Nky;epiy nghJ NjHT khHr; 2014

+ 2 ,aw;gpay; tpdh tpilfs;

gFjp - I
tp. vz;
tpil

tp. vz;

1.

(m)

2.

(,)

3.

(M)

4.

(m)

5.

tpil

x2

16.

(M)

gr;ir xspia cl;ftUk;

17.

(m)

vyf;l;uhd; fw;iw

18.

(,)

fl;lepiy kw;Wk; tPr;R

2 109 N

19.

(M)

10.2 eV

(M)

n2 : 1

20.

(m)

6.

(m)

105 T

21.

(m)

7.

(,)

mjpf kpd;jil vz; nfhz;lJ

22.

(<)

8.

(M)

0.25H

23.

(,)

INrhNlhd;fs;

9.

(m)

AC apy; kl;Lk;

24.

(M)

Ruhrhp MAl;fhyk;;

10.

(M)

Miw R+Nlw;wp

25.

(,)

931 MeV

11.

(m)

26.

(<)

Fiwf;flj;jp nghUspd; tif

12.

(M)

27.

(M)

2.0V

13

(m)

kpd;Ndhl;j;jpd; ruhrhp kjpg;G Rop

,U Gyq;fSf;Fk; nrq;Fj;jhf
guTfpd;wd
J}a thp epwkhiy

28.

(m)

14.

(m)

RUq;Fk;

29.

(,)

15.

(<)

Gl;guhfk;

30.

(M)

madp kz;lyg; guty;

irif mjpHntzpd; ,U
klq;fhf ,Uf;Fk;;

q
4

2mE

Rop
11

Na 24

gFjp - II
31. kpd; ,UKidapd; jpUg;Gj;jpwid tiuaW. mjd; myF ahJ?
kpd;,UKidapd; jpUg;Gj;jpwdpd; vz; kjpg;ghdJ VNjDk; xU kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd;
vz;kjpg;ggpid kpd;D}l;lq;fSf;fpilNaAs;s njhiytpdhy; ngUf;f fpilg;gjhFk;. P = q x 2d
,jd; myF Cm.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------32. 4 107 C
fzf;fpLf.

kpd;D}l;j;jpypUe;J 0.09m njhiytpy; cs;s xU Gs;spapy; kpd;dOj;jj;ijf;

jfty;: q= 4 x 10-7C, r = 0.09m, jPHT: V

1
4 0

4 10 7
q
= 9 109
4 10 4 V .
9 10 2
r

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------33. kPf;flj;jpfspy; ngaHT ntg;gepiyapy; Vw;gLk; khWghLfs; ahit?

(1) jd;kpd;jil vz; kjpg;G RopahfpwJ. (2) kpd;flj;Jvz; Kbtpy;yh kjpg;ig milfpwJ.
(3) fhe;jg; ghaf; NfhLfs; nghUspypUe;J xJf;fpj; js;sg;gLfpd;wd.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------34. fPHr;rh/gpd; kpd;dOj;j tpjpiaf; $Wf.
xU %ba kpd;Rw;wpd; ntt;NtW gFjpfspy; cs;s kpd;jil kw;Wk; kpd;Ndhl;lk;
Mfpatw;iwg; ngUf;fp tUk; msTfspd; Fwpapay; $l;Lj;jd;ik mk;%ba Rw;wpy; cs;s
kpd;dpaf;F tpirfspd; $l;Lj;njhiff;Fr; rkk;. ,t;tpjp Mw;wy; moptpd;ikapd; gb mikfpwJ.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------J. Mahesh, M.Sc., B.Ed., M.Phil., P.G. Teacher in Physics, GBHSS, Poigai, Vellore Dist.- 632114

35. kpd;tpsf;F xd;W 240V kpd;dOj;jj;jpy; nray;gLk;. mjd; kpd;Ndhl;lk; 0.5A vdpy; tpsf;fpd;
kpd;jiliaf; fzf;fpLf.
V 240
jfty;: V= 240V, I = 0.5A, jPHT: V = IR, R
480
I
0.5
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------36. ngy;baH Fzfk; tiuaW.
,uz;L ntt;Ntwhd cNyhfq;fs; nfhz;l re;jpapy; xU Mk;gpaH kpd;Ndhl;lk; xU
tpdhb Neuj;jpy; (1 $Yk;) ghAk;NghJ ntsptplg;gLk; my;yJ cl;ftUk; Mw;wypd; msT
ngy;baH Fzfk; vdg;gLk;. ,jid vdf; Fwpf;fyhk;. ,jd; myF Nthy;l; MFk;. H = It.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------37. kpd;fhe;jj; J}z;ly; gw;wpa nyd;]; tpjpiaf; $Wf.
xU Rw;wpy; J}z;lg;gl;l kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; jpir vg;NghJk; mij cUthf;f fhuzkhf
,Ue;j fhe;jg;gha khw;wj;ij vjpHf;Fk; tifapy; mikAk;. e = - d
dt
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------38. 200 Rw;WfisAk; 0.04m2 FWf;Fg; gug;gsitAk; nfhz;Ls;s fk;gpr;RUs; topNa nry;Yk;
fhe;jg;Gyk; 0.02 tpehbapy; 0.1wbm-2 ypUe;J 0.04wbm-2 Mf khWfpwJ vdpy; mjpy; J}z;lg;gLk;
kpd;dpaf;F tpiriaf; fzf;fpLf.
jfty;: N = 200, A = 0.04m-2, B1 = 0.1wbm-2, B2 = 0.04wbm-2, t = 0.02s.
d
NBA = NA dB = NA B2 B1 = -200 x 4 x 10-2 x 0.04 02.1 = 24V.
dt
dt
dt
2 10
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------39. Gw Cjhf; fjpHfspd; gad;fs; ahit?
(1) ghf;Bhpahf;fis mopg;gjw;Fk; kw;Wk; kUj;Jt cgf fuzq;fspy; cs;s Ez;ZapH
fpUkpf;fisf; nfhy;yTk; gad;gLfpd;wd.
(2) Nghyp gj;jpuq;fis fz;lwpaTk;
(3) czTg; nghUs;fs; nflhky; ghJfhf;f.
(4) mZtpd; fl;likg;igf; fz;lwpag; gad;gLfpd;wd.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------40. KO mf vjpnuhspg;G Vw;glj; Njitahd epge;jidfis vOJf.
(1) xsp mlHTkpF Clfj;jpypUe;J mlHTf; Fiw Clfj;jpw;Fr; nry;y Ntz;Lk;.
(2) gL Nfhz kjpg;G mlHT kpF Clfj;Jf;Fs; khWepiyf; Nfhzj;ijtpl mjpfkhf mika
Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ i >c.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------41. nkd; X fjpHfs; td; X fjpHfs; NtWgLj;Jf.

jPHT: e

nkd; X- fjpH

td; X- fjpH

1. 4 my;yJ mijtpl mjpf miyePsk;

1. 1 miyePsk;
2. Fiwe;j mjpHntz;
2. mjpf mjpHntz;
3. Fiwe;j Mw;wy;
3. mjpf Mw;wy;
4. Fiwe;j CLUTk; jpwd;
4. mjpf CLUTk; jpwd;
5. Fiwe;j kpd;dOj;jj;jpy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLk;.
5. mjpf kpd;dOj;jj;jpy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLk;
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------42. 3.4 x 104V/m kpd;GyKk; 2 x 10-3 fhe;jg;GyKk; xNu Neuj;jpy; xd;Wf;nfhd;W nrq;Fj;jhfr;
nray;gLk; gFjpapy; vyf;lu; hd; fw;iw gha;fpwJ. Vyf;l;uhd; fw;iwapd; ghij khwhkypUe;jhy;
vyf;lu; hd;fspy; Ntfj;jpidf; fzf;fpLf.
E 3.4 10 4

1.7 107 ms 1
3
B 2 10
J.
Mahesh,
M.Sc.,
B.Ed.,
M.Phil.,
P.G.
Teacher
in
Physics,
GBHSS, Poigai, Vellore Dist.- 632114
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

jfty;: E = 3.4 x 104V/m,

jPHT: B = 2 x 10-3T,

43.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

xspkpd; fyd;fspd; gad;fspy; VNjDk; %d;wpid vOJf.

jpiug;gj; Jiwapy; xspkpd; fyd;fs; xypapid kPz;Lk; Vw;gLj;jg; gad;gLfpd;wd.
ciyfspd; ntg;gepiyfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jg; gad;gLfpd;wd.
njUtpsf;Ffisj; jhdhf ,af;f cjTfpd;wd.
ntg;gepiygw;wp MuhaTk; tpz;kd
P ;fspd; epwkhiyfis mwpaTk; xspkpd;fyd;fs;
gad;gLfpd;wd.
(5) xspapd; nghypTj; jd;ikia mstpLk; fUtpfspy; ,it gad;gLfpd;wd.
(6) fjTfisj; jhdhf jpwf;fTk; %lTk; gad;gLk;.
(7) jpUlH mwptpg;G kzpapYk; jP mwptpg;G kzpapYk;.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------44. epA+l;uhdpd; VNjDk; %d;W gz;Gfis vOJf.
(1) i`l;u[idj; jtpu midj;J mZf;fUf;fspYk; epA+l;uhd;fs; mlq;fpAs;sd. (2) epA+l;uhd;
Rop kpd;D}l;lk; nfhz;l eLepiy Jfs;fs;. ,it kpd; kw;Wk; fhe;jg;Gyq;fshy;
tpyf;fkilahJ. (3) epA+l;uhd;fspd; miu Mal;fhyk; 13 epkplq;fs;. Jdpj;J tplg;gl;l
epA+l;uhd; GNuhl;lhd; vyf;l;uhd; Md;lb
; epAl;hpNdhthfr; rpijtilAk;. (4) epa+l;uhd;fs; vspjhf
mZf;fUf;fis CLUtpr; nry;Yk;. (5) epA+l;uhd;fis mtw;wpd; ,af;f Mw;wypd; mbg;gilapy;
(a) FiwNtf kw;Wk; (b) Ntf epA+l;uhd;fs;.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------45. Nrhb cUthFjy; kw;Wk; gUg;nghUs; mopjy; vd;why; vd;d?
Nrhb cUthFjy;: mjpf Mw;wy; nfhz;l /Nghl;lhd;fs; mZf;fUitr; Rw;wpAs;;s typikahd
kpd;Gyj;Jld; tpidGhptjhy; vyf;l;uhd; - ghrpl;uhd; Nrhb cUthfpwJ.
gUg;nghUs; mopjy;: Nrhb cUthjYf;F kWjiyahf vyf;l;uhDk; ghrpl;uhDk; ,ize;E
/Nghl;lhd; cUthfpd;wJ.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------46. miyapaw;wp xd;wpd; ,d;wpaikahj gFjpfs; ahit? miyapaw;wp xd;wpd; fl;lg;glj;ij
tiuf.
miyapaw;wpapd; ,d;wpikahj gFjpfs;
(1) njhl;br; Rw;W
(2) ngUf;fp
(3) gpd;D}l;lr; Rw;W.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------47. njhFg;Gr;Rw;wpd; (IC) ew;gad;fs; ahit?
(1) kpfkpfr; rpwpa cUt mikg;G (2) Fiwe;j jpwid EfUk; (3) ek; gfj; jd;ik (4)
kypthd tpiy (5) kpfkpfr; rpwpa vil (6) vspjpy; khw;Wk; trjp.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------48. nray;ghl;Lg; ngUf;fpapd; Kf;fpag;gz;Gfs; ahit (Op-Amp)?
Op-Amp d; kpf Kf;fpag; gz;Gfs; (1) cs;sPL kpd;ndjpHg;G kpf mjpfk; my;yJ
Kbtpypahff; $l mikAk; NkYk; cs;sb
P y; kpff; Fiwe;j kpd;Ndhl;lk; cUthFk;. (2)
ngUf;fk; kpf mjpfk; (3) ntspaPL kpd;ndjpHg;G kpff; FiwT my;yJ Rop.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------49. nfhLf;fg;g;Ls;s yh[pf; Rw;wpd; ntspaPL F If; fhz;f.
A B
AC

F A B
. A C
F A BC

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------50. jhT njhiyT vd;why; vd;d?

thd; miy guTtjpy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l mjpHntz;Zf;F gug;Gk; Gs;spapypUe;J Vw;Fk;
Gs;sp tiu gug;gpd; topNa cs;s Fiwe;jgl;rj; njhiyT jhT njhiyT vdg;gLk;.

gFjp III
51. C1, C2 kw;Wk; C3 vd;w kpd;Njf;Fj; jpwd;fs; nfhz;l %d;W kpd;Njf;fpfs; njhlhpizg;gpy;
,izf;fg;gLk;NghJ tpisAk; njhFgad; kpd;Njf;Fj;jpwDf;fhd Nfhitiag; ngWf.
glj;jpy; fhl;bAs;sthW C1 C2 kw;Wk; C3 vd;w %d;W
kpd;Njf;fpfs; njhlhpizg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gl;bUg;gjhf; fUJNthk;.
njhlhpizg;gpy; kpd;Njf;fpfSf;fpilNa cUthFk; kpd;D}l;lk;
(q) rkkhfTk; kpd;dOj;jk; khWgl;Lk; mikAk;.
V1 V2 kw;Wk; V3 vd;gd KiwNa %d;W kpd;Njf;fpfSf;F
,ilNaahd kpd;dOj;jk; vd;f.
njhFgad; kpd;dOj;jk; V = V1 +V2 + V3
Xt;nthU kpd;Njf;fpapd; ,ilNa cUthFk; kpd;Oj;jk; V1 q
V

C1

,V2 q

C2

,V3 q

C3

1
1
1
q
q
q
= q

C1 C 2 C3
C1 C 2 C3

njhFg;gpd; kpd;Njf;Fj;jpwd; Cs vdTk; njhFg;gpd; kpd;D}l;lk; q vdTk; nfhz;lhy;

1
q
1
1
1
1
1
1
q

Cs
C s C1 C 2 c3
C1 C 2 C3
vdNt gy kpd;Njf;fpfs; njhlhpizg;gpy; cs;sNghJ njhFgad; kjpg;gpd; jiyfPopahdJ
jdpj;jdp kpd;Njf;Fj; jpwd;fspd; jiyfPo; kjpg;Gfspd; $l;Lj; njhiff;F rkkhFk;.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------52. Nldpay; kpd;fyj;jpd; nray;ghl;bidg; glj;Jld; tpsf;Ff.
Nldpay; kpd;fyd; ePz;l Neuj;jpw;F epiyahd
kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij nrYj;j ,ayhj Kjd;ik kpd;fyd; MFk;.
jhkpug; ghj;jpuj;jpDs; njtpl;ba jhkpu ry;/Ngl; fiury;
vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. Ez;Jisg; ghz;lk; xd;wpDs;
cs;s ePHj;j fe;jf mkpyj;jpy; Jj;jehfj; jz;L
itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. Ez;Jisg; ghz;lk; jhkpu ry;/Ngl;
fiurypDs; itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. Jj;jehfj; jz;L fe;jf
mkpyj;Jld; tpidGhpe;J Zn++ madpfisAk; ,U vyf;lu; hd;fisAk; jUk;.
Zn++ madpfs; Ez;Jisg; ghz;lj;jpy; cs;s Jisfspd; topNa nrd;W jhkpu ry;/Ngl;
fiurYld; tpidGhpe;J Cu++ madpfis cUthFk;. ,e;j Cu++ madpfs; NeHkpd;thahd
jhkpug; ghj;jpuj;jpy; gbAk;. Nldpay; kpd;fyd; kpd;Rw;wpy; ,izf;fg;gLk;NghJ. Jj;jehfj;
jz;bypUe;J ,U vyf;l;uhd;fs; Rw;wpd; topNar; nrd;W jhkpuj;jpy; cs;s jhkpu madpfis
eLepiyahf;Fk;. ,jdhy; jhkpuj;jpy; ,Ue;J Jj;jehfj;jpw;F kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk;. Nldpay;
kpd;fyd; 1.08V kpd;dpaf;F tpiriaj; jUk;.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------53. kpd;dOj;j khdpiaf; nfhz;L ,U kpd;fyd;fspd; kpd;dpaf;F tpirfs; vt;thW
xg;gplg;gLfpd;wd?
glj;jpy; fhl;bathW kpd;dOj;jkhdpf; fk;gp AB MdJ kpd;fy
(Bt) rhtp (K) kpdjil khw;wp (Rh) Mfpatw;Wld; njhluhf
,izf;fg; gl;Ls;sJ. ,J Kjd;ikr; Rw;whFk;.
kpd;dOj;jkhdpapd; A Kid DPDT rhtpapd; ika Kid C
cld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. rhtpapd; kw;nwhU Kid D cld;
fhy;tdhkPl;lH (G) caH kpd;jil (HR) njhLNfhy; (J) Mfpait
njhluhf ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
DPDT rhtpapd;
C1 D1M.Phil.,
KidfSf;
F ,ilNa
E1 kpdGBHSS,
;dpaf;F Poigai,
tpr nfhz;
l kpd;
fyDk;
C2
J. Mahesh,
M.Sc., B.Ed.,
P.G. Teacher
in Physics,
Vellore
Dist.632114
V=

q
MFk;.
Cs

D2 KidfSf;F ,ilNa E2 kpd;dpaf;F tpir nfhz;l kpd;fyDk; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

Kjd;ikr; Rw;wpy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; I vdTk; xuyF ePs kpd;dOj;jkhdpf; fk;gpapd;
kpd;jil r vdTk; fUJf.
Rw;wpy; Kjy; kpd;fyd; E1 ,izf;fg;gl;L mjd; rkd; nra;Ak;
ePsk; l1 fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ.
ePsk; l1 f;F ,ilg;gl;l kpd;dOj;j NtWghL Irl1 MFk;. kpd;dOj;jkhdp jj;Jtj;jpd;gb
E1 = Irl1 (1)
Rw;wpy; Kjy; kpd;fyd; E2 ,izf;fg;gl;L mjd; rkd; nra;Ak; ePsk; l2 fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ.
ePsk; l2 f;F ,ilg;gl;l kpd;dOj;j NtWghL Irl2 MFk;. kpd;dOj;jkhdp jj;Jtj;jpd;gb.
E2 = Irl2 (2)
I (2) My; tFf;f

rkd;ghLfs; (1)

E1 Irl1 l1

E 2 Irl2 l 2
xU kpd;fydpd; kpd;dpaf;F tpir (E1) njhpe;j kjpg;GilaJ vdpy; kw;nwhU kpd;fydpd;
kpd;dpaf;F tpiria (E2).

E2

E1l 2
l1

vd;w njhlHigg; gad;gLj;jpf; fzf;fplyhk;.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------54. 30 cm tpl;lKk; 5 Rw;WfSk; nfhz;l Nld;[d;l; fhy;tdhkPl;lhpd; topNa 4A kpd;Ndhl;lk;

nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ.
Gtp fhe;jf; fpilj;jsf; $wpd; kjpg;G 4 x 10-5T vdpy; Vw;gLk; tpyfy;
kjpg;gpidf; fzf;fpLf.
jfty;: I = 4A, N = 5, a = 30cm, Bh = 4 x 10-5T, 0 = 4 x 10-7H/m
jPHT: I

2aBh
tan ;
0 n

tan

0 nI
2aBh

4 3.14 10 7 5 4 20
;

2 30 10 2 4 10 5
60

tan 1 1.0466 = 6428

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------55. xU ePz;l thpr;RUspd; jd;kpd; J}z;ly; vz;zpw;fhd rkd;ghl;ilg; ngWf.

l vd;w ePsj;ijAk; A vd;w FWf;Fg; gug;gsitAk; nfhz;l N Rw;Wf;fisf; nfhz;l
xUthpr;RUisf; fUJNthk;. I vd;w kpd;Ndhl;lk; gha;tjhff; nfhs;Nthk;. thpr;RUspd; ve;j xU
Gs;spapYk; fhe;jg;ghak; () vdpy; xU Rw;Wf;fhd fhe;jg;ghak; = B x xt;nthU Rw;wpd; gug;G
Mdhy; B

0 NI
l

0 NIA

xU Rw;Wf;fhd fhe;hg;ghak; =

thpr;RUNshL njhlHG nfhz;l nkhj;j ghak;

0 NIA
l

x N (1)

= LI (2), ,q;F L vd;gJ thpr;RUspd; jd;kpd; J}z;ly; vz;

LI

0 N 2 IA

0 N 2 A

l
l
fk;gpr; RUspd; cs;sfk; vd;w fhe;j cl;GF jpwd; nfhz;l nghUshy; epug;gg;gLfpwJ vdpy;
L

N 2 A
l

56. epA+l;ld; tisaq;fs; Nrhjid xd;wpy; 20-tJ fUik tisaj;jpd; tpl;lk; 5.82mm kw;Wk;
10-tJ fUik tisaj;jpd; tpl;lk; 3.36mm vd mstplg;gLfpwJ. jl;lf; Ftpnyd;rpd; tisT
Muk; 1m vdpy; xspapd; miy ePsj;ijf; fzf;fpLf.
jfty; : D20 = 5.82mm = 5.82 x 10-3m, D10 = 3.36mm = 3.36 x 10-3m, R = 1m, = ?
J. Mahesh, M.Sc., B.Ed., M.Phil., P.G. Teacher in Physics, GBHSS, Poigai, Vellore Dist.- 632114

Dm2 n Dn2
rm2n rn2
5.82 10 3 3.36 10 3
jPHT:
(or)

4mR
4 10 1
mR

5.82 3.365.82 3.36 10

2

40

9.18 2.46 10 6
5645.7 10 10 m 5645 A
40
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------57. Giof;fjpHfspd; gz;Gfspy; vitNaDk; Ie;jpid vOJf.
(1) kpd;Nghf;Ff; FohapYs;s thAtpd; NeHkpd; madpfNs Giof; fjpHfshFk;.
(2) kpd;Gyk; fhe;jg;Gyj;jhy; Giof;fjpHfs; tpyf;fg;gLk;. ,tw;wpd; tpyfy; Nfj;NjhLf;fjpHfspd;
tpyfYf;F vjpH jpirapy; cs;sJ.
(3) Giof;fjpHfs; NeHf;Nfhl;by; nry;fpd;wd.
(4) Giof;fjpHfs; Nfj;NjhLf;fjpHf;fistplf; Fiwe;j jpirNtfj;jpy; nry;Yk;.
(5) Giof;fjpHfs; Gifg;glj;jfLfisg; ghjpf;Fk;. (6) Giof;fjpHfs; xspHjiy cz;lhf;Fk;.
(7) ,it thAf;fis madpahfFk;.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------58. xspkpd; tpistpw;fhd Id;];Bd; rkd;ghl;ilj; jUtp.
Id;];Bd; $w;Wg;gb gLfjpHtPr;rpd; xU /Nghl;lhDf;Fk; cNyhfj;jpy; cs;s xU
vyf;l;uhDf;Fk;
,ilNa
epfOk;
gpd;dpar;
nray;
tpistpdhy;
xsp
vyf;l;uhd;fs;
ckpog;gLfpd;wd.
h Mw;wy; nfhz;l xU /Nghl;lhd; cNyhfj;jpd; gug;gpy; NkhJk; NghJ mjd; Mw;wy;
,U topfspy; gad;gLfpwJ. gLfpd;w /Nghl;lhdpd; Mw;wypd; xU gFjp vyf;l;uhid
cNyhfj;jpd; gug;gpypUe;J ntspNaw;wg; gad;gLfpwJ. xspkpd; ntspNaw;w Mw;wy; vd;gJ
cNyhfj;jpd; gug;gpypUe;J xU vyf;lu; hid ntspNaw;wj; Njitahd rpWk Mw;wy; vd;gjhFk;.
Mw;wypd; vQ;rpa gFjp ntspNaWk; vyf;l;uhDf;F ,af;f Mw;wyhff; nfhLf;fg;gLk;.
vyf;l;uhdpd; epiw m vdTk; jpirNtfk; vdTk; nfhz;lhy;

gLfpd;w /Nghl;hdpd; Mw;wy; = ntspNaw;W Mw;wy; + vyf;l;uhdpd; ,af;f Mw;wy;

1
h W mv 2 1
2
vyf;l;uhdpd; ngUk ,af;f Mw;wiyf; nfhLf;Fk; ngUkk; vd;gJ vyf;l;uhdpd; ngUkj;
1
jpirNtfk; vdpy; h W mv 2 max 2
2
,r;rkd;ghL Id;];Bd; xspkpd; tpistpw;fhd rkd;ghL MFk;.
gLfpd;w fjpHtPr;rpd; mjpHntz;zhdJ () cNyhfj;jpd; gad; njhf;f mjpHntz;zpw;Fr; (0)

rkkhf ,Ue;jhy; vyf;l;uhdpd; ,af;f Mw;wy; RopahFk;.

h 0 W 3

1
h h 0 mv 2 max
2
h h 0

1 2
mv max
2

h 0

1 2
mv max 4
2
,J Id;];Bd; xspkpd; tpisT rkd;ghl;bd; kw;nwhU tbtk; MFk;.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------59. vyf;l;uhd; Ez;Nzhf;fpapd; gad;fs; kw;Wk; tuk;Gfis vOJf.
gad;fs;: (1) njhopw;rhiyfspy; E}ypiofspd; mikg;G cNyhf gug;Gfs; tz;zg;
G+r;Rfspd; Mf;ff; $Wfis mwpe;J nfhs;sTk; (2) kUj;Jtk; kw;Wk; caphpaypy; itu];
kw;Wk; ghf;Bhpahitg; gw;wp mwpaTk; (3) ,aw;gpaypy; mZ mikg;G kw;Wk; gbf mikg;Gfis
tpsf;fkhf mwpe;J nfhs;sg; gad;gLfpd;wJ.

J. Mahesh, M.Sc., B.Ed., M.Phil., P.G. Teacher in Physics, GBHSS, Poigai, Vellore Dist.- 632114

tuk;Gfs;: vyf;l;uhd; Ez;Nzhf;fpahdJ caH ntw;wplj;jpy; nray;gLtjhy; me;epiyapy;

Mtpahff; $ba kw;Wk; rpije;J Nghff; $ba capHg; nghUs;fisg; gw;wp mwpa ,e;j
Ez;Nzhf;fpiag; gad;gLj;j ,ayhJ.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------60. xU mZf;fU ciy 32MW vd;w tPjj;jpy; Mw;wiy cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wJ vdpy; xU
tpdhbapy; 92U235 y; vj;jid gpsitfs; Vw;glNtz;Lk; vd;gijf; fzf;fpLf. xU
gpsitf;fhd Mw;wy; 200MeV vdf; fUJf.:
jfty;: Njitahd Mw;wy; = 32 x 106J/s
gpsT xd;wpd; Mw;wy; ( 200MeV) = 200 x 106eV=200 x106 xx1.6 x 10-19J
jPHT: Njitahd jpwid cw;gj;jp nra;a 1 nehbapy; Vw;gLk; gpsTfspd; vz;zpf;if N vd;f.
N=

32 10 6
1 1018
6
19
200 10 1.6 10

(my;yJ)
njhy;nghUspay; $lj;jpy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;l xU vYk;Gj;Jz;L epkplj;jpw;F 15 rpijTfisj;
jUfpd;wJ. mNjNghd;w Gjpa vYk;G xd;W epkplj;jpw;F 19 rpijTfisj; jUfpd;wJ. khjphpapd;
taijf; fzf;fpLf; T1/2 = 5570 Mz;Lfs;.
jfty; : Gjpa khjphpapd; rpijT tpjk; N0 = 19 rpijTfs;/epkplk;
vYk;Gj; Jz;bd; rpijT tpjk; N = 15 rpijTfs;/epkplk;, T1 5570 Mz;Lfs;
2

khjphpapd; taJ t = ?
jPHT: N N 0 e t ;

0.6931
;
5570

15 = 19 e t ;

e t

19
5570
19
; t
2.3096 log10
15
0.6931
15

t = 1899 Mz;Lfs;.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------61. buhd;rp];lH xd;wpd; kpd;Ndhl;lg; ngUf;f vz;fshd kw;Wk; ,tw;wpw;fpilNaahd
njhlHgpidj; jUtp.
xU buhd;rp];lhpd; kpd;Ndhl;lg; ngUf;f vz; my;yJ
kpd;Ndhl;lg; ngUf;fk; vd;gJ ntspaPL
kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;Fk; cs;sPL kpd;Ndhl;lj;jjpw;Fkhd
jfT MFk;. kpd;Ndhl;lg; ngUf;fk; =
ntspaPL kpd;Ndhl;lk;/cs;sPL kpd;Ndhl;lk;

nghJ mbtha; Rw;wpy; ,izf;fg;gLk; NghJ: (CB mode):

kpd;Ndhl;lg; ngUf;fk; () vd;gJ Vw;ghd; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;Fk; (IC) ckpo;g;ghd; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;Fk;
(IE) cs;s jfT MFk;.

Ic I

ngUk;ghYk; d; kjpg;G 0.95 ypUe;J 0.99 tiuapy; mikAk;.

nghJ ckpo;g;ghd; Rw;wpy; ,izf;fg;gLk; NghJ: (CE mode):

kpd;Ndhl;lg; ngUf;fk;

IC

IB

MFk;.

tof;fkhf d; kjpg;G 50 f;Fk; 300 f;Fk;

,ilapy; mikAk;. rpy buhd;rp];lHfspd; d; kjpg;G 1000 mstpy; ,Uf;Fk;.

IC
Ic
;

I E I B Ic

I B Ic I B

1
1
;
1 ;
1
1

Ic
Ic

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------J. Mahesh, M.Sc., B.Ed., M.Phil., P.G. Teacher in Physics, GBHSS, Poigai, Vellore Dist.- 632114

62. tPr;Rgz;Ngw;w (AM) NubNah gug;gpapd; fl;lg;glk; tiuf.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------gFjp IV
63. thd;-b-fpuh/g; kpd;dpaw;wpapd; jj;Jtk; mikg;G kw;Wk; nray;gLk; tpjj;ij tpthp.
thd;-b-fpuh/g; kpd;dpaw;wpapd; %yk; 107V epWt ,aYk;.
jj;Jtk;: epiy kpd;J}z;ly; kw;Wk; $HKidr; nray;ghl;Lj; jj;Jtk;.
xU cs;sPlw;w cNyhf Nfhsk; A kpd; fhg;G ngw;w J}z;fs;
kPJ nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nfhsj;jpd; ikaj;jpy; B vd;w fg;gpAk; kpd;fhg;Gj;
J}zpd; mbg;gFjpf;F mUfpy; C vd;w fg;gpAk; nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. gl;Lj;
Jzpapyhd gl;il xd;W fg;gpfs; topNa nry;fpwJ. fg;gp C kpd;Nkhl;lhH
xd;wpd; %yk; njhlHe;J ,af;fg;gLfpwJ.
fg;gpfSf;F mUNf Vuhskhd $HKidfs; nfhz;l D kw;Wk;
E vd;w ,U rPg;G tbt fljjpfs; nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. rPg;G D apd; NeHkpd;dOj;jk; 104V
vd;wstpy; ,Uf;FkhW kpd;jpwd; toq;fp nra;fpwJ. rPg;G E MdJ cs;sl
P w;w cNyhff;
Nfhsj;jpd; cl;Gwk; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
rPg;G D f;F mUfpy; cs;s caH kpd;Gyj;jpdhy; $HKidr; nray;ghl;bd; fhuzkhf
fhw;W madpahf;fg;gLfpwJ. fhw;wpy; cs;s vjpH madpfs; $HKidfs; Nehf;fp efHfpd;wd.
NeH madpfs; gl;ilia xl;bf; nfhs;tjhy; Nky; Nehf;fpr; nrd;W rPg;G E ia neUq;FfpwJ.
epiy kpd;J}z;ly; jj;Jtj;jpd; tpisthf rPg;G E vjpH kpd;D}l;lk; ngWfpwJ. Nfhsk;
NeHkpd;D}l;lj;ijg; ngWfpwJ. ,k;kpd;D}l;lq;fs; Nfhsg;gug;gpy; guTfpd;wd.
rPg;G E y; cs;s mjpf msT kpd;Gyk; fhw;iw madpahf;FfpwJ. vdNt vjpH
kpd;D}l;lq;fs; gl;ilia Nehf;fp tpul;lg;gLfpd;wd. ,jdhy; gl;ilia milAk; Kd;ghf mjpy;
cs;s NeH kpd;D}l;lq;fs; rkd; nra;ag;gl;L tpLfpd;wd. vdNt gl;il fPo;wq;Fk; NghJ
kpd;D}l;l kw;w epiyia milfpwJ.
,t;thW ve;jpuk; njhlHr;rpahf NeHkpd;D}l;lj;ij Nfhsj;jpw;F khw;WfpwJ. Nkw;nfhz;L
Nfhsj;jpy; kpd;D}l;lq;fs; Vw;fg;gl Kbah epiyia vl;baTld; fhw;wpd; madpahf;fj;jpd;
fhuzkhf kpd;D}l;lq;fs; frpaj; njhlq;Ffpd;wd.
caH mOj;jj;jpy; fhw;W epug;gg;gl;l v/Ff; fyj;jpdhy; Nfhsj;ij %Ltjpd; %yk;
Nfhsj;jpd; kpd;D}l;lf; frpitf; Fiwf;fyhk;.
,k;kpd;dpaw;wp %yk; ngwg;gLk; caH kpd;Oj;jk; mZf;fUg; gpsitapy; gad;gLk; NeH
madpfis (GNuhl;lhd; bA+l;uhd;) KLf;Ftpf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------64. fhe;jg; Gyj;jpYs;s kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk; flj;jpapd; kPJ nray;gLk; tpirf;fhd
Nfhitapidg; ngWf. tpirapd; vz;kjpg;gpidg; ngWf.
J. Mahesh, M.Sc., B.Ed., M.Phil., P.G. Teacher in Physics, GBHSS, Poigai, Vellore Dist.- 632114

l epsKk; A FWf;Fg; gug;Gk; nfhz;l PQ vd;w flj;jpahdJ B fhe;j J}z;ly; nfhz;l

fhe;Jg;Gyj;Jld; Nfhzj;jpy; cs;sjhff; fUJNthk;.
PQ topNa I kpd;Ndhl;lk; gha;tjhf fUJNthk;. ,jid
(kpd;Ndhl;lkhdJ) I = nAeVd (1)
,q;F Vd - ,Og;G jpirNtfk; n xuyF gUkdpy; cs;s
vyf;l;uhd;fspy; vz;zpf;if.
,UGwKk; l My. ngUf;f Il = nAel Vd (2)
kpd;Ndhl;lf; $W Il nAeVd l (3)
kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghWk; jpirf;F vjpuhf vyf;l;uhd;fs; ,Of;fg;gLk; vd;gjid vjpHf;Fwp Fwpf;fpwJ.
nray;gLk; yhud;]; tpir f e(Vd x B) (4)
flj;jpapy; fl;lw;w vyf;l;uhd;fspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;if N = nAl (5)
midj;J fl;lw;w vyf;l;uhd;fspd; kPJk; nra;gLk; nkhj;j tpir

F N f (6)

rkd;ghL (4) (5)- I (6)-y; gpujpapl

F nAl e Vd x B

F nAleVd x B (7)

Rkd;ghL (2) (7) y; gpujpapl

F Il x B
/ fhe;jg;Gyj;jpYs;s kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk; flj;jpapd; kPJ nray;gLk; tpirapd; vz; kjpg;G.
F = BIlsin,
flj;jpahdJ fhe;jg;Gyj;jpw;F ,izahf ,Ue;jhy; = 0, F = 0
flj;jpahdJ fhe;jg;Gyj;jpw;F nrq;Fj;jhf ,Ue;jhy; = 90, F = BIl
flj;jpahdJ ngUk tpirapidg; ngWk;.
flj;jpapd; kPJ nray;gLk; tpirapd; jpirapid gpskpq; ,lJif tpjpapypUe;J ngwyhk;.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------65. xU fl;l AC kpd;dpaw;wpapd; jj;Jtk; mikg;G kw;Wk; Ntiy nra;Ak; tpjj;ij tpthp.
jj;Jtk;: fk;gpr; RUs; xd;W rPuhd fhe;jg;Gyj;jpy; Row;wg;gLk; NghJ mjpy; kpd;dpaf;F tpir
J}z;lg;gLk; vd;w kpd;fhe;jj;J}z;ly; jj;Jtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; kpd;dpaw;wp nray;gLfpwJ.
Kf;fpa ghfq;fs;: (1) Roy; RUs;fs; (2) Gyf;fhe;jk; (3) eOT tisaq;fs; (4) J}hpiffs;
Roy; RUs; : Roy; RUs; vd;gJ jfLshy;
Md NjdpUk;G cs;sfk; my;yJ tisaj;jpd;
kPJ mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; kpd;fhg;Gila
jhkpuf; fk;gpahy; Row;wg;gl;l nrt;tf tbt
fk;gpr; RUs; MFk;.
NjdpUk;G cs;sfk;: Roy; RUis jhq;Ftjw;Fk;
fhe;jg;ghaj;ij mjpfhpg;gjw;Fk; cjTfpwJ.
Gyf;fhe;jk;: jpwd; Fiwe;j ildNkhtpy;
xU epiyahd fhe;jk; - fhe;jg;Gyj;ij cUthf;FfpwJ. Mjpf jpwd; cila ildNkhtpy;
kpd;fhe;jk; %yk; fhe;jg;Gyk; cUthf;ffg;gLfpwJ.
eOT tisaq;fs;: Roy;
RUspd; ,uz;L KidfSk; ,uz;L cs;sl
P w;w cNyhf
tisaq;fSld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Roy; RUSld; NrHe;J eOT tisaq;fSk; Roy;fpd;wd.
J}hpiffs;: eOT tisaq;fSld; mOj;jg;gl;l epiyapy;
cs;sjhy; mtw;Wld; ,izg;ig
Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. Roy; RUspy; cUthFk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij eOT tisaq;fs; topahf
ntspr;Rw;wpy; nry;;y cjTfpd;wd.
J. Mahesh, M.Sc., B.Ed., M.Phil., P.G. Teacher in Physics, GBHSS, Poigai, Vellore Dist.- 632114
Ntiy nra;Ak; tPjk;: fhe;jg; Gyj;ijg; nghWj;J fk;gpr; RUspd; jpiraikg;G khWk; NghJ

mf;fk;gpr; RUNshL njhlHG nfhz;l fhe;jg;ghak; khWfpwJ. Mjdhy; fk;gpr; RUspy;

kpd;dpaf;F tpir J}z;lg;gLfpwJ. J}z;lg;gl;l kpd;Ndhl;jpd; jpiria /gpnskpq; tyJ if
tpjpapypUe;J mwpayhk;.
Roy; RUs; ,lQ;Ropahf Row;wg;gLfpwJ. RUspd; AB vd;w gFjp fPo;Nehf;fpAk; DC
vd;wg; gFjp Nky; Nehf;fpAk; efUk;. J}z;lg;gl;l kpd;Ndhl;lk; DCBA vd;w jpirapy; ghAk;.
ntspr;Rw;wpy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; B1 ypUe;J B2 f;FghAk;.
Roy; RUs; NkYk; Row;wg;gLk; NghJ. RUspd; Gyk; AB Nky;Nehf;fpAk; DC fPo;
Nehf;fpAk; efUk;. Roy; RUspy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; ABCD vd;w jpirapy; ghAk;. ntspr;Rw;wpy;
kpd;Ndhl;lk; B2 ypUe;J B1 f;F ghAk;.
RUspd; xt;nthU miu Rw;Wf;Fk; jd; jpiria khw;wpf; nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;. Roy; RUs;
xU tpdhbapy; Rw;Wfs; l tpehb mjpHntz; nfhz;l khWjpir kpd;Ndhl;lk; cUthf;fg;gLk;.
Ve;j xU fzj;jpYk; J}z;lg;gl;l kpd;dpaf;F tpir e E0 sin t
,jpy; N RUspy; cs;s Rw;Wfspd; vz;zpf;if A RUs; cs;slq;Fk; gug;gsT
B fhe;jg;Gyk;
kpd;dpaf;F tpirapd; ngUk kjpg;G E0 NBA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------66. aq; ,ul;ilg; gpsT Ma;tpy; FWf;fPl;L tpisthy; Vw;gLk; gl;ilapd; mfyj;jpw;fhd
Nfhitiag; ngWf.
glj;jpy; fhl;bAs;sgb AB %yq;fspypUe;J
vd;gd ,U xupay; %yq;fs;. XY vd;w jpiu AB
%yq;fspypUe;J ,izahf 1m njhiytpy;
cs;sJ. jpiuapYs;s O Gs;spahdJ
A & B apypUe;J rk njhiytpy; cs;sJ.
A kw;Wk; B ypUe;J tUk; miyfs; P vd;w
Gs;spapy; re;jpf;Fk; NghJ me;j ,U miyfs;
ghij NtWghL
BP MP BM
nrq;NfhzKf;Nfhzk; ABM, BM=d sin , sin = ,

rpwpa kjpg;ghf mike;jhy;,

= .d (1)
nrq;Nfhz COP, tan =

OP x
, rpwpa kjpg;ghf mike;jhy;,, tan = ,
CO D

x
(2)
D

xd
(3)
D
Mf;ff; Ff;fPl;L tpisTf;fhd epge;jid ghij NtWghL = n
(2) (1),

ghij NtWghL

xd
n ,
D

,q;F n = 0,1,2,3,.vd;gJ nghypTg; gl;ilapd; thpir MFk;.

O vd;w Gs;spapUe;J n-tJ nghypTg; gl;ilapd; njhiyT x

D
n
d

mopT FWf;fPl;L tpisTf;fhd epge;jid ghij NtWghL (2n 1)

xd

(2n 1) ,
D
2

,q;F n = 1,2,3 .. vd;gJ fUik gl;ilapd; thpir MFk;.

M.Sc.,
B.Ed.,fUikg;
M.Phil., P.G.
in Physics,
GBHSS,
x (2nPoigai,
1) Vellore Dist.- 632114
O vd;J.
w Mahesh,
Gs;spapUe;
J n-tJ
gl;iTeacher
lapd; njhiyT
d
2

,uz;L mLj;jLj;j nghypTg;gl;il my;YJ fUikg; gl;ilfSf;F ,ilg;gl;l njhiyT

gl;il mfyk; vdg;gLfpwJ. (n+1) kw;Wk; n tJ nghypTg;gl;ilfspd; njhiyTfs; O
tpypUe;J KiwNa Xn+1, Xn Mf ,Ue;jhy; gl;il mfyk; ()

xn 1 xn

D
D
D
(n 1) n =
d
d
d
D
vd
d
nfhz;ljhy;

,Nj Nghd;W ,U mLj;jLj;j fUikg; gl;ilfSf;F ,ilg;gl;l njhiyTk;

epUg;gpf;fyhk;.
nghypTg;gl;ilfSk;
fUikg;gl;ilfSk;
xNu
mfyk;
ikag;nghyptpypUe;J ,U gf;fKk; ,it rk njhiytpy; mikAk;.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------67. NghH mZkhjphpapd; vLNfhs;fisf; $Wf. NghH nfhs;ifapd; mbg; gilapy; i`l;u[d;
mZtpYs;s vyf;l;uhdpd; n-tJ tl;lg; ghijapd; Muj;jpw;fhd Nfhitiag; ngWf.
(1) xU vyf;l;uhd; mZf;fUitr; Rw;wpAs;s midj;Jr; Rw;Wg; ghijfspYk; Rw;wptu KbahJ
vyf;l;uhd;fs;. mDkjpf;fg;gl;l Rw;Wg;ghijfspy; kl;LNk mZf;fUitr; Rw;wp tu KbAk;.
h

mg;nghOJ vyf;l;uhdpd; Nfhz ce;jk;

-d; KO klq;Fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j

2
ghijfs; epiyj;jd;ik ngw;w ghijfs; my;yJ fjpHtPr;rhg; ghijfs; vdg;gLk;. ,g;ghijapy;
,aq;Fk; vyf;lu; hd;fs; Mw;wiy fjpHtPRtjpy;iy.
mDkjpf;fg;gl;l r MuKila ghijapy; nry;Yk; vyf;l;uhdpd; epiy m jpirNtfk; v

nh
. ,jpy; n vd;gJ Kjd;ik Fthz;lk; vz;. ,J 1,2,3.
2
kjpg;Gfisg; ngWk;. ,J Nghhpd; (Fthz;lkhf;fy;) tiuaWj;jy; epge;jid MFk;.
(2)mjpf Mw;wy; nfhz;l fjpHtPr;rhg; ghijapypUe;J Fiwe;j Mw;wy; nfhz;l fjpHtPrhg;
ghijf;F vyf;luhd; jhTk;NghJ kl;LNk mZthdJ Mw;wy; fjpHtPr;ir ntsptpLk;. E2 Mw;wy;
vdpy; mjd; Nfhz ce;jk; mvr

nfhz;l ghijapypUe;J E1 Mw;wy; nfhz;l ghijf;F vyf;l;uhd; jhTk; nghOJ. h E2 E1

Mw;wy; nfhz;l /Nghl;lhd; ckpog;gLk;. ,J Nghhpd; mjpHntz; epge;jid vdg;gLk;.
Ze NeHkpd;D}l;lk; nfhz;l xU mZf;fUtpidf;
fUJNthk;. ,jpy; Z vd;gJ mZ
vz;. e vd;gJ vyf;luhdpd; kpd;D}l;lk;. ,JNt vz;zstpy; GNuhl;lhdpd; kpd;D}l;lKk; MFk;.
xU vyf;lu; hd; rn Muk; nfhz;l n MtJ Rw;Wg;ghijapy; ,aq;Ftjhff; nfhs;Nthk;.
$Yk; tpjpapd;gb mZf;fUtpw;Fk; vyf;l;uhDf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s epiy kpd;dpay;
1 Zee
(1)
ftHr;rp tpir =
4 0 rn 2

0 - vd;gJ ntw;wplj;jpd; tpLjpwd;.

2

vyf;l;uhd;

mvn
2
kPjhd ikaNehf;F tpir
mrnn 2
rn

,jpy; m vd;gJ vyf;l;uhdpd; epiw kw;Wk; n MtJ Rw;Wg;ghijapy; cs;s vyf;l;uhdpd;

NeHf;Nfhl;Lj; jpirNtfk; vn, mjd; Nfhd jpirNtfk; n MFk;.
Njitahd ikaNehf;F tpirahdJ epiy kpd;dpay; ftHr;rp tpirahy; nfhLf;fg;gLk;.
rkd;ghLfs; (1) kw;Wk; (2) ypUe;J

J. Mahesh, M.Sc., B.Ed., M.Phil., P.G. Teacher in Physics, GBHSS, Poigai, Vellore Dist.- 632114

Ze 2 mvn2

(3)
4 0 rn 2
rn
1

Ze 2
mrnn2 (4)
2
4 0 rn
1

Ze 2
rkd;ghL (4) ypUe;J
(5)
4 0 mrn2
2
n

n-MtJ gijapy; vyf;l;uhdpd; Nfhz ce;jk;.

L = mvnrn = mrn n (6)
Nghhpd; Kjy; vLNfhspd;gb vyf;l;uhdpd; Nfhz ce;jk;. L

nh
( 7)
2

,q;F n
vd;gJ Kjd;ik Fthz;lk; vz;.
rkd;ghL (6) (7) ypUe;J
mrn2 n =

n2h2
nh
nh
(or) n
,UGwKk;
,Ukbg;
g
Lj;
j

(8)
n
4 2 m 2 rn2
2
2mrn2

rkd;ghL (5)-k; (8) k; rkg;gLj;jg;gl

n 2 h 2 0
Ze2
n2h2
(or)

(9)
n
4 0 mrn3 4 2 m 2 rn4
mZe2

rkd;ghL (9) ypUe;J n MtJ tl;lg; ghijapd; MuhkhdJ Kjd;ik Fthz;lk;

vz;zpd; ,Ukbf;F NeHtpfpjj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; vd mwpag;gLfpwJ. vdNt Rw;wg;ghijfspd;
Muq;fs; 1: 4 : 9 vd;w tpfpjj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;. i`l;u[Df;F Z = 1 /rkd;ghL (9) ypUe;J

n 2 h 2 0
(10)
me2
mwpe;j kjpg;Gfisg; gpupjpapl;lhy; rn = n2 x 0.53A. If n =1, r1 = 0.53A. ,J NghH Muk; vdg;gLk;.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------68. ngapd;gphpl;[; epiw epwkhiykhdpapd; jj;Jtk; kw;Wk; mjidf;nfhz;L INrhNlhg;Gfspd;
epiwfisf; fhZk;Kiw Mfpatw;iw tpthp.
epiw epwkhiykhdp vd;gJ INrhNlg;Gfspd; mZ epiwfisj;
Jy;ypakhf mse;jwpAk; xU mikg;G MFk;.
Xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l vyf;l;uhd;fs;
ePf;fg;gl;l mZf;fs; epfu NeHkpd;D}l;lj;ijg; ngw;W NeHkpd;
madpfshfpd;wd. kpd;dpwf;ff; FohapypUe;J ntspg;gLk; NeHkpd;
madpf; fw;iw S1 S2 vd;w FWfpa gpsTfspd; topNa
nrYj;jg;gl;L nky;ypa fw;iwahf ntsptUfpd;wJ. ,f;fw;iw
jpirNtfj; NjHe;njLg;ghd; vd;w mikg;gpd; topNa nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ.
,t;tikg;gpy; nray;gLk; kpd; kw;Wk; fhe;jg;Gyq;fspd; tpisthf
Fwpg;gpl;l jpirNtfk; nfhz;l madpfs; kl;LNk ,t;tikg;gig
tpl;L ntspNaWk;. jpirNtfj; NjHe;njLg;ghdpy; xd;Wf;nfhd;W
,izahf cs;s P1 kw;Wk; P2 jfLfisf; nfhz;L E vd;w rPuhd
kpd;GyKk; kw;Wk; kpd;fhe;jk; xd;wpd;%yk; B vd;w rPuhd fhe;jg;GyKk; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
,t;tpU Gyq;fSk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W nrq;Fj;jhfTk; kw;Wk; madpf; fw;iwapd; jpirf;F
nrq;Fj;jhTk; mikAk;.
kpd;Gyk; kw;Wk; fhe;jg;Gyj;jpidr; rhp nra;J xd;wpd; tpisit kw;nwhd;W ,y;yhky;
nra;AkhW mikf;f Ntz;Lk;. E kw;Wk; B vd;gd KiwNa kp;d;Gyr; nrwpT kw;Wk; fhe;jj;
J}z;ly; vdTk; q vd;gJ NeHkpd; madpfspd; kpd;D}l;lk; vdTk; fUJNthk;. Madpfspd;
kPJ kpd;GykhdJ Eq vd;w tpiriaAk; fhe;jg;GykhdJ Bqv vd;w tpiriaAk; nray;gLj;Jk;
rn

(v vd;gJ madpfspd; jpirNtfk;) ,t;tpU tpirfSk;

NjHe;njLg;ghdpdy; madpfs; tpyf;fkilahky; nry;Yk;.
qE = Bqv

rkkhFk;

NghJ

jpirNtfj;

v= E

B
vd;w ,e;j jpirNtfk; nfhz;l madpfs; kl;LNk jprNtfj; NjHe;njLg;ghdpy;

v
,Ue;J
ntspg;gl;L S3 gpsitiaf; fle;J D cd;w ntw;plkhf;fg;gl;l fyj;jpDs; Eiofpd;wd.
rkjpirNtfk; nfhz;l ,e;j NeHkpd; madpfs; jhspd; jsj;jpw;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhf cs;Nehf;fp
nraw;gLfpd;w B! cd;w fhe;jj; J}z;lYf;F cl;gLfpd;wd.
,e;j madpfs; fhe;jg;Gyj;jhy; tpyf;fkile;J R MuKs;s tl;lg;ghijapy; nrd;W
xspg;glj; jfl;il milfpd;wd. fhe;jg;Gyj;jpdhy; cUthFk; B!qv vd;w tpir ikaNehf;F
tpiriaj; jUfpd;wJ.

B1qv

mv 2
B1qR
(or) m
R
v

BB1qR
vdg; gpujpapl
m
B
E
ntt;NtW epiwfisf; nfhz;l madpfs; ntt;NtW Muq;fs; nfhz;l miu tl;lg;
ghijfspy; nrd;W xspg;glj; jfl;by; fUikf; NfhLfis cz;lhf;Ffpd;wd. fyj;jpd;
jpwg;gpw;Fk; fUikf; Nfhl;bw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;lj; njhiyT tpl;lk; 2R f;Fr; rkk;. ,jpypUe;J R
fzf;fplg;gLfpd;wJ.
q, B, B!, E kw;Wk; R-d; kjpg;Gfs; njhpAkhjyhy; NeHkpd; madpfspd; epiwfisf;
fzf;fplyhk;. ,t;thwhf INrhNlhg;Gfspd; epiwfisf; fzf;fplyhk;.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------69. jpUj;Jjy; vd;why; vd;d? rkd;Rw;W miyj;jpUj;jpapd; nray;ghl;il tpthp mjd; cs;sPL
kw;Wk; ntspaPL iriffis tiuf.
vE

khWjpir kpd;dOj;jk; my;yJ khWjpir kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij NeHjpir kpd;dOj;jk; my;yJ

NeHjpir kpd;Ndhl;lkhf khw;Wk; epfo;T jpUj;Jjy; vdTk;. ,e;epfo;Tf;F gad;gLk; rhjdk;
jpUj;jp vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;.
,r;Rw;wpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ehd;F ilNahLfs; D1, D2, D3 kw;Wk; D4 Mdit.
Tiyg;gpd;dy; mikg;ig cUthf;FkhW ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. cs;sPL Kidfs; A kw;Wk; C
MdJ kpd;khw;wpapd; Jizr;RUs; Kidfs; S1 kw;Wk; S2 clDk; ntspaPl;L Kidfs; B
kw;Wk; D MdJ ntspaPL Gwkpd;jil RL clDk; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
a.c cs;sL
P kpd;dOj;jj;jpd; NeH miyr;Rw;wpd; NghJ Gs;sp C ia nghWj;J A MdJ
NeHkpd;dOj;jj;ij ngWfpwJ. vdNt ilNahLfs; D1 kw;Wk; D3 Kd;Ndhf;Fr; rhHgpy; mike;J
flj;Jfpd;wd.
Mdhy; ilNahLfs; D2 kw;Wk; D4 gpd;Ndhf;Fr; rhHgpy; miktjhy; flj;jy;
epfo;tjpy;iy. MfNt kpd;Ndhl;lkhdJ S1ABDCS2 %yk; RL topNa gha;fpwJ.
vjpH miur;Rw;wpd; NghJ Gs;sp A-itg; nghUjJ C NeH kpd;dOj;jk; ngWfpwJ. vdNt
ilNahLfs; D2 kw;Wk; D4 Kd;Ndhf;Fr; rhHgpy; mike;J flj;Jfpd;wd. Mdhy; ilNahLfs;
D1 kw;Wk; D3 gpd;Ndhf;Fr; rhHgpy; miktjhy; flj;Jtjpy;iy. MfNt kpd;Ndhl;lk; S2CBDAS1
%yk; RL topNa gha;fpwJ. mLj;jLj;j ,U miur; Rw;Wfspd; NghJk; kpd;Ndhl;lkhdJ RL
topahf xNu jpirapy; gha;tijg; glj;jpy; fhz KbfpwJ.
xU rkdr;Rw;W miyj;jpUj;jpapd; gaDW jpwd; Vwj;jho 81.2% MFk;.

70. tPbfhd; epow;glj; fUtpapd; nray;ghl;il tpthp.

jj;Jtk;: njhiyf;fhl;rp epow;glf; fUtp xsp Mw;wiy kpd;dhw;wyhf khw;WfpwJ. tPbfhd;
vd;gJ xU njhiyf;fhl;rp epow;glf; fUtpf; Foha; MFk;. ,yf;F nghUspd; kPJ xsp tpOk;
nghOJ mjd; kpd;jil FiwfpwJ vd;w xspapd; flj;jy; jj;Jtj;jpd; mbg;gilapyp tPbfhd;
nray;gLfpwJ.

mikg;G: tPbfhd; xU fz;zhb ciwiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Kfg;G jfl;bd; topahf

fhl;rpapypUe;J tUk; xspf;fjpHfs; FohapDs; Eiofpd;wd. Kfg;Gj; jfl;bd; cl;gf;fj;jpy;
,yf;Fj; jflhf nray;glf;$ba xsp czHnghUs; cs;sJ. ,e;j jfL ,uz;L mLf;Ffisf;
nfhz;lJ. Kd; gf;fKs;s xspia vjpHnfhs;Sk; gFjp nts;sa
P k; Mf;irlhy; Md (SnO)
nky;ypa G+r;ir cilaJ.
,J kpd; flj;Jk; jd;ik nfhz;lJ. Fohiar; Rw;wpAs;s cNyhf ,yf;F tisak;
irifia ntspf; nfhzu cjTk; KidahFk;. RkhH 50V NeHkpd;dOj;j %yj;Jld;
,yf;Fj;jfL ,izf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,yf;Fj; jfl;bd; gpd;Gwk; xsp czHTila Mz;bkdp l;iu
ry;/igL G+rg;gl;l mLf;F cs;sJ. ,e;j mLf;F xspapd; flj;Jk; gz;ig cilaJ.
nray;ghL: fhl;rpapd; xspr;nrwptpy; khw;wk; ,Ug;gjhy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l Gs;spapy; xspapd; flj;Jk;
G+r;rpd; kpd;jil khWfpwJ. ,e;jr; nrayhy; ,yf;Fj;jfl;bd; gpd;Gwj;jpypUe;J Kd; Gwj;jpw;F
kpd;D}l;lk; efUfpd;wJ. ,yf;fpd; kPJ xU gpk;gk; ,Ug;gjhy; xsp flj;Jk; mLf;fpd; xt;n thU
Gs;spAk; ,yf;fpw;F mspf;fg;gLk;. kpd;dOj;jj;ijr; rhHe;J. mtw;wpd; kpd;jil khWg;ghl;ilg;
nghWj;J Fwpg;gpl;l kpd;dOj;jj;ijg; ngWk;.
vdNt gLfpd;w xspapd; xspapay; gpk;gj;jpw;F Vw;g kpd;D}l;lg; gpk;gk; cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Fohiar; Rw;wp itf;fg;gl;Ls;s nrq;Fj;J kw;Wk; fpilj;js tpyf;f fk;gpr; RUs;fs; vyf;l;uhd;
fw;iwia tpyf;Ftjhy; vyf;l;uhd; fw;iw ,yf;fpid thpf; fz;Nzhl;lkpLfpwJ.
vyf;l;uhd; fw;iwahdJ xt;nthU kpd;D}l;lj;jpd; kpd;dOj;jj;ijAk; Ropia Nehf;fp
Fiwar; nra;Ak;. ,jd; tpisthf khWgLk; vyf;l;uhd; kpd;Ndhl;lk; cUthf;fg;gl;L Gwkpd;
jil topahfg; ghAk;. ,e;j kpd;Ndhl;lk; epow;glf; fUtpf; Fohapd; ntspaPl;Lf; fhl;rp
irifia cUthf;Fk;.

J. Mahesh,
M.Sc., B.Ed., M.Phil.,

P.G. Teacher in Physics,

Govt. Boys Hr. Sec. School,
Poigai, Vellore District 632 114.