBKPQOR>@FGB, HLGF MLSBZ> -
S>GR OFWFH LA O>H> ALGHB, MOBAPQ>SIG> WK>[>GKL LM>\>KGB. 2FJB GB G>PKL
A> K>X> AB@> KB QOB?> A> PB EO>KB SBIFHLJ HLIF[FKLJ \FSLQFKGPHFE
K>JFOKF@>. AHL PQB \BK>, A> IF ?FPQB FH>A> MLJFPIFIF A> ?F FPEO>K>
?LD>Q> \FSLQFKGPHFJ K>JFOKF@>J> MOLAR\FI> S>X OBMOLARHQFSKF \FSLQ W>
LHL ABSBQ AL ABPBQ DLAFK>? .LOBA QLD>, W>KFJIGFS> MLPIBAF@> LSLD
LM>\>KG> GB, H>L XQL GB K>MLJBKRI> %ILOFG> 1Q>GKBJ, LPKFS>[ +P.
[>PLMFP>, A> ?F FPEO>K> MO>SLJ EO>KLJ JLDI> A> PJ>KGF MLG>SR QORA-
KLZB HLA QFKBGA\BO> LAI>\RZF MLG>SR MOSB JBKPQOR>@FGB.
.LOBA K>I>W> L ELOJLKFJ>, A> IF MLPQLGF K>[FK HLGF ?F MLH>W>L A>
GB RKLP \FSLQFKGPHFE K>JFOKF@> R SBWF P> RHRMKFJ PQLM>J> O>H>? -SL
GB ALKBHIB QBXHL MLH>W>QF, >IF GBA>K LA C>HQLO> HLGB PJL JBOFIF ?FL GB
?OLG PIR[>GBS> O>H> R PS>HLG MLOLAF@F. 3KLP \FSLQFKGPHFE MOLQBFK> GB R
)FKBPHLJ FPQO>\FS>KGR R?BAIGFSL ?FL MLSBW>K P> MLG>SLJ O>H> R
MLOLAF@>J>.
'''
-S> SBW> GB FJMOBPFSK> F MOBAPQ>SIG> WK>[>GKL LM>\>KGB,
FJ>GRZF R SFAR KBL?F[KL KFW>H RKLP \FSLQFKGPHFE MOLQBFK>.
'PEO>K> F C>HQLOF ?LIBPQF H>L XQL PR RKLP \FSLQFKGPHFE MOLQBFK> FIF
?OLG PIR[>GBS> O>H> ALGHB ALSLAB AL MOLJBK> R HLK@BKQO>@FG>J>
88
LAOBYBKFE EBJFH>IFG> R K>XLG HOSF. -SB EBJFH>IFGB PB K>WFS>GR ?FL-
J>OHBQF. )>L MOFJBO, ELIBPQBOLI R HOSF MOBAPQ>SIG> ?FLJ>OHBO W> PO[>K>
L?LIGBKG>. +BOFIF PJL XBPQ ?FLJ>OHBO> FW HOSF HLGF PR MLSBW>KF P> RKL-
PLJ \FSLQFKGPHFE MOLQBFK>.
39
"> IF LKF MLQSOYRGR K>I>W A> GB RKLP \FSL -
QFKGPHFE MOLQBFK> MLSBW>K P> O>HLJ R MLOLAF@>J>? AMPLIRQKL. 1S>HF
MLGBAFK>[KF ?FLJ>OHBO FW HOSF MLSBW>K P> \FSLQFKGPHFJ MOLQBFKFJ> GB
WK>[>GKL MLSBW>K F P> ?OLGBJ PIR[>G> O>H> R MLOLAF@F.
''-'''
3 LSLJ PIR[>GR, SFXBPQORH> LM>\>KG>, [SOPQL MLSBW>K> R JOB\R,
MLH>WRGR A> PR \FSLQFKGPHB K>JFOKF@B PK>\KL MLSBW>KB P> O>HLJ
ALGHB. -KL XQL LS>G W>HIGR[>H [FKF K>OL[FQL RSBOIGFSFJ PR ASB SOPQB
ALH>W>. .OSL, MLGBAFK>[KF ABILSF LSB JOB\B PR ?FIF ALPIBAKL MLSBW>KF
F, R SBZFKF PIR[>GBS>, PQ>QFPQF[HF WK>[>GKF. "ORDL, LS>G BCBH>Q PB G>SIG>L
MOF KBL?F[KL KFPHFJ RKLPFJ> \FSLQFKGPHFE K>JFOKF@>.
,>XB FPQO>\FS>KGB O>H> ALGHB (ABQ>IGKFGB LMFP>KL R 7. MLDI>SIGR)
MOBAPQ>SIG> P>SOXBK MOFJBO W?LD [BD> GB )FKBPHL FPQO>\FS>KGB Q>HL
RSBOIGFSL. 3JBPQL MLGBAFK>[KB, GBAKLPQ>SKB SBWB J>PQF F O>H> ALGHB,
'
JLDIF PJL A> HLKPQORFXBJL A>IBHL LMPB\KFGR JOB\R FKCLOJ>@FG> L
QLJB H>HL FPEO>K> RQF[B K> OFWFH LA O>H> ALGHB. FIF PJL R PQ>KGR A>
K> SFXB K>[FK> MOLR[FJL RILDR FPEO>KB F ELIBPQBOLI>, PQ>OLPQ MOF MOSLG
JBKPQOR>@FGF F KFSLB \BKPHFE ELOJLK>, HLGF PSF MOBAPQ>SIG>GR MLWK>QB
C>HQLOB OFWFH> W> O>H ALGHB. )>A> GB PS>HF KLSF K>I>W RH>WFS>L R FPQLJ
PJBOR, ?FIF PJL R PQ>KGR A> SFAFJL PIFHR HLG> GB RSBOIGFS>, ALPIBAK> F
?FLILXHF JLDRZ>.
8K>[>G SI>H>K>
.OBJFKRIF MOLCBPLO "BKFP >OHFQ ("BKFP ROHFQQ), P> 2OFKFQF HLIBA\>,
FW ">?IFK>, GB ?FL KBL?F[KL OB[FQ. ,GBDLS WAO>S O>WRJ, K>R[KF HOBAF-
?FIFQBQ F PJFP>L W> ERJLO PR LPQ>SFIF SBIFHF RQFP>H K> JBKB H>A> P>J
D> MOSF MRQ POBL K> PBJFK>OR K> )LOKBIR. .OBAJBQ KGBDLSLD O>A> PR
?FI> SI>HK> FW FPEO>KB. -K GB MRQLS>L 16 EFIG>A> HFILJBQ>O> A\FMLJ
MOBHL KBO>SKLD QBOBK> H>HL ?F MOLR[>S>L K>SFHB R FPEO>KF HLA
ACOFH>K>@>.
-K GB QSOAFL A> PR SI>HK>, F>HL PB KFPR S>OFI>, ?FI> SFQ>IK> W> AL?OL
WAO>SIGB. 4I>HK> PR ?FI> R PQ>KGR A> MLSRHR SLAR FW QBI> R @OBSL H>HL
?F PB PQS>OF KLOJ>IKL HOBQ>IB. -S> KBPS>OBK> SI>HK> Q>HLYB LHRMIG>-
GR ILXB EBJFH>IFGB HLGB MOLK>I>WB PSLG MRQ R K>X> @OBS>, > HLGB JLDR
A> ?RAR H>K@BOLDBKB. AHL KB RKLPFJL ALSLIGKL SI>H>K>, MLAIL\KF
PJL ?LIBPQFJ> W>PKLS>KFJ K> W>QSLOR. .L >OHFQR, LSAB PM>A>GR O>H
AB?BILD @OBS>, AFSBOQFHRILW>, EBJLOLFAF F MOLXFOBKB SBKB.
"O >OHFQ GB 1993. DLAFKB K>DO>YBK MOBPQF\KLJ >RBO K>DO>ALJ,
K>G?LD>QFGLJ K>DO>ALJ R PSBQR MLPIB ,L?BILSB K>DO>AB. -K JB GB
MLWS>L A> DLSLOFJ K> KGBDLSLG AL?FQKF[HLG @BOBJLKFGF K> $OBKHIFK FKPQF-
QRQR R $FI>ABICFGF, P>JL AS> JBPB@> MOB KGBDLSB PJOQF. 'WKBL GB PSLGB
89
JFXIGBKGB A> GB K>XB )FKBPHL FPQO>\FS>KGB ?FIL K>GWK>[>GKFGF O>A L SBWF
FPEO>KB F WAO>SIG> R PSBQR R QL SOBJB.
4I>HK> R FPEO>KF PB K>I>WB FPHIGR[FSL R ?FIGKFJ K>JFOKF@>J>. -S>G
J>QBOFG>I, HLGF A>GB [SOPQFKR ZBIFGPHFJ WFALSFJ> ?FIG>H>, MLPQLGF R EFIG> -
A>J> O>WIF[FQFE EBJFGPHFE S>OFG>@FG>. 3DI>SKLJ PR FWDO>YBK> LA SBLJ>
PIL\BKFE JLIBHRI> RDIGBKFE EFAO>Q>. +F S>OFJL P>JL J>IL FIF KFJ>IL
SI>H>K>. 1SBGBAKL, SI>HK>, HLG> P>J> KB P>AO\B H>ILOFGB, MLJ>\R
O>W?I>\BKGR H>ILOFGPHB DRPQFKB K>XB EO>KB, PQS>O>GR LPBZ>G MRKLZB F
MLJ>\R W>ALSLIGBKGR >MBQFQ>, FWJBYR LPQ>ILD. .OF QLJB, W>ALSLIG>S>GR
K>XR DI>A F PJ>KGRGR MOBQBO>K RKLP H>ILOFG>.
.OLPB[>K RKLP SI>H>K> (DO>CFHLK 4.10) GB LHL QOF MRQ> SBZF R )FKF
KBDL R 1A".
40
-S> O>WIFH> GB FWRWBQK>, K>OL[FQL FJ>GRZF R SFAR [FKGB -
KF@R A> PR MOLPB@F JKLDFE LHORD> ?FIF [>H A>IBHL SBZF.
+BYRQFJ, ML KBHFJ ]PQOR[KG>@FJ>^ FW 1A", MLPQLGF F Q>JK> PQO>K>
SI>H>K>. -KF PR QSOAFIF A> >HL GB RKLP SI>H>K> MOBSFXB SFPLH K>X> QBI>
KB JLDR A> >MPLO?RGR ALSLIGKL DSL\Y> F POLAKFE JFKBO>I>, HLGF PR
KBLMELAKF W> WAO>SIGB. 4I>HK> JLDR A> PB SB\R P> LSFJ J>QBOFG>J>
F A> FE KLPB HOLW K>X PFPQBJ MOB KBDL XQL JL\BJL A> FE PS>OFJL.
-KF H>\R A> ?F J>HPFJ>I>K KFSL RKLP> SI>H>K> QOB?>IL A> ?RAB LHL
30 AL 35 DO>J> K> A>K, XQL MOBAPQ>SIG> P>JL MOLPB[>K RKLP HLA
ORO>IKFE )FKBW>.
+F PJL SBLJ> M>\IGFSL MOLR[>S>IF MFQ>KGB DSL\YB/SI>HK> R )FKBP -
HLJ FPQO>\FS>KGR. )>HL PB FPMLPQ>SFIL, SI>HK> KFPR KBMOFG>QBIG >MPLOM-
@FGF DSL\Y> H>HL GB QL SBIFHF ?OLG PQOR[KG>H> QSOAFL. +BOFIF PJL HLIFHL
DSL\Y> PR )FKBWF RKLPFIF F HLIFHL PB DSL\Y> K>I>WFIL R KGFELSFJ QBIFJ>.
%SL\YB GB JBOBKL K> XBPQ O>WIF[FQFE K>[FK> ([BQFOF ?FLJ>OHBO> FW HOSF F
ASB MOL@BKB RKLP> DSL\Y>) F H>A> PJL MLOBAFIF LS> JBOBKG> P> RKL-
90
40
30
20
10
0
)FK> 1A"
%O>CFHLK 4.10: .OLPB[>K RKLP SI>H>K> EO>KLJ (D/A>K)
33,3
11,1
PLJ SI>H>K>, KFGB ?FIL ALH>W> HLGF ?F MLH>WFS>IF A> GB MLSBZ>K RKLP
SI>H>K> LJBQ>L >MPLOM@FGR DSL\Y> R QBIR. 3PQS>OF, RPQ>KLSFIF PJL
PRMOLQ>K BCBH>Q. "L?>O MLH>W>QBIG HLIF[FKB DSL\Y> R HOSF, EBJLDIL?FK,
PB RPQS>OF MLSBZ>S>L P> SBZFJ RKLPLJ SI>H>K> EO>KLJ.
'
)>HL PB
FPMLPQ>SIG>, K>JFOKF@B ?LD>QB SI>HKFJ>, H>L XQL PR MXBKF@> F HRHRORW
(>IF KB F DI>[>KF MFOFK>[ HLGF PB HLOFPQF R )FKF) Q>HLYB PR ?LD>QB F
DSL\YBJ, XQL WK>[F A> XQL GB SBZF RKLP SI>H>K>, QL GB SBZF F RKLP
DSL\Y>.
'''
3KLP DSL\Y> R ORO>IKLG )FKF (34 JD/A>K), ?FL GB FWKBK> -
YRGRZB SFPLH R MLOBYBKGR P> MOLPB[KFJ >JBOF[HFJ RKLPLJ (18
JD/A>K) F ?FL GB A>IBHL SFXB MLSBW>K P> ?FIGKFJ K>JFOKF@>J> KBDL
P> \FSLQFKGPHFJ K>JFOKF@>J>.
41
)FKBPHF K>I>WF L SI>HKFJ> FW EO>KB F DSL\YR, H>L F JKLD> AORD>
LM>\>KG> FW LSLD FPQO>\FS>KG>, KFPR MLAO\>S>I> RL?F[>GBKL DIBAFXQB
K>R[ KFH> P> 8>M>A>. *GRAF HLGF RKLPB SFXB ?FIGKFE K>JFOKF@>, > QFJB F
SFXB SI>H>K>, Q>HLYB RKLPB F SFXB DSL\Y>,
'''
XQL PSB ALSLAF AL PQ>-
QFPQF[HF WK>[>GKLD SFXBD KFSL> EBJLDIL?FK>. ,> \>ILPQ, LAOBYBK>
W>?RK> PB G>SFI> W?LD [FKGBKF@B A> KBHF IGRAF R ORO>IKLG )FKF, RHIGR[RGRZF
\BKB F AB@R, FJ>GR KFW>H KFSL DSL\Y>. -SL GB K>OL[FQL Q>[KL R L?I>P-
QFJ> DAB PR M>O>WFQPHB ?LIBPQF [BXZB. 3 L?I>PQFJ> ORO>IKB )FKB DAB
PR M>O>WFQPHB L?I>PQF [BXZB, KFSL DSL\Y> GB KF\F.
'
-SL GB MOR\FIL MOFIFHR
W> QSOAKGR A> GB LSFJ IGRAFJ> ?FIL MLQOB?KL SFXB JBP>, >IF PR ALH>WF
RH>WFS>IF A> ?F MOL?IBJ ?FL A>IBHL ?LIGB OBXBK PJ>KGBKGBJ M>O>WFQFW-
J> R LSFJ L?I>PQFJ>.
8>FKQBOBPLS>KLPQ W> SI>HK> FW FPEO>KB PB G>SFI> W>ES>IGRGRZF >OHF -
QLSFJ MRQLS>KGFJ> R ACOFHR F KGBDLSLJ QSOAKGLJ A> GB O>H AB?BILD
@OBS> OBYF JBYR PQ>KLSKFXQSLJ HLGB RKLPF SFXB SI>H>K> FPEO>KLJ.
>OHFQ GB R[FKFL LSR QSOAKGR MLMRI>OKLJ, >IF GB MOF[> K>GJ>KGB 200 DL -
AF K> PQ>O>. 3 #KDIBPHLG PR KBHF SLABZF IBH>OF QLHLJ AORDB MLILSFKB
18. SBH> F ML[BQHLJ 19. SBH> QSOAFIF A> GB W>QSLO, HLGF GB ?FL MLSBW>K
P> FPEO>KLJ P> J>KGB SI>H>K>, ?FL MLSBW>K P> SBZFJ OFWFHLJ LA O>H>
(L?F[KL O>H> ALGHB F ]@OBS>^).
,> ML[BQHR )FKBPHLD FPQO>\FS>KG>, LSL SBOLS>KGB A> ?F SI>HK>
JLDI> A> PMOB[B O>H AB?BILD @OBS> MOBAPQ>SIG>IL GB MOBLSI>A>S>GRZB
DIBAFXQB, F>HL )LJFQBQ W> FPEO>KR F O>H ,>@FLK>IKB >H>ABJFGB K>RH>
]KFGB MOLK>X>L R?BAIGFSB ALH>WB HLGF ?F RH>WFS>IF A> SI>HK> FW
FPEO>KB... FPMLIG>S>GR W>XQFQKF BCBH>Q LA O>H> AB?BILD @OBS> F OBHQRJ>
HLA IGRAF^. 'WSBXQ>G GB K>PQ>SFL W>HIGR[HLJ, ]... AHL MLPQLGF Q>H>S
BCBH>Q, K>GSB OLS>QKFGB PR LADLSLOKB PMB@FCF[KB HLJMLKBKQB SI>H>K>,
> KB RHRMK> HLIF[FK> SI>H>K> FW EO>KB^.
20
,>X> O>PMO>S> ML LSLJ
MFQ>KGR KFGB ?FI> LADLS>O>GRZ>. .FQ>KG>, MOBDIBA FPQO>\FS>[HB IFQBO>QROB F
QRJ>[BKG> ALH>W> PR ?FI> MOBSFXB RPJBOBK> K> MLQOB?R W>
PMB@FCF[KFJ SI>HKLJ H>L LADLSLOKFJ RWOLHLJ. .LXQL KFGBAKL KFGB
MOLK>YBKL, EFMLQBW> L SI>HKFJ> GB LA?>[BK>.
91
2L GB ?FI> DOBXH>. )FKBPHL FPQO>\FS>KGB GB L?BW?BAFIL ALH>WB A>
MLPQLGF SBW> P> LAOBYBKFJ QFMLSFJ> O>H>. 0BWRIQ>QF PR MLH>W>IF A> GB
MLSBZ>K RKLP SI>H>K> ?FL ALPIBAKL MLSBW>K P> KF\FJ PQLM>J> O>H>
OBHQRJ> F AB?BILD @OBS>. 4BZF RKLP SI>H>K> Q>HLYB GB ?FL MLSBW>K P>
KF\FJ KFSLLJ ELIBPQBOLI> R HOSF.
',''
,>O>SKL, RKLP SBZB HLIF[FKB
SI>H>K> GB LAO>\>S>L RKLP SBZB HLIF[FKB ?FIGKFE K>JFOKF@>; K>JFOKF@B
H>L XQL PR M>PRIG, IFPK>QL MLSOZB F FKQBDO>IKB \FQ>OF@B PR ?LD>QB SI>H -
KFJ>.
AKQFLHPFA>KQP, IBM PHRM
(BAK> LA L[FDIBAKFGFE H>O>HQBOFPQFH> ?FIG>H> GB KGFELS XFOLH O>PMLK
PSBQIFE ?LG>. AHL PB AFSFQB K>[FKR PBOSFO>KG> EO>KB, QBXHL GB K>AJ>XFQF
Q>KGFO P> SLZBJ F MLSOZBJ. !OSBKB, WBIBKB, \RQB, IGR?F[>PQB F K>O>K -
A\>PQB ?LGB ?FIGKFE K>JFOKF@> PR MOFJ>JIGFSB F SBLJ> WAO>SB. -S> SBW>
FWJBYR IBML L?LGBKLD MLSOZ> F KGFELSFE FWO>WFQFE HLOFPQF ML WAO>SIGB GB
[BPQL K>DI>X>S>K>. 'PMLPQ>SIG> PB A> MLPQLGF IBM>, K>R[KL W>PKLS>K>
MOF[> FW> LSB L?LGBKL/WAO>SB SBWB.
LGB SLZ> F MLSOZ> PB G>SIG>GR W>ES>IGRGRZF KFWR EBJFH>IFG> WS>KFE
>KQFLHPFA>KQF. -SB EBJFH>IFGB PB PHLOL FPHIGR[FSL K>I>WB R ?FIGH>J>.
-KB PR MOFPRQKB R \FSLQFKGPHFJ K>JFOKF@>J> P>JL R LKLG JBOF R HLGLG
\FSLQFKGB GBAR F PHI>AFXQB J>IR HLIF[FKR R PLMPQSBKFJ QHFSFJ>.
@FSB ?FIGHB FIRPQORGR IBMLQR MOFOLAB, F ML ?LG>J> F ML EBJFGF. -KB
MOFES>Q>GR BKBODFGR PRK@> F MOBL?O>\>S>GR GB R \FSLQ MOL@BPLJ CLQL-
PFKQBWB. 2LHLJ LSLD MOL@BP>, BKBODFG> PRK@> PB MOSL MOBQS>O> R
MOLPQB XBZBOB, > W>QFJ R PIL\BKFGB RDIGBKB EFAO>QB, J>PQF F MOLQBFKB.
-S>G PIL\BK MOL@BP MOBAPQ>SIG> FWO>\BKR >HQFSKLPQ RKRQ>O ?FIGHB,
SLYBKR O>WJBKLJ BIBHQOLK> FWJBYR JLIBHRI>. #IBHQOLKF PR JBAFGRJ
W> MOBKLP BKBODFGB. +BPQL K> HLJB PB CLQLPFKQBW> LAFDO>S> GB ABILJ
K>IFH K> KRHIB>OKF OB>HQLO. #IBHQOLKF HLGF HOR\B RLHLIL R ?FIG@F F JB -
KG>GR PRK[BSR PSBQILPQ R EBJFGPHR BKBODFGR JLO>GR SBLJ> M>\IGFSL A>
PB HLKQOLIFXR. AHL LAIRQ>GR LA MO>SLD JBPQ> MOF MOL@BPR, JLDR A>
PQSLOB PIL?LAKB O>AFH>IB, HLGF JLDR A> K>MO>SB E>LP R ?FIG@F. 2L ?F
?FIL H>L A> POBAFXQB KRHIB>OKLD OB>HQLO> FPMRXQ> O>AFL>HQFSKB J>QBOF -
GB (PIL?LAKB O>AFH>IB) HLGF JLDR A> ?RAR SBLJ> LM>PKF W> LHLIKR
L?I>PQ.
)>HL ?FIGH> RMO>SIG> LSFJ PIL\BKFJ OB>H@FG>J> F XQFQF LA W>IRQ>IFE
BIBHQOLK> F PIL?LAKFE O>AFH>I>? .LPQ>SIG> XQFQ LHL MLQBK@FG>IKL LM>P-
KFE OB>H@FG> HLGF RMFG> LSB SBLJ> OB>HQFSKB PRMPQ>K@B. 9QFQ GB K>[FKGBK
LA >KQFLHPFA>K>Q> HLGF MOFES>Q>GR BIBHQOLKB HLGF ?F R PRMOLQKLJ JLDIF
A> W>IRQ>GR P> PSLD MRQ>.
AKQFLHPFA>KPF PR L?F[KL L?LGBKF GBO FPQL EBJFGPHL PSLGPQSL HLGB
RMFG> SFX>H BIBHQOLK> Q>HLYB PQS>O> SFAIGFSB ?LGB. ,BHF LA LSFE >KQFLH-
PFA>K>Q> PB K>WFS>GR H>OLQFKLFAF, HLGFE FJ> K> PQLQFKB. -KF S>OFO>GR R
92
?LGF LA \RQB ?LGB ?BQ>-H>OLQFK> (QFHS>), AL @OSBKB ?LGB IFHLMBK> (M>O> -
A>GW), AL K>O>KA\>PQB ?LGB HOFQLHP>KQFK> (MLJLO>KA\>). "ORDF >KQFLH-
PFA>KQF JLDR A> ?RAF ?BW?LGKF F QR PM>A>GR EBJFH>IFGB H>L XQL PR
>PHLO?FKPH> HFPBIFK> (SFQ>JFK !) F SFQ>JFK #, HLGF ABIRGR H>L >KQFLHPF-
A>KQF R AORDFJ ABILSFJ> ?FIGHB HLGF JLO>GR ?FQF W>XQFZBKF LA XQBQKFE
PSLGBSLIGKFE BIBHQOLK>.
+BYRQFJ, LKL XQL [FKF LS>G MOL@BP WK>[>GKFJ W> K>P IGRAB, H>L F
W> \FSLQFKGB, GB A> JF MOLFWSLAFJL KFPHB KFSLB PIL?LAKFE O>AFH>I>
QLHLJ PSLD \FSLQ>. 'WI>D>KGB PRK[BSFJ WO>@FJ>, LAOBYBKFJ FKARPQOFG -
PHFJ W>D>YFS>[FJ> F KBMO>SFIKL RO>SKLQB\BKFJ RKLPLJ EO>KIGFSFE
J>QBOFG> PQS>O> MLAILDR W> KB\BIGBKL LXQBZBKGB PIL?LAKFJ O>AFH>IFJ>.
1IL?LAKF O>AFH>IF PR KBWDLAKF. +LDR A> R[FKB K>X> QHFS> HORQFJ F
LDO>KF[B KGFELSR CRKH@FGR. 2L GB K>IFH K> PQ>OLPQ, H>A> K>X> QBI>
MLPQ>KR XHOFM>S> F HORQ>. 3 SBIFHLG JBOF, PQ>OBKGB MOBAPQ>SIG> RMO>SL
QL. -SL KBHLKQOLIFP>KL LXQBZBKGB PIL?LAKFJ O>AFH>IFJ> GB Q>HLYB F
ABL MOL@BP> HLGF ALSLAF AL K>PQ>KH> H>Q>O>HQB, AL LQSOAKG>S>KG>
>OQBOFG>, AL O>H>, BJCFWBJ>, >OQOFQFP> F JKLDFE AORDFE ?LIBPQF HLGB
MLPQ>GR [BXZB P> PQ>OBKGBJ.
-SAB GB PRXQFK>: JF KB FWDO>YRGBJL MOFOLAKL XQFQLSB W> W>XQFQR LA
PIL?LAKFE O>AFH>I>. .LXQL KFPJL ?FIGHB, KB SOXFJL CLQLPFKQBWR F W?LD
QLD> KB MOLFWSLAFJL PLMPQSBKB >KQFLHPFA>KPB. ,> POBZR, >KQFLHPFA>KQF
FW ?FIG>H> ABIRGR R K>XFJ QBIFJ> K> FPQF K>[FK K> HLGF ABIRGR F R ?FIGH>-
J>. 2L GB [RABP>K PHI>A. FIGHB FWDO>YRGR >KQFLHPFA>KQKB XQFQLSB, >
FPQLSOBJBKL FE [FKB KBSBOLS>QKL MOFSI>[KFJ P> AFSKFJ, RHRPKFJ ?LG>-
J>. 8>QFJ PJL JF, W>RWSO>Q, MOFSR[BKF ?FIGH>J> F GBABJL FE F MLW>G -
JIGRGBJL KGFELSB >KQFLHPFA>KQKB XQFQLSB O>AF K>XBD PLMPQSBKLD WAO>S -
IG>. BW L?WFO> A> IF SBORGBQB R LD>, BSLIR@FGR FIF GBAKLPQ>SKL PIR[>G,
JLO>QB A> MOFWK>QB A> GB LSL MOBIBM, PHLOL ARELS>K, MOFJBO JRAOLPQF
MOFOLAB.
3 )FKBPHLJ FPQO>\FS>KGR, MOL@BKFIF PJL >KQFLHPFA>KQKF PQ>QRP ?BIB -
\BZF RKLP SFQ>JFK> ! F ?BQ>-H>OLQFK> F JBOBZF KFSL SFQ>JFK> !, SFQ>JF -
K> # F H>OLQFKLFA> R HOSF. -A LSFE >KQFLHAFP>KQKFE ?FLJ>OHBO>, SFQ>JFK
! GB L?BW?BAFL K>GFJMOBPFSKFGB ALH>WB.
,>GWK>[>GKFG> SBW> SFQ>JFK> ! P> O>HLJ GB ?FL KGBDLS LAKLP MOBJ>
?OLGR MLOLAF@> PHILKFE O>HR R PS>HLG L?I>PQF.
42
)>A> GB KFSL SFQ>JFK>
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44
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47
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47
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51
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55
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57
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46
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46
HOLJMFO, HLGF GB R K>GSBZLG JBOF HLOFXZBK R L?IFHR MLJCOFQ> F [FMP>;
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DLAFKB MLOBAFIL GB PQLMB PJOQKLPQF LA ?LIBPQF PO[>KFE PRALS> R AS>AB-
PBQ O>WIF[FQFE WBJ>IG> (DO>CFHLK 5.1).
16
-S> FPQO>\FS>KG> PR FPMFQFS>I> AORXQS> MLA RQF@>GBJ 8>M>A>. AHL
MLDIBA>JL QO>AF@FLK>IKFG> AORXQS>, JL\BJL A> SFAFJL GLX SBZB O>WIFHB
R MLG>SF PO[>KFE L?LIGBKG>. %LOXQ>@F P> .>MRB ,LSB %SFKBGB PB, K>
MOFJBO, MOFIF[KL FPQF[R GBO PR PO[>K> L?LIGBKG> OBQH> R KGFELSLJ
AORXQSR.
17
1BQFQB PB, K> MOFJBO, H>HL PR KFPHB PQLMB PO[>KFE L?LIGBKG>
R ORO>IKLG )FKF. AJBOFH>K@F PR RJFO>IF LA PO[>KFE L?LIGBKG> PHLOL 17
MRQ> SBZLJ PQLMLJ LA )FKBW>.
18
8>XQL PJL JF MLAIBD>IF PO[>KFJ ?LIBPQFJ> XBWABPBQFE F PBA>JAB-
PBQFE DLAFK>, H>A> GB SBZF ABL PSBQ> ?FL OBI>QFSKL KBMLDLYBK?
1>PSFJ MOLPQL, O>AFIL PB L PJOQF W?LD EO>KB. )RIQROB HLGB FJ>GR
KF\B PQLMB PO[>KFE L?LIGBKG> GBAR J>KGB W>PFZBKFE J>PKFE HFPBIFK> F
\FSLQFKGPHFE MOLQBFK>, > SFXB FKQBDO>IKFE \FQ>OF@>, SLZ> F MLSOZ>. "ORDFJ
OB[FJ>, FPEO>KGRGR PB R K>GSBZLG JBOF ?FIGKLJ EO>KLJ, > JF PB FPEO> -
KGRGBJL R K>GSBZLG JBOF \FSLQFKGPHLJ EO>KLJ.
+BYRQFJ, A> IF ?F DBKBQFH> GBAKB DORMB JLDI> QB IGRAB A> R[FKF
MLAIL\KFGFJ PO[>KFJ L?LIGBKGFJ>? 8K>JL A> QL KFGB PIR[>G, GBO PB R
LHSFOR DORMB P> FPQFJ DBKBQF[HFJ K>PIBYBJ JL\B SFABQF PIF[>K LAKLP
FWJBYR FPEO>KB F ?LIBPQF. ,> MOFJBO, G>M>KPHF JRXH>O@F HLGF \FSB K>
&>S>GFJ> FIF R )>IFCLOKFGF FJ>GR A>IBHL SFXF KFSL ELIBPQBOLI> F ?OLG
PIR[>GBS> ?LIBPQF PO[>KFE PRALS> LA G>M>KPHFE JRXH>O>@> HLGF \FSB R
(>M>KR.
19,20
3WOLH GB L[FDIBAKL POBAFKPHF, GBO SBZFK> LSFE IGRAF FJ> FPQL
DBKBQF[HL MLOBHIL. ,>SFHB MRXBKG> KFPR RWOLH GBO JRXH>O@F R (>M>KR,
HLGF SFXB MRXB, F A>IGB FJ>GR J>KGF ?OLG PIR[>GBS> ?LIBPQF PO[>KFE PRAL-
S> LA (>M>K>@> R AJBOF@F.
19
'PQO>\FS>[F PR RH>WFS>IF K> FPEO>KR, ?BIB -
\BZF A> PB KFSL ELIBPQBOLI> R HOSF MLSBZ>S>L P> ]RKLPLJ W>PFZBKFE
J>PKFE HFPBIFK>, \FSLQFKGPHFE MOLQBFK> F ELIBPQBOLI> EO>KLJ^. 1> AORDB
PQO>KB, KFSL ELIBPQBOLI> R HOSF ]GB ?FL KBD>QFSKL MLSBW>K P> RKLPLJ
PIL\BKFE RDIGBKFE EFAO>Q>...^
20
(BAKLPQ>SKL OB[BKL, K>JFOKF@B \FSLQFKG -
PHLD MLOBHI> PR ?FIB MLSBW>KB P> SFXFJ KFSLLJ ELIBPQBOLI> R HOSF;
?FIGKB K>JFOKF@B PR ?FIB MLSBW>KB P> KF\FJ KFSLLJ ELIBPQBOLI> R HOSF.
'PQO>\FS>KGB GB G>PKL RH>WFS>IL K> FPEO>KR H>L K> GBA>K LA JLDRZFE
RWOLH> L?LIGBKG> PO@>. 9Q>SFXB, O>KF OBWRIQ>QF PR LPIFH>S>IF ALPIBAKR
PIFHR: XQL PR SFXB W>PFZBKFE J>PKFE HFPBIFK> F ELIBPQBOLI> (H>L FKAFH>-
QLO> RKLP> K>JFOKF@> \FSLQFKGPHLD MLOBHI>) IGRAF GBIF, QL GB ?FL SBZF OFWFH
LA AL?FG>KG> PO[>KFE ?LIBPQF. 2>HLYB, H>A> PR AORDB HRIQROB ML[BIB
A> PB EO>KB K>IFH K>J>, KGFELSB PQLMB PO[>KFE L?LIGBKG> PR WK>[>GKL
PHL[FIB. 3 MLPIBAKGB SOBJB, KBHLIFHL WBJ>IG> P>A> FJ> SFXB PQLMB
PJOQKLPQF LA PO[>KFE L?LIGBKG> R LAKLPR K> AJBOFHR.
118
'PQO>\FS>KGB FPMOBA PSLD SOBJBK>
1>A> WK>JL XQ> GB PO[>KL L?LIGBKGB F HLGF C>HQLOF LAOBYRGR K>X OFWFH
LA KGBD>, >IF XQ> A> O>AFJL H>A> K>P ?LIBPQ W>ABPF? )>A> GB
$OBJFKDBJPHL FPQO>\FS>KGB PO@> QBH ML[FKG>IL, SBZ PR MLPQLG>IF ALHQLOF
HLGF PR MLHRX>S>IF A> PJFPIB H>HL A> IB[B PO[>KB ?LIBPQF, > KB P>JL
A> FE PMOB[>S>GR. -SF FPQO>\FS>[F PR K> SFXB K>[FK> ?FIF FPMOBA PSLD SOB-
JBK> GBO PR KGFELSB FKQBOSBK@FGB, HLGB PR MOBAPQ>SIG>IB K>GKLSFGB RP -
MBXKB QOBQJ>KB R QL SOBJB, HLOFPQFIB K>GMOFJFQFSKFGR ALPQRMKR QBEKL -
ILDFGR: KL\ F SFIGRXHR.
2F ALHQLOF PR O>WJLQOFIF FPQO>\FS>KG> SOXBK> R QL SOBJB F ALKBIF KBHB
ILDF[KB SBWB. -KF PR PES>QFIF A> GB:
21
- SFX>H J>PQF F ELIBPQBOLI> R FPEO>KF FW>WFS>L >QBOLPHIBOLWR (LQSOA-
KG>S>KGB >OQBOFG> F K>DLJFI>S>KGB MI>H>) HLA BHPMBOFJBKQ>IKFE \FSLQF KG>
- RKLP ELIBPQBOLI> EO>KLJ FW>WFS>L MLO>PQ KFSL> ELIBPQBOLI> R HOSF
- .LSFXBK KFSL ELIBPQBOLI> R HOSF ?F JLD>L A> MOBASFAF F/FIF FW>WLSB
PO[>KL L?LIGBKGB
- 4BZFK> PSBQPHB MLMRI>@FGB KFGB FJ>I> PO[>K> L?LIGBKG>, > LSB HRI-
QROB ?BW PO[>KFE L?LIGBKG> PR FJ>IB O>AFH>IKL O>WIF[FQB L?O>P@B
FPEO>KB, RKLPBZF J>KGB J>PQF F ELIBPQBOLI>
8?LD QLD> PR LAIR[FIF A> MLHRX>GR A> FWJBKB PO[>KL L?LIGBKGB HLA
M>@FGBK>Q> Q>HL XQL ZB FJ A>QF A> GBAR J>KGB J>PQF F ELIBPQBOLI>.
(BA>K LA K>GK>MOBAKFGFE ALHQLO> GB ?FL AO *BPQBO +LOFPLK (*BPQBO
+LOOFPLK) FW *LP AKYBIBP>. -K GB 1946. DLAFKB (ASB DLAFKB MOB
$OBJFKDBJPHLD FPQO>\FS>KG>) W>ML[BL FPQO>\FS>KGB H>HL ?F ]RQSOAFL
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22
3 PSLJ
FPQO>\FS>KGR GB W> MBABPBQ FPMFQ>KFH> HLGF PR MOB\FSBIF FKC>OHQ LAOBAFL
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PR MOB\FSBIF FKC>OHQ MLPQ>SFL K> BHPMBOFJBKQ>IKR FPEO>KR.
%ORMF P> BHPMBOFJBKQ>IKLJ FPEO>KLJ PJ>KGFL GB RKLP J>PQF F
ELIBPQBOLI>. (BA>K LA KGBDLSFE MOFJBO> GBILSKFH> GB ALMRXQ>L M>@FGBK-
QR P>JL J>IR HLIF[FKR JBP> AS> MRQ> K> A>K: MBABPBQ DO>J>
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MBABPBQ DO>J> ]PRSLD JBP>^ W> SB[BOR.
22
<>H F >HL PQB SLIBIF EI>A-
KR MB[BKR G>DKGBQFKR P> \BIBLJ LA K>KB, KFPQB PJBIF A> GB GBABQB
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FPEO>KF GB ?FI> MOFIF[KL ARD>[H> F RHIGR[FS>I> GB HOBJ PRMB, PSFKGBQFKR,
J>PK> JBP>, \FSLQFKGPHB J>PQF, MRKLJ>PKL JIBHL, M>SI>HR, J>PI>@,
\RJ>K@B F EIB?LSB F ABWBOQB K>MO>SIGBKB P> J>PI>@BJ, @BIFJ G>GFJ>
F MRKLJ>PKFJ JIBHLJ.
22
"> IF GB LS> K>MOBAK> FPEO>K> MLPQFDI> ?FIL XQ>? ,>HLK LP>J DLAF -
K>, P>JL 12 LA 50 IGRAF HLGF PR ?FIF K> PSLGLG KLOJ>IKLG >JBOF[HLG
FPEO>KF GB LPQ>IL \FSL (24%). 3 DORMF K> MLPB?KLG FPEO>KF, 28 IGRAF GB
119
GLX RSBH ?FIL \FSL (56%), PHLOL AS> F ML MRQ> SFXB LA ?OLG> MOB\FSBIFE
R HLKQOLIKLG DORMF. ,>HLK AS>K>BPQ DLAFK>, PSF M>@FGBKQF FW HLKQOLIKB
DORMB ?FIF PR JOQSF. +BYRQFJ, R DORMF K> MLPB?KLG FPEO>KF 19 IGRAF GB
GLX RSBH ?FIL \FSL, XQL MOBAPQ>SIG> PQLMR MOB\FSIG>S>KG> LA 38%.
22
'>HL
GB K> \>ILPQ QLIFHL IGRAF R DORMF K> MLPB?KLG FPEO>KF FM>H RJOIL, ?FIL
GB G>PKL A> PR R?I>\FS>IF PSLGR ?LIBPQ EO>KBZF PB P> RJBOBKL J>KGB
\FSLQFKGPHFE K>JFOKF@> F RJBOBKL SFXB ?FIGKFE K>JFOKF@> (DO>CFHLK 5.2).
)>A> GB LSL FPQO>\FS>KGB LQML[BIL 1946. DLAFKB, SBZFK> K>R[KFH>
GB SBOLS>I> A> PR PO[>KB ?LIBPQF ?FIB KBFW?B\>K ABL PQ>OBKG>, F A> PB
J>IL QLD> JLDIL R[FKFQF ML QLJ MFQ>KGR. '>HL +LOFPLK KFGB FWIB[FL
PO[>K> L?LIGBKG>, ALH>W>L GB A> GB KBXQL GBAKLPQ>SKL, H>L XQL GB
FPEO>K>, JLDIL WK>[>GKL A> FWJBKF KGFELS QLH, [>H F H>A> GB ?LIBPQ
QLIFHL RWK>MOBALS>I> A> GB SBZ FW>WS>I> FKC>OHQ.
"ORD> FPQO>\FS>[H> DORM> GB MLH>W>I> PHLOL FPQL R LQMOFIFHB FPQL
SOBJB. %ORM> ALHQLO> FW 1BSBOKB )>IFCLOKFGB GB LA>?O>I> SBZR DORMR
M>@FGBK>Q> P> RWK>MOBALS>IFJ PO[>KFJ L?LIGBKGBJ F PJBPQFI> FE K>
FPEO>KR P> J>IL J>PQF F J>IL ELIBPQBOLI>. -SF ALHQLOF PR RPQ>KLSFIF
A> PR M>@FGBKQF K> FPEO>KF P> J>IL ELIBPQBOLI> F J>PQF RJFO>IF [BQFOF
MRQ> KF\LJ PQLMLJ R LAKLPR K> M>@FGBKQB HLGF KFPR ?FIF K> MLPB?KLG
FPEO>KF.
23
1>A> GB ?FIL G>PKL A> GB ?FIL K>AB. 1O[>KL L?LIGBKGB KFGB MOBA-
PQ>SIG>IL KBFW?B\>K OBWRIQ>Q PQ>OLPQF, > [>H F H>A> LPL?> FJ> RWK>MOB-
ALS>IR ?LIBPQ, FPEO>K> P> J>IL J>PQF F ELIBPQBOLI> JLDI> GB WK>[>GKL
A> GLG MOLAR\F \FSLQ. -SL GB ?FL WK>[>GKF K>MOBA>H R K>XBJ O>WRJBS> -
120
%O>CFHLK 5.2: 1QLM> MOB\FSIG>S>KG> AO +LOFPLKLSFE M>@FGBK>Q>
OLG M>@FGBK>Q> HLGF PR MOB\FSBIF
4OBJB (DLAFK>)
KGR R?F@B ?OLG GBA>K R AJBOF@F. 9Q>SFXB, LSL KLSL O>WRJBS>KGB GB
R[FKFIL FPEO>KR F AORDB POBAFKPHB C>HQLOB POBAFXQBJ PO[>KLD L?LIGB KG>.
+BYRQFJ, @BILHRMK> O>PMO>S> L FPEO>KF ?FI> GB RPHL CLHRPFO>K> K>
J>PQF F ELIBPQBOLI. -S> AS> FWLILS>K> P>PQLGH> EO>KB PR MLPQ>IF ILXF
JLJ@F.
1>A> WK>JL A> GB M>\KG> HLG> GB MOFA>Q> J>PQFJ> F ELIBPQBOLIR
?FI> MLDOBXKL RPJBOBK>. +LDRZKLPQ HLGR KFHL KFGB \BIBL A> O>WJLQOF
GB A> PR J>PQF F ELIBPQBOLI ?FIF P>JL MLH>W>QBIGF RKLP> K>JFOKF@>
\FSLQFKG PHLD MLOBHI>. ,> MOFJBO, MLDIBA>GQB K> LAKLP FWJBYR RKLP>
\FSLQFKG PHFE MOLQBFK> F PJOQKLPQ LA PO[>KFE ?LIBPQF HLA JRXH>O>@> LA
55 AL 59 DLAFK> PQ>OLPQF FW AS>ABPBQ O>WIF[FQFE WBJ>IG> MOFH>W>K K>
DO>CFHLKR 5.3.
16
-SL FPQO>\FS>KGB RH>WRGB A> XQL SFXB \FSLQFKGPHFE MOLQBFK> GBABQB, QL
FJ>QB SFXB PO[>KFE ?LIBPQF. .LOBA QLD>, K> ABPBQFKB BHPMBOFJBKQ>IKFE
FPQO>\FS>KG> MLH>WRGR A> EO>KGBKGB M>@LS>, WB[BS> F PSFKG> \FSLQFKGPHFJ
MOLQBFKFJ> (KMO. H>WBFKLJ) AO>J>QF[KL MLSBZ>S> KFSL ELIBPQBOLI>, ALH
?FIGKF MOLQBFKF (KMO. PLGFKF MOLQBFKF) AO>J>QF[KL PKF\>S>GR KFSL ELIBP-
QBOLI>.
24
'PQO>\FS>KG> K> IGRAFJ> KB P>JL A> MLH>WRGR FPQB K>I>WB, SBZ
MLH>WRGR A> RKLP ?FIGKFE MOLQBFK> FJ> GLX SBZR JLZ R PKF\>S>KGR
KFSL> ELIBPQBOLI> LA MOLPQLD LDO>KF[>S>KG> RKLP> J>PQF F ELIBPQBOL-
I>.
25
'>HL PR KBH> LA LSFE FPQO>\FS>KG> HLG> RH>WRGR K> \FSLQFKGPHB MOL-
QBFKB ?FI> FWSOXBK> R MLPIBAKGFE QOFABPBQ DLAFK>, AORD> PR L?G>SIGBK>
MOB SFXB LA MBABPBQ DLAFK> H>A> GB PSBQ W>FKQBOBPLS>K W> WAO>SIGB MOSF
121
%O>CFHLK 5,3: 1QLMB PJOQKLPQF LA PO[>KFE L?LIGBKG> W> JRXH>O@B
LA 55 AL 59 DLAFK> F RKLP \FSLQFKGPHFE MOLQBFK> R 20 WBJ>IG>
16
1QLM> PO[>KFE ?LIBPQF (K> 100.000)
.OL@BK>Q LA RHRMKFE H>ILOFG> HLGF ALI>WF LA \FSLQFKGPHFE MOLQBFK>
MRQ ML[BL A> O>PMO>SIG> L FPEO>KF F PO[>KFJ L?LIGBKGFJ>. @FSLQFKGPHF
MOL QB FKF PR FM>H KBH>HL LPQ>IF R PBK@F ALH PR W>PFZBKB J>PKB HFPB-
IFKB F ELIBPQBOLI MOBQOMBIB K>GSBZF K>M>A HOFQFHB. -SB QOF EO>KIGFSB
J>QBOF GB (J>PQF, \FSLQFKGPHF MOLQBFKF F ELIBPQBOLI) PR RLMXQBKL H>O>H-
QBOFPQF[KB W> K>JFOKF@B \FSLQFKGPHLD MLOBHI>. 8>O KFGB P>PSFJ O>WRJKL
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RLMXQBKL DIBA>KL. 2L ?F QOBKRQKL ALSBIL AL MOLCBPFLK>IKB FWLI>@FGB F
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MBOFLA R PSBQR KRQOF@FLKFWJ>. -AFDO>S>I> PB HLK@BMQR>IK> OBSLIR@FG>,
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MOBQBZ> FABG> GBO GB RH>WFS>I> A> GB KBXQL R AL?OLG PQ>OLG JBPK>QLG
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HLGF PR ?FIF W> ]PQ>QRP NRL^ QL PB KFGB PSFY>IL.
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W> HLGB GB FWDIBA>IL A> PR FWIL\BKF K>GJ>KGBJ OFWFHR LA PO[>KFE L?LIGB -
KG>. -K GB 1960. DLAFKB K>MFP>L PIBABZF ]ERJLOFPQF[>K^ LABIG>H H>HL
?F PB ORD>L Q>A> KLSFJ K>I>WFJ>:
26
1HF@> [LSBH> W> HLD> GB K>GJ>KGB SBOLS>QKL A> ZB AL?FQF
?LIBPQ PO[>KFE PRALS>:
$BJFKFWFO>K LMXQFKPHF ?FOLHO>Q>, MLQMRKL ?BW CFWF[HB F JBKQ>IKB
?RAKLPQF F ?BW BKBODF[KLPQF, >J?F@FGB FIF Q>HJF[>OPHLD ARE> HLGF
KFH>A> KFGB MLHRX>L A> FPMRKF ?FIL H>H>S W>A>QF MLPILSKF OLH.
<LSBH PI>?LD >MBQFQ>, HLGF \FSF K> SLZR F MLSOZR RW HRHRORW F HFQLSR
J>PQ, DKRX> PB ARS>K>, MOBWFOB MLPBALS>KGB O>AFG>, QBIBSFWLO> FIF
>RQLJL?FI>, P> MRKL HLPB F JOX>SLD F KBPMLOQPHLD FWDIBA>, HLGF
FM>H KBMOBPQ>KL K>MOB\B PSLGB PI>?>XKB JFXFZB SB\?>J>; KFPHLD
MOFELA>, HOSKLD MOFQFPH>, XBZBO> R HOSF, JLHO>ZKB HFPBIFKB F ELIBP-
QBOLI>, HLGF GB MOFJ>L KFHLQFKPHR HFPBIFKR, MFOFALHPFK F ARDLOL[KR
>KQFHL>DRI>KQKR QBO>MFGR GLX LA PSLGB MOBSBKQFSKB H>PQO>@FGB.
ARQLO LSLD LABIGH> GB JLD>L GBAKLPQ>SKL A> H>\B: ]1>JL MO>SF
JRXH>O@F FJ>GR PO[>K> L?LIGBKG>^. 8>M>WFQB Q>HLYB H>HL GB FPEO>K>
SLZBJ F MLSOZBJ LMFP>K> H>L ]PI>?>^ F>HL >RQLO MOBAI>\B A> GB W>
IGRAB HLGF PR K> LS>HSLG FPEO>KF K>GJ>KGB SBOLS>QKL A> ZB AL?FQF
PO[>K> L?LIGBKG>. ,BPOBZKL MLFPQLSBZFS>KGB JBP> P> CFWF[HLJ PMLPL?-
KLXZR, LMXQLJ JRXHLXZR, PBHPR>IKFJ FABKQFQBQLJ F BHLKLJPHFJ
?LD>QPQSLJ W>J>DIGRGB MLDIBA ]PQ>QRP NRL^ K>R[KFH> K> EO>KR, ?BW
L?WFO> K> ALH>WB L WAO>SIGR. -SL DIBAFXQB GB MOBKLXBKL LA MOSFE MOL-
QBFKPHFE MFLKFO> LMFP>KFE R AORDLJ MLDI>SIGR.
122
+L\A> GB QOB?>IL A> LS>G >RQLO POBQKB JLD MOFG>QBIG>, )OFP>
)BJM?BI> (KFPJL R POLAPQSR). )OFP GB AS> MRQ> ,!AA X>JMFLK R OS> -
KGR, QOF MRQ> AO\>SKF X>JMFLK, AS> MRQ> OS>[ K> LIFJMFGPHFJ FDO>J> F
AFMILJFO>KF MO>SKFH P> )LOKBI>. 3 37. DLAFKF PQ>OLPQF MLPQ>L GB K>G -
PQ>OFGF AJBOFH>K>@ FH>A> HLGF GB LPSLGFL LIFJMFGPHR JBA>IGR R OS>KGR,
MOF QB\FKF LA 90 HFILDO>J>. )OFP )BJM?BI GB SBDBQ>OFG>K>@. )>L [LSBH
W> HLD> GB J>IL SBOLS>QKL A> ZB AL?FQF PO[>KL L?LIGBKGB, JFPIFJ A>
PB LK KB ?F PIL\FL P> DLOKGFJ LMFPLJ.
LO?> FWJBYR Q>?LO> ]PQ>QRP> HSL^ F MOBSBK@FGB FPEO>KLJ ?FI> GB
FKQBKWFSK>. 1BZ>J PB A> P>J MOFPRPQSLS>L MOBA>S>KGR K> )LOKBI RKF-
SBOWFQBQR QLHLJ H>PKFE 1950-FE H>A> GB [RSBKF FPQO>\FS>[, #KPBI )BGP
(AK@BI )BVP), ALX>L A> DLSLOF L MOBSBK@FGF PO[>KFE L?LIGBKG> FPEO>KLJ.
,BHF K>R[KF@F FW MR?IFHB PR P>JL LAJ>EFS>IF DI>SLJ R KBSBOF@F, DL -
SLOBZF A> FPEO>K> KB JL\B A> RQF[B K> L?LIGBKGB PO@>. 3 QFJ MOSFJ
AB@BKFG>J> FPQO>\FS>KG> PO[>KFE ?LIBPQF, H>A> GB SI>A>I> ?ROK>, IF[K>
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PO[>KFJ ?LIBPQFJ> ?FL GB RPJBOBK K> JBE>KF[HR F EBJFGPHR FKQBO-
SBK@FGR HLA LKFE IGRAF HLGF FJ>GR RWK>MOBALS>IR ?LIBPQ. 'PEO>K> GB DRO-
KRQ> R PQO>KR. &FORODFG>, IBHLSF, BIBHQOLKPHF ROBY>GF F KLSF AFG>DKLPQF[HF
JBQLAF PR R @BKQOR M>\KGB.
1>A> FJ>JL EFOROXHR RDO>AKGR ?>GM>P>, MOF HLGLG PB WAO>S> >OQBO-
FG> ]IBMF^ MOBHL L?LIBIB >OQBOFGB, MOBJLXZ>S>GRZF QFJB K>GLM>PKFGR
MI>HR K> >OQBOFGF. )O>GKG> LMBO>@FG> GB, K>O>SKL, QO>KPMI>KQ>@FG> PO@>,
HLG> MLKBH>A HLOFPQF [>H F SBXQ>[HL PO@B. .LPQLGF F MOL@BARO> HLG> KB
W>EQBS> EFOROXHL LQS>O>KGB DORAKLD HLX>, WS>K> HLOLK>OK> >KDFLMI>P-
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GB, MOFQFPH>GRZF MI>HR L WFA, LQS>O>GRZF MOLI>W [FJB PB MLSBZ>S> MOLQLH
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FGB ?BW LQS>O>KG> PO@>.
.LPIBAKGFE MBABPBQ DLAFK> GB W>FPQ> MOBAPQ>SIG>IL MOLPI>SR EBJF -
H>IFG> F QBEKLILDFGB (K>PRMOLQ FPEO>KB F MOBSBK@FGB). (BA>K ALHQLO GB
KBA>SKL MOF OBWFJFO>KGR MOSL?FQKFE FPQO>\FS>KG> L PO[>KFJ ?LIBPQFJ>,
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].LI>D>I> PB K>A> A> ZB PK>D> K>RHB F O>WSLG FK\BKGBOPQS> K>HLK
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123
PO[>KFE ?LIBPQF)... -DOLJ>K K>MOBA>H J>XFKPHLD FK\BKGBOPQS> F
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4
,>O>SKL, LPQS>OBK GB LAOBYBK WK>[>G>K K>MOBA>H, HLGF JL\B A>
L?G>PKF [FKGBKF@R A> GB K>X> PQLM> PJOQKLPQF LA PO[>KFE ?LIBPQF [FQ>SFE
58% KF\> R LAKLPR K> 1950. DLAFKR.
2
1J>KGBKGB PQLMB LA 58% IF[F
K> SBIFHR ML?BAR EBJFH>IFG> F QBEKLILDFGB. (BA>K LA K>GSBZFE HLO>H>
GB LPQS>OBK W>ES>IGRGRZF ?LIGBJ QOBQJ>KR EFQKB MLJLZF \OQ>S> LA
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ALSLIGKL POBZKF A> PQFDKBQB \FSF AL ?LIKF@B, 1970. DLAFKB X>KP> A>
RJOBQB FWKLPFI> GB 38%. ">K>P, >HL PQFDKBQB AL ?LIKF@B \FSF, X>KP>
A> RJOBQB FWKLPF P>JL 15%. 0B>H@FG> EFQKB MLJLZF GB A>IBHL ?LIG>,
[FJB GB SBIFHF ?OLG \FSLQ> MLXQBYBK.
2
.LOBA QLD>, ?OLG IGRAF HLGF MRXB GB MLPQBMBKL LM>A>L,
27,28
XQL
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MRXBKG> F MLSBZ>KG> EFOROXHFE LM@FG>, FWDIBA> A> FJ> JKLDL QLD> W>
MLES>IR. 'WDIBA> A> PJL LPQS>OFIF K>MOBA>H.
"> IF PJL?
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2
3MOHLP LPQS>OBKLJ K>MOBQHR, LDOLJ>K ?OLG IGRAF MLAIB\B PILJIGBKLJ
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3 PQS>OF, PQLM> MLG>SB (KB PQLM> PJOQKLPQF) PO[>KFE ?LIBPQF
29
GB
LQMOFIFHB FPQ> H>L F ML[BQHLJ 1970-FE.
2
"ORDFJ OB[FJ>, F>HL KB RJFOB-
JL R FPQLG JBOF LA PO[>KFE L?LIGBKG>, F A>IGB FE AL?FG>JL [BPQL H>L F
O>KFGB. 'WDIBA> A> PJL GBAKLPQ>SKL MLPQ>IF KBWK>QKL ?LIGF R LAI>D>K-
GR PJOQF LA PO[>KFE L?LIGBKG>, >IF KFPJL KFXQ> R[FKFIF A> PJ>KGFJL
PQLMR HLGLJ K>X> PO@> L?LIGBS>GR.
&FORODFG>: C>KQLJPHF PM>PFQBIG
+BE>KF[HB FKQBOSBK@FGB HLGB HLOFPQFJL R LSLG WBJIGF PR A>IBHL
J>KGB BCBHQFSKB KBDL XQL SBZFK> IGRAF RSFY>. 1990. DLAFKB GB RDO> -
YBKL [>H 380.000 ?>GM>P>,
30
XQL WK>[F A> GB LQMOFIFHB 1 LA 750
AJBOFH>K>@> MLASODKRQ LSLG LMBO>@FGF. 2LHLJ LMBO>@FGB, DORAKF HLX
M>@FGBKQ> PB LQS>O>, QLH HOSF PB MOBRPJBO>S> KFWLJ HIBJ>, MRJMF F
J>XFK>, F SBK> FW KLDB FIF DORAK> >OQBOFG> PB FPB@> F W>XFS> K>A L?LIB-
IFJ ABILJ PO@>, LJLDRZ>S>GRZF HOSF A> MOBJLPQF K>GW>HO[BKFGB >OQBOF-
GB.
2OLXHLSF PR LDOLJKF. 4FXB LA GBAKLD K> PS>HFE MBABPBQ LA>?O>KFE
M>@FGBK>Q> ZB RJOBQF W?LD HLJMIFH>@FG>
31
QLHLJ MOL@BAROB LA 46.000
ALI>O>.
32
3 AORDB PMLOBAKB BCBHQB PM>A>GR PO[>KF RA>O, OBPMFO>QLOKB
HLJMIFH>@FGB, HOS>OBKGB, FKCBH@FGB, MLSFXBK HOSKF MOFQFP>H F XILD. )>A>
124
PB PRALSF LHL PO@> W>QSLOB QLHLJ LMBO>@FGB, MI>H> PB LAI>J> P>
RKRQO>XKGFE WFALS>. )OS W>QFJ KLPF LPQ>QHB AL JLWD>, DAB MOLRWOLHR-
GB ?OLGKB ]JFKF^ XILDLSB. 'PQO>\FS>[F PR RMLOBAFIF FKQBIBHQR>IKB PMLPL?-
KLPQF M>@FGBK>Q> MOB F K>HLK LMBO>@FGB, F RQSOAFIF A> GB W>M>KGRGRZFE
79% M>@FGBK>Q> ]MLH>W>IL MLOBJBZ>G R KBHLJ LA >PMBH>Q> JL\A>KFE
CRKH@FG>^ PBA>J A>K> K>HLK LMBO>@FGB.
33
8>XQL MOFPQ>GBJL K> LSL? ,>GFPQ>HKRQFGF BCBH>Q LSB MOL@BAROB GB
LI>HX>KGB LA >KDFKB, FIF ?LI> R DORAFJ>. )LA LHL 70-80% M>@FGBK>Q>
HLGF PR MLASODKRQF RDO>AKGF ?>GM>P> LS>G PK>\>K ?LI PB KB G>SIG> LHL
DLAFKR A>K>.
34
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KB LA LMBO>@FGB, HLA F AL GBAKB QOBZFKB M>@FGBK>Q> MLKLSL ZB PB G>SF -
QF ?LI R DORAFJ>.
35
3 OLHR LA ABPBQ DLAFK> MLILSFK> M>@FGBK>Q> HLGF-
J> GB RDO>YBK ?>GM>P ZB RJOBQF, AL?FQF PO[>KF RA>O FIF ZB FJ PB SO>QF-
QF ?LI R DORAFJ>.
36
"RDLOL[K> FPQO>\FS>KG> RH>WRGR A> ZB P>JL
LAOBYBKB MLADORMB PO[>KFE ?LIBPKFH> \FSBQF AR\B W>ES>IGRGRZF RDO>AKGF
?>GM>P>.
12
9Q>SFXB, LS> FPQO>\FS>KG> MLH>WRGR A> LKF M>@FGBKQF HLGF PB
MLASODKR RDO>AKGF ?>GM>P> KBZB FJ>QF J>KGF ?OLG PO[>KFE RA>O> R
LAKLPR K> LKB HLGF PB KB MLASODKR LMBO>@FGF.
12
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MOBAPQ>SIG>GR J>KGB F KBPQ>?FIKFGB MI>HB HLGB PR PHILKB MOPH>KGR.
+BYRQFJ, RDO>AKG> ?>GM>P> GB RPJBOBK> K> K>GSBZB, K>GSFAIGFSFGB
MI>HB, HLGB JLDR A> ?RAR LADLSLOKB W> ?LI R DORAFJ>, >IF KB F W>
PO[>KB RA>OB.
1> >KDFLMI>PQFHLJ GB PIF[KL. .OL@BARO> GB PHRM> F KLPF WK>[>GKB
OFWFHB. ,>HLK RPQ>KLSIG>S>KG> ?ILH>A> R PO[>KLG >OQBOFGF, R >OQBOFGR PB
R?>@RGB ?>ILK F K>ARS>S>. 2FJB DRO> MI>HR K> WFA PRA>, ALMRXQ>GRZF
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QLHLJ LMBO>@FGB MOLZF HOLW ]K>DIL W>QS>O>KG> PRA>^, XQL JL\B ALSBPQF
AL PJOQF, PO[>KLD RA>O> FIF EFQKB RDO>AKGB ?>GM>P>.
37
AHL AL QLD> F
KB ALYB, GLX RSBH MLPQLGB SBIFHB X>KPB A> MOL@BARO> KBZB RPMBQF. 3
OLHR LA [BQFOF JBPB@> K>HLK MOL@BAROB, 40% >OQBOFG> HLGB PR MOFPFIKL
LQSLOBKB ZB PB LMBQ W>QSLOFQF, L?BWSOBYRGRZF QFJB MOL@BAROR.
38
1SBGBAKL, ?BW L?WFO> K> LSB KBMLSLIGKB FPELAB, >KDFLMI>PQFH> RPMBX -
KL L?BW?BYRGB MOFSOBJBKL LI>HX>KGB LA ?LI> R DORAFJ>. ,>O>SKL,
>KDFLMI>PQFH> [FKF J>IL R OBX>S>KGR MOL?IBJ> J>IFE ?ILH>A> W> HLGB
GB K>GSBOLS>QKFGB A> ZB ALSBPQF AL PO[>KFE RA>O>.
.OBJ> QLJB, MOF ?IF\BJ MOBDIBAR, K>X K>FWDIBA HLOFPKF K>MOBA>H R
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?>GM>P> F >KDFLMI>PQFH> KB OBX>S>GR RWOLH PO[>KLD L?LIGBKG>, KB
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M>@FGBKQFJ>.
9Q> PB LSAB ABX>S>? 3MOHLP MLWFQFSKFJ L?G>S>J> R MLPIBAKGFE
MBABPBQ DLAFK> R SBWF P> FPQO>\FS>KGFJ> PO[>KFE L?LIGBKG>, JLO>JL A>
125
PB W>MFQ>JL: A> IF ML?BYRGBJL R LSLJ O>QR? +L\A> ?F QOB?>IL A> PB
W>MFQ>JL XQ> ?FPJL JLDIF AORD>[FGB A> O>AFJL? ,> MOFJBO, XQ> PB
ABPFIL P> IBH@FG>J> L FPEO>KF HLGB PJL K>R[FIF MOB MBABPBQ DLAFK>?
9Q> PB ABPFIL P> QOBQJ>KFJ> FPEO>KLJ HLGB GB LPJFPIFL AO *BPQBO
+LOFPLK, H>L XQL PJL O>KFGB K>MLJBKRIF?
2> LQHOFZ> PR R SBIFHLG JBOF MLPQBMBKL W>?LO>SIGBK>. - LSFJ
FPQO>\FS>KGFJ> FW 1940-FE F 1950-FE P>J P>WK>L QBH MLPIBAKGFE DLAF-
K>. 8?RKGBK P>J GBO PR MOLCBPFLK>I@F HLGB P>J PIRX>L K> MLPQ-
AFMILJPHFJ PQRAFG>J> HO>GBJ 1950-FE F ML[BQHLJ 1960-FE BKBODF[KL
KBDFO>IF A> GB ?FIL Q>HSFE FPQO>\FS>KG> FIF A> PB L KGFJ> RLMXQB F
O>WJFXIG>IL. 3 JBYRSOBJBKR, >JBOF[HB K>SFHB FPEO>KB PR PB P>JL
MLDLOX>IB. .OB J> >JBOF[HLJ JFKFPQ>OPQSR MLIGLMOFSOBAB, GBABJL
WK>[>GKL SFXB JBP> F ALA>QFE J>PQF KBDL MOB QOFABPBQ DLAFK>.
39
(>PKL
GB A> PB KB HOBZBJL R MO>SLJ PJBOR.
.LXQL PB LSB FKCLOJ>@FGB MLKLSL MLG>SIGRGR R MLPIBAKGB ASB AB@BKF-
GB, ?LO?> MOLQFS ]PQ>QRP> HSL^ PB MLKLSL MLG>[>S>. +>IF ?OLG ALHQLO>
MLH>WRGB A> MLPQLGF ?LIGF K>[FK W> ML?BYFS>KGB PO[>KFE ?LIBPQF. -KF LPQ-
S>ORGR OBSLIR@FLK>OKF RPMBE, HLOFPQBZF K>GGBAKLPQ>SKFGF LA PSFE QOBQ-
J>K>: EO>KR.
"O )BIASBI . #PBIPQ>GK, (O
AHL ?F S>P KBHL MFQ>L A> MLDLAFQB DAB PB K>I>WF K>G?LIG> HIFKFH>
W> PO@B R WBJIGF, JL\A> PSBQR, HLGF ?FPQB DO>A K>SBIF? ,GRGLOH? *LP
AKYBIBP? <FH>DL? +L\A> DO>A R $ILOFAF, ?IFWR PQ>OFGFE LPL?>? )>HL PB
FPMLPQ>SIG>, K>G?LIGF JBAF@FKPHF @BKQ>O W> PO@B PB K>I>WF R )IFSIBKAR,
R -E>GR, ML FWSBXQ>GFJ> JBAFG> 31 ,BTP F 5LOIA 0BMLOQ. .>@FGBKQF FW
PSFE ABILS> PSBQ> ALI>WB R )IFSIBKAPHR HIFKFHR O>AF K>GK>MOBAKFGBD ALP-
QRMKLD QOBQJ>K> W> PO@B, HLGF PMOLSLAB MOBPQF\KF ALHQLOF.
(BA>K LA ALHQLO> P> HIFKFHB, AO )BIASBI . #PBIPQ>GK, (O (!>IATBII
. #PPBIPQVK, (O) FJ> PG>GKR ?FLDO>CFGR. )>L PQRABKQ K> (BGIR, AO
#PBIPQ>GK GB SBPI>L K> LIFJMFGPHFJ FDO>J> 1956. DLAFKB, LPS>G>GRZF
WI>QKR JBA>IGR. ,>HLK L?RHB K> )IFSIBKAPHLG HIFKF@F, AL?FL GB ?OLKW>KR
WSBWAR H>L SLGKF EFOROD R 4FGBQK>JPHLJ O>QR. 8>QFJ GB MLPQ>L SBLJ>
RPMBX>K ALHQLO K> GBAKLJ LA SOERKPHFE JBAF@FKPHFE FKPQFQR@FG> R
PSBQR, )IFSIBKAPHLG HIFKF@F, DAB GB ?FL RMO>SKFH LPL?IG>, [I>K LA?LO>
RMO>SKFH>, MOBAPBA>S>GRZF LMBO>QFSKB DORMB W> O>H ALGHB F K>[BIKFH
LABIGBKG> W> QFOLFAKR F M>O>QFOLFAKR EFORODFGR. -?G>SFL GB MOBHL 100
K>R[KFE O>ALS>, F MOLDI>XBK GB W> GBAKLD LA K>G?LIGFE ALHQLO> R
AJBOF@F W> 1994-1995.
40
8K>GRZF LSLD [LSBH> IF[KL, FJ>J RQFP>H A>
GB ?FL FWSOPQ>K R MO>HQF[KL PSBJR XQL GB O>AFL R PSLJ \FSLQR. "LPQFD>L
GB SOERK>@ RPMBE> R PSLJ MOLCBPFLK>IKLJ F IF[KLJ \FSLQR, F MLPQFD>L
GB QL RW ALPQLG>KPQSBKLPQ F PHOLJKLPQ.
126
+BYRQFJ, LAIFH> HLG> JF PB K>GSFXB PSFY> HLA AO #PBIPQ>GK> KFGB
KGBDLS> HLIBH@FG> K>DO>A>; SBZ KGBDLS> MOFK@FMFGBIK> MLQO>D> W> FPQF -
KLJ. "O #PBIPQ>GK GB FJ>L EO>?OLPQF A> MOLWLSB BPQ>?IFXJBKQ. "O
#PBIPQ>GK GB W> "ORDR K>@FLK>IKR HLKCBOBK@FGR L IFMFAFJ> R BIFJFK>@FGF
F MOBSBK@FGF ?LIBPQF PO[>KFE PRALS> (HLGR GB LK LOD>KFWLS>L F K> HLGR
JB GB IGR?>WKL MLWS>L H>L R[BPKFH>) K>MFP>L:
],>HLK GBA>K>BPQ DLAFK> JLGB H>OFGBOB H>L EFOROD>, O>WL[>O>K
P>J M>O>AFDJLJ >JBOF[HB JBAF@FKB L QOBQJ>KR O>H> F PO[>KFE
?LIBPQF. +>IL QLD> PB MOLJBKFIL W> 100 DLAFK> R IB[BKGR O>H>, >
KF R PIR[>GR PO[>KFE ?LIBPQF KF O>H> KFGB R[FKGBK WK>[>G>K K>MLO R
MOBSBK@FGF. +BYRQFJ, BMFABJFLILDFG> LSB ?LIBPQF JF PB [FKF MOL-
SLH>QFSKLJ: QOF [BQSOQFKB IGRAF K> LSLG MI>KBQF KBJ> PO[>KFE
?LIBPQF, XQL MOBAPQ>SIG> [FKGBKF@R HLG> GB [SOPQL MLSBW>K> P> FPEO>-
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41
"O #PBIPQ>GK GB ML[BL A> MOBFPMFQ>S> PQ>KA>OAKR JBAF@FKPHR MO>H-
PR. ]1SBPQ>K A> PR PB JBAF@FKPHB, >KDFLDO>CPHB F EFOROXHB FKQBOSBK-
@FGB HLK@BKQOFP>IB P>JL K> PFJMQLJB F SBORGRZF A> GB KBLMELA>K
PRXQFKPHF AORD>[FGF MOFPQRM IB[BKGR^, AO #PBIPQ>GK GB LAIR[FL A> QBPQFO>
BCBHQB ?FIGKB FPEO>KB @BILSFQFJ K>JFOKF@>J> K> IGRAB HLGFJ> GB
RPQ>KLSIGBKL PO[>KL L?LIGBKGB.
42,43
"O #PBIPQ>GK GB 1985. DLAFKB LQML[BL PSLGB FPQO>\FS>KGB P> MOSBK-
PQSBKFJ @FIGBJ PKF\>S>KG> KFSL> ELIBPQBOLI> HLA PSLGFE M>@FGBK>Q> K>
FPMLA 150 JD/AI. 8>QO>\FL GB LA PSFE M>@FGBK>Q> A> R AKBSKFHR
FPEO>KB ?BIB\B PSB XQL MLGBAR. 1S>HB ASB PBAJF@B, R QLHR MBQ K>OBA-
KFE DLAFK>, AO #PBIPQ>GK PB P>PQ>G>L P> PSLGFJ M>@FGBKQFJ> O>AF O>W-
DLSLO> L QLJ MOL@BPR, FPMFQFS>KG> HOSF F JBOBKG> HOSKLD MOFQFPH> F
QB\FKB. .LPIB O>WDLSLO>, RSB[B ?F QBIBCLKLJ G>SIG>L OBWRIQ>QB >K>IFWB
HOSF F A>IGB O>WDLS>O>L L ABILS>KGR FPEO>KB. .LOBA QLD>, PSF KGBDLSF
M>@FGBKQF PR PB LHRMIG>IF KBHLIFHL MRQ> DLAFXKGB H>HL ?F O>WDLS>O>IF L
MOLDO>JR, AOR\FIF PB F O>WJBKGFS>IF HLOFPKB FKCLOJ>@FGB. "ORDFJ OB[FJ>,
AO #PBIPQ>GK GB MOR\>L MLAOXHR F ?FL J>OIGFS, RHIGR[BK, F P>LPBZ>GKL
FPQO>G>K K> IF[KLJ KFSLR P> PSLGFJ M>@FGBKQFJ>. "FGBQ> HLGR PR LKF,
RHIGR[RGRZF AO #PBIPQ>GK> F KGBDLSR \BKR #K, MOFJBKGFS>IF ?FI> GB ?BW
ALA>Q>H> R SFAR J>PQF F PHLOL PSFE \FSLQFKGPHFE MOLFWSLA>. "O #PBIPQ>GK
F KGBDLSF P>O>AKF@F PR FWSBPQFIF: ](3[BPKF@FJ>) GB OB[BKL A> FW?BD>S>GR
RIG>, JBPL, OF?R, MFIBQFKR F JIB[KB MOLFWSLAB, LPFJ L?O>KLD JIBH> F
KBJ>PKLD GLDROQ>.^
42
.LPIB LHL MBQ DLAFK> LA ML[BQH> MOLDO>J>, AO
#PBIPQ>GK GB MOBMLOR[FL PSLGFJ M>@FGBKQFJ> A> MOBPQ>KR F P>
HLOFXZBKGBJ L?O>KLD JIBH> F GLDROQ>.
.BQ M>@FGBK>Q> GB LARPQ>IL LA MOLDO>J> R OLHR LA MOSB ASB DLAFKB;
XQL WK>[F A> GB LPQ>IL LP>JK>BPQ. -SFE LP>JK>BPQ M>@FGBK>Q> GB MOSL-
?FQKL ALXIL HLA #PBIPQ>GK> P> LW?FIGKLJ ?LIBXZR. 3 QLHR LP>J DLAF-
K> AL ML[BQH> LSLD FPQO>\FS>KG>, LSFE LP>JK>BPQ LPL?> GB AL\FSBIL
127
49 PIR[>GBS> PO[>KFE MOL?IBJ>, RHIGR[RGRZF >KDFKR, RDO>AKGR ?>GM>P>,
PO[>KB RA>OB, XILD F >KDFLMI>PQFHR. 2L KFPR ?FI> WAO>S> PO@>. +L\B PB
MLJFPIFQF A> FE GB M>KFH>, HLG> PB G>SIG> H>A> GB MOBSOBJBK> PJOQ
?IFWR, JLQFSFP>I> A> PB RHIGR[B R FPQO>\FS>KGB.
42,43
-SFE LP>JK>BPQ M>@FGBK>Q> GB LPQS>OFIL WK>[>G>K RPMBE. ,>
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246 JD/AI. 2LHLJ LSLD FPQO>\FS>KG>, MOLPB[KF KFSL ELIBPQBOLI> GB FWKL-
PFL 132 JD/AI, A>IBHL FPMLA @FIG>KFE 150 JD/AI!
43
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42
+BYRQFJ, K>GFJ-
MOBPFSKFGF OBWRIQ>Q KFGB ?FL KFSL ELIBPQBOLI> R HOSF, SBZ ?OLG PIR[>GBS>
PO[>KFE MOL?IBJ> HLGF PB LAFDO>L LA ML[BQH> FPQO>\FS>KG>.
3 K>OBAKFE GBA>K>BPQ DLAFK>, G>SFL PB Q>[KL GBA>K PO[>KF MOL?IBJ
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MOL?IBJ PB G>SFL HLA M>@FGBKQ> HLGF ASB DLAFKB KFGB ?FL K> AFGBQF.
,>HLK MOBPQ>KH>, HLA M>@FGBKQ> PB G>SIG>L HIFKF[HF ?LI R DORAFJ> (>KDF-
K>), > K>HLK QLD> PB SO>QFL K> WAO>SR ?FIGKR FPEO>KR. .>@FGBKQ PB OBXFL
>KDFKB, F KFGB FJ>L KLSFE MOL?IBJ>.
43
,B P>JL A> GB ?LIBPQ HLA LSFE M>@FGBK>Q> W>RPQ>SIGBK>, KBDL GB
[>H MOBLHOBKRQ>. )LA 17% KGBDLSFE M>@FGBK>Q> GB ALXIL AL LQS>O>KG>
KGFELSFE W>HO[BKFE >OQBOFG>.
43
(BA>K>BPQ KGBDLSFE M>@FGBK>Q> GB MOFPQ>IL
K> >KDFLDO>CFGR, MOL@BAROR MOF HLGLG PB LAOBYBKB >OQBOFGB R PO@R JLDR
]OBKADBKPHF PKFJFQF^. )LA LSFE GBA>K>BPQ M>@FGBK>Q> ?ILH>AB >OQBOFG>
PR ?FIB R MOLPBHR PJ>KGBKB W> 7% QLHLJ MOSFE MBQ DLAFK> KGBDLSLD
FPQO>\FS>KG>. -SL JL\B A> WSR[F H>L J>I> MOLJBK> >IF QOB?>
K>MLJBKRQF A> GB W>MOBJFK> MOLMRXQBKB HOSF K>GJ>KGB 30% SBZ> H>A>
PB MOB[KFH MLSBZ> W> 7%.
44
9QL GB GLX WK>[>GKFGB, QL GB O>WIFH> FWJBYR
MOFPRPQS> ?LI> (W?LD >KDFKB) F LAPRPQS> ?LI>, F R PQS>OF FWJBYR \FSLQ>
F PJOQF. ARQLOF MBQLDLAFXKGBD FWSBXQ>G> K>MLJFKGR: ]-SL GB AL P>A>
K>GAR\B FPQO>\FS>KGB FPEO>KB P> JFKFJ>IKL J>PQF R HLJ?FK>@FGF P>
IBHLSFJ> W> PKF\>S>KGB ELIBPQBOLI>, F K>X K>I>W MOLPB[KLD PJ>KGBKG>
>OQBOFGPHB PQBKLWB (?ILH>AB) LA 7% GB SBZF LA ?FIL HLD FWSBXQ>G> R
MOBQELAKFJ FPQO>\FS>KGFJ>^.
42
(BA>K IBH>O GB L?O>QFL MLPB?KR M>\KGR K> FPQO>\FS>KGB AO
#PBIPQ>GK>. -K GB FJ>L P>JL 44 DLAFKB F ?FL K>FWDIBA WAO>S, H>A> PB
MLG>SFL PO[>KF MOL?IBJ, HLGF GB HRIJFKFO>L PO[>KFJ RA>OLJ. 8?LD
MOFOLAB KGBDLSB PO[>KB ?LIBPQF, KFGB ?FIL KF[BD> ?BW?BAKLD XQL ?F HLK-
SBK@FLK>IK> JBAF@FK> JLDI> A> JR MLKRAF. -K GB MLPBQFL AO
#PBIPQ>GK>, LAIR[>K A> PB MLPSBQF MOLDO>JR MLPB?KB FPEO>KB, F K>HLK
32 JBPB@>, ?BW ?FIL H>HSFE IBHLS> W> PKF\>S>KGB ELIBPQBOLI>, MOBL -
HOBKRL GB PSLGB PO[>KL L?LIGBKGB F PKFWFL PSLG ELIBPQBOLI R HOSF K> 89
JD/AI. 1IBAF AO>J>QF[>K MOFH>W L?LIBIFE >OQBOFG> LSLD M>@FGBKQ> MOB F
K>HLK P>SBQ> AO #PBIPQ>GK> L FPEO>KF (DO>CFHLK 5.4).
8
1SBQIF ABL PIFHB
GB HOS HLG> QB[B HOLW >OQBOFGR. 1IFH> IBSL (A) P>AO\F ABL LWK>[BK W>DO> -
128
ALJ K> HLJB GB LW?FIGKL PO[>KL L?LIGBKGB RJ>KGFIL HLIF[FKR QLH> HOSF.
,>HLK RPS>G>KG> ?FIGKB FPEO>KB @BILSFQFJ K>JFOKF@>J>, FPQ> >OQBOFG> PB
LQSLOFI>, MOBLHOBZRZF XQBQR LA PO[>KFE L?LIGBKG> F LJLDRZ>S>GRZF KLO-
J>IKFGF MOLQLH HOSF, H>L XQL GB MLH>W>KL K> PIF@F ABPKL ().
"> IF GB JLDRZB A> GB AO #PBIPQ>GK GBAKLPQ>SKL AL?FL POBZKR DORMR
M>@FGBK>Q>? -ADLSLO GB KB. .>@FGBKQF HLGF PR LSLIFHL L?LIBIF LA PO[>KFE
L?LIGBKG> PB KB FP@BIGRGR PMLKQ>KL. "ORDF K>[FK A> PB MOLSBOF SBOLS>Q-
KLZ> LS>HSLD PQBMBK> RPMBE> GB MLPJ>QO>KGBJ MBQ M>@FGBK>Q> HLGF PR
LARPQ>IF LA MOLDO>J> FPEO>KB F SO>QFIF PB PSLGLG PQ>KA>OAKLG KBWF. -A
1995. DLAFKB, LSFE MBQ LPL?> GB MOLXIL HOLW ABPBQ KLSFE PO[>KFE MOL?-
IBJ>.
42
'PQLSOBJBKL, LA 2003, PBA>JK>BPQ DLAFK> LA ML[BQH>
FPQO>\FS>KG>, PSF M>@FGBKQF K> MLPB?KLG FPEO>KF, PBJ GBAKLD, PR GLX
RSBH \FSF, F FJ>GR MOBHL PBA>JABPBQ F LP>JABPBQ DLAFK>.
45
129
%O>CFHLK 5.4: PO[>K> >OQBOFG> MOB F K>HLK MOFJBKB ?FIGKB FPEO>KB
"> IF JL\B ?FIL HLG> O>WRJK> LPL?> A> KBDFO> LSB K>I>WB? 'WDIBA>
KBJLDRZB. AHL KB JL\BQB A> PB PBQFQB KF[BD AORDLD FW LSLD MLDI>S -
IG>, PBQFQB PB OBWRIQ>Q> 49 MOBJ> 0; 49 PO[>KFE MOL?IBJ> MOB ?FIGKB
FPEO>KB KBMOBO>YBKFJ K>JFOKF@>J>, F KRI> MOL?IBJ> HLA LKFE M>@FGB-
K>Q> HLGF PR PB MOFAO\>S>IF @BILSFQB ?FIGKB FPEO>KB. "O #PBIPQ>GK GB RO>-
AFL LKL XQL GB ]SBIFH> K>RH>^ MLHRX>S>I> A> R[FKF, ?BW RPMBE>, SFXB
LA 55 DLAFK>: ML?BAFL GB PO[>K> L?LIGBKG>.
"O "FK -OKFX
3 MOLQBHIFE MBQK>BPQ DLAFK> GLX GBA>K AFS R LSLG L?I>PQF, AO "FK
-OKFX ("B>K -OKFPE), MLJLD>L GB FPQF@>KGR FPEO>KB R MOSF MI>K JBAF-
@FKPHB JFPIF. 8>SOXFSXF JBAF@FKPHF C>HRIQBQ K> &>OS>OAR, ?FL GB FPQF@>K
R MLMRI>OKFJ JBAFGFJ>, RPMBL GB A> MOLJLSFXB PSLG MI>K IB[BKG>
PO[>KFE ?LIBPQF F K>MFP>L GB KBHLIFHL ?BPQPBIBO>. AHL PQB [RIF L SBWF
FPEO>KB F PO@>, SBIFHB PR X>KPB A> ?F QL JLDIL ?FQF W?LD O>A> AO
-OKFX>.
,GBDLSL K>G?LIGB FPQO>\FS>KGB GB 'PMFQFS>KGB RQF@>G> K>[FK> \FSLQ> K>
PO@B, R HLJB GB IB[FL 28 PO[>KFE ?LIBPKFH> P>JL RW MLJLZ MOLJBKB
K>[FK> \FSLQ>.
46
-SF M>@FGBKQF PR ?FIF K> BHPMBOFJBKQ>IKLJ QOBQJ>KR,
> AORDFE AS>ABPBQ M>@FGBK>Q> GB ?FIL K> PQ>KA>OAKLJ QOBQJ>KR.
.>\IGFSL GB MO>QFL L?B DORMB F JBOFL KBHLIFHL WAO>SPQSBKFE MLH>W>QB IG>,
RHIGR[RGRZF ?ILH>AB >OQBOFG>, KFSL ELIBPQBOLI> F QB\FKR.
2OBQJ>K AO -OKFX> PB SBLJ> O>WIFHLS>L LA PQ>KA>OA> SFPLHLQBEKL-
ILXHB P>SOBJBKB JBAF@FKB. 1JBPQFL GB 28 M>@FGBK>Q> R ELQBI QLHLJ
MOSB PBAJF@B QOBQJ>K> F OBH>L FJ XQ> JLO>GR A> [FKB H>HL ?F MOBRWBIF
HLKQOLIR K>A PSLGFJ WAO>SIGBJ. -A KGFE GB QO>\FL A> ?RAR K> ?FIGKLG
FPEO>KF P> J>IL J>PQF R QLHR K>GJ>KGB DLAFKR A>K>. 1>JL LHL 10%
H>ILOFG> GB QOB?>IL A> MLQF[B LA J>PQF. +LDIF PR A> GBAR HLIFHL DLA PR
EO>KB \BIBIF, PSB ALH GB EO>K> ?FI> K> IFPQF MOFES>QIGFSFE K>JFOKF@>, DAB
GB PM>A>IL SLZB, MLSOZB F \FQ>OF@B. )>HL PR FPQO>\FS>[F K>MLJBKRIF:
],FPR ?FIF ALWSLIGBKF KFH>HSF MOLFWSLAF \FSLQFKGPHLD MLOBHI> LPFJ ?BI>K-
@> F GBAKB XLIGB KBJ>PKLD JIBH> FIF GLDROQ> K> A>K^.
46
.LOBA FPEO>KB,
DORMF GB A>QL A> MOFJBKGRGB O>WIF[FQB L?IFHB HLKQOLIB PQOBP>, RHIGR[RGRZF
JLIFQSR, SB\?B AFP>KG> F LMRXQ>KG> R QO>G>KGR LA K>GJ>KGB P>Q SOBJB-
K> AKBSKL. -A M>@FGBK>Q> GB Q>HLYB W>QO>\BKL A> SB\?>GR K>GJ>KGB QOF
P>Q> PBAJF[KL MOF KFSLR HLGF LADLS>O> LW?FIGKLPQF KGFELSB ?LIBPQF. )>HL
?F M>@FGBKQFJ> ?FIL I>HXB A> PMOLSBAR LSB MOLJBKB K>[FK> \FSLQ>,
DORM> PB P>PQ>G>I> AS> MRQ> PBAJF[KL ML [BQFOF P>Q> O>AF JBYRPL?-
KB MLAOXHB. "O -OKFX F KGBDLS> FPQO>\FS>[H> DORM> KFPR HLOFPQFIF KFH>HSB
IBHLSB, LMBO>@FGB KFQF QBEKLILDFGR W> IB[BKGB LSFE M>@FGBK>Q>.
46
#HPMBOFJBKQ>IKF M>@FGBKQF PR PB MOFAO\>S>IF PHLOL PSBD> XQL PR
FPQO>\FS>[F LA KGFE QO>\FIF F ?FIF PR K>DO>YBKF ML?LIGX>KFJ WAO>SIGBJ F
SFQ>IKLXZR. ,FSL KGFELSLD RHRMKLD ELIBPQBOLI> PB R MOLPBHR PKFWFL P>
130
227 JD/AI K> 172 JD/AI, > KGFELS ]ILX] *"* ELIBPQBOLI PB PKFWFL P>
152 JD/AI K> 95 JD/AI. A K>HLK GBAKB DLAFKB, R[BPQ>ILPQ, QO>G>KGB
F G>[FK> ?LILS> R DORAFJ> PR PB PJ>KGFIF. 9Q>SFXB, ?FIL GB G>PKL A> XQL
PR PB MOB@FWKFGB M>@FGBKQF MOFAO\>S>IF MOBMLORH> L K>[FKR \FSLQ>, QL PB
SFXB KGFELSL WAO>SIGB MLMO>SIG>IL. .>@FGBKQF HLGF PR PB K>G?LIGB
MOFAO\>S>IF MOBMLORH> QLHLJ DLAFKR A>K> PR LPQS>OFIF PJ>KGBKGB ?ILH>-
A> >OQBOFG> W> SFXB LA 4%. <BQFOF MOL@BK>Q> JL\A> WSR[F H>L J>IF ?OLG,
>IF FJ>GQB K> RJR A> PB PO[>KL L?LIGBKGB O>WSFG> QLHLJ @BILD \FSLQ>,
Q>HL A> MOLJBK> LA 4% W> P>JL DLAFKR A>K> MOBAPQ>SIG> C>KQ>PQF[>K
OBWRIQ>Q. 1SB R PSBJR, HLA 82% M>@FGBK>Q> FW BHPMBOFJBKQ>IKB DORMB
ALXIL GB AL OBDOBPFGB (PJ>KGBKG>) KGFELSFE PO[>KFE ?LIBPQF QLHLJ MBOF-
LA> LA DLAFKR A>K>.
)LKQOLIK> DORM> KFGB MOLXI> Q>HL AL?OL, RMOHLP [FKGBKF@B A> PR
MOFJFIF RL?F[>GBKR KBDR. ,GFELS ?LI R DORAFJ> PB MLDLOX>L R MLDIBAR
R[BPQ>ILPQF, QO>G>KG> F G>[FKB. ,> MOFJBO, F>HL GB HLA BHPMBOFJBKQ>IKB
DORMB ALXIL AL PJ>KGBKG> R[BPQ>ILPQF ?LI> R DORAFJ> LA 91%, HLA
HLKQOLIKB DORMB GB ALXIL AL MLO>PQ> R[BPQ>ILPQF ?LI> R DORAFJ> LA
165%. ,GFELSF KFSLF ELIBPQBOLI> PR ?FIF WK>[>GKL DLOF LA KFSL> HLA
BHPMBOFJBKQ>IKFE M>@FGBK>Q>, > MLDLOX>IB PR PB F ?ILH>AB KGFELSFE
>OQBOFG>. )LA DORMB M>@FGBK>Q> HLGF PR K>GJ>KGB L?O>Z>IF M>\KGR K>
FPEO>KR F MOLJBKB K>[FK> \FSLQ> ALXIL GB AL MLSBZ>KGB SBIF[FKB ?ILH>-
A> LA 8% R OLHR LA DLAFKR A>K>.
46
.LOBA AO -OKFX>, AO #PBIPQ>GK> F AORDFE MOB KGFE, H>L XQL GB AO +LOF -
PLK, SBORGBJ A> PJL MOLK>XIF PQO>QBDFGPHR SBWR R MI>KR ?LO?B MOLQFS
PO[>KFE ?LIBPQF. ,GFELSF QOBQJ>KF FPEO>KLJ KB P>JL A> LI>HX>S>GR
PFJMQLJB ?LI> R DORAFJ>, SBZ Q>HLYB IB[B RWOLH PO[>KFE ?LIBPQF F
JLDR A> BIFJFKFXR ?RARZB PO[>KB MOL?IBJB. ,B MLPQLGB EFOROXHF KF
EBJFGPHF QOBQJ>KF W> PO[>KB ?LIBPQF, K> )IFSIBKAPHLG HIFKF@F KF ?FIL DAB
AORDAB, HLGF JLDR A> PB RMLOBAB P> LSFJ FJMOBPFSKFJ OBWRIQ>QFJ>.
RARZKLPQ
RARZKLPQ GB FPMRKGBK> K>ALJ. 1>A> WK>JL ALSLIGKL A> PHLOL BIF-
JFKFXBJL PO[>K> L?LIGBKG>. 1>A> WK>JL KB P>JL H>HL A> PMOB[FJL
?LIBPQ, SBZ F H>HL A> GB RPMBXKL IB[FJL. ,B JLO>JL A> O>PB@>JL
DORAKF HLX H>HL ?FPJL IB[FIF >OQBOFGB, F KFPR K>J MLQOB?KF JLZKF IBHLSF
R K>XLG HOSF AL HO>G> \FSLQ>. &O>KBZF PB MO>SLJ EO>KLJ, JL\BJL A>
LAO\>S>JL K>X> PO@> WAO>SFJ.
,>OBAKF HLO>H GB MOFJBK> LSLD MOFPQRM> FPEO>KLJ R SBIFHFJ
O>WJBO>J>, XQL GB Q>[KL LKL K> [BJR AO "FK -OKFX QOBKRQKL O>AF.
,GBDLS> FPQO>\FS>[H> DORM> GB LQML[BI> +RIQF@BKQ>OPHF MOLGBH>Q MOFH>W>
K>[FK> \FSLQ>, HLGF MOBAPQ>SIG> ?RARZKLPQ WAO>SPQSBKB KBDB W> PO[>K>
L?LIGBKG>. 2FJLSF MOLCBPFLK>I>@> P> LP>J O>WIF[FQFE JBPQ> PR L?R[BKF
A> ?OFKR L PO[>KFJ ?LIBPKF@FJ> RW MLJLZ MOLDO>J> FWJBKB K>[FK>
131
\FSLQ> HLGF GB LPJFPIFL AO -OKFX. .>@FGBKQF MLABPKF W> R[BPQSLS>KGB PR
LKF HLGF FJ>GR ALSLIGKL LW?FIGK> ALHRJBKQLS>K> PO[>K> L?LIGBKG> A>
W>EQBS>GR LMBO>@FGR. 3JBPQL LMBO>@FGB, JLDR A> PB RMFXR K> GBAKL-
DLAFXKGF MOLDO>J FWJBKB K>[FK> \FSLQ>. -S>G MOLDO>J GB W>ML[BL
1993. DLAFKB, > AL 1998. DLAFKB ?FIL GB 40 MOLDO>J> LPFDRO>KG> HLGF
PR MLHOFS>IF QOLXHLSB LA>?O>KFE M>@FGBK>Q>.
32
-A 1998. DLAFKB, PHLOL 200 IGRAF GB R[BPQSLS>IL R .OLGBHQR
FWJBKB K>[FK> \FSLQ>, F OBWRIQ>QF PR CBKLJBK>IKF. ,>HLK GBAKB DLAFKB
IB[BKG>, 65% M>@FGBK>Q> GB BIFJFKFP>IL ?LI R DORAFJ>. #CBH>Q GB Q>HLYB
?FL F ARDLQO>G>K. ,>HLK QOF DLAFKB, MOBHL 60% M>@FGBK>Q> GB FWSBXQ>S>-
IL A> F A>IGB KBJ> ?LI R DORAFJ>.
32
.LOBA HLOFPQF LPQS>OBKFE ML WAO>SIGB, MLAGBAK>HL PR LPQS>OBKB F
BHLKLJPHB HLOFPQF. .OBHL JFIFLK LMBO>@FG> W?LD PO[>KFE L?LIGBKG>
FWSOXF PB PS>HB DLAFKB.
32
*BH>OPHB RPIRDB F ?LIKF[H> KBD> W> PO[>KB
?LIBP KFHB PR 2002. DLAFKB HLXQ>IF 78,1 JFIFG>OAR ALI>O> (LSAB KFPR
RHIGR[B KF QOLXHLSF W> IBHLSB, HRZK> KBD> F KBD> R PQ>O>[HFJ ALJLSF-
J>).
2
.OL@BARO> >KDFLMI>PQFHB P>J> HLXQ> 31.000 ALI>O>, > RDO>AK-
G> ?>GM>P> 46.000 ALI>O>.
32
,>PRMOLQ QLJB, GBAKLDLAFXKGF MOLDO>J
FWJBKB K>[FK> \FSLQ> HLXQ> P>JL 7.000 ALI>O>. .LOBABZF M>@FGBKQB
HLGF PR MOLXIF MOLDO>J FWJBKB K>[FK> \FSLQ> P> LKFJ> HLGF PR MLA-
SODKRQF QO>AF@FLK>IKLJ EFOROXHLJ MOFPQRMR, AO -OKFX GB P> P>O>AKF@FJ>
MLH>W>L A> MOLDO>J FWJBKB K>[FK> \FSLQ> R MOLPBHR PJ>KGRGB
QOLXHLSB W> 30.000 ALI>O> ML M>@FGBKQR.
32
.RKL MLPI> LPQ>GB A> PB RO>AF. 3OBYBKGB WAO>SPQSBKB KBDB GB
PQORHQRFO>KL Q>HL A> LPQS>ORGB W>O>AR LA EBJFGPHFE F EFOROXHFE FKQBO-
SBK@FG>. 'PEO>K> GB F A>IGB R MLW>AFKF IBHLS> F LMBO>@FG>. (BAK> LA HOF-
QFH> HLG> PB PQ>IKL FWKLPF W> >ODRJBKQ L FPEO>KF GB A> M>@FGBKQF KBZB
PMOLSBPQF Q>HSB PRXQFKPHB MOLJBKB. (BA>K ALHQLO QSOAF A> M>@FGBKQF AO
#PBIPQ>GK> JBKG>GR PSLGB K>SFHB FPEO>KB P>JL W?LD ]C>K>QF[KLD
R?BYBKG>^ #PBIPQ>GK>.
47
-S>HS> HOFQFH> GB MLDOBXK> F RSOBAIGFS> W>
M>@FGBKQB. AHL ALHQLOF KB SBORGR A> ZB M>@FGBKQF MOLJBKFQF PSLGR
FPEO>KR, W>KBJ>OFZB O>WDLSLO L FPEO>KF, FIF ZB QL R[FKFQF RWDOBA F K>
KBRSBOIGFS K>[FK. ,B MLPQLGF SBZB KBMLXQLS>KGB HLGB ALHQLO JL\B A>
MLH>\B MOBJ> M>@FGBKQFJ> KBDL A> MOBZRQF FKCLOJ>@FGB HLGB JLDR A>
PM>PR \FSLQ, > QL P>JL K> LPKLSR MOBQMLPQ>SHB A> M>@FGBKQF KB \BIB
A> MOLJBKB PSLG K>[FK \FSLQ>.
"L?OLK>JBOKB RPQ>KLSB KFPR FWRWBQ>H LA Q>HSB W>QSLOBKLPQF RJ>.
AJBOF[HL RAOR\BKGB W> ?LIBPQF PO@> MOBMLOR[RGB FPEO>KR W> PO[>K>
L?LIGBKG> HLG> MLAPQF[B RJBOBKLPQ, > KB K>R[KR FPQFKR. ,>@FLK>IKF
MOLDO>J W> L?O>WLS>KGB L ELIBPQBOLIR O>AF QL FPQL. -SB LOD>KFW>@FGB
MOLDI>X>S>GR RJBOBKB AFGBQB P> ?BWK>[>GKFJ MOLJBK>J> W> ]@FIGBSB^
WAO>SLD K>[FK> \FSLQ>. -KF MOBAI>\R A> >HL PQB FWIL\BKF SBIFHLJ OFWFHR
LA PO[>KFE L?LIGBKG>, FIF >HL PQB SBZ ?LIBPKF, RPSLGFQB FPEO>KR HLG>
132
P>AO\F 30% H>ILOFG> R L?IFHR J>PQF (7% RHRMKFE H>ILOFG> R SFAR
W>PFZBKFE J>PQF) F J>KGB LA 200 JD/A>K ELIBPQBOLI> R EO>KF.
48,49
2>HLYB, ML KGFJ> ?FPJL JLO>IF A> LAO\>S>JL K>X KFSL RHRMKLD
ELIBPQBOLI> FPMLA ]ML\BIGKLD^ KFSL> LA 200 JD/A>K.
49
-SB RDIBAKB LOD>KFW>@FGB KB FWKLPB >JBOF[HLG G>SKLPQF K>GKLSFGB
K>R[KB FKCLOJ>@FGB. '>HL K>J GB OB[BKL A> GB KFSL RHRMKLD ELIBP-
QBOLI> R HOSF LA 200 JD/AI ]ML\BIG>K^, JF P>A> WK>JL A> 35%
PO[>KFE RA>O> MLD>Y> AJBOFH>K@B [FGF GB KFSL ELIBPQBOLI> FWJBYR 150
F 200 JD/AI
50
(W>FPQ> ?BW?BA>K KFSL ELIBPQBOLI> GB FPMLA 150 JD/AI).
2>HLYB WK>JL A> PB K>GFPQ>HKRQFGB MOBLHOBQ>KGB PO[>KLD L?LIGBKG>
LPQS>OFIL H>A> PR J>PQF MOBAPQ>SIG>IB LHL 10% LA RHRMKLD RKLP>
H>ILOFG>. 'PQO>\FS>KG> PR G>PKL MLH>W>I> A> PB HLA JKLDFE M>@FGBK>Q>
HLGF PR K> RJBOBKFGFJ FPEO>K>J>, H>HSB MOBMLOR[RGR SI>AFKB
RPQ>KLSB, G>SIG> MLDLOX>KGB PO[>KLD L?LIGBKG>.
51
,BSFKB \OQSB PR
AJBOFH>K@F HLGF PB ?OFKR W> PSLGB WAO>SIGB, > HLGF PIRX>GR LS>HSB MOB-
MLORHB, LAO\>S>GRZF KFSL RHRMKLD ELIBPQBOLI> K> LHL 180 FIF 190
JD/AI, P>JL A> ?F ?FIF K>DO>YBKF FKC>OHQLJ HLGF ALSLAF AL MOBSOBJBKB
PJOQF.
.LSOE PSBD>, ,>@FLK>IKF MOLDO>J W> L?O>WLS>KGB L ELIBPQBOLIR
LM>PKL K>SLAF: ].OLJBKB K>[FK> \FSLQ> PR BHLKLJPHF K>GBCBHQFSKFGF
K>[FK W> PJ>KGBKGB OFWFH> LA ?LIBPQF PO[>KFE PRALS>. BW L?WFO> K>
QL, A> ?F PB LPQS>OFI> J>HPFJ>IK> HLOFPQ, JKLDFJ LPL?>J> ZB ?FQF
MLQOB?KF IBHLSF W> PKF\>S>KGB *"* (ELIBPQBOLI>)^.
49
,FGB [RAL A> WAO>SI-
GB AJBOFH>K>@> PI>?F. .OBMLORHB L FPEO>KF W> K>G?LIBPKFG> PO@>, HLGB
FWKLPB K>SLAKL MLRWA>KB RPQ>KLSB, PR LW?FIGKL R?I>\BKB F MO>ZBKB
QSOAKGLJ A> ZB PSBGBAKL ?FQF MLQOB?KL RWFJ>KGB IBHLS> AL HO>G> \FSLQ>.
,>XB SLABZB LOD>KFW>@FGB PB MI>XB A> FE KFHL KBZB PIRX>QF >HL
W>PQRM>GR KBXQL SFXB LA RJBOBKFE MOLJBK>. +BYRQFJ, MOBMLORHB
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6,7
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3,13-18
0>WIFH> R KFSLR BPQOLDBK> FWJBYR \BK> R ORO>IKLJ ABIR )FKB F
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19
GB GLX RMB[>QIGFSFG> GBO GB MOBQELAKF FWSBXQ>G
20
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AFL A> GB O>WIFH> LA P>JL 17% R KFSLR BPQOLDBK> JLDI> A> L?G>PKF
SBIFHR O>WIFHR R PQLM>J> O>H> ALGHB MOF MLOBYBKGR O>WIF[FQFE WBJ>IG>.
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157
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3,21,22
GB
AR?LH> GBO FPEO>K> FDO> WK>[>GKR RILDR R FWI>D>KGR BPQOLDBKR. -SL
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\BK> GBAKLPQ>SKL KFGB PSBPK> LSFE ALH>W>. )>A> ?F LADLSLOKB F
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8>GBAKF[H> MFQ>KG>
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LAOBYBKR RILDR R O>WSLGR O>H> ALGHB. +BYRQFJ, [RGBJ MOBSFXB IGRAF
H>HL H>\R ]PSB GB QL R MLOLAF@F^ F PJ>QO>GR A> KB JLDR KFXQ> A>
R[FKB H>HL ?F MLJLDIF PB?F. 8?LD C>Q>IFPQF[HLD PQ>S> DR?B LPBZ>G IF[KB
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LM@FGB.
2>[KL GB A> PQB, >HL FJ>QB MLOLAF[KR FPQLOFGR O>H> ALGHB, FWIL\BKF
MLSBZ>KLJ OFWFHR LA AL?FG>KG> ?LIBPQF.
23,24
+BYRQFJ, GBAK> FPQO>\F -
S>[H> DORM> GB RQSOAFI> A> PB J>KGB LA 3% PSFE PIR[>GBS> O>H> JL\B
MOFMFP>QF MLOLAF[KLG FPQLOFGF.
24
'>HL PR AORDB DORMB MOL@BKFIB A> PB SBZF
MOL@BK>Q PIR[>GBS> G>SIG> W?LD MLOLAF[KB FPQLOFGB,
25
K>GSBZF ?OLG PIR[> -
GBS> O>H> ALGHB HLA >JBOF[HFE \BK> PB KB G>SIG> W?LD MLOLAF[KB FPQLOF-
GB FIF DBK>. +BYRQFJ, DBKBQF[HF C>Q>IFW>J K>PQ>SIG> A> LAOBYRGB PQ>S
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PR MOFJFIF K>GSFXB M>\KGB LA KGFELSLD LQHOFZ> 1994. DLAFKB.
26-29
-SF
DBKF, R JRQFO>KLJ L?IFHR, MLSBZ>S>GR OFWFH LA O>H> ALGHB F G>GKFH>.
30,31
-SF JRQFO>KF DBKF PB JLDR MOBKBQF P> DBKBO>@FGB K> DBKBO>@FGR; QL
GBPQ, MOBAPQ>SIG>GR K>PIBYBKB DBKB.
+BYRQFJ, W?LD RW?RYBKG> LSFJ LQHOFZFJ>, W>KBJ>OBKB PR AORDB
FKCLOJ>@FGB. .OSL, P>JL 0,2% LPL?> FW LMXQB MLMRI>@FGB (1 LA 500)
KLPF JRQFO>KF L?IFH LSFE DBK>.
25
8?LD OBQHLPQF LSFE DBKBQPHFE MLOBJB -
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32,33
"ORDL, LSF DBKF KFPR GBAFKF DBKF
HLGF R[BPQSRGR R O>WSLGR LSB ?LIBPQF;
32
PFDROKL ZB GLX JKLDF ?FQF
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DBK> HLGF GB MLSBW>K P> O>HLJ ALGHB KB D>O>KQRGB MLG>SR ?LIBPQF.
1OBAFKPHF C>HQLOF F C>HQLOF FPEO>KB FDO>GR @BKQO>IKR RILDR MOF LAOBYFS> -
KGR A> IF ZB PB DBKF FPMLIGFQF.
158
3 KLSFGBJ O>AR
31
GB FWSOXBK MOBDIBA AS>ABPBQ F AS> FPQO>\FS>KG> HLG>
PR MOL@BKGFS>I> OFWFH LA O>H> ALGHB (F G>GKFH>) JBYR \BK>J> HLGB PR
MLPBALS>IB JRQFO>KB 0!A-1 F 0!A-2 DBKB. 0FWFH LA L?LIGBKG> GB,
PSBRHRMKL, FWKLPFL 65% W> O>H ALGHB F 39% W> O>H G>GKFH> AL
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?LD>Q> \FSLQFKGPHFJ MOLQBFKFJ> FJ> MLQBK@FG>I A> HLKQOLIFXB FPMLIG>-
S>KGB DBK>.
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RL[IGFSLD PQ>KG>. ,BH> FPQO>\FS>KG>
34-36
PR RPQ>KLSFI> A> DORMB \BK>
HLGB [BPQL SOXB J>JLDO>CFGR FJ>GR KBWK>QKL KF\B PQLMB PJOQKLPQF
KBDL DORMB \BK> HLGB KB SOXB [BPQL J>JLDO>CFGR. 2L K>J RH>WRGB A>
ZB K>XF QOBQJ>KF O>H> SBOLS>QKL ?FQF RPMBXKFGF >HL PB O>H RL[F K> O>KF-
GBJ PQRMKGR. 2L JL\B A> ?RAB Q>[KL, >IF MLPQLGB LAOBYBKF MOL?IBJF
P> PQ>QFPQFHLJ HLG> PB HLOFPQF R LSLG O>PMO>SF.
(BAK> LA PQ>QFPQFH> HLG> PB HLOFPQF H>L MLQMLO> O>KLG ABQBH@FGF F
QOBQJ>KFJ> DI>PF A> H>A> PB GBAKLJ RPQ>KLSF O>H ALGHB, SBOLS>QKLZ>
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FH>A.
37
-SL RPQS>OF W>FPQ> WK>[F A> P> >DOBPFSKLJ H>JM>KGLJ W>
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159
\BKB LQHOFS>GR A> FJ>GR O>H ALH GB LK GLX R O>KFGLG C>WF O>WSLG>, > KB
W>QL XQL PR K>XF QOBQJ>KF SOBJBKLJ MLPQ>IF ?LIGF.
38
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39,40
>IF ARDLOL[KB HLOFPQF LA LSB LM@F-
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PFSKFE 49%.
41
+BYRQFJ, LS> HLOFPQ GB JL\A> LDO>KF[BK> K> \BKB [FGF
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3MO>S> W> EO>KR F IBHLSB GB LAL?OFI> RMLQOB?R Q>JLHPFCBK> W> \BKB
HLGB W>ALSLIG>S>GR LAOBYBKF HOFQBOFGRJ.
42
"ORD> FPQO>\FS>KG> RH>WRGR A>
LARXBSIGBKGB LSFJ IBHLJ KFGB LMO>SA>KL. "S> J>KGB L?FJK> BSOLMP-
H> FPQO>\FS>KG>
43,44
KFPR RPMBI> A> RPQ>KLSB ?FIL H>HSB PQ>QFPQF[HF WK> -
[>GKB HLOFPQF LA Q>JLHPFCBK>, ALSLABZF R MFQ>KGB K>SLAKB HLOFPQF IBH>.
9Q>SFXB, MLPQLGF F JLDRZKLPQ A> Q>JLHPFCBK MLSBZ>S> OFWFH LA XILD>,
O>H> J>QBOF@B, H>Q>O>HQB, QOLJ?LWB F MIRZKB BJ?LIFGB, F>HL PB GLX
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OFWFHB.
42
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>IF LSF IBHLSF FPMLIG>S>GR LDO>KF[BKR BCBHQFSKLPQ F/FIF KBHB LA FPQFE MOL?-
IBJ>QF[KFE PMLOBAKFE BCBH>Q>.
45,46
*BHLSF H>L XQL PR Q>JLHPFCBK F KGBDLSB KLSFGB W>JBKB PB PJ>QO>GR
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O>H> ALGHB.
4,5
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PHFJ MOLQBFKFJ>, P> J>IL J>PQF F ?LD>Q> KBMOBO>YBKFJ ?FIGKFJ K>JFO-
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IBH> HLGF JL\B, > F KB JLO> A> ABIRGB, > HLGF ZB PHLOL PFDROKL FPML -
IG>S>QF KB\BIGBKB PMLOBAKB BCBHQB.
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ARDL ?FI> MLWK>Q> R FPQO>\FS>[HLG W>GBAKF@F, >IF GB GBAKL KLSFGB FPQO>\F -
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47
,FSL KBHLIFHL \BKPHFE ELOJLK>, HLGF
PB MLSBZ>S> P> ML[BQHLJ MR?BOQBQ>, GB PKF\BK W> 20-30% ([>H F 50%
KF\F W> MOLDBPQBOLK!) GBAKLPQ>SKL QFJB XQL PR ABSLG[F@B LA LP>J AL
160
ABPBQ DLAFK> PQ>OLPQF QLHLJ PBA>J DLAFK> ?FIB K> FPEO>KF P> RJBOB -
KL J>IL J>PQF F J>IL K>JFOKF@> \FSLQFKGPHFE MOLFWSLA>.
47
-SF OBWRIQ>QF
PR FWRWBQKF GBO PR AL?FGBKF MOF RJBOBKLG MOLJBKF FPEO>KB F MOLFWSBABKF
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48,49
AFG>?BQBPLJ QFM> '' (SFABQF PBAJL MLDI>SIGB), RWK>MOB-
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50
(PJOQLKLPKF O>H HL\B) F, R BHPMBOFJBKQ>IKFJ
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51
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PR ELOJLKF HLA IGRAF MLDLYBKF LSFJ EBJFH>IFG>J>. -SB EBJFH>IFGB
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52
F AORDFE
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53
3 QOBZBJ MLDI>SIGR, LMFP>L P>J FPQO>\FS>KG> R PSLGLG I>?LO>QLOFGF
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54
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ALSLIGKF W> RQSOYFS>KGB O>WIFH> FWJBYR BCBH>Q> SI>H>K> F BCBH>Q> MLSOZ>
KBSBW>KFE W> SI>HK>.^
71
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PB?F, J>DF[KF IBH W> HLGFJ PJL QO>D>IF? (LX RSBH, 1990. DLAFKB,
KFPJL WK>IF.
"SB DLAFKB H>PKFGB, 1992, AORD> DORM> FPQO>\FS>[> GB FWSOXFI> MOB-
DIBA QOFK>BPQ FPQO>\FS>KG> HLG> PR MLOBAFI> IGRAB P> F ?BW O>H> AB?BI-
LD @OBS> F OBHQRJ> (AFW>GK QFM> RWLO>H-HLKQOLI>).
72
-KF PR RPQ>KLSFIF
A> PR LPL?B HLGB PR RKLPFIB K>GSFXB SI>H>K> ?FIB FWIL\BKB W> 47%
J>KGBJ OFWFHR LA O>H> AB?BILD @OBS> LA LKFE HLGB PR RKLPFIB K>G-
J>KGB.
72
3 PQS>OF, LKF PR RPQ>KLSFIF A> H>A> ?F AJBOFH>K@F GBIF ALA>Q-
KFE QOFK>BPQ DO>J> SI>H>K> K> A>K FW EO>KB (KB R SFAR ALA>Q>H>), LHL
QOBZFKB PSFE PIR[>GBS> O>H> AB?BILD @OBS> F OBHQRJ> R 1A" JLDIL ?F
PB FW?BZF.
72
AHL PB PBZ>QB, QOFK>BPQ DO>J>, R PS>HLAKBSKLJ \FSLQR,
MOBAPQ>SIG> HLIF[FKR HLG> PB K>I>WF R GBAKLG XLIGF ?FIL HLD S>OFGBQBQ>
M>PRIG>.
,BA>SKL GB DFD>KQPHL FPQO>\FS>KGB WS>KL #.'! FPQO>\FS>KGB P>HRMFIL
MLA>QHB L RKLPR SI>H>K> F O>HR AB?BILD @OBS> F OBHQRJ> HLA
519.000 IGRAF XFOLJ #SOLMB.
73
-KF PR RPQ>KLSFIF A> GB 20% IGRAF HLGF
PR RKLPFIF K>GSFXB SI>H>K> FPEO>KLJ, LHL QOFABPBQ F [BQFOF DO>J> K>
A>K, ?FIL FWIL\BKL W> 42% KF\BJ OFWFHR LA O>H> AB?BILD @OBS> F OBH-
QRJ> R LAKLPR K> 20% LPL?> HLGB PR RKLPFIB K>GJ>KGB SI>H>K>
FPEO>KLJ, LHL QOFK>BPQ DO>J> K> A>K.
73
4>\KL GB MLKLSL K>MLJBKR-
QF A> PR, R PSFJ LSFJ FPQO>\FS>KGFJ>, SI>HK> RKLXBK> EO>KLJ, > KB R
L?IFHR ALA>Q>H>. 1SB XQL JL\BJL A> H>\BJL GB A> FWDIBA> A>
]FPEO>K> ?LD>Q> SI>H KFJ>^ WK>[>GKL RJ>KGRGB OFWFH LA O>H> AB?BILD
@OBS> F OBHQRJ>. (LX RSBH KB JL\BJL KFXQ> A> H>\BJL L P>JFJ
FWLILS>KFJ SI>HKFJ>. 2L WK>[F A> MLHRX>GF A> PB FWLILS>K> SI>HK>
ALA>GR EO>KF JL\A> KBZB ALKBQF HLOFPQF. +BYRQFJ, FPEO>K> ?FIGKFJ
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168
3 LSB K>JFOKF@B PM>A> MLSOZB (KB RHIGR[RGRZF HLOBKGB), SLZB F FKQB-
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H>A IGRAF GBAR SFXB LSFE K>JFOKF@> L?F[KL RKLPB J>KGB K>JFOKF@> \FSL -
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S>IGRGRZF KBMOBO>YBKLJ HRHRORWR.
74
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169
120
100
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20
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@FSLQFKGPHF MOLQBFKF 3HRMK> HLIF[FK> J>PQF
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75
[FJB PB MLPQ>SIG> MFQ>KGB HLIFHF RABL R W>XQFQF LA O>H> FJ>GR
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GB MLH>W>IL A> PB SFXB PQLMB O>H>
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76
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A> ?FIGK> FPEO>K> @BILSFQFJ KBMOBO>YBKFJ K>JFOKF@>J> JL\B AO>J>QF[ -
KL A> PKFWF PQLMB O>H> AB?BILD @OBS> F OBHQRJ>. ,B JLO>JL A>
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77-79
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77-82
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GB F W> O>H AB?BILD @OBS>: FPEO>K> KBMOBO>YBKFJ ?FIGKFJ K>JFOKF@>J>.
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GB SFXB JLDRZB. AIF PIL?LAKL GBAFQB KBMOBO>YBKB K>JFOKF@B HLGB
P>AO\B PIL\BKB RDIGBKB EFAO>QB H>L XQL PR KBMOBO>YBKL PSB\B SLZB F
170
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83,84
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JLJ - XQL RLMXQBKL WK>[F ?LD>Q> JIB[KFJ K>JFOKF@>J> - PMOB[>S>
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KGBD ZBIFGPHLD O>PQ>.
83,85
"ORD> FPQO>\FS>[H> DORM> GB MLH>W>I> A> H>I -
@F GRJ W>FPQ> RJ>KGRGB HLIF[FKR K>SLAKL LM>PKFE \R[KFE HFPBIFK>, >IF GB
Q>HLYB LM>WFI> A> FPEO>K> ?LD>Q> MXBKF@LJ GLX ?LIGB RJ>KGRGB HLIF[F -
KR \R[KFE HFPBIFK>.
86
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HFPBIFK> GB ?FL PI>?FGF LA ABGPQS> MLGBAFK>[KFE P>PQLG>H>.
86
2L P> JL
MLH>WRGB A> MOF HLJ?FKLS>KGR P>PQLG>H> HLGF PR FPMFQFS>KF MLGBAFK>[ -
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> JIB[KF MOLFWSLAF PB PHLOL F KB HLOFPQB,
87
PQLMB O>H> AB?BILD @OBS>
KFPR SBZB; RJBPQL QLD> JKLDL PR KF\B KBDL R 1A". "BILSF PSBQ> HLGF
RKLPB K>GSFXB H>I@FGRJ>, #SOLM> F 1BSBOK> AJBOFH>, FJ>GR K>GSFXB
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K>BPQ LA AS>ABPBQ FPQO>\FS>KG> GB RQSOAFIL A> GB SB\?>KGB XQFQFIL LA
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64
,> \>ILPQ, FWDIBA> A> KBJ> RSBOIGFSFE ALH>W> L
QLJB H>HL F W>XQL PB QL LAFDO>S>.
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171
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MLSLIG>K. +BYRQFJ, XQ> GB RLMXQB HLILKLPHLMFG>, F A> IF SOBAF FZF K>
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88,89
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89,90
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89,91
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92
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89
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89
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95
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HLG> PB, JL\A>, W>O>WB SFORPLJ HLGF JL\B A> MLOBJBQF FJRKF PFPQBJ
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19
?FQF FWIL\BK> MLSBZ>KLJ OFWFHR LA AFG>?BQBP> QFM> '. 'PQO>\FS> -
KGB R <FIBR
23
GB O>WJ>QO>IL MOS> AS> C>HQLO>, HO>SIGB JIBHL F DBKB.
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PR FWIL\BK> OFWFHR LA AFG>?BQBP> QFM> ' HLGF GB ?FL 13,1 MRQ> SBZF LA
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J>KGR JLDRZR JBOR). "ORDL FPQO>\FS>KGB FW 1A" GB MLH>W>IL A> PR
DBKBQF[HF MLAIL\K> AB@> EO>KGBK> HO>SIGFJ JIBHLJ H>L LALG[>A ?FI>
FWIL\BK> OFWFHR LA ?LIBPQF HLGF GB ?FL 11,3 MRQ> SBZF R LAKLPR K> AB@R
HLG> KFPR FJ>I> LSB DBKB F HLG> PR ?FI> ALGBK> J>G[FKFJ JIBHLJ K>G-
J>KGB QOF JBPB@>.
24
-S>G GBA>K>BPQ AL QOFK>BPQ MRQ> SBZF OFWFH GB
KBSBOLS>QKL SBIFH (1.000 - 1.200%!); ?FIL XQ> XQL GB W> QOF AL [BQFOF
MRQ> SBZB PJ>QO> PB SBLJ> WK>[>GKFJ. "> ?F LSL ?FIL G>PKFGB, MRX>[F
PR FWIL\BKF MOF?IF\KL ABPBQ MRQ> SBZBJ OFWFHR LA O>H> MIRZ> (XQL GB GLX
RSBH J>KGB LA 11 AL 13 MRQ> SBZBD OFWFH>), > IGRAF P> MLSFXBKFJ HOS -
KFJ MOFQFPHLJ F ELIBPQBOLILJ PR FWIL\BKF 2,5 - 3 MRQ> SBZBJ OFWFHR LA
PO[>KFE L?LIGBKG> (DO>CFHLK 9.2).
18
)LIFHF ABL LA 11 AL 13 MRQ> MLSBZ>KLD OFWFH> LA AFG>?BQBP> QFM>
' PB G>SIG> RPIBA O>KLD FWI>D>KG> HO>SIGBJ JIBHR, > HLIFHF W?LD DBK>?
184
3 A>K>XKGB SOBJB MLPQLGF MLMRI>OKL JFXIGBKGB A> PB AFG>?BQBP QFM> '
G>SIG> RPIBA DBKBQFHB, JFXIGBKGB HLGB [BPQL W>PQRM>GR F ALHQLOF. +BYR -
QFJ, DBKBQFH> KB JL\B P>J> A> ?RAB LADLSLOK> W> SFXB LA SBLJ>
J>ILD ABI> LA RHRMKLD ?OLG> PIR[>GBS> LSB ?LIBPQF. %BKF KB ABIRGR
FWLILS>KL; MLQOB?>K FJ GB LHFA>[ A> ?F PB MOLFWSBL KGFELS BCBH>Q.
2>HLYB GB RL[BKL A> K>HLK XQL GBA>K [I>K LA M>O> FABKQF[KFE ?IFW>K> -
@> AL?FGB AFG>?BQBP QFM> ', MLPQLGF P>JL 13-33% X>KPB A> F AORDF
?IFW>K>@ AL?FGB LSR ?LIBPQ, F>HL L?> ?IFW>K@> FJ>GR FPQB
DBKB.
13,20,21,25,26
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QF[KFE ?IFW>K>@> ?F L?LIBIL. .LOBA QLD>, JLDRZB GB A> PB OFWFH LA 13-
33% W> AORDLD ?IFW>K@> G>SIG> W?LD W>GBAKF[HB POBAFKB F FPEO>KB, C>H-
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0>WJLQOFQB, K> MOFJBO, LM>\>KGB MOFH>W>KL K> DO>CFHLKR 9.3, HLGF
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R AS>K>BPQ WBJ>IG>
27
MLH>WRGB PHLOL P>SOXBKR HLOBI>@FGR P> AFG>-
?BQBPLJ QFM> '.
28
9QL GB SBZF RKLP HO>SIGBD JIBH>, QL GB SBZ> W>PQR-
MIGBKLPQ AFG>?BQBP> QFM> '. 3 $FKPHLG GB AFG>?BQBP QFM> ' QOFABPBQ F XBPQ
185
1200%
1000%-
800%
600%
400%
200%
0
.LSFXBK HOSKF
MOFQFP>H F
ELIBPQBOLI
%O>CFHLK 9.2: 0BI>QFS>K OFWFH LA O>WIF[FQFE C>HQLO> K> O>WIF[FQB
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29
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27
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30-
32
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IGBKLPQ AFG>?BQBP> QFM> ' R PSBQR PB MLSBZ>S> >I>OJ>KQKLJ PQLMLJ
LA 3% DLAFXKGB.
33
-S>G MLO>PQ PB G>SIG> R O>WIF[FQFJ MLMRI>@FG>J> F>HL
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186
%O>CFHLK 9.3: 4BW> MLQOLXKGB HO>SIGBD JIBH> F R[BPQ>ILPQF
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PIR[>GBS> AFG>?BQBP> QFM> ' MLSBZ>S> W> 3% PS>HB DLAFKB MOBAPQ>SIG>
SBLJ> PK>\>K ALH>W A> DBKF KFPR GBAFKF LADLSLOKF W> LSR ?LIBPQ.
<FKF JF PB A> P>A> FJ>JL FJMOBPFSKB ALH>WB A> GB HO>SIGB JIBHL
SBOLS>QKL WK>[>G>K RWOLH AFG>?BQBP> QFM> '. )>A> PB OBWRIQ>QF PSFE LSFE
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AB@> HLG> MOBO>KL MOBPQ>KR A> PB ALGB J>G[FKFJ JIBHLJ F EO>KB
HO>SIGFJ JIBHLJ, R MOLPBHR, FWIL\BK> 50-60% SBZBJ OFWFHR LA AFG>-
?BQBP> QFM> ' (1,5 - 1,6 MRQ> MLSBZ>K OFWFH).
34
'KCLOJ>@FGB L FPEO>KF F AFG>?BQBPR QFM> ' AL HLGFE PB O>KFGB ALXIL
?FIB PR ALSLIGKL FJMOBPFSKB A> ALSBAR AL AS> WK>[>GK> MLJ>H>.
AJBOF[H> >H>ABJFG> MBAFG>Q>O> GB 1994. DLAFKB A>I> PK>\>K MLAPQOBH
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S>[F
19
PR O>WSFIF FPQO>\FS>KG> HLG> MO>QB LPL?B QLHLJ SOBJBK> - H>HL
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15
> AORDL POBAFKLJ 1990-FE.
35
(BAKL GB MLH>W>IL
A> HLOFXZBKGB HO>SIGBD JIBH> MLSBZ>S> OFWFH LA AFG>?BQBP> QFM> 1 MBQ
AL XBPQ MRQ>,
36
ALH K>J AORDL
35
DLSLOF A> HO>SIGB JIBHL MLSBZ>S>
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K>SBABK>. 3 W>PB?KLJ FPQO>\FS>KGR, KFSL >KQFQBI> K> ?BQ> H>WBFK, GLX
GBA>K MOLQBFK HO>SIGBD JIBH>, GB ?FL WK>[>GKL MLSFXBK HLA LALG[>AF
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37
3HO>QHL, LA FPQO>\FS>KG> HLG> PR L?G>SFI> OBWRIQ>QB, K>I>WF PK>\KL MLQ -
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.LXQL ?F OB>H@FG> ?FI> SBLJ> ?ROK>, > BHLKLJPHF RQF@>G LDOLJ>K, LS>G
K>PILS KBZB PHLOL ?FQF K>MFP>K, ?BW L?WFO> K> K>R[KB ALH>WB. .LQFP -
HFS>KGB MLG>SB LS>HSLD K>PILS> PB LPQS>ORGB MLA JLZKLJ BQFHBQLJ
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PR @FD>OBQB ILXB W> S>P F L?BW?BAFJ ?OAL ALH>W> HLGF MLARMFOR JLGR
QSOAKGR, ARS>KPHB HLJM>KFGB ?F JLDIB A> LA>?BOR GBA>K KBOBXBK
187
ABQ>IG F A> W>QFJ QSOAB A> GB @BI> FABG> A> PR @FD>OBQB KBWAO>SB
LHOR\BK> HLKQOLSBOWLJ, KBDFO>GRZF PSB JLGB W>HIGR[HB. -SL GB I>HL
RO>AFQF, GBO ZB RSBH ?FQF KBOBXBKFE ABQ>IG>; Q>HS> GB MOFOLA> K>RHB.
,BHB DORMB HLOFPQB PMLOKB ABQ>IGB H>HL ?F RDRXFIF KBHB FABGB, LJBQ-
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KF@B R ?O?IG>KGB RJBP QL R PRXQFKR. -AO\>S>KGB HLKQOLSBOWB H>L K>[FK
W> LJ>ILS>\>S>KGB K>I>W> HLGF FW>WFS>GR BHLKLJPHR FIF PL@FG>IKR
KBI>DLAKLPQ MOBAPQ>SIG> GBA>K LA K>GSBZFE DOBELS> K>RHB.
*>FHR JL\B ?FQF QBXHL A> MOL@BKF S>IG>KLPQ SFPLHL QBEKF[HLD PMLO>,
H>L K> MOFJBO R SBWF HO>SIGBD JIBH> F AFG>?BQBP> QFM> '. -SL GB Q>[KL
[>H F >HL GB I>FH W>FKQBOBPLS>K W> [FQ>KGB K>R[KFE O>ALS>.
3WJFJL W> MOFJBO KLSFGF K>R[KF MOBDIBA
38
L SBWF HO>SIGBD JIBH> F
AFG>?BQBP> QFM> '. -A ABPBQ FPQO>\FS>KG> K> IGRAFJ> P>\BQFJ R O>AR
L?G>SIGBKLJ H>L ABL ]PBOFGB HLKQOLSBOWKFE QBJ>^,
38
>RQLOF PR W>HIGR[FIF
A> GB MBQ LA ABPBQ FPQO>\FS>KG> MLH>W>IL PQ>QFPQF[HF WK>[>GKR SBWR
FWJBYR HO>SIGBD JIBH> F AFG>?BQBP> QFM> ', > MBQ KFGB. -SL L[FDIBAKL
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MRKL K> LJ>ILS>\>S>KGR EFMLQBWB.
+BYRQFJ, MBQ FPQO>\FS>KG> HLG> PR O>[RK>Q> H>L ]KBD>QFSK>^ KFPR
MLH>W>I> A> GB HO>SIGB JIBHL PJ>KGFS>IL MLG>SR AFG>?BQBP> QFM> '. -S>
FPQO>\FS>KG> KFPR MLH>W>I> PQ>QFPQF[HF WK>[>G>K BCBH>Q KF R GBAKLJ
PJBOR. ,>PRMOLQ QLJB, MLPQLGF RHRMKL MBQ PQ>QFPQF[HF WK>[>GKFE FPQO>\F -
S>KG> F PSFE MBQ GB MLH>W>IL FPQF OBWRIQ>Q: O>KL HLOFXZBKGB HO>SIGBD
JIBH> GB MLSBW>KL P> MLSBZ>KFJ OFWFHLJ LA AFG>?BQBP> QFM> '. 4BOLS>Q -
KLZ> GB 1 : 64 A> GB LSL ?FL K>PRJF[>K FIF PIR[>G>K OBWRIQ>Q.
.LPQLGF MRKL, MRKL O>WILD>, LA HLGFE PB KBHF SFAB, > KBHF KB, W?LD
HLGFE BHPMBOFJBKQ JL\B A> KB RQSOAF PQ>QFPQF[HF WK>[>G>K LAKLP
FWJBYR AS> C>HQLO>, [>H F H>A> LAKLP W>FPQ> MLPQLGF. +L\A> FPQO>\FS> -
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PB LPQS>OF. +L\A> GB SBZFK> FPMFQ>KFH> FJ>I> SBLJ> PIF[KB K>SFHB
FPEO>KB, LDO>KF[>S>GRZF JLDRZKLPQ LQHOFS>KG> LAKLP> HLGF ?F FK>[B
JLD>L A> PB SFAF. +L\A> PR MOB SFXB DLAFK> MLHRX>GF A> PB FWJBOB
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SOBJBKPHF MBOFLA \FSLQ> LALG[BQ>.
1RXQFK> GB A>, >HL GB MBQ LA ABPBQ FPQO>\FS>KG> RQSOAFIL PQ>QFPQF[HF
WK>[>G>K LAKLP, F PSFE MBQ MLH>W>IL A> GB HLOFXZBKGB HO>SIGBD JIBH>
MLSBW>KL P> MLG>SLJ AFG>?BQBP> QFM> ', > KFGBAKL KFGB MLH>W>IL A> GB
RKLP HO>SIGBD JIBH> MLSBW>K P> PJ>KGBKGBJ MLG>SB AFG>?BQBP> QFM> ',
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R IFQBO>QROF^.
38
188
3 LSLJ FPQLJ MOBDIBAR,
38
>RQLOF PR P>\BIF ALA>QK> FPQO>\FS>KG>
HLG> PR FKAFOBHQKL MLOBAFI> MO>HPB ALGBKG> MLSBW>KB P> HLOFXZBKGBJ
HO>SIGBD JIBH> F AFG>?BQBPLJ QFM> '. -S>G PHRM GB P>AO\>L MBABPBQ F
AS> JLDRZ> MLOBYBKG>, LA HLGFE PR AS>ABPBQ ?FI> PQ>QFPQF[HF WK>[>GK>.
-A LSFE AS>ABPBQ WK>[>GKFE K>I>W>, ABSBQK>BPQ GB C>SLOFWLS>IL SBWR
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PQO>KF MOBQMLPQ>SIGBKB SBWB, XQL PR >RQLOF MOLMRPQFIF A> K>MLJBKR.
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GR BCBH>Q HO>SIGBD JIBH> K> AFG>?BQBP QFM> ', SBZ F A> ?FE MOFH>W>L
GBAKR Q>HQFHR HLG> PB [BPQL HLOFPQF A> ?F PB KBXQL R[FKFIL PMLOKFJ F>HL
KFGB. -S> MO>HP> GB [BXZ> KBDL XQL ?F QOB?>IL A> ?RAB F MOBAPQ>SIG>
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F >HL QL O>AB KBK>JBOKL - [BPQL FJ>GR PK>\KB MOBAO>PRAB MOBJ>
EFMLQBWF. 8>FPQ>, R?OWL K>HLK XQL P>J LSL K>MFP>L, [RL P>J FKQBOSGR
P> K>@FLK>IKLD O>AFG> L MOL?IBJR AFG>?BQBP> QFM> ' P> >RQLOLJ LSLD
MOBDIBA>.
38
"LSLIGKL GB OBZF, >RQLO KFGB MOFWK>L ALH>WB W> EFMLQBWR L
HO>SIGBJ JIBHR.
.LXQL LSL MFQ>KGB ALKLPF LDOLJKB CFK>KPFGPHB MLPIBAF@B ML
>JBOF[HR MLIGLMOFSOBAR, F MLXQL QLIFHL IGRAF FJ> PK>\KB IF[KB MOBAO>-
PRAB MOLQFS KGBD>, J>IL GB SBOLS>QKL A> ZB LSL FPQO>\FS>KGB AFG>?BQB-
P> ALZF AL >JBOF[HFE JBAFG> R PHLOLG ?RARZKLPQF. +BYRQFJ, AR?FK> F
XFOFK> ALH>W> HLGF P>A> RH>WRGR K> HO>SIGB JIBHL H>L K> RWOLH AFG>-
?BQBP> QFM> ' PR FWRWBQKB, F>HL SBLJ> PIL\BKF JBE>KF[HF ABQ>IGF GLX
RSBH KFPR R MLQMRKLPQF PES>ZBKF. ,B P>JL A> FJ>JL ALH>WB L LM>P-
KLPQF HO>SIGBD JIBH>, SBZ Q>HLYB FJ>JL WK>[>GKB ALH>WB HLGF MLH>WR-
GR A> GB SBW> FWJBYR AFG>?BQBP> F HO>SIGBD JIBH> ?FLILXHF SBOLS>QK>.
+>G[FKL JIBHL GB P>SOXBK> EO>K> W> LALG[B, > GBAK> LA K>GXQBQKFGFE
PQS>OF HLGB J>GH> JL\B A> R[FKF GB A> EO>KF ABQB HO>SIGFJ JIBHLJ
RJBPQL PSLGFJ.
+RIQFMI> PHIBOLW> F AORDB >RQLFJRKB ?LIBPQF
+RIQFMI> PHIBOLW> (+1) MOBAPQ>SIG> K>OL[FQL QBXHL >RQLFJRKL L?L -
IGBKGB, H>HL W> LKB HLGF D> FJ>GR Q>HL F W> LKB HLGF PB ?OFKR L L?LIB-
IFJ>. -KL MOBAPQ>SIG> AL\FSLQKR ?LO?R P> KFWLJ KBMOBASFAIGFSFE F
LW?FIGKFE FKS>IFAFQBQ>. +1 M>@FGBKQF [BPQL AL\FSIG>S>GR BMFWLAB >HRQKFE
K>M>A> ALH MLPQBMBKL DR?B PMLPL?KLPQ A> ELA>GR FIF SFAB. ,>HLK
ABPBQ AL MBQK>BPQ DLAFK>, [BPQL PR SBW>KF W> HLIF@>, > W>QFJ W>
MLPQBIGR AL HO>G> \FSLQ>.
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LSR ?LIBPQ FJ> 400.000 IGRAF.
39
2L GB ?LIBPQ [FG> PB AFG>DKLW> RPMLP -
Q>SIG> FWJBYR AS>ABPBQB F [BQOABPBQB DLAFKB \FSLQ> F MLD>Y> \BKB LHL
QOF MRQ> [BXZB KBDL JRXH>O@B.
189
'>HL MLPQLGF WK>[>G>K JBAF@FKPHF F K>R[KF FKQBOBP W> LSR ?LIBPQ,
SBZFK> >RQLOFQBQ> QSOAF A> PB SBLJ> J>IL WK> L RWOL@FJ> FIF JLDRZFJ
IBHLSFJ>. 1SF SBIFHF FKQBOKBQ P>GQLSF L JRIQFMILG PHIBOLWF QSOAB A> GB
?LIBPQ BKFDJ>. -KF RDI>SKLJ K>SLAB DBKBQFHR, SFORPB F POBAFKPHB C>H-
QLOB H>L JLDRZB R[BPKFHB R O>WSLGR LSB ?LIBPQF, >IF PHLOL A> KB
L?O>Z>GR M>\KGR K> JLDRZR RILDR FPEO>KB. -SL GB KBL?F[KL FJ>GRZF R
SFAR L?FIGB W>KFJIGFSFE FKCLOJ>@FG> L BCBHQFJ> EO>KB HLGB PR JLDR
MOLK>ZF R RDIBAKFJ FPQO>\FS>[HFJ FWSBXQ>GFJ>.
40-42
.LKLSL FWIBA> A>
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43
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10
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45,46
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43
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47
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190
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48
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49
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191
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42,51,52
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52
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51
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52,53
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54
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55
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192
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13,19,56
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57,58
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59
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60
'>HL +1 F AFG>?BQBP QFM> ' ABIB KBH> LA FPQFE KBLADLSLOBKFE MFQ> -
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9,10,61
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63
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67
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RKLP H>I@FGRJ> GB ?FL MLSBW>K P> MLSFXBKFJ - > KB PJ>KGBKFJ -
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K> MFQ>KGR H>I@FGRJ> LA O>KFE 1950-FE, ?FL SLABZF >OEFQBHQ> MOSFE
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30
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31
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36
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35
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1IBABZF ABL FW 0L?BOQPLKLSLD MOBDIBA> FW 1987. DLAFKB,
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247
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250
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PR K> IFPQF ?FIF +BH %>SBOKLSF AFGBQ>IKF @FIGBSF FW 1977. DLAFKB. .OSF MRQ
CLOJRIFP>KF 1976. DLAFKB, LSF OBI>QFSKL RJBOBKF @FIGBSF PR MOBAI>D>IF
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252
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253
3 JBYRSOBJBKR, L? -IPLK F KBHB KGBDLSB HLIBDB PR RPJBOFIB
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W>@FGR LPKLS>KR 1978. DLAFKB WS>KR AJBOF[HF P>SBQ W> K>RHR F WAO>S -
IGB (A!1&). 1> PBAFXQBJ R ,GRGLOHR, A!1& K>WFS> PB?B, F AL A>K>P,
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254
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IBAKFGFJ [>PLMFPFJ>. "FW>GK LSLD FPQO>\FS>KG> D> [FKF MOLPMBHQFSKFJ
DORMKFJ FPQO>\FS>KGBJ, XQL WK>[F A> MO>QF DORMR IGRAF F ?BIB\F FKCLOJ>-
@FGB L FPEO>KF MOB KBDL XQL PB ?LIBPQ AFG>DKLWFO>, [FKBZF FPQO>\FS>KGB
]MOLPMBHQFSKFJ^. +KLDF PJ>QO>GR A> LS>HSL FPQO>\FS>KGB MOBAPQ>SIG>
K>G?LIGF BHPMBOFJBKQ>IKF AFW>GK W> FPQO>\FS>KG> K> IGRAFJ>.
.FQ>KGB A> IF GB FPEO>K> ?LD>Q> J>PQFJ> MLSBW>K> P> O>HLJ ALGHB
MOBAPQ>SIG> MOFOLAKR MLPIBAF@R LXQOB O>PMO>SB HLG> PB LAFDO>S>I> POBAF-
KLJ 1970-FE F ML[BQHLJ 1980-FE. ,B P>JL A> GB FPEO>K> ?LD>Q>
J>PQFJ> ?FI> MLSBW>K> P> PO[>KFJ ?LIBPQFJ> (+BH %>SBOKLSF @FIGBSF
R SBWF FPEO>KB), SBZ F P> O>HLJ ('WSBXQ>G L FPEO>KF, EO>KIGFSLPQF F O>HR).
)LGB GB FPQO>\FS>KGB JLDIL ?LIGB A> LADLSLOF K> LSL MFQ>KGB LA
'PMFQFS>KG> WAO>SIG> JBAF@FKPHFE PBPQ>O>? "FW>GK GB ?FL AL?>O, R[BPQSL-
S>L GB LDOLJ>K ?OLG \BK>, K>G?LIGF FPQO>\FS>[F F MBOFLA MO>ZBKG> GB ?FL
ARD. 8SR[F P>SOXBKL, W>O KB? .LDOBXKL.
'PMFQFS>KGB WAO>SIG> JBAF@FKPHFE PBPQ>O> P>AO\F J>KB HLGB LW?FIGKL
ALSLAB R MFQ>KGB KGBDLSB OBWRIQ>QB. -KL MOBAPQ>SIG> P>SOXBK MOFJBO
H>HL OBARH@FLKFW>J R K>R@F JL\B A> PQSLOF LDOLJKR W?RKGBKLPQ F AB -
WFK CLOJ>@FGB, [>H F H>A> PR K>R[KF@F HLGF D> SOXB FPHOBKF, AL?OLK-
>JBOKF F O>AB R K>G?LIGFJ RPQ>KLS>J> K> PSBQR. 2BXHL A> GB KBHL
FPQO>\FS> KGB K>KBIL SFXB XQBQB FPQO>\FS>KGR FPEO>KB LA 'PMFQFS>KG> WAO>SI-
G> JB AF @FKPHFE PBPQ>O>, F QOB?> A> PIR\F H>L RMLWLOBKGB K>R@F XQ> A>
KB [FKF.
+BAF@FKPHB PBPQOB JBPL\ABOF
"> ?FPQB O>WRJBIF JLGR MOFIF[KL LXQOR HOFQFHR, MLQOB?KL GB O>WJLQOFQF
P>JR AJBOF[HR FPEO>KR, K>OL[FQR MOF MLOBYBKGR P> JBYRK>OLAKFJ
FPQO>\FS>KGFJ> HLG> A>GR MLAPQOBH EFMLQBWF L RQF@>GR J>PQF FW FPEO>KB.
7
AJBOFH>K@F GBAR ALPQ> JBP> F J>PQF R MLOBYBKGR P> WBJIG>J> R
O>WSLGR. (BABJL SFXB RHRMKFE MOLQBFK>, F XQL GB GLX WK>[>GKFGB, 70%
K>XFE MOLQBFK> GB \FSLQFKGPHLD MLOBHI>. <FKGBKF@> A> GB 70% LA RHRM-
KB HLIF[F KB MOLQBFK> \FSLQFKGPHLD MLOBHI> WK>[F P>JL GBAKL: RKLPFJL
SBLJ> J>IL SLZ> F MLSOZ>. "> ?F PQS>OF ?FIB GLX DLOB, F H>A> GBABJL
K>JFOKF@B ?FIGKLD MLOBHI>, GBABJL SBIFHB HLIF[FKB SBLJ> MOBO>YBKFE
MOLFWSLA> HLGF [BPQL P>AO\B SBZB HLIF[FKB ALA>QFE J>PQF, XBZBO> F PLIF.
265
,> MOFJBO, MOLDO>J W> FPEO>KR R K>@FLK>IKFJ XHLI>J> JFKFPQ>OPQS>
MLIGLMOFSOBAB 1GBAFKGBKFE AO\>S> (31"A) R?O>G> MLJCOFQ R MLSOZB!
1RMOLQKL QLJB, IGRAF FW ORO>IKB )FKB GBAR SBLJ> J>IL K>JFOKF@>
\FSLQFKGPHLD MLOBHI>; LKB MOBAPQ>SIG>GR P>JL LHL 10% LA RHRMKLD
RKLP> MOLQBFK>. 3MB[>QIGFS> O>WIFH> FWJBYR AS> L?O>P@> FPEO>KB GB
MOFH>W>K> K> DO>CFHLKR 14.1.
8
-SB O>WIFHB MOBAPQ>SIG>GR QFMF[KB O>WIFHB R FPEO>KF FWJBYR HRIQRO> P>
W>M>A> F QO>AF@FLK>IKFE HRIQRO>. 3LMXQBKL DIBA>KL, IGRAF FW W>M>A KG>[ -
HFE WBJ>IG> PR RDI>SKLJ JBPLGBAF, ALH PR IGRAF FW QO>AF@FLK>IKFE
WBJ>IG> RDI>SKLJ ?FIGLGBAF.
9Q> GB P> \BK>J> FW 'PMFQFS>KG> WAO>SIG> JBAF@FKPHFE PBPQ>O>? )>L
XQL PQB JLDIF A> MOBQMLPQ>SFQB, MO>HQF[KL PSB \BKB FW LSLD FPQO>\FS> -
KG> FJ>GR FPEO>KR SBLJ> ?LD>QR K>JFOKF@>J> \FSLQFKGPHLD MLOBHI>,
[>H F ?LD>QFGR LA MOLPB[KLD AJBOFH>K@>. ,GFELS MOLPB[>K RKLP MOL-
QBFK> (H>L % LA H>ILOFG>) FWKLPF LHL 19%, R MLOBYBKGR P> >JBOF[HFJ
MOLPBHLJ LA LHL 15-16%. "> ?F PQS>OF ?FIB G>PKFGB, MOBMLOR[BK> AKBS-
K> HLIF[FK> (0"A) W> MOLQBFKB GB P>JL LHL 9-10%.
+BYRQFJ, LKL XQL GB GLX WK>[>GKFGB GB A> LA MOLQBFK> HLGB PR
RKLPFIB JBAF@FKPHB PBPQOB FW FPMFQFS>KG>, FWJBYR 78% F 86% GB MLQF -
@>IL FW \FSLQFKGPHFE K>JFOKF@>,
9
H>L XQL GB MOFH>W>KL K> DO>CFHLKR
14.2.
8,9
<>H F R DORMF PBPQ>O> HLGB PR RKLPFIB K>GJ>KGR HLIF[FKR LA
RHRMKFE MOLQBFK>, 79% MLQF[B FW K>JFOKF@> \FSLQFKGPHLD MLOBHI>.
9
"ORDFJ OB[F J>, MO>HQF[KL PSB FPMFQFS>KB JBAF@FKPHB PBPQOB PR ?FIB R
SBZLG JBOF JBPLGBAF R LAKLPR K> MOLPB[KR >JBOF[HR \BKR. -KB PR
GBIB SBLJ> J>IL KBMOBO>YBKFE, ?FIGKFE K>JFOKF@>.
266
100
80
60
40
20
0
1A" )FK>
%O>CFHLK 14.1: 3KLP MOLQBFK> R 1A" F ORO>IKLG )FKF
8
3KLP MOLQBFK> (D/A>K)
1A" )FK>
% LA RHRMKLD RKLP> MOLQBFK>
100
80
60
40
20
0
@FSLQFKGPHF MOLQBFKF
FIGKF MOLQBFKF
@FSLQFKGPHF MOLQBFKF
FIGKF MOLQBFKF
-SL GB LA PRXQFKPHLD WK>[>G>. "> ?F ?FIL GLX G>PKFGB, JLO>J A> PB
SO>QFJ K> JBYRK>OLAKL MLOBYBKGB )BK> )BOLI> FW 1975. DLAFKB HLGB
GB O>KFGB MOFH>W>KL K> DO>CFHLKFJ> 4.7 F 4.9. %O>CFHLK 4.7 GB LSAB
MOFH>W>K K> DO>CFHLKR 14.3.
-S>G DO>CFHLK GB MLPQ>L GBAKL LA K>GRQF@>GKFGFE LM>\>KG> L SBWF
FPEO>KB F EOLKF[KFE ?LIBPQF R MLPIBAKGFE MBABPBQ DLAFK>. -KL GB MOBA-
PQ>SIG>IL, MLOBA AORDFE FPQO>\FS>KG>, WK>[>G>K ABL O>WILD> W?LD HLD> GB
'WSBXQ>G L FPEO>KF, EO>KIGFSLPQF F O>HR FW 1982. DLAFKB MOBMLOR[FL PJ> -
KGBKGB RKLP> J>PQF K> 30% LA RHRMKLD RKLP> H>ILOFG> O>AF PMOB[>S> -
KG> MLG>SB O>H>. -S>G F AORDF P>DI>PKF FWSBXQ>GF HLGF PR L?G>SIGBKF K>HLK
KGBD> MLPQ>SFIF PR MLWLOKF@R W> MLG>SR LDOLJKLD ?OLG> KFPHL-J>PKFE
MOLFWSLA> R MOLA>SKF@>J> (]KFPHL-J>PKF^ JIB[KF MOLFWSLAF, PRSL JB -
PL, PI>QHFXF F R\FKB P> J>IL J>PQF).
,>\>ILPQ, PQ>SIG>KGB K>DI>PH> P>JL K> J>PQ GB ?FIL MLDOBXKL. )B -
OLI GB R FPQO>\FS>KGR, XQL GB PIR[>G F P> AORDFJ JBYRK>OLAKFJ
MLOBYBKGFJ>, MLOBAFL MLMRI>@FGB HLGB PR RDI>SKLJ GBIB JBPL F JIB[KB
MOLFWSL AB P> MLMRI>@FG>J> HLGB PR PB RDI>SKLJ EO>KFIB ?FIGH>J>.
-PFJ RKLP> J>PQF MLPQLGF F MRKL AORDFE O>WIFH> FWJBYR FPEO>K> LSFE
WBJ> IG>! -KL XQL LS>G DO>CFH MLH>WRGB GB A> XQL GB MLMRI>@FG> ?IF\>
?FIGKLG FPEO>KF, QL GB KF\F OFWFH LA O>H> ALGHB.
+BYRQFJ, MLXQL PR \BKB FW 'PMFQFS>KG> WAO>SIG> JBAF@FKPHFE PBPQ>O>
QLIFHL A>IBHL LA ?FIGKB FPEO>KB, KBJ> JLDRZKLPQF W> MOLR[>S>KGB SBWB
FPEO>KB F O>H> ALGHB HLGR PR MOSL?FQKL MOBAIL\FI> JBYRK>OLAK> FPQO>\F -
267
@FSLQFKGPHF MOLQBFKF
FIGKF MOLQBFKF
%O>CFHLK 14.2: .OL@BK>Q LA RHRMKFE MOLQBFK> HLGF ALI>WB
LA \FSLQFKGPHFE K>JFOKF@>
1A" )FK>
.OL@BK>Q LA RHRMKFE MOLQBFK>
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
+BAF@FKPHB
PBPQOB
S>KG>. .O>HQF[KL KBJ> JBAF@FKPHFE PBPQ>O> HLGB PR K> FPEO>KF QFMF[KLG
W> WBJIGB P> AK> LSLD DO>CFHLK>. RAFQB RSBOBKF R QL: MO>HQF[KL PSB
JBAF@FKPHB PBPQOB FW LSLD FPQO>\FS>KG> ?FIB PR K> SFPLHLOFWF[KLG
FPEO>KF. 4BZFK> IGRAF HLG> O>WJ>QO> LSL FPQO>\FS>KGB KB RSFY> LSR
DOBXHR GBO, H>L XQL PR E>OS>OAPHF FPQO>\FS>[F FPQ>HIF, MLPQLGF XFOLH
O>PMLK KFSL> RKLP> J>PQF JBYR JBAF@FKPHFJ PBPQO>J>.
%ORM> JBAF@FKPHFE PBPQ>O> HLG> HLOFPQF K>GJ>KGB J>PQF GBAB 20-
25% LA H>ILOFG> R SFAR J>PQF, > DORM> HLG> RKLPF K>GSFXB J>PQF GBAB
50-55% LA H>ILOFG> R SFAR J>PQF.
10
,> MOSF MLDIBA FWDIBA> A> LS>G
O>PMLK RH>WRGB K> WK>[>GKB O>WIFHB R KGFELSLG FPEO>KF, >IF QL GBAKLP-
Q>SKL KFGB Q>[KL, GBO PR PHLOL PSB \BKB K> FPEO>KF ?LD>QLG K>JFOKF-
@>J> \FSLQFKGPHLD MLOBHI>. 2L MLPQ>SIG> MFQ>KGB H>HL KGFELS RKLP J>PQF
JL\B QLIFHL A> S>OFO>, > A> PSB LKB HLOFPQB SBIFHB HLIF[FKB K>JFOKF@>
\FSLQFKGPHLD MLOBHI>?
-A H>A> GB ]KFPHL-J>PKL^ MLPQ>IL PFKLKFJ W> ]WAO>SL^, QBEKLILDF-
G> GB PQSLOFI> JKLDL K>JFOKF@> HLGB LA O>KFGB WK>QB F SLIFQB, P>A> ?BW
J>PQF. 1>A> JL\BQB A> HLOFPQFQB O>WKLSOPKB KFPHL-J>PKB FIF KBJ>PKB
JIB[KB MOLFWSLAB, L?O>YBKB JBPKB MOLFWSLAB, MOBIFSB F PLPLSB, HOBHB -
OB, PI>QHFXB F KFPHLJ>PKR ]?OWR EO>KR^ H>L XQL PR [FMP F HLI>[F.
"ORDFJ OB[FJ>, JL\BQB A> GBABQB PHLOL FPQR EO>KR H>L F MOB AS>AB-
268
%O>CFHLK 14.3: 3KLP J>PQF F PJOQKLPQ LA O>H> ALGHB
PBQ MBQ DLAFK>, > A> WK>[>GKL RJ>KGFQB RKLP J>PQF. +BYRQFJ, F A>IGB
S>J LPQ>GB FPQ> MOLMLO@FG> RKLP> \FSLQFKGPHFE F ?FIGKFE K>JFOKF@>.
3 MO>HPF QL WK>[F A> PB HLOFXZBKGB DLSBAFKB, PSFKGBQFKGB, LS[BQFKB
F QBIBQFKB PJ>KGRGB ALH PB RKLP J>KGB J>PKB MFIBQFKB, ZROBQFKB F OF?B
MLSBZ>S>. 3 PQS>OF, EO>KBZF PB SBZLJ HLIF[FKLJ \FSFKB F OF?B, IGRAF PR
MLSBZ>IF RHRM>K RKLP JBP> AL OBHLOAKL SBIFHFE HLIF[FK>,
11
MLHRX> -
S>GRZF (F R SBIFHLG JBOF KBRPMBS>GRZF
12
) A> PJ>KGB RKLP J>PQF. .LOBA
QLD>, MRKLJ>PKL JIBHL PB HLOFPQF J>KGB, >IF PB KFPHL-J>PKL F L?O>-
KL JIBHL HLOFPQB R SBZLG JBOF. .LQOLXKG> PFO> GB W> MLPIBAKGFE QOFABPBQ
DLAFK> MLO>PI> W> 150%.
13
3HRMKL DIBA>KL, JF PJL P>A> MLAGBAK>HL JBPLGBAF H>L F MOB
QOFABPBQ DLAFK>, >IF PJL R JLDRZKLPQF A>, >HL QL \BIFJL, PBIBHQFSKL
PKFWFJL K>X RKLP J>PQF, W>ES>IGRGRZF [RAFJ> QBEKLILDFGB W> MOBO>AR
EO>KB.
"> ?FPJL QL FIRPQOLS>IF, MLQOB?KL GB P>JL A> O>WJLQOFJL AS>
QFMF[K> >JBOF[H> L?OLH>.
14,15
-?OLH ?OLG 1 PB PMOBJ> R ALJR HLGF
M>WF K> PSLGB WAO>SIGB, DAB LK>G [I>K MLOLAF@B HLGF GB W>AR\BK W>
HRMLSFKR [FQ> BQFHBQB P> P>PQLG@FJ> W> PS>HR K>JFOKF@R HLGR HRMRGB.
0BWRIQ>Q: L?OLH P> J>IL J>PQF.
-?OLH ?OLG 2 PB PIR\F R ALJR R HLJB GB PQ>KA>OAK> >JBOF[H>
EO>K> LJFIGBK>. )>A> P>JF PMOBJ>GR EO>KR, MO>SB ]?LD>Q^ L?OLH.
0BWRIQ>Q: L?OLH ?LD>Q J>PQFJ>.
-?> L?OLH> L?BW?BYRGR LHL 1.000 H>ILOFG>, >IF PB WK>[>GKL O>W-
IFHRGR ML P>AO\>GR J>PQF. -?OLH P> J>IL J>PQF (?OLG 1) P>AO\F LHL 25
DO>J> J>PQF, > L?OLH ?LD>Q J>PQFJ> (?OLG 2) P>AO\F KBXQL MOBHL 60
DO>J> J>PQF. 3 PIR[>GR L?OLH> P> J>IL J>PQF, 22% LA RHRMKFE H>ILOF-
G> ALI>WF R SFAR J>PQF, > R PIR[>GR L?OLH> ?LD>QLD J>PQFJ>, 54%
H>IL OFG> MLQF[B LA J>PQF.
269
%O>CFHLK 14.4: AJBOF[HF L?OL@F P> J>IL F P> MRKL J>PQF
(SB[BO> W> GBAKR LPL?R)
-?OLH P> J>IL J>PQF ?O.1 -?OLH ?LD>Q J>PQFJ> ?O.2
4B[BO> 225 D MB[BKB ZROBQFKB 128 D MO\BKLD ?FCQBH>
,FPHL-J>PKF PLP %O>X>H
.B[BKF HOLJMFO .O\BKF HOLJMFO
.FZB 1 XLIG> L?O>KLD JIBH> 4LA>
"BWBOQ ,BJ>PKF GLDROQ "BWBOQ LA G>?RHB
2LOQ> LA PFO> P> PJ>KGB-
KLJ HLIF[FKLJ J>PQF
.LOLAF@> HLG> M>WF K> WAO>SIGB GB RPMBI> A> K>MO>SF L?OLH HLGF
P>AO\F A>IBHL J>KGB J>PQF LA MOLPB[KB >JBOF[HB SB[BOB, >IF PR QL
FWSOXFIF ?BW JBKG>KG> MOLMLO@FGB RKLP> \FSLQFKGPHFE F ?FIGKFE K>JFOKF@>.
-?> L?OLH> PR RPOBAPOBYBK> K> \FSLQFKGPHB K>JFOKF@B. 3 PQS>OF, L?OLH
P> J>IL J>PQF P>AO\F SFXB K>JFOKF@> \FSLQFKGPHLD MLOBHI> LA L?OLH>
?LD>QLD J>PQFJ>. ,> LS>G K>[FK PR F JBAF@FKPHB PBPQOB FW 'PMFQFS>KG>
WAO>SIG> JBAF@FKPHFE PBPQ>O> LPQS>OFIB Q>HL XFOLH O>PMLK RKLP> J>PQF.
,BHB JBAF@FKPHB PBPQOB PR GBAKLPQ>SKL ?FIB J>OIGFSFGB R LA>?FO>KGR
KFPHL-J>PKFE \FSLQFKGPHFE MOLFWSLA>.
+KLDF IGRAF ?F MLJFPIFIF A> KFPHL-J>PKF L?OLH MOBAPQ>SIG> QOFGRJC
WAO>SLD MI>KFO>KG> L?OLH>, >IF XQ> GB P> AORDFJ P>PQLG@FJ> FW LSFE
L?OLH>? 9Q> GB P> MOLQBFKFJ> F ELIBPQBOLILJ? )>HL PB FPMLPQ>SIG>,
L?OLH P> J>IL J>PQF P>AO\F SFXB KBDL ASLPQORHR HLIF[FKR MOLQBFK> R
LAKLPR K> L?OLH ?LD>Q J>PQFJ>, F PHLOL @BI> HLIF[FK> MLQF[B LA
K>JFOKF@> \FSLQFKGPHLD MLOBHI>. .LOBA QLD>, KFPHL-J>PKF L?OLH P>AO\F
PHLOL AS> MRQ> SFXB ELIBPQBOLI> (DO>CFHLK 14.5).
14,15
-?FIGB K>R[KFE FKCLOJ>@FG> MOBAI>\B A> FPEO>K> ?LD>Q> MOLQBFKFJ>
\FSLQFKGPHLD MLOBHI> JL\B A> FJ> KBMLSLIGKB MLPIBAF@B ML WAO>SIGB,
H>L F FPEO>K> ?LD>Q> ELIBPQBOLILJ. 3 PIR[>GR L?OLH> P> J>IL J>PQF,
HLIF[FK> L?> LS> KBWAO>S> P>PQLGH> GB WK>[>GKL SFX>.
+>PQF K>PRMOLQ \FSLQFKGPHFE K>JFOKF@>
)>A> \BKB R AJBOF@F, H>L XQL PR LKB FW 'PMFQFS>KG> WAO>SIG> JBAF-
@FKPHFE PBPQ>O> F 'PQO>\FS>KG> WAO>SIG> \BK>,
16-19
HLGB GB HLXQ>IL JFIF-
G>OAR ALI>O>, PJ>KGB RKLP J>PQF, LKB QL KB [FKB PJ>KGBKGBJ RML -
QOB?B \FSLQFKGPHFE K>JFOKF@>. 3JBPQL QLD> LKB HLOFPQB KFPHL-J>PKB F
KBJ>PKB \FSLQFKGPHB MOLFWSLAB, RW J>KGB J>PQF MOF HRS>KGR F W>
PQLILJ. .OBJ> QLJB, LKB KB RPS>G>GR FPEO>KB W> HLGB GB, R JBYRK> -
OLA KFJ RMLOBAKFJ FPQO>\FS>KGFJ> F K>XBJ FPMFQFS>KGR ORO>IKB )FKB,
MLH>W>KL A> PR MLSBW>KB P> KFPHFJ PQLM>J> O>H> ALGHB.
-SL MOBAPQ>SIG> SBLJ> WK>[>GKR O>WIFHR, XQL GB MOFH>W>KL HLOBI> -
@FGLJ FWJBYR MLQOLXKGB \FSLQFKGPHFE MOLQBFK> F J>PQF FW EO>KB W> KFW
270
%O>CFHLK 14.5: 1>AO\>G EO>KIGFSFE P>PQLG>H> R AS> L?OLH>
,FPHL-J>PKF -?OLH ?LD>Q
L?OLH ?O.1 J>PQFJ> ?O.2
+>PQF (MOL@BK>Q LA RHRMKFE H>ILOFG>) 22% 54%
.OLQBFKF (MOL@BK>Q LA RHRMKFE H>ILOFG>) 36% 16%
.OL@BK>Q LA RHRMKB HLIF[FKB MOLQBFK>
HLGF MLQF[B FW \FSLQFKGPHFE K>JFOKF@> 93% 86%
&LIBPQBOLI 307 165
WBJ>IG> (DO>CFHLK 14.6).
8,9,18,20-22
,>GMLRWA>KFGB MLOBYBKGB GB L?G>S -
IGBKL 1975. DLAFKB;
20
LKL GB MLH>W>IL SBLJ> R?BAIGFSR HLOBI>@FGR LA
SFXB LA 90%. 2L WK>[F A> MOF MLSBZ>KGR RKLP> J>PQF R O>WIF[FQFJ WBJ -
IG>J>, RKLP \FSLQFKGPHFE MOLQBFK> O>PQB K> DLQLSL P>SOXBKL M>O>IBI>K
K>[FK. 3 )FKBPHLJ FPQO>\FS>KGR RKLP J>PQF F \FSLQFKGPHFE MOLQBFK>
Q>HLYB MLH>WRGB PIF[KR HLOBI>@FGR LA 84%.
8,21
3 'PMFQFS>KGR WAO>SIG> JBAF@FKPHFE PBPQ>O> QL KFGB PIR[>G. )LOBI>@FG>
FWJBYR RKLP> \FSLQFKGPHFE MOLQBFK> F RHRMKLD RKLP> J>PQF GB P>JL
LHL 16%.
9
3 PIR[>GR 'PQO>\FS>KG> WAO>SIG> \BK>, HLGB GB Q>HLYB
RHIGR[FS>IL >JBOF[HB \BKB, LAKLP GB GLX DLOF, F FWKLPF -17%;
18,21,22
MOF
PJ>KGBKGR RKLP> J>PQF, RKLP \FSLQFKGPHFE MOLQBFK> O>PQB. -S> MO>HP>
GB QFMF[K> W> >JBOF[HB \BKB HLGB PR K>SBABKB A> MLSBORGR A>, PJ> -
KGRGRZF RKLP J>PQF, MOBI>WB K> WAO>SFGR FPEO>KR. +BAF@FKPH> PBPQO>
HLG> GB K> FPEO>KF P> J>IL J>PQF R E>OS>OAPHLJ FPQO>\FS>KGR, H>L F
>JBOF[HB \BKB RLMXQBKL, SBOLS>QKL F A>IGB GBAB SBIFHB HLIF[FKB \FSL -
QFKGPHFE MOLQBFK>, H>L XQL GB MOFH>W>KL R L?OLHR ?OLG 1 (DO>CFHLK 14.4).
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9
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G>J> HLGB PR LADLSLOKB W> RHI>KG>KGB LQOLSKFE PQS>OF. AHL W>QFJ RYBQB
R HRZR F MLGBABQB X>HR HFHFOFHFG> MRKLD >CI>QLHPFK>, BKWFJPHF PFPQBJ
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[> IF MOFIF[KL AL?OL IGRAFJ> HLGF KB WK>GR W> LSR JBQLALILDFGR (RHIGR -
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13-15
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16,17
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18
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288
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19
PR MBQK>BPQ DLAFK> BKBO-
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20
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317
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318
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QOFG> IBHLS> GB HRMFI> RJLSB ALHQLO>. 2L LQML[FKGB LA QOBKRQH>
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JL OBHI>JFO>KGB IBHLS>; F HLKCBOBK@FGB, HLGB RHIGR[RGR DLSLOKFHB HLGF
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15-17
- .LPQAFMILJM@F (PMB@FG>IFW>KQF) F AORDF IBH>OF ML[FKGR A> MOBMFPRGR
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18-
20
F>HL PB WK> A> PR QB FKCLOJ>@FGB ]KBOB>IKL MLWFQFSKB F A> GB W?LD
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17,21,22
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23,24
FPQO>\FS>[F JLDR A> FJ>GR AFOBH-
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23,26
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23,25,27
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26
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24
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27
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26
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32
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33
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@FGB P>O>YRGR K> FKQBDOFP>K K>[FK LPQS>ORGRZF HLOFPQF ML WAO>SIGB.
,>PRMOLQ QLJB, H>A> PB RKLPF MLDOBXK> EO>K>, KGBKF XQBQKF BCBHQF PB
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JOB\B. 2>HLYB, JKLDF C>HQLOF R Q>HSFJ K>JFOKF@>J>, MLOBA MOLQBFK> F
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Q>Q. )>A> Q>G W>GBAKF[HF OBWRIQ>Q MOBAPQ>SIG> SFXB LA GBAKB ?LIBPQF,
LKA> GB QL GLX FJMOBPFSKFGB. )>A> PB LSF O>WIF[FQF C>HQLOF K>I>WB R GBA-
KLJ QFMR EO>KB, > Q> EO>K> GB BMFABJFLILXHF MLSBW>K> P> GBAKLJ FIF
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A> L?G>XKG>S> W>XQL PB L[BHRGB A> JIB[KF MOLFWSLAF MLSBZ>S>GR OFWFH
LA LSFE ?LIBPQF. ,BJLDRZB GB A> Q>HL MRKL PIL\BKFE JBE>KFW>J>, HLGF
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GR P>JL K>PRJF[>K ?BWK>[>G>K PMIBQ. .OFOLA> KB ?F ?FI> QLIFHL KBJ>O-
K> A> MOLFWSBAB Q>HL ?BPHLOFPQ>K I>SFOFKQ PRMOLQPQ>SIGBKFE OB>H@FG>.
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1. AJBOF@>K !>K@BO 1L@FBQV. "!>K@BO $>@QP >KA $FDROBP-1998." AQI>KQ>, %A: AJBOF@>K !>K@BO
1L@FBQV, 1998.
2. $IBD>I )+, !>OOLII +", -DABK !*, BQ >I. ".OBS>IBK@B >KA QOBKAP FK L?BPFQV >JLKD 3.1. >ARIQP,
1999-2000." (A+A 288 (2002): 1723-1727.
3. ,>QFLK>I !BKQBO CLO &B>IQE 1Q>QFPQF@P. "-?BPFQV PQFII LK QEB OFPB, KBT A>Q> PELT. 2EB 3.1.
"BM>OQJBKQ LC &B>IQE >KA &RJ>K 1BOSF@BP ,BTP 0BIB>PB." -@QL?BO 10, 2003. 5>PEFKDQLK, "!:
2002. A@@BPPBA >Q EQQM://TTT.@A@.DLS/K@EP/OBIB>PBP/02KBTP/L?BPFQVLKOFPB.EQJ
4. *FK -&, %RQEOFB (, >KA $O>W>L #. ",RQOFBKQ !LKQOF?RQFLK LC $LLA AT>V COLJ &LJB." 'K: #. $O>W>L
(BA.), AJBOF@>'P #>QFKD &>?FQP: !E>KDBP >KA !LKPB>RBK@BP. 44>PEFKDQLK, "!: #@LKLJF@ 0BPB>O@E
1BOSF@B, 31"A, 1999. !FQBA LK M. 138 FK: 'KCLOJ>QFLK .IRP. ,RQOFQFLK: > HBV QL DLLA EB>IQE. 5VIFB,
26: 'KCLOJ>QFLK .IRP, 1999.
5. +LHA>A A&, $LOA #1, LTJ>K A, BQ >I. ""F>?BQBP QOBKAP FK QEB 3.1.: 1990-1998." "F>?BQBP
!>OB 23 (2000): 1278-1283.
6. !BKQBOP CLO "FPB>PB !LKQOLI >KA .OBSBKQFLK. ",>QFLK>I "F>?BQBP $>@Q 1EBBQ: ,>QFLK>I #PQF-J>QBP
>KA %BKBO>I 'KCLOJ>QFLK LK "F>?BQBP FK QEB 3KFQBA 1Q>QBP, 0BSFPBA #AFQFLK." AQI>KQ>, %A: !BKQBOP
CLO "FPB>PB !LKQOLI >KA .OBSBKQFLK, 1998.
7. AJBOF@>K "F>?BQBP APPL@F>QFLK. "#@LKLJF@ @LKPBNRBK@BP LC AF>?BQBP JBIIFQRP FK QEB 3.1. FK
1997." "F>?BQBP !>OB 21 (1998): 296-309. !FQBA 'K: +LHA>A A&, $LOA #1, LTJ>K A, BQ >I.
""F>?BQBP QOBKAP FK QEB 3.1.: 1990-1998." "F>?BQBP !>OB 23 (2000): 1278-1283.
8. AJBOF@>K &B>OQ APPL@F>QFLK. "&B>OQ "FPB>PB >KA 1QOLHB 1Q>QFPQF@P-2003 3MA>QB." ">II>P, 26:
AJBOF@>K &B>OQ APPL@F>QFLK, 2002.
9. -OKFPE ", OLTK 1#, 1@EBKSFQW *5, BQ >I. "!>K IFCBPQVIB @E>KDBP OBSBOPB @LOLK>OV EB>OQ AFP-
B>PB?" *>K@BQ 336 (1990): 129-133.
10. #PPBIPQVK !, #IIFP 1%, +BABKALOM 14, BQ >I. "A PQO>QBDV QL >OOBPQ >KA OBSBOPB @LOLK>OV >OQBOV
AFPB>PB: > 5-VB>O ILKDFQRAFK>I PQRAV LC > PFKDIB MESPF@F>K'P MO>@QF@B." (. $>JFIV .O>@QF@B 41 (1995):
560-568.
11. 1Q>OCFBIA . "'P 3.1. EB>IQE OB>IIV QEB ?BPQ FK QEB TLOIA?" (A+A 284 (2000): 483-485.
12. AKABOPLK 0,. ""B>QEP: IB>AFKD @>RPBP CLO 2000." ,>QFLK>I 4FQ>I 1Q>QFPQF@P 0BMLOQP 50(16)
(2002):
13. .EFIIFMP ", !EOFPQBKCBIA ,, >KA %IVKK *. "'K@OB>PB FK 3.1. JBAF@>QFLK-BOOLO AB>QE ?BQSSBBK 1983
>KA 1993." *>K@BQ 351 (1998): 643-644.
14. 3.1. !LKDOBPPFLK>I &LRPB 1R?@LJJFQQBB -SBOPFDEQ 'KSBPQFD>QFLK. "!LPQ >KA NR>IFQV LC EB>IQE
@>OB: RKKB@BPP>OV PRODBOV." 5>PEFKDQLK, "!: 1976. !FQBA ?V: *B>MB, *. "3KKB@BPP>OV PRO-DBOV."
AKQF. 0BS. .R?I. &B>IQE 13 (1992): 363-383.
15. *>W>OLR (, .LJBO>KW , >KA !LOBV .,. "'K@FABK@B LC >ASBOPB AORD OB>@QFLKP FK ELPMFQ>IFWBA
M>QFBKQP." (A+A 279 (1998): 1200-1205.
16. 5LOIA &B>IQE -OD>KFW>QFLK. 2B@EKF@>I 0BMLOQ 1BOFBP ,L. 425. "'KQBOK>QFLK>I "ORD +LKFQLO-FKD:
QEB 0LIB LC QEB &LPMFQ>I." %BKBS>, 1TFQWBOI>KA: 5LOIA &B>IQE -OD>KFW>QFLK, 1966.
17. &B>IQE 'KPRO>K@B APPL@F>QFLK LC AJBOF@>. 1LRO@B LLH LG &B>IQE 'KPRO>K@B ">Q>: 1999-2000.
5>PEFKDQLK, "!, 1999.
18. ,>QFLK>I !BKQBO CLO &B>IQE 1Q>QFPQF@P. &B>IQE, 3KFQBA 1Q>QBP, 2000 SSFQE AALIBP@BKQ &B>IQE
!E>OQ-?LLH. &V>QQPSFIIB, +": ,>QFLK>I !BKQBO CLO &B>IQE 1Q>QFPQF@P, 2000.
19. 1Q>OCFBIA . .OFJ>OV !>OB: >I>K@FKD &B>IQE ,BBAP, 1BOSF@BP, >KA 2B@EKLILDV. ,BT 7LOH, ,7:
-UCLOA 3KFSBOPFQV .OBPP, 1998.
20. 5LOIA &B>IQE -OD>KFW>QFLK. 5LOIA &B>IQE 0BMLOQ 2000: .OBPP OBIB>PB. "5LOIA &B>IQE
-OD>KFW>QFLK >PPBPPBP QEB TLOIA'P EB>IQE PVPQBJP." (RKB 21, 2000. %BKBS>. A@@BPPBA >Q EQQM:
//TTT.TEL.FKQ
352
21. !L?IB 7". AJBOF@>K +BAF@>I APPL@F>QFLK MOBPP OBIB>PB. "A+A AB@OFBP OFPB FK KRJ?BO LC RK-
FKPROBA AJBOF@>KP." 1BMQBJ?BO 30, 2003. !EF@>DL, '*. A@@BPPBA >Q EQQM://TTT.>J>->PPK.LOD/
>J>/MR?/>OQF@IB/1617-8064.EQJI
22. !>JM?BII 2!. ".OBPBKQ A>V HKLTIBADB LK >CI>QLUFK." .EFI ( ,RQO 20 (1967): 193-201.
23. !>JM?BII 2!, !>BAL (., (O., RI>Q>L-(>VJB (, BQ >I. "ACI>QLUFK +1 FK ERJ>K ROFKB." ,>QROB 227
(1970): 403-404.
24. -S>G MOLDO>J GB PMOLSBABK R P>O>AKGF P> CFIFMFKPHFJ JFKFPQ>OPQSLJ WAO>SIG>, > CFK>KPFO>I> D> GB
ADBK@FG> 1GBAFKGBKFE "O\>S> W> JBYRK>OLAKF O>WSLG (31A'"). 31A'" JF GB L?BW?BYFS>I> MI>QR QLHLJ
XBPQ DLAFK>, MOF [BJR GB LCLOJIGBKL 110 ]J>G[FKPHFE @BKQ>O>^ XFOLJ $FIFMFK>. 2LH FWSOXBKG> LSLD
RDLSLO> GB MOFMOBJ>L R SFAR JBPB[KFE FWSBXQ>G> 31A'"-R P>O>AKFH "FK ). 4. 'KDBI P> 4FOA\FKFG> 2BH>.
25. &R (, 8E>L 6, (F> (, BQ >I. ""FBQ>OV @>I@FRJ >KA ?LKB ABKPFQV >JLKD JFAAIB->DBA >KA BIABOIV
TLJBK FK !EFK>." AJ.(. !IFK. ,RQO. 58 (1993): 219-227.
26. &R (, 8E>L 6, .>OMF> , BQ >I. ""FBQ>OV FKQ>HBP >KA ROFK>OV BU@OBQFLK LC @>I@FRJ >KA >@FAP: >
@OLPP-PB@QFLK>I PQRAV LC TLJBK FK !EFK>." AJ.(. !IFK. ,RQO. 58 (1993): 398-406.
27. &R (, 8E>L 6, .>OMF> , BQ >I. "APPBPPJBKQ LC > JLAFCFBA ELRPBELIA CLLA TBFDEFKD JBQELA FK
> PQRAV LC ?LKB EB>IQE FK !EFK>." #ROLMB>K(. !IFK. ,RQO. 48 (1994): 442-452.
28. .LQFP@EJ>K ,, +@!RIIL@E !#, VBOP 2, BQ >I. "OB>PQ @>K@BO >KA AFBQ>OV >KA MI>PJ> @LK@BK-
QO>QFLKP LC @>OLQBKLFAP >KA SFQ>JFK A." AJ.(. !IFK. ,RQO. 52 (1990): 909-915.
29. .LQFP@EJ>K ,, +@!RIIL@E !#, VBOP 2, BQ >I. "APPL@F>QFLKP ?BQSSBBK ?OB>PQ @>K@BO, QOFDIV@BO-
FABP >KA @ELIBPQBOLI." ,RQO !>K@BO 15 (1991): 205-215.
30. !EBK (, !>JM?BII 2!, *F (, BQ >I. "FBQ, IFCB-PQVIB >KA JLOQ>IFQV FK !EFK>. A PQRAV LG QEB @E>O-
>@QBO-FPQF@P LG 65 !EFKBPB @LRKQFBP. -UCLOA, 3); 'QE>@>, ,7; BFGFKD, .0!: -UCLOA 3KFSBOPFQV .OBPP;
!LOKBII 3KFSBOPFQV .OBPP; .BLMIB'P +BAF@>I .R?IFPEFKD &LRPB, 1990.
31. !>JM?BII 2!, >KA !EBK (. ""FBQ >KA @EOLKF@ ABDBKBO>QFSB AFPB>PBP:MBOPMB@QFSBP COLJ !EFK>.
AJ.(. !IFK. ,RQO. 59 (1RMMI.) (1994): 11531-11611.
32. !>JM?BII 2!. "2EB AFBQ>OV @>RPBP LC ABDBKBO>QFSB AFPB>PBP: KRQOFBKQP SP CLLAP." 'K: ,. (.
2BJMIB >KA ". . ROHFQQ (BAP.), 5BPQBJ AFPB>PBP: QEBFO AFBQ>OS MOBSBKQFLK >KA OBSBOPF?FIFQV, MM. 119-
152. 2LQLT>, ,(: &RJ>K> .OBPP, 1994.
33. !>JM?BII 2!, >KA !EBK (. ""FBQ >KA @EOLKF@ ABDBKBO>QFSB AFPB>PBP: > PRJJ>OV LC OBPRIQP COLJ
>K B@LILDF@ PQRAV FK ORO>I !EFK>." 'K: ,. (. 2BJMIB >KA ". .. ROHFQQ (BAP.), 5BPQBJ AFPB>PBP: QEBFO
AFBQ>OV MOBSBKQFLK >KA OBSBOPF?FIFQV, MM. 67-118. 2LQLT>, ,(: &RJ>K> .OBPP, 1994.
34. !EFQQBKABK 0&. .EVPFLILDF@>I B@LKLJV FK KRQOFQFLK. ,BT 7LOH: #A. 1QLHBP, 1904.
35. !EFQQBKABK 0&. 2EB KRQOFQFLK LGJ>K. ,BT 7LOH: # A. 1QLHBP, 1907.
2. .LDI>SIGB
1. 1QFIIFKDP 0. "5LOIA PRMMIFBP LC >KFJ>I MOLQBFK." 'K: (. 5 %. .LOQBO >KA . A. 0LIIP (BAP.),
.OLQBFKP FK &RJ>K ,RQOFQFLK, MM. 11-33. *LKALK: A@>ABJF@ .OBPP, 1973.
2. !>JM?BII 2!, 5>OKBO 0%, >KA *LLPIF (). "3OB> >KA ?FROBQ CLO ORJFK>KQP." 'K: !LOKBII ,RQOFQFLK
!LKCBOBK@B, RCC>IL, ,7, 1960, MM. 96-103.
3. !>JM?BII 2!, *LLPIF(), 5>OKBO 0%, BQ >I. "3QFIFW>QFLK LC ?FROBQ ?V ORJFK>KQP." (. AKFJ>I 1@FBK@B
22 (1963): 139-145.
4. ARQOBQ +. "5LOIA MOLQBFK PRMMIFBP >KA KBBAP. .OL@BBAFKDP LC QEB 1FUQBBKQE #>PQBO 1@ELLI FK
ADOF@RIQRO>I 1@FBK@B, 3KFSBOPFQV LC ,LQQFKDE>J, 1969." 'K: 0. A. *>ROFB (BA.), .OLQBFKP FK &RJ>K
$LLA, MM. 3-19. 5BPQMLOQ, !2.: ASF .R?IFPEFKD !LJM>KV 1970.
5. 1@OFJPE>T ,1, >KA 7LRKD 40. ",RQOFQFLK>I BS>IR>QFLK >KA QEB RQFIFW>QFLK LC MOLQBFK OBPLRO@-BP."
'K: !. #. LATBII (BA.), #S>IR>QFLK LG .OLQBFKP GLO &RJ>KP, MM. 1-10. 5BPQMLOQ, !2: 2EB ASF
.R?IFPEFKD !L., 1976.
6. (>IFI+#, >KA2>EFO5+. "5LOIA PRMMIFBP LC MI>J MOLQBFKP." 'K: (. 5. %. .LOQBO >KA . A. 0LIIP
(BAP.), .OLQBFKP FK &RJ>K ,RQOFQFLK, MM. 35-46. *LKALK: A@>ABJF@ .OBPP, 1973.
7. ILRKQ5.. "2ROHBV "6" "FPB>PB." 2ROHBVP 9 (1961): 52, 55-58, 61, 77.
8. 1>ODB>KQ ), 1EBOFA>K A, -')BIIV(, BQ >I. "2LUF@FQV >PPL@F>QBA TFQE @BOQ>FK P>JMIBP LC DOLRKA-
KRQP." ,>QROB 192 (1961): 1096-1097.
9. *>K@>PQBO +!, (BKHFKP $., >KA .EFIM (+. "2LUF@FQV >PPL@F>QBA TFQE @BOQ>FK P>JMIBP LC DOLRKA-
KRQP." ,>QROB 192 (1961): 1095-1096.
10. 5LD>K %,, >KA ,BT?BOKB .+. ""LPB-OBPMLKPB @E>O>@QBOFPQF@P LC >CI>QLUFK Q @>O@FKLDBKBPFP
FK QEB O>Q." !>K@BO 0BP. 27 (1967): 2370-2376.
11. 5LD>K %,, .>DIF>IRKD> 1, >KA ,BT?BJB .+. "!>O@FKLDBKF@ BCCB@QP LC ILT AFBQ>OV IBSBIP LC
>CI>QLUFK , FK O>QP." $LLA !LPJBQ. 2LUF@LI. 12 (1974): 681-685.
12. !>JM?BII 2!, !>BAL (., (O., RI>Q>L-(>VJB(, BQ >I. "ACI>QLUFK +G FK ERJ>K ROFKB." ,>QROB 227
(1970): 403-404.
353
13. +>AE>S>K 24, >KA %LM>I>K !. "2EB BCCB@Q LC AFBQ>OV MOLQBFK LK @>O@FKLDBKBPFP LC >CI>QLUFK."
AO@E. .>QE. 85 (1968): 133-137.
3. .LDI>SIGB
1. ,>QRO>I 0BPLRO@BP "BCBKPB !LRK@FI. "'KQLIBO>?IB OFPH: MBPQF@FABP FK LRO @EFIAOBK'P CLLA." ,BT
7LOH: ,>QRO>I 0BPLRO@BP "BCBKPB !LRK@FI, $B?OR>OV 27, 1989.
2. 5FKQBO !, !O>FDJFII A, >KA 1QFJJ>KK +. "$LLA 1>CBQV 'PPRBP ''. ,0"! OBMLOQ >KA AI>O." 3!
">SFP #KSFOLKJBKQ>I 2LUF@LILDV ,BTPIBQQBO 9(2) (1989): 1.
3. *FB?BOJ>K A(, >KA )TLK 1!. "$>@Q SBOPRP CB>OP: > OBSFBT LC QEB DOB>QBPQ RKCLRKABA EB>IQE
P@>OBP LC OB@BKQ QFJBP." ,BT 7LOH: AJBOF@>K !LRK@FI LK 1@FBK@B >KA &B>IQE, (RKB, 1998.
4. 5EBI>K #+, >KA 1Q>OB $(. .>KF@ FK QEBM>KQOV:G>@QP >KAC>II>@FBP >?LRQ QEBGLLAVLR ?RV. RCC>IL,
,7: .OLJBQEBRP LLHP, 1992.
5. 3.1. AMMIB APPL@F>QFLK. ",BTP OBIB>PB: PVKLMPFP LC 3.1. AMMIB .OBPP !LKCBOBK@B." +@*B>K, 4A:
3.1. AMMIB APPL@F>QFLK, $B?OR>OV 25, 1999.
6. !>PPBKP 0%. ,FQOFQB-@ROBA JB>Q: > GLLA P>GBQV FPPRB FK MBOPMB@QFSB. 2ORJ?RII, !2: $LLA >KA
,RQOFQFLK .OBPP, 'K@., 1990.
7. *FGFKPHV 5, >KA #MPQBFK 11. ",FQOLP>JFKBP >P BKSFOLKJBKQ>I @>O@FKLDBKP." ,>QROB 225 (1970):
21-23.
8. ,>QFLK>I 2LUF@LILDV .OLDO>J. ",FKQE OBMLOQ LK @>O@FKLDBKP, OBSFPBA (>KR>OV 2001." 5>PE-FKDQLK,
"!: 3.1. "BM>OQJBKQ LC &B>IQE >KA &RJ>K 1BOSF@BP, .R?IF@ &B>IQE 1BOSF@B, (>KR>OS, 2001.
A@@BPPBA >Q EQQM://BEFP.JBEP.KFE.DLS/OL@/QL@9.EQJI#SFBTB
9. 'KQBOK>QFLK>I ADBK@V CLO !>K@BO 0BPB>O@E. 1A0! +LKLDO>MEP LK QEB #S>IR>QFLK LG QEB
!>O@FKLDBKF@ 0FPH LG !EBJF@>IP QL &RJ>KP: 1LJB ,-,FQOLPL !LJMLRKAP. 4LI. 17 *VLK, $O>K@B:
'KQBOK>QFLK>I ADBK@V CLO 0BPB>O@E LK !>K@BO, 1978.
10. "OR@HOBV &, (>KWLTPHF 0, >KA .OBRPPJ>KK 0. "-OD>KLQOLMB @>O@FKLDBKB TFOHRKDBK ?BF 65 SBO-
P@EFBABKBK ,-KFQOLPL-SBO?FKARKDBK >K "-O>QQBK." 8. )OB?PCLOP@E. 69 (1967): 103-201.
11. 2ELJ>P !, >KA 1L 2. "8RO JLOMELILDFB ABO ARO@E ,-KFQOLPL-SBO?FKARKDBK BOWBRDQBK QRJL-OBK
FJ L?BOBK SBOA>RRKDPQO>HQ ABO O>QQB." AOWKBFJFQQBICLOP@E. 19 (1969): 1077-1091.
12. #FPBK?O>KA %, 1MFBDBIE>IABO , (>KWLTPHF !, BQ >I. "4LI>QFIB >KA KLK-SLI>QFIB ,-KFQOLPL @LJ-
MLRKAP FK CLLAP >KA LQEBO BKSFOLKJBKQ>I JBAF>." 'A0! 1@F. .R?IF. 19 (1978): 311-324.
13. ,>QFLK>I AO@EFSBP >KA 0B@LOAP AAJFKFPQO>QFLK. "!LAB LC $BABO>I 0BDRI>QFLKP: 2FQIB 9, AKF-J>IP
>KA AKFJ>I .OLAR@QP, 1B@QFLK 319.180 (9!$0319.180)." 5>PEFKDQLK, "!: %LSBOKJBKQ .OFKQFKD
-CCF@B, 2001.
14. )>KCBO 1. -@QL?BO 2, 1972. "2EB AB@IFKB >KA C>IF LC QEB AJBOF@>K ELQ ALD." 2FJB: 86.
15. ,BT?BOKB .. ",FQOFQB MOLJLQBP ISJMELJ> FK@FABK@B FK O>QP." 1@FBK@B 204 (1979): 1079- 1081.
16. +>AE>S>K 24, >KA %LM>I>K !. "2EB BCCB@Q LC AFBQ>OV MOLQBFK LK @>O@FKLDBKBPFP LC >CI>QLUFK."
AO@E. .>QE. 85 (1968): 133-137.
17. AHL LS>G MLOBJBZ>G MLPQ>KB ABL MOSB DORMB ZBOHF ZBIFG>, LKA> ZB PB QL MOBKBQF K> PSB K>OBAKB
DBKBO>@FGB ZBIFG>, RW MLQBK@FG>I A> MLPQ>KR HIFKF[HF RL[IGFS O>H. +BYRQFJ, LSL GB MLGBAKLPQ>SIGBKGB
SBLJ> PIL\BKLD MOL@BP>. +L\A> PR ASB K>GS>\KFGB PQS>OF HLGB PR FWLPQ>SIGBKB EFMLQBWB A> 1) GB
MLQOB?KL SFXB LA GBAKB JRQ>@FGB W> FKF@FG>@FGR F MOLJL@FGR O>H>, F 2) KB ALSLAB PSB DBKBQF[HB DOBXHB
AL O>H>.
18. +D?LAFIB +3), >KA !>JM?BII 2!. "#CCB@Q LC MOLQBFK ABMOFS>QFLK LC J>IB SSB>KIFKD O>QP LK QEB
HFKBQF@P LC EBM>QF@ JF@OLPLJ>I BKWSJB >@QFSFQS." (. ,RQO. 102 (1972): 53-60.
19. &>VBP (0, +D?LAFIB +3), >KA !>JM?BII 2!. "#CCB@Q LC MOLQBFK ABCF@FBK@V LK QEB FKAR@F?FIFQV LC
QEB EBM>QF@ JF@OLPLJ>I AORD-JBQ>?LIFWFKD BKWVJB PSPQBJ. '. #CCB@Q LK PR?PQO>QB FKQBO>@-QFLK TFQE
@VQL@EOLJB .-450." FL@EBJ. .E>OJ>@LI 22 (1973): 1005-1014.
20. +D?LAFIB +3), &>VBP (0, >KA !>JM?BII 2!. "#CCB@Q LC MOLQBFK ABCF@FBK@V LK QEB FKAR@F?FIFQV LC
QEB EBM>QF@ JF@OLPLJ>I AORD-JBQ>?LIFWFKD BKWVJB PVPQBJ. ''. #CCB@Q LK BKWVJB HFKBQF@P >KA BIB@-
QOLK QO>KPMLOQ PVPQBJ." FL@EBJ. .E>OJ>@LI. 22 (1973): 1125-1132.
21. &>VBP (0, >KA !>JM?BII 2!. "#CCB@Q LC MOLQBFK ABCF@FBK@V LK QEB FKAR@F?FIFQV LC QEB EBM>QF@
JF@OLPLJ>I AORD-JBQ>?LIFWFKD BKWSJB PVPQBJ. 111. #CCB@Q LC 3-JBQEVI@ELI>KQEOBKB FKAR@QFLK LK
>@QFSFQV >KA ?FKAFKD HFKBQF@P." FL@EBJ. .E>OJ>@LI. 23 (1974): 1721-1732.
22. !>JM?BII 2!. "'KCIRBK@B LC KRQOFQFLK LK JBQ>?LIFPJ LC @>O@FKLDBKP (+>OQE> +>PL &LKLO'P
2EBPFP)." AAS. ,RQO 0@P. 2 (1979): 29-55.
23. .OBPQLK 01, &>VBP (0, >KA !>JM?BII 2!. "2EB BCCB@Q LC MOLQBFK ABCF@FBK@V LK QEB FK SFSL ?FK -
AFKD LC >CI>QLUFK I QL O>Q IFSBO J>@OLJLIB@RIBP." *F/B 1@F. 19 (1976): 1191-1198.
24. .LOQJ>K 01, .ILSSJ>K )+, >KA !>JM?BII 2!. "-K JB@E>KFPJP >CCB@QFKD PMB@FBP PRP@BMQF?FI-
FQV QL >CI>QLUFK." FL@EFJ. FLMEVP. A@Q> 208 (1970): 487-495.
354
25. .OFK@B *-, >KA !>JM?BII 2!. "#CCB@QP LC PBU AFCCBOBK@B >KA AFBQ>OV MOLQBFK IBSBI LK QEB ?FK -
AFKD LC >CI>QLUFK ( QL O>Q IFSBO @EOLJ>'QFK MOLQBFKP FK SFSL." !>K@BO 0BP. 42 (1982): 5053-5059.
26. +>FKFDF )", >KA !>JM?BII 2!. "1R?@BIIRI>O AFPQOF?RQFLK >KA @LS>IBKQ ?FKAFKD LC >CI>QLUFKP >P
CRK@QFLKP LC AFBQ>OV J>KFMRI>QFLK." ; 2LUF@LI. #SFOLK. &B>IQE 6 (1980): 659-671.
27. ,BOROH>O *1, &>VBP(0, >KA !>JM?BII 2!. "2EB OB@LKPQFQRQFLK LC EBM>QF@ JF@OLPLJ>I JFUBA CRK@-
QFLK LUFA>PB >@QFSFQV TFQE CO>@QFLKP ABOFSBA COLJ TB>KIFKD O>QP CBA AFCCBOBKQ IBSBIP LC MOLQBFK." (.
,RQO. 108 (1978): 678-686.
28. %ROQLL &*, >KA !>JM?BII 2!. "A HFKBQF@ >MMOL>@E QL > PQRAV LC QEB FKAR@QFLK LC O>Q IFSBO JF@OL-
PLJ>I EVAOLUVI>PB >CQBO MOBQOB>QJBKQ TFQE 3,4-?BKWMVOBKB >KA >CI>QLUFK O" FL@EBJ. .E>OJ>@LI
19 (1970): 1729-1735.
29. AABHRKIB AA, &>VBP (0, >KA !>JM?BII 2!. "'KQBOOBI>QFLKPEFMP LC AFBQ>OV MOLQBFK IBSBI, >CI>-QLUFK
G JBQ>?LIFPJ, >KA EBM>QF@ JF@OLPLJ>I BMLUFAB EVAO>PB >@QFSFQV." *F/B 1@F. 21 (1977): 1785-1792.
30. +>FKFDF )", >KA !>JM?BII 2!. "#CCB@QP LC ILT AFBQ>OV MOLQBFK >KA AFBQ>OV >CI>QLUFK LK EBM>QF@
DIRQ>QEFLKB IBSBIP FK $-344 O>QP." 2LUF@LI. AMMI. .E>OJ>@LI. 59 (1981): 196-203.
31. $>O?BO #, >KA !>JBOLK 0. "2EB PBNRBKQF>I >K>E/PFP LC @>K@BO ABSBILMJBKQ." AAS. !>K@BO 0BP.
31 (1980): 125-226.
32. -ADLSLO \>OFXQ> MOFH>W>K R O>WIF[FQFJ DO>CFHLKFJ> R LSLJ MLDI>SIGR RDI>SKLJ LAO>\>S> ]%
W>MOBJFKB GBQOB^, HLGF L?RES>Q> ]?OLG \>OFXQ>^ F ]SBIF[FKR \>OFXQ>^, HLGF RH>WRGR K> QBKABK@FGR CLOJF-
O>KG> QRJLO>. "> ?F PB LADLSLOF MLGBAFK>[KFE BHPMBOFJBK>Q> JLDIF JBYRPL?KL MLOBAFQF, MLA>@F PB
KLOJ>IFWRGR K> W>GBAKF[HR O>WJBOR HLG> LAO>\>S> LADLSLO FW>WS>K PQ>KA>OAKLJ ALWLJ >CI>QLHPFK>
F FPEO>KLJ HLG> P>AO\F 20% MOLQBFK>.
33. AMMIBQLK 1, >KA !>JM?BII 2!. "'KEF?FQFLK LC >CI>QLUFK-FKFQF>QBA MOBKBLMI>PQF@ IFSBO IBPFLKP ?V
ILT AFBQ>OV MOLQBFK." ,RQO. !>K@BO 3 (1982): 200-206.
34. "RK>FC %#, >KA !>JM?BII 2!. "0BI>QFSB @LKQOF?RQFLK LC AFBQ>OV MOLQBFK IBSBI >KA ACI>QLUFK G
ALPB FK DBKBO>QFLK LC MOBPRJMQFSB MOBKBLMI>PQF@ CL@F FK O>Q IFSBO." ;. ,>QI. !>K@BO 'KPQ. 78 (1987):
365-369.
35. 7LRKDJ>K *", >KA !>JM?BII 2!. "&FDE MOLQBFK FKQ>HB MOLJLQBP QEB DOLTQE LC MOBKBLMI>PQF@
CL@F FK $FP@EBO #344 O>QP: BSFABK@B QE>Q B>OIV OBJLABIBA CL@F OBQ>FK QEB MLQBKQF>I CLO CRQROB DOLTQE."
(. ,RQO 121 (1991): 1454-1461.
36. 7LRKDJ>K *", >KA !>JM?BII 2!. "'KEF?FQFLK LC >CI>QLUFK I-FKAR@BA D>JJ>-DIRQ>JVI QO>KPMBM-
QFA>PB MLPFQFSB (%%2+) EBM>QF@ MOBKBLMI>PQF@ CL@F >KA QRJLOP ?V ILT MOLQBFK AFBQP: BSFABK@B QE>Q
>IQBOBA %%2+ CL@F FKAF@>QB KBLMI>PQF@ MLQBKQF>I." !>O@FKLDBKBPFP 13 (1992): 1607-1613.
37. "RK>FC %#, >KA !>JM?BII 2!. ""FBQ>OV MOLQBFK IBSBI >KA >CI>QLUFK I-FKAR@BA MOBKBLMI>PQF@ EBM> -
QF@ IBPFLKP FK QEB O>Q." (. ,RQO 117 (1987): 1298-1302.
38. &LOFL $, 7LRKDJ>K *", BII 0!, BQ >I. "2EBOJLDBKBPFP, ILT-MOLQBFK AFBQP, >KA AB@OB>PBA ABSBI-
LMJBKQ LC A$I-FKAR@BA MOBKBLMI>PQF@ CL@F FK O>Q IFSBO." ,RQO !>K@BO 16 (1991): 31-41.
39. .L ,>@FLK>IKLJ FPQO>\FS>[HLJ P>SBQR ,>@FLK>IKB >H>ABJFGB K>RH>, MLQOB?KL GB LHL 12% MOL-
QBFK> R FPEO>KF W> J>HPFJ>IKR PQLMR O>PQ>.
40. 1R?@LJJFQQBB LK *>?LO>QLOV AKFJ>I ,RQOFQFLK. ,RQOFBKQ OB>RFOBJBKQP LG I>?LO>QLOV >KFJ>IP.
1B@LKA OBSFPBA BAFQFLK, KRJ?BO 10. 5>PEFKDQLK, "!: ,>QFLK>I A@>ABJV .OBPP, 1972.
41. ,>QFLK>I 0BPB>O@E !LRK@FI. 0B@LJJBKABA AFBQ>OV >IILS/>K@BP. 2BKQE BAFQFLK. 5>PEFKDQLK, "!:
,>QFLK>I A@>ABJV .OBPP, 1989.
42. 1@ERIPFKDBO "A, 0LLQ ++, >KA !>JM?BII 2!. "#CCB@Q LC AFBQ>OV MOLQBFK NR>IFQV LK ABSBILMJBKQ
LC >CI>QLUFK I-FKAR@BA EBM>QF@ MOBKBLMI>PQF@ IBPFLKP." (. ,>QI. !>K@BO 'KPQ. 81 (1989): 1241-1245.
43. 7LRKDJ>K *". 2EB DOLTQE >KA ABSBILMJBKQ LC >CI>QLUFK I-FKAR@BA MOBKBLMI>PQF@ IBPFLKP,
QRJLOP, JBQ>PQ>PFP, >KA PMLKQ>KBLRP QRJLOP >P QEBV >OB FKCIRBK@BA ?V AFBQ>OV MOLQBFK IBSBI, QVMB,
>KA FKQBOSBKQFLK. 'QE>@>, ,7: !LOKBII 3KFSBOPFQS, .E.". 2EBPFP, 1990.
44. B>PIBV 0. "&BM>QFQFP SFORP >P QEB BQFLILDF@ >DBKQ FK EBM>QL@BIIRI>O @>O@FKLJ>-BMFABJFL-ILDF@
@LKPFABO>QFLKP." &BM>QLI 2 (1982): 211-261.
45. IRJ?BOD 9, *>OLRWB , *LKALK 52, BQ >I. "2EB OBI>QFLK LC FKCB@QFLK TFQE QEB EBM>QFQFP >DBKQ
QL MOFJ>OV EBM>QF@ @>O@FKLJ>." AJ.(. .>QELI. 81 (1975): 669-682.
46. !EFP>OF $7 $BOO>OF !, >KA +LKABIIF +3. "&BM>QFQFP SFORP PQOR@QROB >KA ?FLILDV." +F@OL?FLI.
.>QELI. 6 (1989): 311-325.
47. &R (, !EBKD 8, !EFP>OF $V BQ >I. "0BMOBPPFLK LC EBM>QFQFP SFORP (&4) QO>KPDBKB >KA &4-
FKAR@BA IFSBO FKGROV ?V ILT MOLQBFK AFBQ." -K@LDBKB 15 (1997): 2795-2801.
48. !EBKD 8, &R(, )FKD(, BQ >I. "'KEF?FQFLK LC EBM>QL@BIIRI>O @>O@FKLJ> ABSBILMJBKQ FK EBM>QFQFP
SFORP QO>KPCB@QBA JF@B ?V ILT AFBQ>OV @>PBFK." &BM>QLILDV 26 (1997): 1351-1354.
49. &>TOVIBTF@W #(, &R>KD &&, )FPP>KB (/, BQ >I. "#KE>K@BJBKQ LC QEB 7,12-AFJBQEVI?BKW(>)>
KQEO>@BKB ("+A) J>JJ>OV QRJLOFDBKBPFP ?V EFDE AFBQ>OV MOLQBFK FK O>QP." ,RQO 0BMP. 'KQ. 26
(1982): 793-806.
355
50. &>TOVIBTF@W #(. "$>Q-MOLQBFK FKQBO>@QFLK, ABCFKBA 2-DBKBO>QFLK PQRAFBP." 'K: !. IM, ". $. FOQ, A.
#. 0LDBOP >KA !. +BQQIFK (BAP.), "FBQ>FG C>Q >KA @>K@BO, MM. 403-434. ,BT 7LOH: AI>K 0. *FPP, 'K@.,
1986.
51. &R>KD &&, &>TOVIBTF@W #(, )FPP>KB (/, BQ >I. "#CCB@Q LC MOLQBFK AFBQ LK OBIB>PB LC MOLI>@QFK
>KA LS>OF>K PQBOLFAP FK CBJ>IB O>QP." ,RQO. 0MQP. 'KQ. 26 (1982): 807-820.
52. -'!LKKLO 2., 0LB?R@H ", >KA !>JM?BII 2!. ""FBQ>OV FKQBOSBKQFLK AROFKD QEB MLPQ-ALPFKD ME>PB
LC *->W>PBOFKB-FKAR@BA MOBKBLMI>PQF@ IBPFLKP." ( ,>A !>K@BO 'KPQ 75 (1985): 955-957.
53. -'!LKKLO 2., 0LB?R@H ", .BQBOPLK $, BQ >I. "#CCB@Q LC AFBQ>OV FKQ>HB LC CFPE LFI >KA CFPE MOL-
QBFK LK QEB ABSBILMJBKQ LC *->W>PBOFKB-FKAR@BA MOBKBLMI>PQF@ IBPFLKP FK O>Q M>K@OB>P." ( ,>Q'
!>K@BO 'KPQ 75 (1985): 959-962.
54. &B 7. #CCB@QP LG @>OLQBKLFAP >KA AFBQ>OV @>OLQBKLFA BUQO>@QP LK >CI>QLUFK OFKAR@BA JRQ>DBKB-
PFP >KA EBM>QL@>O@FKLDBKBPFP. 'QE>@>, ,7: !LJBII 3KFSBOPFQV, .E" 2EBPFP, 1990.
55. &B 7, >KA !>JM?BII 2!. "#CCB@QP LC @>OLQBKLFAP LK >CI>QLUFK G-FKAR@BA JRQ>DBKBPFP FK 1.
QSMEFJROFRJ 2A 100 >KA 2A 98." ,RQO !>K@BO 13 (1990): 243-253.
4. .LDI>SIGB
1. *F (-7, *FR -/, *F %-7, BQ >I. "AQI>P LC @>K@BO JLOQ>IFQV FK QEB .BLMIB'P 0BMR?IF@ LC !EFK>. AK
>FA CLO @>K@BO @LKQOLI >KA OBPB>O@E." 'KQ. (. #MFA. 10 (1981): 127-133.
2. &FDDFKPLK (. ".OBPBKQ QOBKAP FK @>K@BO BMFABJFLILDV." .OL@. !>K. !>K@BO !LKG. 8 (1969): 40-75.
3. 5VKABO #*, >KA %LOF %. "!LKQOF?RQFLK LC QEB BKSFOLKJBKQ QL @>K@BO FK@FABK@B: >K BMFABJFL-
ILDF@ BUBO@FPB." (. ,>Q'. !>K@BO 'KPQ. 58 (1977): 825-832.
4. "LIF 0, >KA .BQL 0. "2EB @>RPBP LC @>K@BO: /R>KQFQ>QFSB BPQFJ>QBP LC >SLFA>?IB OFPHP LC @>K@BO
FK QEB 3KFQBP 1Q>QBP QLA>V." (,>QI !>K@BO 'KPQ 66 (1981): 1192-1265.
5. $>DFK ". ,BTP OBIB>PB. "OB>PQ @>K@BO @>RPB PQFII BIRPFSB PQRAV: KL @IB>O IFKH ?BQSSBBK MLIIR-
QFLK, ?OB>PQ @>K@BO LK *'." ARDRPQ 6, 2002. ,BTPA>V.@LJ. A@@BPPBA >Q EQQM://TTT.KBTPA>V.@LJ/
KBTP/IL@>I/ILKDFPI>KA/KV-IF@>K@062811887>RD06.PQLOV?@LII=KV%2"QLM%2 "EB>AIFKBP
6. ,>SBABKB PR 82 PQLMB PJOQKLPQF, >IF LHL QOBZFKB LSFE PQLM> MOBAPQ>SIG> ARMIFH>QB W> FPQB ?LIBPQF
W> IGRAB O>WIF[FQB PQ>OLPQF.
7. 3KLP H>ILOFG> R )FKF GB K>SBABK W> LAO>PILD JRXH>O@> LA 65 HD HLGF SOXF ]I>HF CFWF[HF MLP>L^.
3MLOBAKF MLA>@F W> >JBOF[HLD JRXH>O@> PR KLOJ>IFWLS>KF W> QBIBPKR QB\FKR LA 65 HD.
8. 1BO4>>P !. ""FBQP QE>Q MOLQB@QBA >D>FKPQ @>K@BOP FK !EFK>." 2EB 1>QROA>V #SBKFKD .LPQ -@QL?BO
1990: 26-28.
9. 1SB ALPQRMKB PQLMB PJOQKLPQF LA ?LIBPQF PR O>PMLOBYBKB R J>QOFHP Q>HL A> GB ?FIL JLDRZB I>HL
LAOBAFQF LAKLP PS>HB PQLMB P> PS>HLJ AORDLJ PQLMLJ. 1S>HLJ MLOBYBKGR GB W>QFJ MOFMFP>K MIRP
FIF JFKRP, R W>SFPKLPQF LA QLD> A> IF PR R AFOBHQKLG FIF FKSBOWKLG HLOBI>@FGF. 1SB MLWFQFSKB HLOBI>@FGB
PR PHRMIGBKB K> GBAKR IFPQR, > PSB KBD>QFSKB K> AORDR. 1S>HF MLGBAFK>[>K RKLP K> PS>HLG LA IFPQ>
GB MOBJ> QLJB ?FL R MLWFQFSKLG SBWF P> RKLPFJ> K> PLMPQSBKLG IFPQF, >IF R FKSBOWKLJ LAKLPR MOBJ>
?LIBPQFJ> K> PRMOLQKLG IFPQF. 4BZFK>, >IF KB PSB, LSFE HLOBI>@FG> ?FI> GB PQ>QFPQF[HF WK>[>GK>.
10. !>JM?BII 2!, !EBK (, ORK 2, BQ >I. "!EFK>: COLJ AFPB>PBP LC MLSBOQV QL AFPB>PBP LC >CCIR-
BK@B. .LIF@V FJMIF@>QFLKP LC QEB BMFABJFLILDF@>I QO>KPFQFLK." #@LI. $LLA,RQO. 27 (1992): 133-144.
11. !EBK (, !>JM?BII 2!, *F (, BQ >I. "FBQ, IFCB-PQVIB >KA JLOQ>IFQV FK !EFK>. A PQRAV LG QEB @E>O-
>@QBO-FPQF@P LG 65 !EFKBPB @LRKQFBP. -UCLOA, 3); 'QE>@>, ,7; BFGFKD, .0!: -UCLOA 3KFSBOPFQV .OBPP;
!LJBII 3KFSBOPFQV .OBPP; .BLMIB'P +BAF@>I .R?IFPEFKD &LRPB, 1990.
12. *FMFA 0BPB>O@E !IFKF@P .OLDO>J #MFABJFLILDV !LJJFQQBB. ".I>PJ> IFMFA AFPQOF?RQFLKP FK PBIB@ -
QBA ,LOQE AJBOF@>K .LMRI>QFLK. 2EB *FMFA 0BPB>O@E !IFKF@P .OLDO>J .OBS>IBK@B 1QRAV." !FO@RI>QFLK
60 (1979): 427-439.
13. !>JM?BII 2!, .>OMF> , >KA !EBK (. ""FBQ, IFCBPQVIB, >KA QEB BQFLILDV LC @LOLK>OV >OQBOV AFPB -
>PB: 2EB !LOKBII !EFK> 1QRAV." AJ.(. !>OAFLI. 82 (1998): 182-212.
14. -SF MLA>@F PR W> PBI> 1A, *!, F 0A W> \BKB F 1A, /! F , W> JRXH>O@B, H>L XQL PB JL\B SFAB-
QF R JLKLDO>CFGF (!EBK, BQ >I. 1990).
15. 1FOQLOF !0, ,LPBA> %, >KA "BP@LSF@E %!. "1QRAFBP LK QEB RPB LC > PLV?B>K MOLQBFK AFBQ CLO
QEB J>K>DBJBKQ LC ERJ>K EVMBOIFMLMOLQBFKBJF>P." 'K: +. (. %F?KBV >KA ". )OFQ@EBSPHV (BAP.),
!RKBKQ 2LMF@P FK ,RQOFQFLK >KA "FPB>PB, 4LIRJB 8: AKFJ>I >KA 4BDBQ>?IB .OLQBFKP FK *FMFA
+BQ>?LIFPJ >KA AQEBOLPABOLPFP., MM. 135-148. ,BT 7LOH, ,7: AI>K 0. *FPP, 'K@., 1983.
16. !>OOLII )). ""FBQ>OV MOLQBFKP >KA >JFKL >@FAP-QEBFO BCCB@QP LK @ELIBPQBOLI JBQ>?LIFPJ." 'K: +.
(. %F?KBV >KA ". )OFQ@EBSPHV (BAP.), AKFJ>I >KA 4BDBQ>?IB .OLQBFKP FK *FMFA +BQ>FLIFPJ >KA
AQEBOLPABOLPFP, MM. 9-17. ,BT 7LOH, ,7: AI>K 0. *FPP, 'K@., 1983.
17. 2BOMPQO> A&+, &BOJRP 0((, >KA 5BPQ !#. ""FBQ>OV MOLQBFK >KA @ELIBPQBOLI JBQ>?LIFPJ FK O>?-
?FQP >KA O>QP." 'K: +. (. %F?KBV >KA ". )OFQ@EBSPHV (BAP.), AKFJ>I >KA 4BDBQ>?IB .OLQBFKP FK *FMFA
+BQ>?LIFPJ >KA AQEBOP@IBOLPFP, MM. 19<-9. ,BT 7LOH: AI>K 0. *FPP, 'K@., 1983.
356
18. )OFQ@EBSPHV ", 2BMMBO 1A, !W>OKB@HF 1), BQ >I. "AQEBOLDBKF@FQV LC >KFJ>I >KA SBDBQ>?IB MOLQBFK.
'KCIRBK@B LC QEB IVPFKB QL >ODFKFKB O>QFL." AQEBOLPABOLPFP 41 (1982): 429-431.
19. )LIF[FK> J>PQF R FPEO>KF JL\B PB FWO>WFQF H>L MOL@BK>Q LA RHRMKB QB\FKB EO>KB FIF H>L MOL@B-
K>Q LA RHRMKB HLIF[FKB H>ILOFG>. 4BZFK> HLJBKQ>QLO> F FPQO>\FS>[> FWO>\>S> J>PQF H>L MOL@BK>Q LA
RHRMKB HLIF[FKB H>ILOFG> GBO JF MOSBKPQSBKL RKLPFJL EO>KR A> ?FPJL W>ALSLIGFIF K>XR MLQOB?R W>
H>ILOFG>J>, > KB K>XR MLQOB?R W> QB\FKLJ. (> ZR R @BILG HKGFWF [FKFQF QL FPQL.
20. ,>QFLK>I 0BPB>O@E !LRK@FI. "FBQ, ,RQOFQFLK >KA !>K@BO. 5>PEFKDQLK, "!: ,>QFLK>I A@>ABJV
.OBPP, 1982.
21. 3KFQBA 1Q>QBP "BM>OQJBKQ LC &B>IQE >KA &RJ>K 1BOSF@BP. 2EB 1RODBLK %BKBO>I'P 0BMLOQ LK
,RQOFQFLK >KA &B>IQE. 5>PEFKDQLK, "!: 1RMBOFKQBKA>KQ LC "L@RJBKQP, 3.1. %LSBOKJBKQ .OFKQFKD
-CCF@B, 1988.
22. ,>QFLK>I 0BPB>O@E !LRK@FI, >KA !LJJFQQBB LK "FBQ >KA &B>IQE. "FBQ >KA EB>IQE: FJMIF@>QFLKP
GLO OBAR@FKD @EOLKF@ AFPB>PB OFPH. 5>PEFKDQLK, "!: ,>QFLK>I A@>ABJV .OBPP, 1989.
23. #UMBOQ .>KBI. $LLA, KRQOFQFLK >KA QEB MOB:BKQFLK LG @>K@BO, > DIL?>I MBOPMB@QFSB. 5>PEFKDQLK,
"!: AJBOF@>K 'KPQFQRQB CLO !>K@BO 0BPB>O@EA4LOIA !>K@BO 0BPB>O@E $RKA, 1997.
24. 3 FWRWBQHB PM>A>GR K>JFOKF@B HLGFJ> PR J>PQF SBXQ>[HF RHIL KGBKB, H>L XQL GB KBJ>PKL JIBHL.
25. AOJPQOLKD ", >KA "LIF 0. "#KSFOLKJBKQ>I C>@QLOP >KA @>K@BO FK@FABK@B >KA JLOQ>IFQV FK AFCCB -
OBKQ @LRKQOFBP, TFQE PMB@F>I OBCBOBK@B QL AFBQ>OV MO>@QF@BP." 'KQ. ;. !>K@BO 15 (1975): 617-631.
26. 3.1. 1BK>QB. ""FBQ>OV DL>IP CLO QEB 3KFQBA 1Q>QBP, 2KA #AFQFLK." 5>PEFKDQLK, "!: 3.1.
%LSBOKJBKQ .OFKQFKD -CCF@B, 1977.
27. !LJJFQQBB LK "FBQ ,RQOFQFLK >KA !>K@BO. "FBQ, KRQOFQFLK >KA @>K@BO. AFOB@QFLKP CLO OBPB>O@E.
5>PEFKDQLK, "!: ,>QFLK>I A@>ABJV .OBPP, 1983.
28. .LPQLG>L GB F KFW AORDFE PJBOKF@> F SBIFHFE FPQO>\FS>KG> K> IGRAFJ> HLG> PR ML[BI> LQMOFIFHB R QL
SOBJB L HLGFJ> PB H>PKFGB MRKL O>PMO>SIG>IL F HLG> PR W>PKLS>K> F/FIF QRJ>[BK> R SBWF P> J>PQF-
J> R FPEO>KF F LSFJ ?LIBPQFJ>. 3 KGFE PR PM>A>I> PBOFG> FWSBXQ>G> AJBOF[HB PJBOKF@B L FPEO>KF P>
ML[BQHLJ R 1980. DLAFKF, E>OS>OAPHL 'PMFQF S>KGB WAO>SIG> JBAF@FKPHFE PBPQ>O> 1984. DLAFKB, MOSL-
?FQKF FWSBXQ>GF $OBJFKDBJPHLD FPQO>\FS>KG> PO@> 1960-FE, 'PQO>\FS>KGB PBA>J WBJ>IG> #KPBI> )BGP>,
'PQO>\FS>KGB SFXBPQORHFE C>HQLO> OFWFH> (+0$'2) F AORD>.
29. !>OOLII )), O>ABK *+, BII (A, BQ >I. "$>Q >KA @>K@BO." !>K@BO 58 (1986): 1818-1825.
30. "O>P>O 1, >KA 'OSFKD ". "#KSFOLKJBKQ>I C>@QLOP >KA @>K@BO LC QEB @LILK >KA ?OB>PQ." O. (.
!>K@BO 27 (1973): 167-172.
31. &>BKPWBI 5, >KA )ROFE>O> +. "1QRAFBP LC (>M>KBPB +FDO>KQP: JLOQ>IFQV COLJ @>K@BO >KA LQEBO
AFPB>PB >JLKD (>M>KBPB >KA QEB 3KFQBA 1Q>QBP." ( ,>Q' !>K@BO 'KPQ 40 (1968): 43-68.
32. &FDDFKPLK (, >KA +RFO !1. "#MFABJFLILDV FK !>K@BO." 'K: (. # &LII>KA >KA #. $OBF (BAP.), !>K@BO
+BAF@FKB, MM. 241-306. .EFI>ABIMEF>, .A: *B> >KA $B?FDBO, 1973.
33. )LOBI>@FG> RKLP> J>PQF P> \FSLQFKGPHFJ MOLQBFKFJ> GB 84% W> DO>JB RKBPBKFE J>PQF F 70% W>
J>PQF H>L MOL@BK>Q LA HLIF[FKB H>ILOFG>.
34. )BIPBV (*, %>JJLK +", >KA #PQEBO +(. "0BMOLAR@QFSB C>@QLOP >KA ?OB>PQ @>K@BO." #MFABJFLI.
0BSP. 15 (1993): 36-47.
35. AB 1Q>SLI> *, 5>KD "7, AIIBK "1, BQ >I. "2EB >PPL@F>QFLK LC EBFDEQ, TBFDEQ, JBKPQOR>I >KA
OBMOLAR@QFSB BSBKQP TFQE ?OB>PQ @>K@BO: OBPRIQP COLJ QTL MOLPMB@QFSB PQRAFBP LK QEB FPI>KA LC
%RBJPBS (3KFQBA )FKDALJ)." !>K@BO !>RPBP >KA !LKQOLI 4 (1993): 331-340.
36. 0>RQ>I>EQF +, AI?>KBP ", 4FOQ>JL (, BQ >I. "*FCBQFJB JBKPQOR>I >@QFSFQV-FKAF@>QLO LC ?OB>PQ @>K-
@BO OFPH." (1993): 17-25
37. ,FGB ?FIL JLDRZB PQ>QFPQF[HF RL[FQF SBWR FWJBYR KFSL> ELOJLK> R HOSF F OFWFH> LA O>H> ALGHB
RKRQ>O LSB DORMB \BK> GBO PR RWLO@F HOSF RWFJ>KF SOBJBKPHF K>PRJF[KL ?BW L?WFO> K> MBOFLA JBK-
PQOR>IKLD @FHIRP>, > PQLMB O>H> ALGHB PR ?FIB SBLJ> KFPHB, [FJB GB RJ>KGBK> JLDRZKLPQ RL[>S> -
KG> Q>HSB SBWB, [>H F H>A OB>IKL MLPQLGF.
38. )BV 2(A, !EBK (,5>KD "7, BQ >I. "1BU ELOJLKBP FK TLJBK FK ORO>I !EFK> >KA FK OFQ>FK." OFQ.
(. !>K@BO 62 (1990): 631-636.
39. 3 LSB ?FLJ>OHBOB PM>A>GR ?>H>O FW MI>WJB, >WLQ ROBB, BPQO>AFLI, MOLI>HQFK, QBPQLPQBOLK F,
FKSBOWKL, DIL?RIFK HLGF PB SBWRGB W> MLIKB ELOJLKB, W> HLGB GB K> LPKLSR MOBQELAKFE FPQO>\FS>KG>
MLWK>QL A> PR MLSBW>KF P> RKLPLJ \FSLQFKGPHFE MOLQBFK>.
40. 8> RHRMKR HLIF[FKR SI>H>K> R FPEO>KF (2"$), MOLPBH W> )FKR F 1A" FWKLPFL GB 33,3 F 11,1 DO>J>
K> A>K. -MPBD MOLPBH> GB FWKLPFL 7,7 - 77,6 DO>J> K> A>K R )FKF, R MLOBYBKGR P> LMPBDLJ LA
2,4 - 26,6 DO>J> K> A>K W> POBAKGFE 90% >JBOF[HFE JRXH>O>@>.
41. )LOBI>@FG> W> ?FIGKB MOLQBFKB FWKLPFI> GB +0,53, > W> \FSLQFKGPHB MOLQBFKB +0,12.
42. 3 MOFK@FMR, HLOFXZBKGB ]PQLMB O>H> RKRQ>O MLOLAF@>^ H>L FPELAKL JBOBKGB BCBHQFSKFGB HLKQOLIFXB
O>WIF[FQB RWOLHB O>H> HLGF PR MLSBW>KF P> O>WIF[FQFJ QFMLSFJ> O>H>, LJLDRZ>S>GRZF FPQO>\FS>KGB FWLIL-
S>KLD BCBHQ> C>HQLO> FPEO>KB.
357
43. %RL 5, *F (, ILQ 52, BQ >I. "!LOOBI>QFLKP LC AFBQ>OV FKQ>HB >KA ?ILLA KRQOFBKQ IBSBIP TFQE
BPLME>DB>I @>K@BO JLOQ>IFQV FK !EFK>." ,RQO. !>K@BO 13 (1990): 121-127.
44. .RK BCBH>Q LSFE >KQFLHPFA>K>Q> O>PQSLOIGFSFE R J>PQF JL\B PB MOFH>W>QF P>JL H>A> PB HLK@BK-
QO>@FG> >KQFLHPFA>K>Q> MLABPF W> KFSL *"*-> W> MLGBAFK>[KB FPMFQ>KFHB. 2L PB KFGB WK>IL R SOBJB
FPQO>\FS> KG>, Q>HL A> JBOB KFPR RWBIB R L?WFO LSR MLMO>SHR.
45. )KBIIBO 05, %RL 5, &PFKD A5, BQ >I. "0FPH C>@QLOP CLO PQLJ>@E @>K@BO FK PFUQV-CFSB !EFKBPB
@LRKQFBP." !>K@BO #MF. FLJ>OHBOP .OBS. 1 (1992): 113-118.
46. 'KCLOJ>QFLK .IRP. ,RQOFQFLK: > HBV QL DLLA EB>IQE. 5VIFB, 26: 'KCLOJ>QFLK .IRP, 1999.
47. 5BPQJ>K #!, 7>K@V 51, #AJ>K (1, BQ >I. "!>O?LEVAO>QB "FBQ .OLDO>J." AJ. (. +BA. 113
(2002): 30-36.
48. AQHFKP 0!. "O. AQHFKP' ,BT "FBQ 0BSLIRQFLK. ,BT 7LOH, ,7: ASLK LLHP, 1999.
49. 5OFDEQ (", )BKKBAV-1QBMEBKPLK (, 5>KD !7, BQ >I. "2OBKAP FK 'KQ>HB LC #KBODV >KA +>@OL-KRQOF-
BKQP-3KFQBA 1Q>QBP, 1971-2000." +LO?FAFQV >KA JLOQ>IFQV SSBBCBCS OBMLOQ 53 ($B?OR>OV 6, 2004):
80-82.
50. ,L>HBP +, >KA !IFCQLK .+. "5BFDEQ ILPP >KA MI>PJ> IFMFAP." !ROO. -MFK. *FMFALI. 11 (2000):
65-70.
51. FIP?LOLRDE 1A, >KA !OLTB 2!. "*LT-@>O?LEVAO>QB AFBQP: TE>Q >OB QEB MLQBKQF>I PELOQ- >KA ILKD-
QBOJ EB>IQE FJMIF@>QFLKP?" APF> .>@. (. !IFK. ,RQO. 12 (2003): 396-404.
52. 1QBSBKP A, 0L?FKPLK "., 2ROMFK (, BQ >I. "1RAABK @>OAF>@ AB>QE LC >K >ALIBP@BKQ AROFKD AFB -
QFKD." 1LRQE. +BA. (. 95 (2002): 1047-1049.
53. .>QQV A. "*LT-@>O? C>A @I>FJP QBBK'P IFCB - 1Q>O AFBQ ?I>JBA FK AB>QE." 2EB ">FIV 2BIBDO>ME
(1FAKBV, ARPQO>IF>) ,LSBJ?BO 2, 2002: 10.
54. AQHFKP, 1999. .>DB 275.
55. #QHFKP QSOAF A> HLHQBI >KQFLHPFA>K>Q> JL\B A> W>XQFQF LA PO[> KFE ?LIBPQF, O>H> F PQ>OBKG>, XQL
MOBAPQ>SIG> QSOAKGR HLGR GB KBHLIFHL KBA>SKL W>SOXBKFE SBIFHFE FPQO>\FS>KG> ML?FIL (SFABQF 11. MLDI>S -
IGB).
56. AQHFKP, 1999. .>DB 103.
57. LKB (. ""FBQ AL@QLO AQHFKP 'L?BPB', E>A EB>OQ MOL?IBJP: @LOLKBO: 5FALT >KDOFIV ABKFBP QE>Q
LMMLKBKQP' @I>FJP QE>Q EB>OQ @LKAFQFLK @>RPBA ?V @LKQOLSBOF>I AFBQ." -QQ>T> !FQFWBK $B?OR>OV
11,2004: AIF.
58. !>JM?BII 2!. "#KBODV ?>I>K@B: FKQBOMOBQ>QFLK LC A>Q> COLJ ORO>I !EFK>." 2LUF@LILDF@>I 1@FBK@BP
52 (1999): 87-94.
59. &LOFL $, 7LRKDJ>K *", BII 0!, BQ >I. "2EBOJLDBKBPFP, ILT-MOLQBFK AFBQP, >KA AB@OB>PBA AB-
SBILMJBKQ LC A$I-FKAR@BA MOBKBLMI>PQF@ CL@F FK O>Q IFSBO." ,RQO !>K@BO 16 (1991): 31-41.
60. )OFBDBO #, 7LRKDJ>K *", >KA !>JM?BII 2!. "2EB JLARI>QFLK LC >CI>QLUFK(A$I) FKAR@BA MOB-
KBLMI>PQF@ IBPFLKP ?V AFBQ>OV MOLQBFK >KA SLIRKQ>OV BUBO@FPB FK $FP@EBO 344 O>QP." $A1#(. 2 (1988):
3304 A?P.
61. ,>SBABKB SBWB RKLP> RHRMKB HLIF[FKB \FSLQFKGPHFE F ?FIGKFE MOLQBFK> RWBQB PR FW ORHLMFP> HLGF
PB MOBDIBA>S>.
62. !>JM?BII 2!, !EBK (, *FR !, BQ >I. ",LK->PPL@F>QFLK LC >CI>QLUFK TFQE MOFJ>OV IFSBO @>K@BO FK >
@OLPP-PB@QFLK>I B@LILDF@ PROSBV FK QEB .BLMIB'P 0BMR?IF@ LC !EFK>." !>K@BO 0BP. 50 (1990): 6882-
6893.
"BL ''
5. .LDI>SIGB
1. AA>JP !$ "&LT J>KV QFJBP ALBP VLRO EB>OQ ?B>Q MBO VB>O?" A@@BPPBA -@QL?BO 20, 2003.
A@@BPPBA >Q EQQM://TTT.PQO>FDEQALMB.@LJ/@I>PPF@P/>I=088>.EQJI
2. ,>QFLK>I &B>OQ, *RKD, >KA ILLA 'KPQFQRQB. "+LO?FAFQV >KA +LOQ>IFQV: 2002 !E>OQ LLH LK !>O-
AFLS>P@RI>O, *RKD, >KA ILLA "FPB>PBP." BQEBPA>, +": ,>QFLK>I 'KPQFQRQBP LC &B>IQE, 2002.
3. AJBOF@>K &B>OQ APPL@F>QFLK. "&B>OQ "FPB>PB >KA 1QOLHB 1Q>QFPQF@P-2003 3MA>QB." ">II>P, 26:
AJBOF@>K &B>OQ APPL@F>QFLK, 2002.
4. O>RKT>IA #. "1E>QQR@H IB@QROB-@>OAFLS>P@RI>O JBAF@FKB >Q QEB QRJ LC QEB JFIIBKFRJ: QOF-RJMEP,
@LK@BOKP >KA LMMLOQRKFQFBP." ,BT #KDI.(. +BA. 337 (1997): 1360-1369.
5. AJBOF@>K !>K@BO 1L@FBQV. "!>K@BO $>@QP >KA $FDROBP-1998." AQI>KQ>, %A: AJBOF@>K !>K@BO
1L@FBQS, 1998.
6. AKABOPLK 0,. ""B>QEP: IB>AFKD @>RPBP CLO 2000." ,>QFLK>I 4FQ>I 1Q>QFPQF@P 0BMLOQP 50(16)
(2002):
7. #KLP 5#, &LIJBP 0&, >KA BVBO (. "!LOLK>OV AFPB>PB >JLKD 3KFQBA 1Q>QBP PLIAFBOP HFIIBA FK
>@QFLK FK )LOB>." (A+A 152 (1953): 1090-1093.
358
8. #PPBIPQVK !(. "0BPLISFKD QEB @LOLK>OV >OQBOV AFPB>PB BMFABJF@ QEOLRDE MI>KQ-?>PBA KRQOFQFLK."
.OBS. !>OAFLI 4 (2001): 171-177.
9. AKQJ>K #+, >KA O>RKT>IA #. "A@RQB JSL@>OAF>I FKC>O@QFLK." 'K: #. O>RKT>IA (BA.), &B>OQ AFP-
B>PB, > QBUQ?LLH LC @>OAFLS>P@RI>O AFPB>PB, 4LI. '' ($FCQE #AFQFLK), MM. 1184-1288. .EFI>ABI-MEF>:
5.. 1>RKABOP !LJM>KV, 1997.
10. #PPBIPQVK !(. "*B@QROB: 0BSBOPFKD EB>OQ AFPB>PB." "B@BJ?BO 5, 2002. 'QE>@>, ,7: !LOKBII 3KF-
SBOPFQV, 2002.
11. AJ?OLPB (A, >KA $RPQBO 4 "!>K TB MOBAF@Q CRQROB >@RQB @LOLK>OV BSBKQP FK M>QFBKQP TFQE PQ>-
?IB @LOLK>OV >OQBOV AFPB>PB?" (A+A 277 (1997): 343-344.
12. $LOOBPQBO (1, >KA 1E>E .). "*FMFA ILTBOFKD SBOPRP OBS>P@RI>OFW>QFLK: >K FAB> TELPB QFJB (CLO
QBPQFKD) E>P @LJB." !FO@RI>QFLK 96 (1997): 1360-1362.
13. 1>A> MLA K>WFSLJ ,>@FLK>IKF FKPQFQRQ W> PO@B, MIRZ> F HOS MOF ,>@FLK>IKFJ FKPQFQRQFJ> WAO>SIG>
R BQBWAF, R +BOFIBKAR.
14. %LCJ>K (5, *FKADOBK $, #IIFLQ &, BQ >I. "2EB OLIB LC IFMFAP >KA IFMLMOLQBFKP FK >QEBOLP@IBOLPFP."
1@FBK@B 111 (1950): 166.
15. )>KKBI 5, ">T?BO 20, )>D>K A, BQ >I. "$>@QLOP LC OFPH FK QEB ABSBILMJBKQ LC @LOLK>OV EB>OQ
AFPB>PB-PFU-VB>O CLIILT-RM BUMBOFBK@B." AKK. IKQBOK>I +BAF. 55 (1961): 33-50.
16. (LIIFCCB ,, >KA AO@EBO +. "1Q>QFPQF@>I >PPL@F>QFLKP ?BQTBBK FKQBOK>QFLK>I @LOLK>OV EB>OQ AFPB>PB
AB>QE O>QBP >KA @BOQ>FK BKSFOLKJBKQ>I C>@QLOP." (. !EOLKF@ "FP. 9 (1959): 636-652.
17. 1@OFJDBLRO #+, +@!>II +%, 1JFQE "#, BQ >I. "*BSBIP LC PBORJ @ELIBPQBOLI, QOFDIV@BOFAB, &"*
@ELIBPQBOLI, >MLIFMLMOLQBFKP A-I >KA , >KA MI>PJ> DIR@LPB, >KA MOBS>IBK@B LC AF>PQLIF@ EVMBOQBK-
PFLK >KA @FD>OBQQB PJLHFKD FK .>MR> ,BT %RFKB> &FDEI>KABOP." .>QELILDV 21 (1989): 46-50.
18. !>JM?BII 2!, .>OMF> , >KA !EBK (. ""FBQ, IFCBPQVIB, >KA QEB BQFLILDV LC @LOLK>OV >OQBOV AFP-
B>PB: 2EB !LOKBII !EFK> 1QRAV." AJ. (. !>OAFLI. 82 (1998): 182-212.
19. )>D>K A, &>OOFP 0, 5FKHBIPQBFK 5, BQ >I. "#MFABJFLILDF@ PQRAFBP LC @LOLK>OV EB>OQ AFPB>PB
>KA PQOLHB FKG>M>KBPB JBK IFSFKD FK (>M>K, &>T>FF >KA !>IFCLJF>." (. !EOLKF@ "FP. 27 (1974): 343-
364.
20. )>QL &, 2FIILQPLK (, ,F@E>J>K +8, BQ >I. "#MFABJFLILDF@ PQRAFBP LC @LOLK>OV EB>OQ AFPB>PB >KA
PQOLHB FKG>M>KBPB JBK IFSFKD FK (>M>K, &>T>FF >KA !>IFCLOKF>: PBORJ IFMFAP >KA AFBQ." AJ.(.
#MFABJFLI. 97 (1973): 372-385.
21. +LOOFPLK*+. "AOQBOFLP@IBOLPFP." (A+A 145 (1951): 1232-1236.
22. +LOOFPLK*+. ""FBQ FK @LOLK>OV >QEBOLP@IBOLPFP." (A+A 173 (1960): 884-888.
23. *VLK 2., 7>KHIBV A, %LCJ>K (5, BQ >I. "*FMLMOLQBFKP >KA AFBQ FK @LOLK>OV EB>OQ AFPB>PB."
!>IFCLJF> +BA. 84 (1956): 325-328.
24. %F?KBV +(, >KA )OFQ@EBSPHV ", BAP. !ROOBKQ 2LMF@P FK ,RQOFQFLK >KA "FPB>PB, 4LIRJB 8: AKFJ>I
>KA 4BDBQ>?IB .OLQBFKP FK *FMFA +BQ>?LIFPJ >KA AQEBOLP@IBOLPFP. ,BT 7LOH, ,7: AI>K 0. *FPP, 'K@.,
1983.
25. 1FOQLOF !0, ,LPBA> %, >KA "BP@LSF@E %!. "1QRAFBP LK QEB RPB LC > PLV?B>K MOLQBFK AFBQ CLO
QEB J>K>DBJBKQ LC ERJ>K EVMBOIFMLMOLQBFKBJF>P." 'K: +. (. %F?KBV >KA ". )OFQ@EBSPHV (BAP.),
!ROOBKQ 2LMF@P FK ,RQOFQFLK >KA "FPB>PB, 4LIRJB 8: AKFJ>I >KA 4BDBQ>?IB .OLQBFKP FK *FMFA
+BQ>?LIFPJ >KA AQEBOLP@IBOLPFP., MM. 135-148. ,BT 7LOH, ,7: AI>K 0. *FPP, 'K@., 1983.
26. %.1. +VBOP, MBOPLK>I @LJJRKF@>QFLK, @FQBA ?V %OLLJ, ". ".LMRI>QFLK PQRAFBP LC >QEBOLP@IBOL-
PFP." AKK. 'KQBOK>I +BA. 55(1961):51-62.
27. !BKQBOP CLO "FPB>PB !LKQOLI. "1JLHFKD >KA &B>IQE: > K>QFLK>I PQ>QRP OBMLOQ." +LO?FAFQV >KA
+LOQ>IFQV 5BBHIV 0BMLOQ 35 (1986): 709-711.
28. !BKQBOP CLO "FPB>PB !LKQOLI. "!FD>OBQQB PJLHFKD >JLKD >ARIQP-3KFQBA 1Q>QBP, 2000." +LO?FAFQV
>KA +LOQ>:FQV 5BBHIV 0BMLOQ 51 (2002): 642-645.
29. 1Q>OLPKL-KLOJ>IFWLS>KL, PQ>OLPQF 25-74 DLAFK>.
30. +>OTF@H !. "!LOLK>OV ?VM>PP DO>CQFKD B@LKLJF@P, FK@IRAFKD OBE>?FIFQ>QFLK. !LJJBKQ>OV." !ROO.
-MFK. !>OAFLI. 9 (1994): 635-640.
31. .>DB 1319 FK %BOPE (, O>RKSS>IA #, >KA 0RQEBOCLOA (". "!EOLKF@ @LOLK>OV >OQBOV AFPB>PB."
'K: #. O>RKSS>IA (BA.), &B>OQ "FPB>PB: A 2BUQ?LLH LC @>OAFLS>P@RI>O +BAF@FKB, 4LI. 2($FCQE #AFQFLK),
MM. 1289-1365. .EFI>ABIMEF>, .A: 5.. 1>RKABOP, 1997.
32. -OKFPE ". "ASLFAFKD OBS>P@RI>OFW>QFLK TFQE IFCBPQVIB @E>KDBP: QEB +RIQF@BKQBO *FCBPQVIB "BJLK -
PQO>QFLK .OLGB@Q." AJ. (. !>OAFLI. 82 (1998): 722-762.
33. 1E>T .(, >QBP ", !>OQIFADB ,#$, BQ >I. "#>OIV FKQBIIB@QR>I AVPCRK@QFLK CLIILTFKD @LOLK>OV ?VM>PP
PRODBOV." /R>OQBOIV (. +BA. 58 (1986): 59-68.
34. !>JBOLK AA!, ">SFP ), >KA 0LDBOP 5(. "0B@ROOBK@B LC >KDFK> >CQBO @LOLK>OV >OQBOV ?VM>PP
PRODBOV. .OBAF@QLOP >KA MOLDKLPFP (!A11 OBDFPQOS)." (. AJ. !LII. !>OAFLI. 26 (1995): 895-899.
359
35. .>DB 1320 FK %BOPE (, O>RKSS>IA #, >KA 0RQEBOCLOA (". "!EOLKF@ @LOLK>OV >OQBOV AFPB>PB."
'K: #. O>RKT>IA (BA.), &B>OQ "FPB>PB: A 2BUQ?LLH LC @>OAFLS>P@RI>O +BAF@FKB, 4LI. 2($FCQE #AFQFLK),
MM. 1289-1365. .EFI>ABIMEF>, .A: 5.. 1>RKABOP, 1997.
36. )FOHIFK (5, ,>CQBI "!, I>@HPQLKB #&, BQ >I. "1RJJ>OV LC > @LKPBKPRP @LK@BJFKD AB>QE >KA
FP@EBJF@ BSBKQP >CQBO @LOLK>OV >OQBOV ?SM>PP DO>CQFKD." !FO@RI>QFLK 79(1RMMI 1) (1989): 181-191.
37. .>DB 1368-9 FK *FK@LCC A+, >KA 2LMLI #(. "'KQBOSBKQFLK>I @>QEBOFW>QFLK QB@EKFNRBP." 'K: #.
O>RKSS>IA (BA.), &B>OQ "FPB>PB: A 2BUQ?LLH LC !>OAFLS>P@RI>O +BAF@FKB, MM. 1366-1391.
.EFI>ABIMEF>, .A: 5.. 1>RKABOP, 1997.
38. &FOPECBIA (5, 1@ET>OQW (1, (RDL 0, BQ >I. "0BPQBKLPFP >CQBO @LOLK>OV >KDFLMI>PQV: > JRIQFS>OF-
>QB PQ>QFPQF@>I JLABI QL OBI>QB IBPFLK >KA MOL@BAROB S>OF>?IBP QL OBPQBKLPFP." (. AJ. !LII. !>OAFLI.
18 (1991): 647-656.
39. 'KCLOJ>QFLK .IRP. ,RQOFQFLK: > HBV QL DLLA EB>IQE. 5VEB, 26: 'KCLOJ>QFLK .IRP, 1999.
40. ,>FCBE 15. 2EB BPQ "L@QLOP FK AJBOF@>, 1994-1995. AFHBK, 1.!.: 5LLAT>OA & 5EFQB, 1994.
41. #PPBIPQVK !, (O. "$LOBT>OA: @E>KDFKD QEB QOB>QJBKQ M>O>AFDJ CLO @LOLK>OV >OQBOV AFPB>PB."
AJ.;. !>OAFLI. 82 (1998): 22-42.
42. #PPBIPQVK !, #IIFP 1%, +BABKALOM 14, BQ >I. "A PQO>QBDV QL >OOBPQ >KA OBSBOPB @LOLK>OV >OQBOV
AFPB>PB: > 5-VB>O ILKDFQRAFK>I PQRAV LC > PFKDIB MEVPF@F>K'P MO>@QF@B." (. $>JFIV .O>@QF@B 41 (1995):
560-568.
43. #PPBIPQVK !(. "'KQOLAR@QFLK:JLOB QE>K @LOLK>OV >OQBOV AFPB>PB." AJ. (. !>OAFLI. 82 (1998): 52-
92.
44. .OLQLH HOSF GB MOLMLO@FLK>I>K [BQSOQLJ PQBMBKR MLIRMOB[KFH>. .OBJ> QLJB, PJ>KGBKGB LA PBA>J
MOL@BK>Q> MOF?IF\KL LADLS>O> 30% SBZBJ MOLQLHR HOSF, F>HL MOLO>[RKLJ KFGB JLDRZB MOB@FWKFGB
LAOBAFQF LS>G ?OLG.
45. .BOPLK>I @LJJRKF@>QFLK TFQE "O. #PPBIPQVK, 9/15/03.
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AJ.(. .R?I. &B>IQE 75 (1985): 507-512.
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93. *BB +*, 5>KD 0-2, &PFKD A5, BQ >I. "!>PB-@LKQOLI PQRAV LC AFBQ >KA MOLPQ>QB @>K@BO FK !EFK>."
!>K@BO !>RPBP >KA !LKQOLI 9 (1998): 545-552.
94. 4FIIBOP A, 1LRIFB +, &>FIILQ -, BQ >I. ".OLPQ>QB @>K@BO P@OBBKFKD ('''): OFPH C>@QLOP, K>QRO>I EFP-
QLOV, @LROPB TFQELRQ QOB>QJBKQ." .OLDO. 3OLI. 7 (1997): 655-661.
95. 1Q>KCLOA (*. ".OLPQ>QB @>K@BO QOBKAP 1973-1995." BQEBPA>, +": 1##0 .OLDO>J, ,>QFLK>I
!>K@BO 'KPQFQRQB, 1998.
96. !E>K (+, >KA %FLS>KKR@@F #*. "">FOV MOLARBQP, @>I@FRJ, >KA SFQ>JFK " >KA OFPH LC MOLPQ>QB
@>K@BO." #MFABJFLI. 0BSP. 23 (2001): 87-92.
97. %FLS>KKR@@F #. ""FBQ>OV FKCIRBK@BP LC 1,25 (-&)2 SFQ>JFK " FK OBI>QFLK QL MOLPQ>QB @>K@BO: >
ESMLQEBPFP." !>K@BO !>RPBP >KA !LKQOLI 9 (1998): 567-582.
98. !E>K (+, 1Q>JMCBO +(, +> (, BQ >I. "'KPRIFK-IFHB DOLTQE C>@QLO-' ('%$-') >KA '%$ ?FKAFKD MOLQBFK-
3 >P MOBAF@QLOP LC >AS>K@BA-PQ>DB MOLPQ>QB @>K@BO." ( ,>QI !>K@BO 'KPQ 94 (2002): 1099-1109.
99. "LF 1/, 0>P>F>E 1, 2>@H ', BQ >I. "*LT-MOLQBFK AFBQ PRMMOBPPBP PBORJ FKPRIFK-IFHB DOLTQE C>@-
QLO-1 >KA AB@BIBO>QBP QEB MOLDOBPPBFLK LC DOLTQE ELOJLKB-FKAR@BA DILJBORILP@IBOLPFP." AJ. (.
,BMEOLI. 21 (2001): 331-339.
100. &B>KBV 0., +@!>OOLK "A, ">TPLK-&RDEBP , BQ >I. ""FBQ>OV BE>KDBP C>SLO>?IV >CCB@Q ?LKA
OBJLABIFKD FK LIABO >ARIQP." (. AJ. "FBQ. APPL@. 99 (1999): 1228-1233.
101. AIIBK ,#, AMMIB?V .,, ">SBV %), BQ >I. "&LOJLKBP >KA AFBQ: ILT FKPRIFK-IFHB DOLTQE C>@QLO-'
?RQ KLOJ>I ?FL>S>FI>?IB >KAOLDBKP FK SBD>K JBK." OFQ.(. !>K@BO 83 (2000): 95-97.
102. !LEBK ., .BBEI "+, >KA 0LPBKCBIA 0%. "2EB '%$ >UFP FK QEB MOLPQ>QB." &LOJ. +BQ>?. OBP.
26 (1994): 81-84.
9. .LDI>SIGB
1. +>@H>V '0. "2LIBO>K@B >KA FJJRKFQV." OFQ. +BA.(LROK. 321 (2000): 93-96.
2. (>@L?PLK "*, %>KDB 1(, 0LPB ,0, BQ >I. "1ELOQ >K>ISQF@>I OBSFBT. #MFABJFLILDV >KA BPQFJ>QBA
MLMRI>QFLK ?ROABK LC PBIBBQBA >RQLFJJRKB AFPB>PBP FK QEB 3KFQBA 1Q>QBP." !IFK. 'JJRKLI. 'J-
JRKLM>QE. 84 (1997): 223-243.
3. ">SFAPLK A, >KA "F>JLKA . "ARQLFJJRKB AFPB>PBP." ,BSS #KDI.(. +BA. 345 (2001): 340-350.
4. AO>KA> 0, 1VALO> !, +@AIIFPQBO .*, BQ >I. "AK>IVPFP LC FKQBPQFK>I IVJMEL@VQBP FK JLRPB @LIFQFP
JBAF>QBA ?V QO>KPCBO LC !"4*, !"4501"* 2 @BIIP QL 1!'" OB@FMFBKQP." (. 'JJRKLI. 158 (1997):
3464-3473.
5. $LID>O 1, %>QQL #+, 0>FK> %, BQ >I. ".>OHFKPLKFPJ >P > J>KFCBPQ>QFLK LC JRIQFMIB PBIBOLPFP."
+LSBJBKQ "FPLOABOP 18 (2003): 108-113.
6. !>KQLOK> +2. "4FQ>JFK " >KA >RQLFJJRKFQV: FP SFQ>JFK " PQ>QRP >K BKSFOLKJBKQ>I C>@QLO >CCB@Q-
FKD >RQLFJJRKB AFPB>PB MOBS>IBK@B?" .OL@. 1L@. #UM. FLI. +BA. 223 (2000): 230-233.
7. "B*R@> &$, >KA !>KQLOK> +2. "4FQ>JFK ": FQP OLIB >KA RPBP FK FJJRKLILDV." $A1#(. 15 (2001):
2579-2585.
8. 5FKBO 1, APQP>QROLS ', !EBRKD 0), BQ >I. "2 @BIIP LC JRIQFMIB PBIBOLPFP M>QFBKQP Q>ODBQ > @LJ-
JLK BKSFOLKJBKQ>I MBMQFAB QE>Q @>RPBP BK@BME>IFQFP FK JF?B." (. 'JJRKLI 166 (2001): 4751-4756.
9. ">SBKMLOQ !. "+RIQFMIB PBIBOLPFP COLJ QEB PQ>KAMLFKQ LC DBLDO>MEF@ AFPQOF?RQFLK >KA O>@B." AO@E.
,BROLI. .P@EF>QOV 8 (1922): 51-58.
366
10. AIQBO +, 7>JLLO +, >KA &>OPEB +. "+RIQFMIB PBIBOLPFP >KA KRQOFQFLK." AO@E. ,BROLI. 31 (1974):
267-272.
11. !>OOLII +. "'KK>QB FJJRKFQV FK QEB BQFLM>QELILDV LC >RQLFJJRKFQV." ,>QROB 'JJRKLI. 2 (2001):
1089-1090.
12. )>OG>I>FKBK(, +>OQFK (+, )KFM +, BQ >I. "A ?LSFKB >I?RJFK MBMQFAB >P > MLPPF?IB QOFDDBO LC
FKPRIFK-ABMBKABKQ "F>?BQBP +BIIFQRP." ,BT #KDI.(LRJ. +BA. 327 (1992): 302-307.
13. AHBO?ILJ &), >KA )KFM +. ".RQ>QFSB BKSFOLKJBKQ>I C>@QLOP >KA 2VMB 1 AF>?BQBP." "F>?BQBP/
+BQ>?LIFPJ 0BSP. 14 (1998): 31-67.
14. ,>FH 0%, >KA .>IJBO (. ".OBPBOS>QFLK LC ?BQ>-@BII CRKBQFLK FK 2VMB 1 AF>?BQBP." "F>?BQBP 0BS.
7 (1999): 154-182.
15. 4FOQ>KBK 1+, 0>P>KBK *, AOL A, BQ >I. "'KC>KQ CBBAFKD FK $FKKFPE BEFIAOBK IBPP QE>K 7 VO LC >DB
TFQE KBTIV AF>DKLPBA '""+. !EFIAELLA AF>?BQBP FK $FKI>KA 1QRAV %OLRM." "F>?BQBP !>OB 14 (1991):
415-417.
16. 1>SFI>EQF #, AHBO?ILJ &), 2>FKFL 4-+, BQ >I. "!EFIAOBK TFQE KBTIV AF>DKLPBA FKPRIFK ABMBK-ABKQ
AF>?BQBP JBIIFQRP E>SB FK@OB>PBA IBSBIP LC @LT'P JRH >KQF?LAFBP." "F>?BQBP 0BP. 7 (1988): 137-
140.
17. 7>HLQ> A, 7>J>DR@EF 2, 3BA> 2, BQ >I. "!LJM>OFPLK LC FPIBQ @BII >KQF?LAFBP, FPIBQ @BII PRO C>@Q
>KQF?LAFBP >KA >KQF-?LSFKB PBORJ >I?RJFK >KQF?LAFBP FK 2VMB 1 AF>?BQBP." "F>?BQBP 0BP. !IFK.
.O>@Q. 9 (1990): 211-217.
18. &>JJLKA-+@)F??BK ", >KA "LP@E &-+. "!LT'P JFIH, ?LSFKB PBORJ >I?RJFK, >KA '""+: @>K
TB PBQQIB QEB @LKQOLSBOPFBP?" "F>?BQBP !>OB 20 (1997): 897-901.
19. AHBO?ILJ &), 4>>O>I> -, &VLQV &, BQ >I. "#KSFOLKJBKQ>I C>@QLOP FK QEB BQFLILDV LC 2SMB 1 AF>-
?BQBP." AJ.;. +BA. %BKBQ. (1BJFK. +BA. %BKBQ.) 115 (2002): 18-29.
20. %LQQIFB? +1, >KA 0LLQ &# ""F>?BQBP JBIIFQRP FK QTFKP." "F>?BQBP 17 (1968): 693-704.
21. >JBQQ A&, #CC !, *BPIFB 0"%, BQ >I. ""F>?BQBP FK FABKQF@>I QTFKP: > PQRAV LC 200 M>FOP." "F>-
?BQLILDF> 20 (1981): 87-93.
22. LO@E-(LEKPBK ), (LKBO %, +>KAORM-.LRIPBK 2, BQ >I. "0BI>QFLK ?BQTBBK ?OB>PQ CBBAFKD >KA
FK@FABK@B O>QBP LC FKPRIFK-ABMBKABKQ AF>?BQBP JBIIFQRP: > EVMLQEBPFP." *>K@BQ 2 (1984): 1083-
1086.
23. .BOBW-O>SL $, !>OO>P@L #, %RQFBOOBW-*LMBW +", BQ >I. "%BKBQF@ MOBAFPMLPFQFLK >KA BKSFOLK-JBK-
Q>I C>@QLOP IB>AFKD QL QEB ABSBILMJBKQ LC FKPRIFK-ABMBKABKQ AF>?BQBP JBIIFQRP FK !EFIB>K @EFIAOBK."/.
+LI. +BA. 74 (1996): 105-109.
24. )LPQO>?> (,, !ORF@HPE>KHP )(, *>TIBO-&B>SKBO (, BQ >I. "#>OIV BUMLPROB QL @LT'P JFIH >KA PLIFA
CLLAP FK FKC>K@V, DBKBQF@ MOBAFPMLPFQFLK, >KA OFPH LC '""+." "F>?BQBP 42 (1993): 288-295.
25. .VHB "A. "2EB DBKBQF@ MBOPMB@QFSB: MRQQFKD OBPB>O@E FKQL MO>@QF@B." 'K: "F>?BQBP 1988,
AJPQBOA>J, 1989, MM. 1227-1230.
26. )>MOFL (, 2RLJFIBEQL (, )LPHBKSRL +, BQ >I. "!LK@LOA>K@B CLO 2VMB 1 (FKPRIFK-ABMBKABKQ) >KA
2VMB 2 (KLK-FKPRIFK-ABMBKABKQ) AF>?BQBP JBIIFQRP FK > MLMRI>QFLK-?>PBA @LELOQ LC QTFKP FK $FKI>KA."
"F>?BQLILDF> 35 (1992): 1060-1067.
27. ">EI-(LODBKPBK ), (LKBO %, >KA &>KPPBK )# "0BI>QFLKPEFM ?BQSSBBK @LT'P JFIH @LKPRJMQFLK
>KA FK@FABK@B LC '""+ FK @EFIAELLA." "F>?BQBP !>OB 14 (1991): 1081-1083.
28. .OLMLO@FG> AFG>?BQBP> QFM> ' W?LD HLOFXZBKG> HO>SIGBD JIBH>, O2 SOBAKLPQ, FWKLPF 96%.
29. *>.LOQB 0#, 2>GFJ> ,, AHBO?ILJ &), BQ >I. "%BLDO>MEF@ AFCCBOBK@BP FK QEB OFPH LC FKPRIFK-ABMBK -
ABKQ AF>?BQBP JBIIFQRP: QEB FJMLOQ>K@B LC OBDFPQOFBP." "F>?BQBP !>OB 8(1RMMI. 1) (1985): 101-107.
30. LA>KPHS &(, 1Q>FKBP A, 1QBMEBKPLK !, BQ >I. "#SFABK@B CLO >K BKSFOLKJBKQ>I BCCB@Q FK QEB
>BQFLILDV LC FKPRIFK ABMBKABKQ AF>?BQBP FK > QO>KPJFDO>QLOS MLMRI>QFLK." OFQ. +BA.(LRJ. 304
(1992): 1020-1022.
31. ROABK A!, 1>J>KQ> A, >KA !E>RKAROF )&. "2EB MOBS>IBK@B >KA FK@FABK@B LC FKPRIFK-ABMBKA-
BKQ AF>?BQBP FK TEFQB >KA 'KAF>K @EFIAOBK FK *BF@BPQBO @FQV (3))." 'KQ. (. "F>?BQBP "BS. !LRKQOFBP
10 (1990): 8-10.
32. #IIFLQQ 0, >KA -KD 2(. ",RQOFQFLK>I DBKLJF@P." OFQ. +BA.(LROK. 324 (2002): 1438-1442.
33. -KH>JL ., 4>>K>KBK 1, )>OSLKBK +, BQ >I. "5LOIATFAB FK@OB>PB FK FK@FABK@B LC 2VMB 1 AF>-
?BQBP-QEB >K>IVPFP LC QEB A>Q> LK MR?IFPEBA FK@FABK@B QOBKAP." "F>?BQLILDF> 42 (1999): 1395-1403.
34. %BOPQBFK &!. "!LT'P JFIH BUMLPROB >KA 2VMB 1 AF>?BQBP JBIIFQRP: > @OFQF@>I LSBOSFBT LC QEB
@IFKF@>I IFQBO>QROB." "F>?BQBP !>OB 17 (1994): 13-19.
35. )FJMFJ>HF 2, #OHHLI> +, )LOELKBK 1, BQ >I. "1ELOQ-QBOJ BU@IRPFSB ?OB>PQCBBAFKD MOBAFPMLPBP
VLRKD @EFIAOBK TFQE FK@OB>PBA DBKBQF@ OFPH LC 2VMB 1 AF>?BQBP QL MOLDOBPPFSB ?BQ>-@BII >RQLFJJR-
KFQV." "F>?BQLILDF> 44 (2001): 63-69.
36. 4FOQ>KBK 1+, *>>O> #, &VMMLKBK #, BQ >I. "!LT'P JFIH @LKPRJMQFLK, &*A-"/1 DBKLQVMB, >KA
2VMB 1 AF>?BQBP." "F>?BQBP 49 (2000): 912-917.
367
37. +LKBQFKF *, !>S>IIL +%, 1QBC>KFKF *, BQ >I. "LSFKB ?BQ>-@>PBFK >KQF?LAFBP FK ?OB>PQ- >KA ?LQ-
QIB-CBA FKC>KQP: QEBFO OBIBS>K@B FK 2VMB 1 AF>?BQBP." "F>?BQBP +BQ>?. 0BP. 0BS. 17 (2001): 51-54.
38. ,LOOFP (+, >KA .FBQOLM>LIL +. "0BSFBT >OQF@IB. !LKQOLSBOPF>I QLMF@P PBOFBP: JFIH MOLQBFKP >KA
AF>?BQBP." (. #KAL@OFKLI 'KSBPQ. 22 (1999): 568-580.
39. 0BFKDLIA 1!. "0BPB>O@E "FOB@QFLKP FK +RIQFMIB 1@IBOLPFP." ,>QFLK>I +RIQFMIB 1@IBOLPFP 1L@FBQV,
,LSBJ?BO 25, 2003. A@@BPPBA >Q EQQM://TTT.K>QFLK>IJPPL@FBQV.LOD/%5!OL@EROBP-0BPB>O@E.>PM
40. A@HBOJ>KK A. ""FB JRIQFMIB PHIBOLPB FK ABO 1@ETBFW." 1@ETBFW. JBA. 5@EKP@EO. 61 (1931):
1245-1250.
41. 1T>KH 0*. "+RIQFMIB P@IBOLPFP: @LOOBI>QFLK LC FQP FK@FABK@B TFQE AFBQ>OV C>Q." AJ. (. +BA. 1@F.
220 (1950): 421-430.
42. "FM (. "2EB AFPQOF?RQFLK LC JRIQFMIB P@IBOLPFP FK OBF>QFLK QL QEB A>FFV FKARPQOV >KA JFIH @LK-
PRJMQFLK." ,BT 8B>I>KA+BA.(. 83 (1976): 427-430.
43. +@"LRD>II (+. 2002. +RIQFMIB P@IBOLPFP PQLMMBA ?V +@"LRD>II/1S/>KH .OLDO>J. EQQM://TTT.
KB>IEBKAOF@HPLK.@LJ/+@"LRD>II/+@"KBT>KKLRK@BJBKQ1T>KH021112.EQJ. A@@BPPBA ,LS. 16,
2002.
44. +@*BLA (%, &>JJLKA 10, >KA &>IIMFHB (# "#MFABJFLILDV LC JRIQFMIB P@IBOLPFP FK ARPQO>IF>.
5FQE ,15 >KA 1A PROSBV OBPRIQP." +BA. (. ARPQO 160 (1994): 117-122.
45. *>TOBK@B (1, BEOBKA 2, BKKBQQ .&, BQ >I. "%BLDO>MEF@>I PQRAFBP LC OEBRJ>QLFA >OQEOFQFP."
AKK. 0EBRJ. "FP. 25 (1966): 425-432.
46. )BBK &, >KA #HLB (+. "2EB DBLDO>MEV LC AF>?BQBP JBIIFQRP." OFQ. +BA. (LROK. 40 (1984):
359-365.
47. 1T>KH 0*. "#CCB@Q LC ILT P>QRO>QBA C>Q AFBQ FK B>OIV >KA I>QB @>PBP LC JRIQFMIB P@IBOLPFP."
*>K@BQ 336 (1990): 37-39.
48. 1T>KH 0*. "2OB>QJBKQ LC JRIQFMIB P@IBOLPFP TFQE ILT C>Q AFBQ." A.+.A. AO@E. ,BROLI. .PV@EF>QOV
69 (1953): 91-103.
49. 1T>KH 0*, >KA LROAFIILK 0. "+RIQFMIB P@IBOLPFP: >PPBPPJBKQ LC QOB>QJBKQ TFQE JLAFCFBA ILT
C>Q AFBQ." (. ,BOS. +BKQ. "FP. 131 (1960): 468-488.
50. 1T>KH 0*. "+RIQFMIB P@IBOLPFP: QTBKQV VB>OP LK ILT C>Q AFBQ." AO@E. ,BROLI. 23 (1970): 460-
474.
51. ADO>KLCC 5, >KA %LIA?BOD ". ""FBQ >KA QEB DBLDO>MEF@>I AFPQOF?RQFLK LC JRIQFMIB P@IBOLPFP."
I>K@BQ 2(7888) (,LSBJ?BO 2 1974): 1061-1066.
52. +>ILPPB ", .BOOLK &, 1>P@L A, BQ >I. "!LOOBI>QFLK ?BQTBBK JFIH >KA A>FOV MOLAR@Q @LKPRJM-
QFLK >KA JRIQFMIB P@IBOLPFP MOBS>IBK@B: > TLOIATFAB PQRAV." ,BROLBMFABJFLILDV 11 (1992): 304-
312.
53. +>ILPPB ", >KA .BOOLK &. "!LOOBI>QFLK >K>IVPFP ?BQTBBK ?LSFKB MLMRI>QFLKP, LQEBO C>OJ >KF-
J>IP, ELRPB MBQP, >KA JRIQFMIB P@IBOLPFP MOBS>IBK@B." ,BROLBMFABJFLILDV 12 (1993): 15-27.
54. *>RBO ). ""FBQ >KA JRIQFMIB P@IBOLPFP." ,BROLILDV 49(PRMMI 2) (1997): 155-161.
55. 1T>KH 0*, *BOPQ>A -, 1QOLJ A, BQ >I. "+RIQFMIB P@IBOLPFP FK ORO>I ,LOT>V. 'QP DBLDO>MEF@ AFP-
QOF?RQFLK >KA L@@RM>QFLK>I FK@FABK@B FK OBI>QFLK QL KRQOFQFLK." ,BT #KDI.(. +BA. 246 (1952): 721-
728.
56. ">IDIBFPE A%. "4FORPBP >KA JRIQFMIB P@IBOLPFP." A@Q> ,BROLI. 1@>KA. 1RMMI. 169 (1997): 8-15.
57. +@AIMFKB ", *RJPABK !#, >KA A@EBPLK #". +RIQFMIB P@IBOLPFP: > OB>MMO>FP>I. #AFK?RODE >KA
*LKALK: #&1 *FSFKDPQLK, 1965.
58. AIQBO +, *FB?LTFQW 3, >KA 1MBBO (. "0FPH LC JRIQFMIB P@IBOLPFP OBI>QBA QL >DB >Q FJJFDO>QFLK QL
'PO>BI." AO@E. ,BROLI. 15 (1966): 234-237.
59. )ROQWHB ($, BB?B %5, >KA ,LOJ>K (#, (O. "#MFABJFLILDV LC JRIQFMIB P@IBOLPFP FK 3.1. SBQ B -
O>KP: 1. 0>@B, PBU, >KA DBLDO>MEF@ AFPQOF?RQFLK." ,BROLILDV 29 (1979): 1228-1235.
60. #?BOP %!, RIJ>K "#, 1>ALSKF@H A", BQ >I. "A MLMRI>QFLK-?>PBA PQRAV LC JRIQFMIB P@IBOLPFP FK
QTFKP." ,BSS #KDI.(. +BA. 315 (1986): 1638-1642.
61. A@EBPLK #", >@EO>@E !A, >KA 5OFDEQ $+. "1LJB @LJJBKQP LK QEB OBI>QFLKPEFM LC QEB AFP-
QOF?RQFLK LC JRIQFMIB P@IBOLPFP QL I>QFQRAB PLI>O O>AF>QFLK >KA LQEBO S>OF>?IBP." A@Q> .PV@EF-
>QOF@>,BROLILDF@> 1@>KA. 35 (1RMMI.147) (1960): 132-147.
62. 5>OOBK 1, >KA 5>OOBK )%. "+RIQFMIB P@IBOLPFP >KA >PPL@F>QBA AFPB>PBP: > OBI>QFLKPEFM QL AF>-
?BQBP JBIIFQRP." (. !>K>AF>K 1@F. ,BROLI. 8 (1981): 35-39.
63. 5BOQJ>K #, 8FI?BO ,, >KA A?O>KPHV -. "AK >PPL@F>QFLK ?BQTBBK JRIQFMIB P@IBOLPFP >KA 2VMB 1
AF>?BQBP JBIIFQRP." (. ,BROLI. 239 (1992): 43-45.
64. +>OOLPR +%, !L@@L #, *>F +, BQ >I. ".>QFBKQP TFQE JRIQFMIB P@IBOLPFP >KA OFPH LC 2VMB 1 AF>-
?BQBP JBIIFQRP FK 1>OAFKF>, 'Q>IV: > @LELOQ PQRAV." *>K@BQ 359 (2002): 1461-1465.
65. RWWBQQF 0, .LWWFIIF ., "F +>OFL 3, BQ >I. "+RIQFMIB P@IBOLPFP >KA 2VMB 1 AF>?BQBP." "F>?BQLILDF>
45 (2002): 1735-1736.
368
66. *RU 5#, >KA )ROQWHB (# "'P .>OHFKPLK'P AFPB>PB >@NRFOBA? #SFABK@B COLJ > DBLDO>MEF@ @LJ-
M>OFPLK TFQE JRIQFMIB P@IBOLPFP." ,BROLILDV 37 (1987): 467-471.
67. .O>E>I>A 1, 1EB>O #1, 2ELJMPLK 1", BQ >I. "'K@OB>PBA .OBS>IBK@B LC $>JFIF>I ARQLFJJRKFQV FK
1FJMIBU >KA +RIQFMIBU $>JFIFBP TFQE (RSBKFIB 0EBRJ>QLFA AOQEOFQFP." AOQEOFQFP 0EBRJ>QRJ 46 (2002):
1851-1856.
68. !>KQLOK> +2, +RKPF@H !, BJFPP !, BQ >I. " 1,25-"FEVAOLUV@ELIB@>I@FCBOLI .OBSBKQP >KA
AJBIFLO>QBP 1VJMQLJP LC #UMBOFJBKQ>I +ROFKB IKCI>JJ>QLOV LTBI "FPB>PB." (. ,RQO. 130 (2000):
2648-2652.
69. !>KQLOK> +2, 5LLAT>OA 5", &>VBP !#, BQ >I. " 1,25-"FEVAOLUVSFQ>JFK "3 FP > MLPFQFSB OBDR-
I>QLO CLO QEB QTL >KQF-BK@BME>IFQLDBKF@ @VQLHFKBP 2%$-1 >KA '*-4." ( 'JJRKLI. 160 (1998): 5314-
5319.
70. !>KQLOK> +2, &RJM>I-5FKQBO (, >KA "B*R@> &# ""FBQ>OV @>I@FRJ FP > J>GLO C>@QLO FK 1,25-AFEV-
AOLUV@ELIB@>IBFCBOLI PRMMOBPPFLK LC BUMBOFJBKQ>I >RQLFJJRKB BK@BME>ILJVBIFQFP FK JF@B."(. ,RQO
129 (1999): 1966-1971.
71. +RIQFMIB 1@IBOLPFP 'KQBOK>QFLK>I $BABO>QFLK. "AIQBOK>QFSB 2EBO>MFBP." ,LSBJ?BO 25, 2003.
A@@BPPBA >Q EQQM://TTT.JPFC.LOD/BK/PVJMQLJP=QOB>QJBKQP/QOB>QJBKQ=LSBOSFBT/ >IQBOK>QFSB.EQJI
10. .LDI>SIGB
1. $O>PPBQQL *A, 2LAA )+, +LOOFP !, (O., BQ >I. "5LOIATFAB FK@FABK@B LC EFM CO>@QROB FK BIABOIV
TLJBK: OBI>QFLK QL @LKPRJMQFLK LC >KFJ>I >KA SBDBQ>?IB CLLAP." (. %BOLKQLILD)/ 55 (2000): +585-
+592.
2. A?BILT (, &LICLOA 20, >KA 'KPLDK> )*. "!OLPP-@RIQRO>I >PPL@F>QFLK ?BQSSBBK AFBQ>OV >KFJ>I MOL-
QBFK >KA EFM CO>@QROB: > EVMLQEBPFP." !>I@FC. 2FPPRB 'KQ. 50 (1992): 14-18.
3. 5>@EPJ>K A, >KA BJPQBFK "1. ""FBQ >KA LPQBLMLOLPFP." *>K@BQ +>V 4, 1968 (1968): 958-
959.
4. >OWBI 3.1.. "A@FA IL>AFKD >KA LPQBLMLOLPFP." (. AJ. %BOF>QO. 1L@. 30 (1982): 613.
5. 1EBOJ>K &!. "!>I@FRJ OBNRFOBJBKQ CLO J>FKQBK>K@B FK J>K." (. FLI. !EBJ. 39 (1920): 21-27.
6. @FSLQFKGPHF MOLQBFKF FJ>GR SFXB >JFKLHFPBIFK> HLGB P>AO\B PRJMLO. )>A> PB PS>OB F JBQ>?LIFXR,
LSB >JFKLHFPBIFKB MOLFWSLAB HFPBIF PRIC>QKF GLK, HLGF PB FW?>@RGB ?R?OBWFJ>. ,LSFGF FWSBXQ>G GB MLH>W>L
RMB [>QIGFSR HLOBI>@FGR LA 84% FWJBYR RKLP> \FSLQFKGPHFE MOLQBFK> F FWIR[F S>KG> PRIC>Q> JLHO>ZKLJ
HFPBIFKLJ.
7. OLPK>K (2, >KA OLPK>K +#. ""FBQ>OV MOLQBFK, JBQ>?LIF@ >@FALPFP, >KA @>I@FRJ ?>I>K@B." 'K: &.
&. "O>MBO (BA.), AAS>K@BP FK ,RQOFQFLK>I 0BPB>O@E, MM. 77-105. ,BT 7LOH: .IBKRJ .OBPP, 1982.
8. $O>PPBQQL *A, 2LAA )+, +LOOFP 0!, (O., BQ >I. "#PQFJ>QFLK LC KBQ BKALDBKLRP KLK@>O?LKF@ >@FA
MOLAR@QFLK FK ERJ>KP COLJ AFBQ MLQ>PPFRJ >KA MOLQBFK @LKQBKQP." AJ. (. !IFK. ,RQOF. 68 (1998):
576-583.
9. +>ODBK 1, !ER (-7, )>RCJ>KK ,A, BQ >I. "1QRAFBP FK @>I@FRJ JBQ>?LIFPJ. '. 2EB @>I@FROBQF@ BCCB@Q
LC AFBQ>OV MOLQBFK." AJ. (. !IFK. ,RQO. 27 (1974): 584-589.
10. &BDPQBA +, 1@ERBQQB 1A, 8BJBI +, BQ >I. "3OFK>OV @>I@FRJ >KA @>I@FRJ ?>I>K@B FK VLRKD JBK
>P >CCB@QBA ?V IBSBI LC MOLQBFK >KA MELPMELORP FKQ>HB." (. ,RQO. 111 (1981): 553-562.
11. )BOPQBQQBO (#, >KA A3BK *&. ""FBQ>OV MOLQBFK FK@OB>PBP ROFK>OV @>I@FRJ." (. ,RQO. 120 (1990):
134-136.
12. 5BPQJ>K #!, 7>K@V 51, #AJ>K (1, BQ >I. "!>O?LEVAO>QB "FBQ .OLDO>J." AJ. (. +BA. 113
(2002): 30-36.
13. 1BIIJBVBO "#, 1QLKB )*, 1B?>PQF>K A, BQ >I. "A EFDE O>QFL LC AFBQ>OV >KFJ>I QL SBDBQ>?IB MOL-
QBFK FK@OB>PBP QEB O>QB LC ?LKB ILPP >KA QEB OFPH LC CO>@QROB FK MLPQJBKLM>RP>I TLJBK." AJ. (.
!IFK. ,RQO. 73 (2001): 118-122.
14. &BDPQBA "+. "!>I@FRJ >KA LPQBLMLOLPFP." ( ,RQO: 116 (1986): 2316-2319.
15. &B>KBV 0.. ".OLQBFK FKQ>HB >KA ?LKB EB>IQE: QEB FKCIRBK@B LC ?BIFBC PSPQBJP LK QEB @LKAR@Q
LC KRQOFQFLK>I P@FBK@B." AJ.(. !IFK. ,RQO. 73 (2001): 5-6.
16. !RJJFKDP 10, >KA I>@H ". "LKB J>PP JB>PROBJBKQP >KA OFPH LC CO>@QROB FK !>R@>PF>K
TLJBK: > OBSFBT LC CFKAFKDP CLO MOLPMB@QFSB PQRAFBP." AJ. (. +BA. 98(1RMMI 2A) (1995): 21-241.
17. +>OPE>II ", (LEKBII -, >KA 5BABI &. "+BQ>->K>IVPFP LC ELT TBII JB>PROBP LC ?LKB JFKBO>I
ABKPFQV MOBAF@Q L@@ROOBK@B LC LPQBLMLOLQF@ CO>@QROBP." OFQ. +BA. ;LROK. 312 (1996): 1254-1259.
18. *FMP .. "#MFABJFLILDV >KA MOBAF@QLOP LC CO>@QROBP >PPL@F>QBA TFQE LPQBLMLOLPFP." AJ. (. +BA.
1-3(2A)(1997):31-111.
19. *>KB ,#, >KA ,BSFQQ +!. "-PQBL>OQEOFQFP, ?LKB J>PP, >KA CO>@QROBP: ELT >OB QEBV OBI>QBA?"
AOQEOFQFP 0EBRJ>QFPJ 46 (2002): 1-4.
20. *R@>P $*, !>RIBV (A, 1QLKB 0A, BQ >I. "LKB JFKBO>I ABKPFQV >KA OFPH LC ?OB>PQ @>K@BO: AFCCBO-
BK@BP ?V C>JFIV EFPQLOV LC ?OB>PQ @>K@BO." AJ. (. #MFABJFLI. 148 (1998): 22-29.
369
21. !>RIBV(A, *R@>P $*, )RIIBO *&, BQ >I. "LKB JFKBO>I ABKPFQV >KA OFPH LC ?OB>PQ @>K@BO FK LIABO
TLJBK: QEB PQRAV LC LPQBLMLOLQF@ CO>@QROBP." (A+A 276 (1996): 1404-1408.
22. +FK@BV A. "-PQBLMLOLPFP FK TLJBK TFQE ?OB>PQ @>K@BO." !ROO -K@LI. 0MQP. 5 (2003): 53- 57.
23. 0FFP (. "2EB OLIB LC ?LKB ILPP." AJ. (. +BA. 98(1RMMI 2A) (1995): 21-291.
24. &L 1!. "LAV JB>PROBJBKQP, ?LKB J>PP, >KA CO>@QROBP: ALBP QEB #>PQ AFCCBO COLJ QEB 5BPQ?"
!IFK. -OQELM>BA. 0BI>QBA0BP. 323 (1996): 75-80.
25. APMO>V 2(, .OBKQF@B A, !LIB 2(, BQ >I. "*LT ?LKB JFKBO>I @LKQBKQ FP @LJJLK ?RQ LPQBLMLOLQF@
CO>@QROBP >OB O>OB FK BIABOIV ORO>I %>J?F>K SSLJBK." (. LKB +FK. 0BP. 11 (1996): 1019-1025.
26. 2P>F )-1. "-PQBLMLOLQF@ CO>@QROB O>QB, ?LKB JFKBO>I ABKPFQS, >KA ?LKB JBQ>?LIFPJ FK 2>FT>K."
(. $LOJLP>K +BA. APPL@. 96 (1997): 802-805.
27. 5R A&, .FHB +!, >KA 1QO>J "-. "+BQ>->K>IVPFP: AFBQ>OV C>Q FKQ>HB, PBORJ BPQOLDBK IBSBIP, >KA
QEB OFPH LC ?OB>PQ @>K@BO." (. ,>Q. !>K@BO 'KPQ. 91 (1999): 529-534. .
28. 3!*A )FAKBV 1QLKB 2OB>QJBKQ !BKQBO. ")FAKBV 1QLKBP-'KABU." +>O@E, 1997. A@@BPPBA >Q
EQQM://TTT.O>AP@F.R@I>. BAR:8000/DR/PQLKBP/HFAKBVPQLKB.EQJI
29. 1Q>J>QBILR )), $O>K@FP +#, (LKBP !A, BQ >I. "2FJB QOBKAP FK OBMLOQBA MOBS>IBK@B LC HFAKBV
PQLKBP." )FAKBV 'KQ. 63 (2003): 1817-1823.
30. -S>G DBKBQF[HF OBA>H QFM H>JBK> R ?R?OBDR PB G>SIG> W?LD KBJL DRZKLPQF ?R?OBD> A> OB>MPLO-
?RGR >JFKLHFPBIFKR @FPQBFK.
31. 0>JBIIL A, 4FQ>IB !, >KA +>O>KDBII> +. "#MFABJFLILDV LC KBMEOLILQEF>PFP." (. ,BMEOLI. 13(1RMMI
3) (2000): 165-170.
32. 0L?BOQPLK 5%, .B>@L@H +, >KA &LADHFKPLK A. ""FBQ>OV @E>KDBP >KA QEB FK@FABK@B LC ROFK><
?>HRIF FK QEB 3.). ?BQTBBK 1958 >KA 1976." !EOLK. "FP. 32 (1979): 469-476.
33. 0L?BOQPLK 5%, .B>@L@H +, &BV?ROK .(, BQ >I. "0FPH C>@QLOP FK @>I@FRJ PQLKB AFPB>PB LC QEB
ROFK>OV QO>@Q." OFQ.;. 3OLILDV 50 (1978): 449-454.
34. 0L?BOQPLK 5%. "#MFABJFLILDF@>I OFPH C>@QLOP FK @>I@FRJ PQLKB AFPB>PB." 1@>KA. (. 3OLI.
,BMEOLI. 1RMMI. 53 (1980): 15-30.
35. 0L?BOQPLK 5%, .B>@L@H +, &BV?ROK .(, BQ >I. "1ELRIA OB@ROOBKQ @>I@FRJ LU>I>QB PQLKB CLO -
JBOP ?B@LJB SBDBQ>OF>KP?" OFQ. (. 3OLILDV 51 (1979): 427-431.
36. -SB FKCLOJ>@FGB PR FWKBQB K> PBJFK>OR AO 0L?BOQPLK> R 2LOLKQR.
37. 0L?BOQPLK 5%. ""FBQ >KA @>I@FRJ PQLKBP." +FKBO #IB@QOLIVQB +BQ>?. 13 (1987): 228-234.
38. !>L *!, LBSB #0, AB ORFGK 5!, BQ >I. "A OBSFBT LC KBT @LK@BMQP FK OBK>I PQLKB OBPB>O@E."
1@>KKFKD +F@OLP@LMV 7 (1993): 1049-1065.
39. $OFBAJ>K "1, !LKDALK ,, )BJMBK(, BQ >I. "4FPFLK MOL?IBJP FK QEB 3.1.: MOBS>IBK@B LC >ARIQ
SFPFLK FJM>FOJBKQ >KA >DB-OBI>QBA BVB AFPB>PB FK AJBOF@>." BQEBPA>, +": .OBSBKQ IFKAKBPP FK
AJBOF@>. ,>QFLK>I #VB 'KPQFQRQB, 2002.
40. $LLQB !1. .ELQLPBKPFQFWBA LUFA>QFLK >KA PFKDIBQ LUVDBK: @LKPBNRBK@BP FK ?FLILDF@>I PVPQBJP.
4LI. 2 ,BT 7LOH: A@>ABJF@ .OBPP, 1976.
41. 1BAALK (+, AG>KF 3A, 1MBOARQL 0", BQ >I. ""FBQ>OV @>OLQBKLFAP, SFQ>JFKP A, !, >KA #, >KA
>AS>K@BA >DB-OBI>QBA J>@RI>O ABDBKBO>QFLK." (A+A 272 (1994): 1413-1420.
42. #VB "FPB>PB !>PB-!LKQOLI 1QRAV %OLRM. "AKQFLUFA>KQ PQ>QRP >KA KBLS>P@RI>O >DB-OBI>QBA J>@-
RI>O ABDBKBO>QFLK." AO@E. -MEQE>IJLI. 111 (1993): 104-109.
43. "ORDB [BQFOF DORMB K>JFOKF@> PR MOLHBIG, X>OD>OBM>, PI>QHF HOLJMFO, F QFHSF@B, HLGB MLH>WRGR PJ> -
KGBKGB PQLMB ?LIBPQF W> 53%, 28%, 33% F 44%. -S> PJ>KGBKG> PR PB P>JL MOF?IF\>S>I> FIF ?FI> J>O-
DFK>IKL PQ>QFPQF[HF WK>[>GK>.
44. BOJ>K #0. FL@EBJFPQOV LG QEB BVB. (.BOPMB@QFSBP FK SFPFLK OBPB>O@E). ,BT 7LOH, ,.7.: .IBKRJ
.R?IFPEFKD !LOMLO>QFLK, 1991.
45. *VIB (, +>OBP-.BOIJ>K (A, )IBFK #), BQ >I. "AKQFLUFA>KQ 'KQ>HB >KA 0FPH LC 'K@FABKQ ADB-OBI> -
QBA ,R@IB>O !>Q>O>@QP FK QEB B>SBO ">J #VB 1QRAV." AJ. (. #MFABJFLI. 149 (1999): 801-809.
46. >QBP !(, !EBK 1(, +>@ALK>IA A, BQ >I. "/R>KQFQ>QFLK LC SFQ>JFK # >KA > @>OLQBKLFA MFDJBKQ
FK @>Q>O>@QBOLRP ERJ>K IBKPBP, >KA QEB BCCB@Q LC > AFBQ>OV PRMMIBJBKQ." 'KQ. (. 4FQ>J. ,RQO. 0BP.
66 (1996): 316-321.
47. 4>OJ> 1", B>@EV ,A, >KA 0F@E>OAP 0". ".ELQLMBOLUFA>QFLK LC IBKP IFMFAP: MOBSBKQFLK ?V SFQ>-
JFK #." .ELQL@EBJ. .ELQL?FLI. 36 (1982): 623-626.
48. 2>I>K (. "AIWEBFJBO'P AF>DKLPBP @>K ?B QTL VB>OP I>QB." 'QE>@>(LROK>I: 8A.
49. .BQBOPBK 0!, 1JFQE %#, 5>OFKD 1!, BQ >I. "+FIA @LDKFQFSB FJM>FOJBKQ." AO@E. ,BROLI. 56 (1999):
303-308.
50. )FSFMBIQL +, &BIH>I> #-*, &>KKFKBK 2, BQ >I. "+FAIFCB S>P@RI>O OFPH C>@QLOP >KA I>QB-IFCB JFIA @LD-
KFQFSB FJM>FOJBKQ. A MLMRI>QFLK ?>PBA PQRAV." ,BROLILDV 56 (2001): 1683-1689.
51. OBQBIBO ++, !I>RP ((, %OL??BB "#, BQ >I. "!>OAFLS>P@RI>O AFPB>PB >KA AFPQOF?RQFLK LC @LD-
KFQFSB CRK@QFLK FK BIABOIV MBLMIB: QEB 0LQQBOA>J 1QRAV." OFQ. +BA. (LRJ. 308 (1994): 1604-1608.
370
52. &>>K +,, 1EBJ>KPHF *.(>DRPQ 5(, BQ >I. "2EB OLIB LC A.-# B4 FK JLARI>QFKD BCCB@QP LC LQEBO
OFPH C>@QLOP CLO @LDKFQFSB AB@IFKB FK BIABOIV MBOPLKP." (A+A 282 (1999): 40-46.
53. 1M>OHP "*, +>OQFK 2A, %OLPP "0, BQ >I. "*FKH ?BQTBBK EB>OQ AFPB>PB, @ELIBPQBOLI, >KA
AIWEBFJBO'P "FPB>PB: > OBSFBT." +F@OLP@LMV 0BP. 2B@E. 50 (2000): 287-290.
54. 1ILLQBO A(, 2>KD +6, S>K "RFGK !+, BQ >I. "AMLIFMLMOLQBFK # B4 >KA OFPH LC ABJBKQF> TFQE
PQOLHB. A MLMRI>QFLK ?>PBA FKSBPQFD>QFLK." (A+A 277 (1997): 818-821.
55. +BPPFBO !, >KA %>DKLK +. "%IR@LPB OBDRI>QFLK >KA @LDKFQFSB CRK@QFLKP: OBI>QFLK QL AIWEBFJBO'P
AFPB>PB >KA AF>?BQBP." BE>S. O>FK 0BP. 75 (1996): 1-11.
56. -QQ A, 1QLIH 0., &LCJ>K A, BQ >I. "APPL@F>QFLK LC AF>?BQBP JBIIFQRP >KA ABJBKQF>: QEB
0LQQBOA>J 1QRAV." "F>?BQLILDF> 39 (1996): 1392-1397.
57. )>KKBI 5, 5LIC .A, 4BOQBO (, BQ >I. "#MFABJFLILDF@ >PPBPPJBKQ LC QEB OLIB LC ?ILLA MOBPPROB
FK PQOLHB." (A+A 214 (1970): 301-310.
58. *>RKBO *(, +>P>HF ), .BQOLSFQ@E &, BQ >I. "2EB >PPL@F>QFLK ?BQTBBK JFAIFCB ?ILLA MOBPPROB IB -
SBIP >KA I>QB-IFCB @LDKFQFSB CRK@QFLK." (A+A 274 (1995): 1846-1851.
59. 5EFQB, *., .BQOLSFQ@E, &., 0LPP, %. 5., +>P>HF, ). &., A??LQQ, 0. "., 2BKD, #. *., 0LAOFNRBW, .
*., I>K@EBQQB, .. *., &>SIFH, 0., 5BODLTPHB, %., !EFR, "., $LIBV, ". (., +ROA>RDE, !, >KA !RO?, (.
". ".OBS>IBK@B LC ABJBKQF> FK LIABO (>M>KBPB-AJBOF@>K JBK FK &>SO>FF. 2EB &LKL-IRIR-APF> ADFKD
1QRAV." (A+A, 276: 955-960, 1996.
60. &BKAOFB &!, -DRKKFVF A, &>IF )1, BQ >I. "'K@FABK@B LC ABJBKQF> >KA AIWEBFJBO "FPB>PB FK 2
@LJJRKFQFBP: 7LOR?> OBPFAFKD FK '?>A>K, ,FDBOF> >KA ACOF@>K AJBOF@>KP OBPFAFKD FK 'KAF>K>MLIFP,
'KAF>K>." (A+A 285 (2001): 739-747.
61. !E>KAO> 4, .>KA>S 0, "LADB &&, BQ >I. "'K@FABK@B LC AIWEBFJBO'P AFPB>PB FK > ORO>I @LJJR-
KFQV FK 'KAF>: QEB 'KAL-3.1. 1QRAV." ,BROLILDV 57 (2001): 985-989.
62. %O>KQ 5. ""FBQ>OV IFKHP QL AIWEBFJBO'P "FPB>PB: 1999 3MA>QB." (. AIWEBFJBO'P "FP 1 (1999):
197-201.
63. %O>KQ 5. "'K@FABK@B LC ABJBKQF> >KA AIWEBFJBO AFPB>PB FK ,FDBOF> >KA QEB 3KFQBA 1Q>QBP."
(A+A 285 (2001): 2448.
64. -SL KBA>SKL L?G>SIGBKL FPQO>\FS>KGB GB W>KFJIGFSFGB LA AORDFE W>QL XQL GB HLIF[FK> SFQ>JFK> #
JBOB K> K> K>[FK HLGF RWFJ> R L?WFO [FKGBKF@R A> PB SFQ>JFK # MOBKLPF R J>PQFJ> R HOSF. 2L GBPQ,
SFPLH KFSL SFQ>JFK> # R HOSF JL\B, MLKBH>A, A> PB G>SIG> W?LD SFPLHLD KFSL> J>PQF R HOSF. (AJ. (.
#MFABJFLI. 150 (1999); 37-44)
65. #CBHQF SFQ>JFK> ! F PBIBK> R .BOHFKPLSLJ FPQO>\FS>KGR (AJ. (. #MFABJFLI. 150 (1999); 37-44),
ML >RQLOFJ>, KFPR ?FIF PQ>QFPQF[HF WK>[>GKF R ILDFPQF[HLJ OBDOBPFLKLJ JLABIR. (> PB KB PI>\BJ P>
KGFELSFJ W>HIGR[HLJ W>QL XQL GB FKSBOWKF QOBKA ]LADLSLO> QFM> ALWB^ (SFPLH KFSL >KQFLHPFA>K>Q> R
HOSF, J>KGF DR?FQ>H JBJLOFGB) ?FL FJMOBPFS>K F G>PKL WK>[>G>K. ARQLOF KFPR L?O>AFIF LS>G K>I>W R PSL-
GLG >K>IFWF.
66. -OQBD> 0+, 0BNRBGL A+, AKAOBP ., BQ >I. ""FBQ>OV FKQ>HB >KA @LDKFQFSB CRK@QFLK FK > DOLRM LC
BIABOIV MBLMIB." AJ.(. !IFK. ,RQO. 66 (1997): 803-809.
67. .BOOFD 5(, .BOOFD ., >KA 1Q>EBIFK &. "2EB OBI>QFLK ?BQTBBK >KQFLUFA>KQP >KA JBJLOV MBOCLO-
J>K@B FK QEB LIA >KA SBOV LIA." (. AJ. %BOF>QO. 1L@. 45 (1997): 718-724.
68. %>IB !0, +>OQVK !,, >KA !LLMBO !. "!LDKFQFSB FJM>FOJBKQ >KA JLOQ>IFQV FK > @LELOQ LC BIA-
BOIV MBLMIB." OFQ. +BA. (LRJ. 312 (1996): 608-611.
69. %LLATFK(1, %LLATFK (+, >KA %>OOV .(. "APPL@F>QFLK ?BQTBBK KRQOFQFLK>I PQ>QRP >KA @LDKFQFSB
CRK@QFLKFKD FK > EB>IQEV BIABOIV MLMRI>QFLK." (A+A 249 (1983): 2917-2921.
70. (>J> (5, *>RKBO *(, 5FQQBJ>K (!+, BQ >I. ""FBQ>OV >KQFLUFA>KQP >KA @LDKFQFSB CRK@QFLK FK >
MLMRI>QFLK-?>PBA P>JMIB LC LIABO MBOPLKP: QEB 0LQQBOA>J 1QRAV." AJ. (. #MFABJFLI. 144 (1996):
275-280.
71. +>OQFK A, .OFLO 0, 1ERHFQQ-&>IB , BQ >I. "#CCB@Q LC CORFQP, SBDBQ>?IBP LO SFQ>JFK #-OF@E AFBQ LK
SFQ>JFKP # >KA ! AFPQOF?RQFLK FK MBOFMEBO>I >KA ?O>FK QFPPRBP: FJMIF@>QFLKP CLO ?O>FK CRK@QFLK." (.
!BOLKQLILDV 55A (2000): 144-151.
72. (LPBME(A, 1ERHFQQ-&>IB , "BKFPLS> ,A, BQ >I. "0BSBOP>IP LC >DB-OBI>QBA AB@IFKBP FK KBROLK>I
PFDK>I QO>KPAR@QFLK, @LDKFQFSB, >KA JLQLO ?BE>SFLO>I ABCF@FQP TFQE ?IRB?BOOS, PMFK>@E, LO PQO>T?BOOV
AFBQ>OV PRMMIBJBKQ>QFLK." (. ,BROLP@F. 19 (1999): 8114-8121.
73. %FIIJ>K +5, !RMMIBP *A, %>DKLK ", BQ >I. ".OLQB@QFSB BCCB@Q LC CORFQP >KA SBDBQ>?IBP LK ABSB -
IL M JBKQ LC PQOLHB FK JBK." (A+A 273 (1995): 1113-1117.
74. )>IJFGK 1, *>RKBO *(, -QQ A, BQ >I. ""FBQ>OV C>Q FKQ>HB >KA QEB OFPH LC FK@FABKQ ABJBKQF> FK QEB
0LQQBOA>J 1QRAV." AKK. ,BROLI. 42 (1997): 776-782.
75. AIWEBFJBO'P QOBKA T>P KLQ PQ>QFPQF@>IIV PFDKFCF@>KQ, MBOE>MP ARB QL QEB PJ>II KRJ?BO LC AFPB>PB
@>PBP.
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BIP FK @LKCFOJBA AIWEBFJBO AFPB>PB." AO@E. ,BROLI. 55 (1998): 1449-1455.
77. +@!RIIV )1. "&LJL@VPQBFKB QEBLOV LC >OQBOFLP@IBOLPFP: ABSBILMJBKQ >KA @ROOBKQ PQ>QRP." 'K: A.
+. %LQQL,(O. >KA 0. .>LIBQQF (BAP.), AQEBOP@IBOLPFP OBSFBTP, 4LI. 11, MM. 157-246. ,BT 7LOH: 0>SBK
.OBPP, 1983.
78. +BYRQFJ, MLPQLGF JLDRZF MOL?IBJ P> LSLJ ILDFHLJ. ,FSL ELJL@FPQBFK> GB ABILJ OBDRIFP>K
SFQ>JFKFJ>, MOB PSBD> CLIKLJ HFPBIFKLJ F SFQ>JFKLJ 12, > IGRAF HLGFJ> KBALPQ>GR LSF SFQ>JFKF JLDR
A> FJ>GR SFXF KFSL ELJL@FPQBFK>. *GRAF HLGF KB GBAR K>JFOKF@B \FSLQFKG PHLD MLOBHI> FWIL\BKF PR OFWFHR
LA KFPHLD KFSL> SFQ>JFK> 12, > QFJB F LA SFPLHLD KFSL> ELJL@FPQBFK>. +BYRQFJ, H>L XQL GB LMFP>KL
R 11. MLDI>SIGR, QL GB SFXB R SBWF P> K>XFJ LQRYBKGBJ LA MOFOLAB, > KB P> KBALPQ>QHLJ ?FIGKB
FPEO>KB.
"BL '''
11. .LDI>SIGB
1. AQHFKP 0!. "O. AQHFKP' ,BT "FBQ 0BSLIRQFLK. ,BT 7LOH, ,7: ASLK LLHP, 1999.
2. 2EB AIME>-2L@LMEBOLI BQ> !>OLQBKB !>K@BO .OBSBKQFLK 1QRAV %OLRM. "2EB BCCB@Q LC SFQ>JFK #
>KA ?BQ> @>OLQBKB LK QEB FK@FABK@B LC IRKD @>K@BO >KA LQEBO @>K@BOP FK J>IB PJLHBOP." ,BFS #KDI(.
+BA. 330 (1994): 1029-1035.
3. -JBKK %1, %LLAJ>K %#, 2ELJNRFPQ +", BQ >I. "#CCB@QP LC > @LJ?FK>QFLK LC ?BQ> @>OLQBKB >KA
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11. &> 7*, %OFJJ ,), >KA .>OFW> +5. "AKQF@>O@FKLDBKP COLJ COFBA DOLRKA ?BBC: EB>Q->IQBOBA ABOFS-
>QFSBP LC IFKLIBF@ >@FA." !>O@FKLDBKPFP 8 (1987): 1881-1887.
12. &> 7*, 1QLOHPLK (, >KA .>OFW> +5 "'KEF?FQFLK LC ?BKWL(>)MVOBKB-FKAR@BA JLRPB CLOBPQLJ>@E
KBLMI>PF> ?V @LKGRD>QBA ABKLF@ ABOFS>QFSBP LC IFKLI@F@ >@FA." !>K@BO 0BP. 50 (1990): 1097-1101.
13. AVAFK 0, .>OFW> +5, >KA !LLH +#. "-IFSB LFI MOBSBKQP QEB >ASBOPB BCCB@QP LC AFBQ>OV @LKGR-
D>QBA IFKLIBF@ >@FA LK @EF@H E>Q@E>?FIFQV >KA BDD NR>IFQV." (. ,RQO. 131 (2001): 800-806.
14. .BQBOP (+, .>OH 7, %LKW>IBW $(, BQ >I. "'KCIRBK@B LC @LKGRD>QBA IFKLIBF@ >@FA LK ?LAV @LJ-MLPF-
QFLK >KA Q>ODBQ DBKB BUMOBPPFLK FK MBOLUFPLJB MOLIFCBO>QLO->@QFS>QBA OB@BMQLO >IME>-KRII JF?B."
FL@EFJ. FLMEVP. A@Q> 1533 (2001): 233-242.
15. ,Q>J?F (+, !ELF 7, .>OH 7, BQ >I. "#CCB@Q LC @LKGRD>QBA IFKLIBF@ >@FA (!*A) LK FJJRKB OB-PMLKP-
BP, ?LAV @LJMLPFQFLK >KA PQB>OLVI-!LA ABP>QRO>PB." !>K.(. AMMI. .EVPFLI 27 (2002)-617-627.
16. IM !, !EFK 1$, 1@FJB@> (A, BQ >I. "+>JJ>OV @>K@BO MOBSBKQFLK ?V @LKGRD>QBA AFBKLF@ ABOFS>-
QFSB LC IFKLIBF@ >@FA " !>K@BO 0BP. 51 (1991): 6118-6124.
17. IM !, !EBKD (, 2ELJMPLK &(, BQ >I. "0BQBKQFLK LC @LKGRD>QBA IFKLIBF@ >@FA FK QEB J>JJ>OV
DI>KA FP >PPL@F>QBA TFQE QRJLO FKEF?FQFLK AROFKD QEB MLPQ-FKFQF>QFLK ME>PB LC @>O@FKLDBKBPFP."
!>O@FKLDBKPFP 18 (1997): 755-759.
18. 7>RHBV(. "!E>KDFKD @LTP' AFBQP BIBS>QBP JFIHP' @>K@BO-CFDEQFKD." 'QE>@>(LROK>I ,LSBJ?BO 12,
1996: 1.
19. BIROV +A. "'KEF?FQFLK LC @>O@FKLDBKBPFP ?V @LKGRD>QBA IFKLIBF@ >@FA: MLQBKQF>I JB@E>KFPJP LC
>@QFLK."(. ,RQO. 132 (2002): 2995-2998.
20. IM !, >KKF 1, AKDFLKF #, BQ >I. "!LKGRD>QBA IFKLIBF@ >@FA-BKOF@EBA ?RQQBO C>Q >IQBOP J>JJ>OV
DI>KA JLOMELDBKBPFP >KA OBAR@BP @>K@BO OFPH FK O>QP." (. ,RQO 129 (1999): 2135-2142.
21. %OFFK>OF (+, !LOI A, *>@V 1&, BQ >I. "!LKGRD>QBA IFKLIBF@ >@FA FP PVKQEBPFWBA BKALDBKLRPIV FK
I>@Q>QFKD A>FOV @LTP ?V "9-ABP>QRO>QB." (. ,RQO. 130 (2000): 2285-2291.
22. IM !, "LKD 7, 2ELJMPLK &(, BQ >I. "!LKQOLI LC O>Q J>JJ>OV BMFQEBIFRJ MOLIFCBO>QFLK ?V @LKGR-
D>QBA IFKLIBF@ >@FA." ,RQO. !>K@BO 39 (2001): 233-238.
23. IM !, "LKD 7, IM ++, BQ >I. "!LKGRD>QBA IFKLIBF@ >@FA FPLJBOP >KA J>JJ>OV @>K@BO MOBSBK-
QFLK." ,RQO !>K@BO 43 (2002): 52-58.
24. %FLS>KKR@@F #. "'KPRIFK >KA @LILK @>K@BO." !>K@BO !>RPBP >KA !LKQOLI 6 (1995): 164-179.
25. +FIIP .), BBPLK 5*, .EFIIFMP 0*, BQ >I. "!LELOQ PQRAV LC AFBQ, IFCBPQVIB, >KA MOLPQ>QB @>K@BO."
!>K@BO 64 (1989): 598-604.
26. .LQO>\FQB HIGR[KR OB[ ]IV@LMBKB^ K> TTT.K@?F.KIJ.KFE.DLS
27. !EOFPQF>K +1, 1@ERIQB 1, >KA &BIITFD(. ""BSBILMJBKQ>I (BJ?OVL-CBQ>I QLUF@FQV/QBO>QLDBKB@FQV)
QLUF @FQV PQRAFBP LC PSKQEBQF@ @OSPQ>IIFKB IV@LMBKB FK O>QP >KA O>??FQP." $LLA !EBJ. 2LUF@LI. 41
(2003): 773-783.
375
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MOLPQ>QB @>K@BO OFPH." (. ,>Q. !>K@BO 'KPQ. 94 (2002): 391-398.
29. %>KK .&, >KA )E>@EFH $. "2LJ>QLBP LO IV@LMBKB SBOPRP MOLPQ>QB @>K@BO: FP BSLIRQFLK >KQF-
OBAR@QFLKFPQ?"(. ,>Q. !>K@BO 'KPQ. 95 (2003): 1563-1565.
30. 2R@HBO %. ",RQOFQFLK>I BKE>K@BJBKQ LC MI>KQP." !ROO. -MFK. 14 (2003): 221-225.
31. &B 7. #CCB@QP LC @>OLQBKLFAP >KA AFBQ>OV @>OLQBKLFA BUQO>@QP LK >CI>QLUFK <FKAR@BA JRQ>DB -
KBPFP >KA EBM>QL@>O@FKLDBKBPFP. 'QE>@>, ,7: !LOKBII 3KFSBOPFQV, .E" 2EBPFP, 1990.
32. &B 7, >KA !>JM?BII 2!. "#CCB@QP LC @>OLQBKLFAP LK >CI>QLUFK G-FKAR@BA JRQ>DBKBPFP FK 1.
QVMEFJROFRJ 2A 100 >KA 2A 98." ,RQO !>K@BO 13 (1990): 243-253.
33. %FLS>KKR@@F #, AP@EBOFL A, 0FJJ #, BQ >I. "'KQ>HB LC @>OLQBKLFAP >KA OBQFKLI FK OBI>QFLK QL
OFPH LC MOLPQ>QB @>K@BO. "(. ,>Q. !>K@BO 'KPQ. 87 (1995): 1767-1776.
34. 3.1. "BM>OQJBKQ LC ADOF@RIQROB. "31"A ,RQOFBKQ ">Q>?>PB CLO 1Q>KA>OA 0BCBOBK@B."
5>PEFKDQLK, "!: 3.1. "BM>OQJBKQ LC ADOF@RIQROB, ADOF@RIQROB 0BPB>O@E 1BOSF@B, 2002. A@@BPPBA >Q
EQQM://TTT.K>I.RPA>.DLS/CKF@/CLLA@LJM
35. #?BOE>OAQ +4, *BB !7, >KA *FR 0&. "AKQFLUFA>KQ >@QFSFQV LC COBPE >MMIBP." ,>QROB 405 (2000):
903-904.
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1. $LLA >KA ,RQOFQFLK L>OA, >KA 'KPQFQRQB LC +BAF@FKB. ""FBQ>OV OBCBOBK@B FKQ>HBP CLO BKBODV, @>O-
?LEVAO>QBP, CF?BO, C>Q, C>QQV >@FAP, @ELIBPQBOLI, MOLQBFK, >KA >JFKL >@FAP (J>@OLKRQOFBKQP)."
5>PEFKDQLK, "!: 2EB ,>QFLK>I A@>ABJV .OBPP, 2002. A@@BPPBA >Q EQQM://TTT.K>M.BAR/ @> Q>ILD/I
0490 .EQJI ? LKMF=KB TPAL@090502
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Q>ODBQP QL OBAR@B @EOLKF@ AFPB>PB OFPH." 1BMQ. 5, 2002. 5>PEFKDQLK, "!: ,>QFLK>I 0BPB>O@E
!LRK@FI, 'KPQFQRQB LC +BAF@FKB. A@@BPPBA >Q EQQM://TTT4.K>QFLK>I>@>ABJFBP.LOD/KBTP.KPC/
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"!: 3.1. "BM>OQJBKQ LC ADOF@RIQROB, ADOF@RIQROB 0BPB>O@E 1BOSF@B, 2002. A@@BPPBA >Q
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KL HLIF[FKF LA LHL 10-11% LA RHRMKB HLIF[FKB H>ILOFG>: 70 HD U 0,8 D/HD U 4 @>I/D U 1/2200 @>I
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+>@OLKRQOFBKQP - 3KFQBA 1Q>QBP, 1971-2000." +LO?FAFQV >KA JLOQ>IFQV TBBHIV OBMLOQ 53 ($B?OR>OV
6, 2004): 80-82.
7. LPBIBV 1. "1RD>O FKARPQOV QEOB>QBKP QL P@RMMBO 5&-." 2EB %R>OAF>K AMOFI 21, 2003
8. ORKAQI>KA %&. "1TBBQ >KA PLRO; 2EB 5&0 FP >@@RPBA ?V QEB PRD>O FKARPQOV LC DFSFKD RKP@F-
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COLJ EQQM://TTT.FIPFK>.LOD.
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2004. AS>FI>?IB COLJ EQQM://TTT.M@OJ.LOD/KBTP/EB>IQE001002.EQJI.
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13. ,>QFLK>I A@>ABJV LC 1@FBK@BP, >KA 'KPQFQRQB LC +BAF@FKB. ""FBQ>OV 0BCBOBK@B 'KQ>HBP CLO
#KBODS, !>O?LEVAO>QBP, $F?BO, $>Q, $>QQV A@FAP, !ELIBPQBOLI, .OLQBFK, >KA AJFKL A@FAP (PRJ-J>OV
PQ>QBJBKQ)." 5>PEFKDQLK, "!: ,>QFLK>I A@>ABJV .OBPP, 1BMQBJ?BO, 2002.
14. ,>QFLK>I 'KPQFQRQBP LC &B>IQE. $B?OR>OV 2004. A@@BPPBA >Q EQQM://TTT.KFE.DLS
15. ,>QFLK>I 'KPQFQRQBP LC &B>IQE. ",>QFLK>I 'KPQFQRQBP LC &B>IQE. 1RJJ>OV LC QEB $7 2005 .OBPF-
ABKQ'P RADBQ." $B?OR>OV 2, 2004. A@@BPPBA >Q EQQM://TTT.KFE.DLS/KBTP
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376
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18. ,>QFLK>I !>K@BO 'KPQFQRQB. "$7 1999 /RBPQFLKP >KA AKPTBOP MOLSFABA CLO QEB OB@LOA CLO QEB $7
1999 &LRPB AMMOLMOF>QFLKP 1R?@LJJFQBB." (RIV 15, 2003. A@@BPPBA >Q EQQM:
//TTT3.@>K@BO.DLS/>AJFK/CJ?/1999/AP.EQOK
19. ,>QFLK>I !>K@BO 'KPQFQRQB. $72001 !LKDOBPPFLK>IGRPQFCF@>QFLK. A@@BPPBA +>O@E 2, 2004.
AS>FI>?IB COLJ EQQM://TTT3.@>K@BO.DLS/>AJFK/CJ?/FKABU.EQJI.
20. AKDBII +. "2EB ME>OJ>@BRQF@>I FKARPQOV-QL TELJ FP FQ >@@LRKQ>?IB?" ,LS #KDI. (. +BA. 342
(2000): 1902-1904.
21. ,>QFLK>I !>K@BO 'KPQFQRQB. $72004 !LKDOBPPFLK>I (RPQFCF@>QFLK. A@@BPPBA 2003. AS>FI>?IB COLJ
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3KFSBOPFQS, 1995:325MM.
17. .LDI>SIGB
1. ARPQLHBO (. "2EB 'QOB>QJBKQ LC @ELF@B': ?OB>PQ @>K@BO PRODBOS 1860-1985." 1L@. 1L@. &FPQ. +BA.
RI3*LKALK) 37 (1985): 100-107.
2. ,>FCBE 15. 2EB BPQ "L@QLOP FK AJBOF@>, 1994-1995. AFHBK, 1.!.: 5LLAT>OA & 5EFQB, 1994.
3. +@"LRD>II (A, >KA +@"LRD>II +A. 2EB +@"LRD>II .I>K. !IFKQLK, ,(: ,BT 5FK .R?IFPEFKD, 'K@.,
1983.
4. !LJJFQQBB LK ,RQOFQFLK FK +BAF@>I #AR@>QFLK. ",RQOFQFLK #AR@>QFLK FK 3.1. +BAF@>I 1@ELLIP."
5>PEFKDQLK, "!: ,>QFLK>I A@>ABJS LC 1@FBK@BP, 1985.
5. 5EFQB .*, (LEKPLK -!, >KA )F?IBO +(. "!LRK@FI LK $LLAP >KA ,RQOFQFLK, AJBOF@>K +BAF@>I
APPL@F>QFLK-FQP OBI>QFLK QL MESPF@F>KP." .LPQDO>AR>QB +BA. 30 (1961): 502-507.
6. *L !. "'KQBDO>QFKD KRQOFQFLK >P > QEBJB QEOLRDELRQ QEB JBAF@>I P@ELLI @ROOF@RIRJ." AJ. (. !IFK.
,RQO. 72(1RMMI) (2000): 8821-8891.
7. .B>OPLK 2A, 1QLKB #(, %ORKAS 1+, BQ >I. "2O>KPI>QFLK LC KRQOFQFLK P@FBK@B FKQL JBAF@>I BAR@>-
QFLK: QEB ,RQOFQFLK A@>ABJF@ AT>OA .OLDO>J." AJ.(. !IFK. ,RQO. 74 (2001): 164-170.
8. )>PPIBO 5(. "AMMBKAFU $: 2BPQFJLKS LC QEB AJBOF@>K +BAF@>I 1QRABKQ APPL@F>QFLK." 5>PEFKDQLK,
"!: ,>QFLK>I A@>ABJS LC 1@FBK@BP, 1985.
9. 8BFPBI 1&, >KA .I>FPQBA !1. "!"-0-+P CLO ,RQOFQFLK #AR@>QFLK." (. AJ. !LII. ,RQO 18 (1999):
287.
10. "SB FIF QOF RDIBAKB >DBK@FGB PR Q>HLYB PMLKWLOFP>IB LS>G MOLDO>J, >IF MOBQMLPQ>SIG>J A> PR
RMO>SKF@F LSFE >DBK@FG> PJ>QO>IF KBLM ELAKFJ A> PB MLSB\R P> MOLGBHQLJ JBAF@FKPHLD L?O>WLS>KG>
W?LD PLMPQSBKFE @FIGBS>, ?BW L?WFO> K> PRJKGFSR IFPQR AORDFE LOD>KFW>@FG>.
11. EQQM://TTT.JBA.RK@.BAR/KRQO/KFJ/$A/.EQJ#>K@ELOI97343
12. 5BFKPFBO 0*, LHBO (0, OLLHP !+, BQ >I. ",RQOFQFLK QO>FKFKD FK DO>AR>QB JBAF@>I (OBPFABK@S)
BAR@>QFLK: > PROSBS LC PBIB@QBA QO>FKFKD MOLDO>JP." AJ. (. !IFK. ,RQO. 54 (1991): 957-962.
13. 7LRKD #A. ",>QFLK>I ">FOV !LRK@FI AT>OA CLO #U@BIIBK@B FK +BAF@>I/"BKQ>I ,RQOFQFLK #AR@>QFLK
*B@QROB, 1992: MBOPMB@QFSBP LK KRQOFQFLK FK JBAF@>I BAR@>QFLK." AJ. (. !IFK. ,RQO. 56 (1992): 745-
751.
14. )RPEKBO 0$ "5FII QEBOB ?B > QFMMFKD MLFKQ FK JBAF@>I KRQOFQFLK BAR@>QFLK?" AJ.;. !IFK. ,RQO.
77 (2003): 288-291.
15. AKDBII +. "'P >@>ABJF@ JBAF@FKB CLO P>IB?" ,BT #KDI. (. +BA. 342 (2000): 1516-1518.
16. +LSKFE>K 0. "5EL M>VP CLO QEB MFWW>? 0BABCFKFKD QEB OBI>QFLKPEFMP ?BQTBBK AL@QLOP >KA AORD
@LJM>KFBP 1: #KQ>KDIBJBKQ." OFQ. +BA.(LRJ. 326 (2003): 1189-1192.
17. +LSKFE>K 0. "5EL M>VP CLO QEB MFWW>? 0BABCFKFKD QEB OBI>QFLKPEFMP ?BQTBBK AL@QLOP >KA AORD
@LJM>KFBP. 2. "FPBKQ>KDIBJBKQ." OFQ. +BA.(LRJ. 326 (2003): 1193-1196.
18. ASLJ (. !EBK +, >KA &>OQIBS 0. "1@FBKQFCH SBOPRP @LJJBO@F>I PLRO@BP LC FKCIRBK@B LK QEB MOB-
P@OF?FKD ?BE>SFLO LC MESPF@F>KP." AJ. ;. +BA. 73 (1982): 4-8.
19. *RKB ,, 0F@E #!, 1FJMPLK "#, BQ >I. ".E>OJ>@BRQF@>I OBMOBPBKQ>QFSBP FK >@>ABJF@ JBAF@>I
@BKQBOP: FKQBO>@QFLK TFQE C>@RIQS >KA ELRPBPQ>CC." (. %BK. IKQBOK. +BA. 5 (1990): 240-243.
20. 1QBFKJ>K +A, 1EIFM>H +%, >KA +@.EBB 1(. "-C MOFK@FMIBP >KA MBKP: >QQFQRABP >KA MO>@QF@BP
LC JBAF@FKB ELRPBPQ>CC QLT>OA ME>OJ>@BRQF@>I FKARPQOS MOLJLQFLKP." AJ.(. +BA. 110 (2001): 551-
557.
21. *BU@EFK (. "'KQBO>@QFLKP ?BQTBBK MESPF@F>KP >KA QEB ME>OJ>@BRQF@>I FKARPQOS: TE>Q ALBP QEB
IFQBO>QROB P>V?" !>K.. +BA. APPL@.(. 149 (1993): 1401-1407.
22. *BU@EFK (. "5E>Q FKCLOJ>QFLK AL MESPF@F>KP OB@BFSB COLJ ME>OJ>@BRQF@>I OBMOBPBKQ>QFSBP?" !>K.
$>J. .EVPF@F>K 43 (1997): 941-945.
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168 (2003): 1267-1269.
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(LROK. 326 (2003): 1202-1205.
25. !ELMO> 11. "'KARPQOV CRKAFKD LC @IFKF@>I QOF>IP: ?BKBCFQ LO ?F>P?" (A+A 290 (2003): 113-114.
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1@F. #KDFKBBOFKD #QEF@P 9 (2003): 29-41.
28. (LEKPLK *. "1@ELLIP OBMLOQ OBPB>O@E FKQBOBPQ @LKCIF@QP." 2EB 'QE>@>GLRJ>I -@QL?BO 24, 2002:
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2002: 1A.
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'QE>@>GLRJ>I $B?. 12, 2002
31. 5BFPP 0. "!LOOB@QIV MOBP@OF?BA AORDP Q>HB EB>SV QLIF; JFIIFLKP >CCB@QBA ?V QLUF@ OB>@QFLKP." 2EB
5>PEFKDQLK .LPQ AMO. 15, 1998: A-*
32. *>PPBO )#, AIIBK .", 5LLIE>KAIBO 1(, BQ >I. "2FJFKD LC KBT ?I>@H ?LU T>OKFKDP >KA TFQE-AO>T>IP
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2. 5FIIF>JP &. 2EB #QEF@P LC"FBQ. A !>QBK> LC ARQELOFQFBP "BMOB@>QLFG LCQEB .O>@QF@B LC $IBPE-#>Q-
FKD. *LKALK: # .FQJ>K, 1883.
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5. )>RCJ>K "5, )BIIV (., 0LPBK?BOD *, BQ >I. "0B@BKQ M>QQBOKP LC JBAF@>QFLK RPB FK QEB >J?RI>-
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'KQBOSFBT 1ROSBS, 2001." ,>QFLK>I !BKQBO CLO &B>IQE 1Q>QFPQF@P. 4FQ>I &B>IQE 1Q>Q. 10(218). 2004
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IGB L SBWF FJBYR FPEO>KB F LHOR \BKG>.
12. 5LOIA &B>IQE -OD>KFW>QFLK. "2EB 5LOIA &B>IQE 0BMLOQ 1997: .OBPP 0BIB>PB. &RJ>K >KA PL@F>I
@LPQP LC @EOLKF@ AFPB>PBP TFII OFPB RKIBPP @LKCOLKQBA KLT, 5&- "FOB@QLO-%BKBO>I P>VP." %BKBS>,
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#PPBIPQSK, !. ., #IIFP, 1. %., +BABKALOM, 1. 4, >KA !OLTB, 2. ". "A PQO>QBDV QL >OOBPQ >KA OBSBOPB
@LOLK>OV >KBOV AFPB>PB: > 5-VB>O ILKDFQRAFK>I PQRAV LC > PFKDIB MEVPF@F>K'P MO>@QF@B." (. $>JFIV
.O>@QF@B, 41: 560-568, 1995.
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378
16. 1>?>QB (, "RH A, >KA *BB !*. ".R?IF@>QFLK QOBKAP LC SBDBQ>OF>K KRQOFQFLK >OQF@IBP FK ?FLJBAF-
@>I IFQBO>QROB, 1966-1995." AJ.(. !IFK. ,RQO. 70(1RMMI) (1999): 6011-6071.
"LA>Q>H A
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2. 2>KKBK?>RJ A, >KA 1FISBOPQLKB &. ",RQOFQFLK FK OBI>QFLK QL @>K@BO." AAS. !>K@BO 0BP. 1 (1953):
451-501.
3. 7LRKDJ>K *". 2EB DOLTQE >KA ABSBILMJBKQ LC >CI>QLUFK I-FKAR@BA MOBKBLMI>PQH IBPFLKP, QR-
JLOP, JBQ>PQ>PFP, >KA PMLKQ>KBLRP QRJLOP >P QEBV >OB FKCIRBK@BA ?V AFBQ>FG MOLQBFK IBSBI, QVMB,
>KA FKQBOSBKQFLK. 'QE>@>, ,7: !LOKBII 3KFSBOPFQS, .E.". 2EBPFP, 1990.
4. 7LRKDJ>K *", >KA !>JM?BII 2!. "'KEF?FQFLK LC >CI>QLUFK I-FKAR@BA D>JJ>-DIRQ>JVI QO>KPMBMQF-
A>PB MLPFQFSB (%%2+) EBM>QF@ MOBKBLMI>PQH CL@F >KA QRJLOP ?V ILT MOLQBFK AFBQP: BSFABK@B QE>Q
>IQBOBA %%2+ CL@F FKAF@>QB KBLMI>PQF@ MLQBKQF>I." !>O@FKLDBKBPFP 13 (1992): 1607-1613.
5. &LOFL $, 7LRKDJ>K *", BII 0!, BQ >I. "2EBOJLDBKBPFP, ILT-MOLQBFK AFBQP, >KA AB@OB>PBA ABSB -
ILMJBKQ LC A$I-FKAR@BA MOBKBLMI>PQF@ CL@F FK O>Q IFSBO." ,RQO. !>K@BO 16 (1991): 31-41.
6. BII 0!, *BSFQPHV "A, >KA !>JM?BII 2!. "#KE>K@BA QEBOJLDBKBPFP >KA OBAR@BA DOLTQE O>QBP AL
KLQ FKEF?FQ %%2+ EBM>QF@ MOBKBLMI>PQF@ CL@F ABSBILMJBKQ." $A1# (. 6 (1992): 1395 A?P.
7. +FIIBO "1, >KA .>VKB .0. "5BFDEQ J>FKQBK>K@B >KA CLLA FKQ>HB."(. ,RQO. 78 (1962): 255-262.
8. 1QFOIFKD (*, >KA 1QL@H +(. "+BQ>?LIF@ LOFDFKP LC QEBOJLDBKBPFP ?V AFBQ." ,>QROB 220 (1968):
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9. "LK>IA ., .FQQP %!, >KA .LEI 1*. "LAV TBFDEQ >KA @LJMLPFQFLK FK I>?LO>QLOV O>QP: BCCB@QP LC
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10. 0LQETBII ,(, 1QL@H +(, >KA 2VW?FO 01. "+B@E>KFPJP LC QEBOJLDBKBPFP FKAR@BA ?V ILT MOLQBFK
AFBQP." +BQ>?LIFPJ 32 (1983): 257-261.
11. 0LQETBII ,(, >KA 1QL@H +(. "'KCIRBK@B LC @>O?LEVAO>QB >KA C>Q FKQ>HB LK AFBQ-FKAR@BA QEBOJL-
DBKBPFP >KA ?OLTK C>Q >@QFSFQV FK O>QP CBA ILT MOLQBFK AFBQP." ( ,RQO 117 (1987): 1721-1726.
12. )OFBDBO #, 7LRKDJ>K *", >KA !>JM?BII 2!. "2EB JLARI>QFLK LC >CI>QLUFK(A$I) FKAR@BA MOB-
KBLMI>PQF@ IBPFLKP ?V AFBQ>OV MOLQBFK >KA SLIRKQ>OV BUBO@FPB FK $FP@EBO 344 O>QP." $A1#(. 2 (1988):
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"LA>Q>H
1. !EBK (, !>JM?BII 2!, *FG, BQ >I. "FBQ, IFCB-PQVIB >KA JLOQ>IFQV FK !EFK>. A PQRAV LCQEB @E>O>@QBO-
FPQF@P LC65 !EFKBPB @LRKQFBP. -UCLOA, 3); 'QE>@>, ,7; BFGFKD, .0!: -UCLOA 3KFSBOPFQV .OBPP; !LJBII
3KFSBOPFQV .OBPP; .BLMIB'P +BAF@>I .R?IFPEFKD &LRPB, 1990.
2. ,>SBABKB PR 82 PQLMB PJOQKLPQF, >IF LHL QOBZFKB LSFE PQLM> MOBAPQ>SIG> ARMIFH>QB W> FPQB ?LIBPQF
W> IGRAB O>WIF[FQB PQ>OLPQF.
3. 2L Q>HLYB WK>[F A> PB SBLJ> J>IL FIF KFJ>IL HLOFPKFE FKCLOJ>@FG> AL?FG> RHIGR[FS>KGBJ SOBAKLP-
QF W> PSB MLGBAFK@B R LHORDR. .LPQLGF P>JL GBAK> PQLM> ?LIBPQF W> PS>HF LHORD, M> GB KBLMELAKL
FJ>QF P>JL GBA>K ?OLG W> PS>HR LA MOLJBKIGFSFE HLGB PB MLOBAB P> PQLM>J> ?LIBPQF.
4. .F>WW> A. $LLA @LKPRJMQFLK >KA KRQOFQFLK>; PQ>QRP FK QEB .BLMIB'P 0BMR?IF@ LC !EFK>. *LKALK:
5BPQSFBT .OBPP, 1986.
5. +BPPFK> +, >KA +BPPFK> 4. 2EB "FBQFQF>K'P %RFAB QL 4BDBQ>OF>K "FBQP. 'PPRBP >KA AMMIF@>QFLKP.
%>FQEBOP?ROD, +": APMBK .R?IFPEBOP, 'K@., 1996.
"LA>Q>H !
1. &LIF@H +# FK: +. #. 1EFIP, (. A. -IPLK, +. 1EFHB >KA B. >I (BAP.), +LABJ KRQOFQFLK FK EB>IQE >KA
AFPB>PB, 9QE BA., MM. 329-345. >IQFJLOB, +": 5FIIF>JP >KA 5FIHFKP, 1999.
2. >ODBO-*RU +(, &B>KBV 0, "LTBII 1, BQ >I. "4FQ>JFK " >KA FQP J>GLO JBQ>?LIFQBP: PBORJ IBSBIP
>CQBO DO>ABA LO>I ALPFKD FK EB>IQEV JBK." -PQBLMLOLPFP 'KQ. 8 (1998): 222-230.
3. FLILXHL SOBJB MLIR\FSLQ> PHI>AFXKLD L?IFH> SFQ>JFK> " FWKLPF 10-19 A>K>, SOBJB HLGB GB MLQOB?-
KL A> PB MLILSFK> HLIF[FKB LSLD L?IFH> O>WDO>AF.
4. !LIPQLK )5, BODBO 3, >KA !LLJ?BP 0!. ".LPPF?IB OLIB CLO SFQ>JFK " FK @LKQOLIIFKD ?OB>PQ @>K-
@BO @BII MOLIFCBO>QFLK." *>K@BQ 1 (1989): 188-191.
5. ,FBSBP (, !LPJ>K $, &BO?BOQ (, BQ >I. "&FDE MOBS>IBK@B LC SFQ>JFK " ABCF@FBK@V >KA OBAR@BA
?LKB J>PP FK JRIQFMIB P@IBOLPFP." ,BROLILDV 44 (1994): 1687-1692.
6. AI-/>AOBE A, 4LPH>HF ', )>PPFLR !, BQ >I. "2OB>QJBKQ LC LPQBLMBKF> FK @EFIAOBK TFQE FKPRIFK-
ABMBKABKQ AF>?BQBP JBIIFQRP: QEB BCCB@Q LC 1->IME> EVAOLUVSFQ>JFK "3." #RO. C. 4BAF>.QO. 155 (1996):
15-17.
379
7. !>KQLOK> +2, &>VBP !#, >KA "B*R@> &$ "1,25-"FEVAOLUVSFQ>JFK "3 OBSBOPF?IV ?IL@HP QEB MOL-
DOBPPFLK LC OBI>MPFKD BK@BME>ILJVBIFQFP, > JLABI LC JRIQFMIB P@IBOLPFP." .OL@. ,>QFLK>I A@>A. 1@F
93 (1996): 7861-7864.
8. 0LWBK $, 7>KD 6-$, &RVKE &, BQ >I. "AKQFMOLIFCBO>QFSB >@QFLK LC SFQ>JFK "-OBI>QBA @LJMLRKAP >KA
FKPRIFK-IFHB DOLTQE C>@QLO-?FKAFKD MOLQBFK 5 >@@RJRI>QFLK." (. ,>Q. !>K@BO 'KPQ. 89 (1997): 652-656.
9. !LPJ>K $, ,FBSBP (, )LJ>O *, BQ >I. "$O>@QROB EFPQLOV >KA ?LKB ILPP FK M>QFBKQP TFQE +1."
,BROLILDV 51 (1998): 1161-1165.
10. %FLS>KKR@@F #, 0FJJ #, 5LIH A, BQ >I. "!>I@FRJ >KA COR@QLPB FKQ>HB FK OBI>QFLK QL OFPH LC
MOLPQ>QB @>K@BO." !>K@BO 0BP. 58 (1998): 442-447.
11. .BBEI "+, )OFPEK>K A4, >KA $BIAJ>K ". ".>QET>VP JBAF>QFKD QEB DOLTQE-FKEF?FQLOV >@QFLK LC
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12. 8BII> (, +@!>OV *!, >KA "B*R@> &# "-O>I >AJFKFPQO>QFLK LC I,25-AFEVAOLUVSFQ>JFK "3 @LJ-
MIBQBIV MOLQB@QP ,-" JF?B COLJ FKPRIFK-ABMBKABKQ AF>?BQBP JBIIFQRP." AO@E. FL@EBJ FLMEVP. 417
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AO@E. ,BROLI. .P@EF>QOV 8 (1922): 51-58.
14. AIQBO +, 7>JLLO +, >KA &>OPEB +. "+RIQFMIB P@IBOLPFP >KA KRQOFQFLK." AO@E. ,BROLI. 31 (1974):
267-272.
15. 4>K ABO +BF 'A, .LKPLK?V A*, IFWW>OA *, BQ >I. "0BDFLK>I S>OF>QFLK FK JRIQFMIB P@IBOLPFP MOBS>-
IBK@B FK ARPQO>IF> >KA FQP >PPL@F>QFLK TFQE >J?FS>IBKQ RIQO>SFLIBQ O>AF>FLK." ,BROLBMFAB-JFLILDV 20
(2001): 168-174.
16. +@*BLA(%, &>JJLKA 10, >KA &>IIMFHB(# "#MFABJFLILDV LC JRIQFMIB P@IBOLPFP FK ARPQO>IF>. 5FQE
,15 >KA 1A PROSBV OBPRIQP." +BA.(. ARPQO 160 (1994): 117-122.
17. &LIF@H +# "4FQ>JFK ": > JFIIBKFRJ MBOPMB@QFSB." (. !BF!. FL@EBJ. 88 (2003): 296-307.
18. +>@*>RDEIFK (A, %>KDB 5, 2>VILO ", BQ >I. "!RIQROBA MPLOF>QF@ CF?OL?I>PQP COLJ FKSLISBA >KA
RKFKSLISBA PFQBP E>SB > M>OQF>I, ?RQ KLQ >?PLIRQB OBPFPQ>K@B QL QEB MOLIFCBO>QFLK-FKEF?QFLK >@-QFSFQV LC
I,25-AFEVAOLUVSFQ>JFK "P." .OL@. ,>QFLK>I A@>A. 1@F 52 (1985): 5409-5412.
19. %LIA?BOD ., $IBJFKD +!, >KA .F@>OA #&. "+RIQFMIB P@IBOLPFP: AB@OB>PBA OBI>MPB O>QB QEOLRDE
AFBQ>OS PRMMIBJBKQ>QFLK TFQE @>I@FRJ, J>DKBPFRJ >KA SFQ>JFK "." +BA. &VMLQE. 21 (1986): 193-
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20. AKAGBIHLSF@ 8, 4LGFKLSF@ (, .BGKLSF@ ,, BQ >I. ""FPB>PB JLAFCSFKD >KA FJJRKLJLARI>QLOV BCCB@QP
LC EFDE ALPB I>(-&)"3 FK OEBRJ>QLFA >OQEOFQFP M>QFBKQP." !IFK. #UM. 0EBRJ>QLI 17 (1999): 453-456.
21. &VMMLKBK #, *>>O> #, 0BRK>KBK A, BQ >I. "'KQ>HB LC SFQ>JFK " >KA OFPH LC 2VMB 1 AF>?BQBP: >
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22. OBPI>R ,A, OFKHIBS *, &FII )", BQ >I. "0BI>QFLKPEFM LC >KFJ>I MOLQBFK-OF@E AFBQ QL HFAKBS PQ?KB
CLOJ>QFLK >KA @>I@FRJ JBQ>?LIFPJ." ;. !IFK. #KAL@OFKLI. +BQ>?. 66 (1988): 140-146.
23. *>KDJ>K !. "!>I@FQOFLI JBQ>?LIFPJ AROFKD @EOLKF@ JBQ>?LIF@ >@FALPFP." 1BJFK. ,BMEOLI. 9
(1989): 65-71. L
24. !E>K (+, %FLS>KKR@@F #*, AKABOPPLK 1--, BQ >I. "">FOV MOLAR@QP, @>I@FRJ, MELPMELORP, SFQ>JFK
", >KA OFPH LC MOLPQ>QB @>K@BO (1TBABK)." !>K@BO !>RPBP >KA !LKQOLI 9 (1998): 559-566.
25. VOKB .+, $OB>KBS 0, >KA +@)BKK> +(. "4FQ>JFK " PRMMIBJBKQ>QFLK FK QEB BIABOIS: OBSFBT LC
P>CBQV >KA BCCB@QFSBKBPP LC AFCCBOBKQ OBDFJBP." !>HFCFBA 2FPPRB 'KQ. 56 (1995): 518-520.
26. ADO>KLCC 5, >KA %LIA?BOD ". ""FBQ >KA QEB DBLDO>MEF@>I AFPQOF?RQFLK LC JRIQFMIB P@IBOLPFP."
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27. AHBO?ILJ &), 4>>O>I> -, &VLQV &, BQ >I. "#KSFOLKJBKQ>I C>@QLOP FK QEB BQFLILDV LC 2VMB 1 AF>-
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28. !E>K (+, 1Q>JMCBO +(, +>G, BQ >I. "'KPRIFK-IFHB DOLTQE C>@QLO-' (1%$-') >KA '%$ ?FKAFKD MOLQBFK-
3 >P MOBAF@QLOP LC >AS>K@BA-PQ>DB MOLPQ>QB @>K@BO." ; ,>QI !>K@BO 'KPQ 94 (2002): 1099-1109.
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(1994): 81-84.
30. "LF 1/, 0>P>F>E 1, 2>@H ', BQ >I. "*LT-MOLQBFK AFBQ PRMMOBPPBP PBORJ FKPRIFK-IFHB DOLTQE C>@-
QLO-1 >KA AB@BIBO>QBP QEB MOLDOBPPBFLK LC DOLTQE ELOJLKB-FKAR@BA DILJBORILP@IBOLPFP." AJ. (.
,BMEOLI. 21 (2001): 331-339.
31. &B>KBV 0., +@!>OOLK "A, ">TPLK-&RDEBP , BQ >I. ""FBQ>OV @E>KDBP C>SLO>?IV >CCB@Q ?LKA
OBJLABIFKD FK LIABO >ARIQP."(. AJ. "FBQ. APPL@. 99 (1999): 1228-1233.
32. AIIBK ,#, AMMIB?V .,, ">SBV %), BQ >I. "&LOJLKBP >KA AFBQ: ILT FKPRIFK-IFHB DOLTQE C>@QLO-' ?RQ
KLOJ>I ?FL>S>FI>?IB >KAOLDBKP FK SBD>K JBK." OFQ.(. !>K@BO 83 (2000): 95-97.
380
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