Do An - AM

Chng luyen Acid acetic - Nc GVHD: Hoang Minh Nam
Tang !
"#$% M#& 'A()
*hoa ho+c ,y- thuat ngay cang .hat tie/n 0a
cung 0i no la nhu ca1u ngay cang cao 0e1 2o
tinh ,hie3t cu4a cac 5a4n .ha/m6 V7 the38 cac
.hng .ha. na9ng cao 2o tinh ,hie3t luo9n luo9n
2+c ca4i tie3n 0a 2o/i mi 2e/ ngay cang hoan
thien hn8 nh la: co9 2a:c8 ha3. thu+8 chng ca3t8
t;ch ly8< Tuy theo 2a:c t;nh ye9u ca1u cu4a 5a4n
.ha/m ma ta co 5+ l+a cho+n .hng .ha. .hu
h+.6 'o3i 0i he Nc = A>it a>etic la ? ca3u t4
tan la@n hoan toan8 ta .ha4i dung .hng .ha.
chng ca3t 2e/ na9ng cao 2o tinh ,hie3t6
'o1 an mo9n ho+c Aua t7nh 0a Thie3t BC la
mot mo9n ho+c mang t;nh to/ng h+. tong Dua t7nh
ho+c ta. cu4a cac ,y- 5 Co9ng nghe Hoa ho+c
tng lai6 Mo9n ho+c giu. 5inh 0ie9n gia4i Duye3t
nhiem 0u+ t;nh toan cu+ the/ 0e1: Duy t7nh co9ng
nghe98 ,e3t ca3u8 gia thanh cu4a mot thie3t BC
tong 5a4n >ua3t hoa cha3t - th+c .ha/m6 'a9y la
Bc 2a1u tie9n 2e/ 5inh 0ie9n 0an du+ng nh-ng
,ie3n thc 2a- ho+c cu4a nhie1u mo9n ho+c 0ao gia4i
Duye3t nh-ng 0a3n 2e1 ,y- thuat th+c te3 mot
cach to/ng h+.6
Nhiem 0u+ cu4a 'o1 an nay la thie3t ,e3 he
tho3ng chng ca3t Nc = A>it a>etic co naEng 5ua3t
la FGGlHh8 no1ng 2o nha. lieu la IJK,g a>itH,g hn
hp)8 no1ng 2o 5a4n .ha/m 2Lnh la MF8FJK,g nc/kg
hn hp)8 no1ng 2o 5a4n .ha/m 2ay la ?IJK,g
a>itH,g hn hp)6 N4 du+ng hi 2o3t co a. 5ua3t ?8Fat6
Chng !

G%#O% TH%PQ)
%6 "RO TH)RPST VP( CHTNG CAST :
!6 *hai niem :
Chng ca3t la Dua t7nh dung 2e/ tach cac ca3u t4 cu4a
mot ho@n h+. lo4ng cu-ng nh ho@n h+. ,h; lo4ng thanh cac ca3u
t4 ie9ng Biet d+a 0ao 2o Bay hi ,hac nhau cu4a cac ca3u t4
tong ho@n h+. KnghUa la ,hi 4 cung mot nhiet 2o8 a. 5ua3t hi
Ba-o hoa cu4a cac ca3u t4 ,hac nhauV6
Thay 07 2a 0ao tong ho@n h+. mot .ha mi 2e/ ta+o ne9n 5+
tie3. >uc gi-a hai .ha nh tong Dua t7nh ha3. thu hoa:c nha4 ,h;8
tong Dua t7nh chng ca3t .ha mi 2+c ta+o ne9n BaWng 5+ Bo3c hi
hoa:c ngng tu+6
Tong tng h+. 2n gia4n nha3t8 chng ca3t 0a co9 2a:c
,ho9ng ,hac g7 nhau8 tuy nhie9n gi-a hai Dua t7nh nay co mot
anh gii c Ba4n la tong Dua t7nh chng ca3t dung mo9i 0a cha3t
tan 2e1u Bay hi KnghUa la cac ca3u t4 2e1u hien dien tong ca4 hai
.ha nhng 0i ty4 le ,hac nhauV8 con tong Dua t7nh co9 2a:c th7
chL co dung mo9i Bay hi con cha3t tan ,ho9ng Bay hi6
*hi chng ca3t ta thu 2+c nhie1u ca3u t4 0a thng th7 Bao
nhie9u ca3u t4 5e- thu 2+c Ba3y nhie9u 5a4n .ha/m6 Ne3u >et he
2n gia4n chL co ? ca3u t4 th7 ta thu 2+c ? 5a4n .ha/m:
Na4n .ha/m 2Lnh chu4 ye3u go1m ca3u t4 co 2o Bay hi Be
0a mot .ha1n a3t ;t cac ca3u t4 co 2o Bay hi ln6
Na4n .ha/m 2ay chu4 ye3u go1m ca3u t4 co 2o Bay hi ln
0a mot .ha1n a3t ;t ca3u t4 co 2o Bay hi Be6
'o3i 0i he Nc = A>it a>etic th7:
Na4n .ha/m 2Lnh chu4 ye3u la nc6
Na4n .ha/m 2ay chu4 ye3u la a>it a>etic6
?6 Cac .hng .ha. chng ca3t :
?6!6 Xha9n loa+i theo a. 5ua3t lam 0iec :
- AO. 5ua3t tha3.
- AO. 5ua3t thng
- AO. 5ua3t cao
?6?6 Xha9n loa+i theo nguye9n ly lam 0iec :
- Chng ca3t 2n gia4n
- Chng BaWng hi nc t+c tie3.
- Chng ca3t
?6Y6 Xha9n loa+i theo .hng .ha. ca3. nhiet 4 2ay tha. :
- Ca3. nhiet t+c tie3.
- Ca3. nhiet gian tie3.
Vay: oi vi he Nc Axit axetic, ta chon phng phap chng cat
lien tuc cap nhiet gian tiep bang no!i un " ap #uat th$ng%
Y6 Thie3t BC chng ca3t :
Tang ?
Tong 5a4n >ua3t thng dung nhie1u loa+i thie3t BC ,hac nhau 2e/
tie3n hanh chng ca3t6 Tuy nhie9n ye9u ca1u c Ba4n chung cu4a cac
thie3t BC 0a@n gio3ng nhau nghUa la dien t;ch Be1 ma:t tie3. >uc .ha
.ha4i ln8 2ie1u nay .hu+ thuoc 0ao mc 2o .ha9n tan cu4a mot
lu cha3t nay 0ao lu cha3t ,ia6 Ne3u .ha ,h; .ha9n tan 0ao .ha
lo4ng ta co cac loa+i tha. ma9m8 ne3u .ha lo4ng .ha9n tan 0ao .ha
,h; ta co tha. che9m8 tha. .hun8< #& 2a9y ta ,ha4o 5at ? loa+i
thng dung la tha. ma9m 0a tha. che9m6
Tha. ma9m : tha9n tha. h7nh tu+8 thaZng 2ng .h;a tong co
ga[n cac ma9m co ca3u ta+o ,hac nhau8 te9n 2o .ha lo4ng 0a .ha
hi 2+c cho tie3. >uc 0i nhau6 Tuy theo ca3u ta+o cu4a 2Ua8 ta co:
- Thap mam chop : te9n ma9m Bo3 t; co cho. da+ng
ton8 >u.a.8 ch- 5<
- Thap mam xuyen lo: te9n ma9m co nhie1u lo@ hay a-nh
Tha. che9m Ktha. 2emV : tha. h7nh tu+8 go1m nhie1u Bac no3i
0i nhau BaWng ma:t B;ch hay han6 Vat che9m 2+c cho 0ao tha.
theo mot tong hai .hng .ha.: >e3. nga@u nhie9n hay >e3. th t+6
No 5anh u nh+c 2ie/m cu4a cac loa+i tha.:
&hap che' &hap 'a' xuyen
lo(
&hap 'a'
chop
)u
ie*'
- Ca3u ta+o ,ha 2n gia4n6
- T4 l+c tha3.6
- "am 0iec 2+c 0i
cha3t lo4ng Ba/n ne3u
dung 2em ca1u co
cu4a cha3t lo4ng6
- T4 l+c tng
2o3i tha3.6
- Hieu 5ua3t ,ha
cao6
- *ha o/n
2Cnh6
- Hieu 5ua3t
cao6
Nh
c
ie*'
- Do co hieu ng thanh
hieu 5ua3t tuye1n
,ho3i tha3.6
- 'o o/n 2Cnh ,ho9ng
cao8 ,ho 0an hanh6
- Do co hieu ng thanh
,hi taEng naEng 5ua3t th7
hieu ng thanh taEng
,ho taEng naEng 5ua3t6
- Thie3t BC ,ha na:ng ne16
- *ho9ng lam 0iec
2+c 0i cha3t
lo4ng Ba/n6
- *e3t ca3u ,ha
.hc ta+.6
- Co t4 l+c
ln6
- Tie9u to3n
nhie1u 0at
t8 ,e3t ca3u
.hc ta+.6
Vay: ta #" +ung thap 'a' xuyen lo( e* chng cat he Nc Axit
axetic%
%%6 G%#O% TH%PQ) N# \]Q VP( NG)RP^N "%PQ) :
!6 A>it a>etic :
!6!6 T;nh cha3t :
"a ! cha3t lo4ng ,ho9ng mau8 co mui 5o3c 2a:c tng8 to+ng
l+ng ie9ng !8G_M` K4 ?G
o
CV
*hi ha+ nhiet 2o >uo3ng ! ;t 2a- 2o9ng 2a:c thanh ! ,ho3i tinh
the/ co T
o
nc
a !b8bYF = G8GG?
o
8 T
o
5o9i a !!I
o
C
Tang Y
Tan tong nc8 +u 0a ete theo Ba3t ,y ty4 le nao
"a ! a>it ye3u8 haWng 5o3 .ha9n ly nhiet 2ong cu4a no 4 ?F
o
C
la * a !8`F6!G
5
T;nh aEn mon ,im loa+i:
A>it a>etic aEn mon 5a[t6
Nho9m BC aEn mon B4i a>it loa-ng8 no 2e1 ,hang to3t 2o3i
0i a>it a>etic 2a:c 0a thua1n ,hie3t6 'o1ng 0a ch7 BC aEn mon
B4i a>it a>etic 0i 5+ hien dien cu4a ,ho9ng ,h;6
Thie3c 0a mot 5o3 loa+i the. ni,el = com 2e1 ,hang to3t 2o3i
0i a>it a>etic6
!6?6 'ie1u che3 :
A>it a>etic 2+c 2ie1u che3 BaWng cach:
1) Oxy hoa co xuc tac oi vi con etylic e bien thanh andehit axetic la
mo!t "iai oa#n t$un" "ian% &'# oxy hoa (eo dai )e* tiep tu#c oxy hoa
andehit axetic thanh axit axetic%
CH
Y
CH] c d ]
?
a CH
Y
C]]H
C
?
H
F
]H c ]
?
a CH
Y
C]]H c H
?
]
+) Oxy hoa andehit axetic '#c ta#o thanh ba,n" cach ton" h#p t'
acetylen%
N+ o>y hoa andehit 2+c tie3n hanh BaWng ,h; ti 0i 5+ hien
dien cu4a coBan a>etat6 Ngi ta thao tac tong andehit a>etic 4
nhiet 2o ga1n IG
o
C 2e/ ngaEn cha:n 5+ h7nh thanh .eo>it6 Hieu
5ua3t 2a+t MF = MIJ 5o 0i ly thuye3t6 Ngi ta 2a+t 2+c nh the3 a3t
de@ dang 5au ,hi che3 a>it a>etic ,e3t tinh 2+c6
CH
Y
CH] c d ]
?

C IG 4 a>etat CoBan
o
CH
Y
C]]H
-) Ton" h#p i t' con metylic va .acbon oxit%
Hieu 5ua3t co the/ 2a+t FG = bGJ 5o 0i ly thuye3t BaWng cach
co3 2Cnh cacBon o>it te9n co1n metylic Dua >uc tac6
Nhiet 2o t ?GG = FGG
o
C8 a. 5ua3t !GG = ?GGatm:
CH
Y
]H c C] CH
Y
C]]H
0i 5+ hien dien cu4a meta.hot.hit hoa:c .hot.ho = 0oneamat ,im
loa+i ? 0a Y hoa tC KchaZng ha+n 5a[t8 coBanV6
!6Y6 TOng du+ng :
A>it a>etic la mot a>it Duan to+ng nha3t tong cac loa+i a>it h-u
c6 A>it a>etic t7m 2+c a3t nhie1u ng du+ng 07 no la loa+i a>it h-u
c e4 tie1n nha3t6 No 2+c dung 2e/ che3 ta+o a3t nhie1u h+. cha3t
0a e5te6 Nguo1n tie9u thu+ chu4 ye3u cu4a a>it a>etic la:
"am da3m aEn Kda3m aEn cha _8FJ a>it a>eticV6
"am 2o9ng 2a:c nh+a mu4 cao 5u6
"am cha3t de4o t 5+i >enlulofa a>etat = lam .him a4nh ,ho9ng
nha+y l4a6
"am cha3t nh+a ,e3t d;nh .oly0inyl a>etat6
"am cac .ha/m mau8 d+c .ha/m8 nc hoa to/ng h+.6
A>etat nho9m dung lam cha3t ca[n mau Kmodant tong nghe1
nhuomV
Tang _
Xha1n ln cac e5te a>etat 2e1u la cac dung mo9i8 th; du+:
ifoamyl a>etat hoa tan 2+c nhie1u loa+i nh+a >enlulofa6
?6 Nc :
Tong 2ie1u ,ien B7nh thng: nc la cha3t lo4ng ,ho9ng mau8
,ho9ng mui8 ,ho9ng 0C nhng ,ho3i nc day 5e- co mau >anh
nha+t6
*hi hoa a[n no co the/ to1n ta+i 4 da+ng F da+ng tinh the/ ,hac
nhau6
T;nh cha3t 0at ly:
*ho3i l+ng .ha9n t4 : !I g H mol
*ho3i l+ng ie9ng d
_
G
c : ! g H ml
Nhiet 2o nong cha4y : G
G
C
Nhiet 2o 5o9i : !GG
G
C
Nc la h+. cha3t chie3m .ha1n ln te9n tai 2a3t KYH_ dien t;ch
tai 2a3t la nc Bie/nV 0a a3t ca1n thie3t cho 5+ 5o3ng6
Nc la dung mo9i .ha9n c+c ma+nh8 co ,ha4 naEng hoa tan
nhie1u cha3t 0a la dung mo9i a3t Duan to+ng tong ,y- thuat hoa
ho+c6
Chng ?

A)R TghNH C]^NG NGHPQ
,hu th-ch cac .- hieu t/ong 0ui t/1nh:
!6 \o1n cha nguye9n lieu6
?6 \m6
Y6 \o1n cao 0C6
_6 Thie3t BC 2un 5o9i dong nha. lieu6
F6 \a/y hi6
b6 "u l+ng ,e36
`6 Nhiet ,e36
I6 Tha. chng ca3t6
M6 Thie3t BC ngng tu+ 5a4n .ha/m 2Lnh6
!G6 AO. ,e36
!!6 Thie3t BC 2un 5o9i 2ay tha.6
!?6 Thie3t BC lam nguoi 5a4n .ha/m 2ay6
!Y6 \o1n cha 5a4n .ha/m 2ay6
!_6 \o .han chia dong6
!F6 \o1n cha 5a4n .ha/m 2Lnh6
Tang F
Tang b
!
?
Y
_
I
M
!!
!?
!Y
T
T
X
T F
b
`
!G
>aM?J
t a?FC
Hi 2o3t
X a?8Fat
Nc ngng
Nclamla+nh
t a?FC
t a_GC
Hi 2o3t
X a?8Fat
Nc
ngng
Nclamla+nh
ta?FC
t aYFC
>a`?J
ta_GC
Nc
!_
Ho@n h+. Nc = A>it a>etic co no1ng 2o nc M?J Ktheo .ha1n
,ho3i l+ngV8 nhiet 2o ,hoa4ng ?F
G
C ta+i B7nh cha nguye9n lieu K!V
2+c Bm K?V Bm le9n Bo1n cao 0C KYV6 Nau 2o8 ho@n h+. 2+c gia
nhiet 2e3n nhiet 2o 5o9i tong thie3t BC 2un 5o9i dong nha. lieu
K_V8 o1i 2+c 2a 0ao tha. chng ca3t KIV 4 2Ua nha. lieu6
Te9n 2Ua nha. lieu8 cha3t lo4ng 2+c ton 0i .ha1n lo4ng t
2oa+n luyen cu4a tha. cha4y >uo3ng6 Tong tha.8 hi 2i t di le9n
ga:. cha3t lo4ng t te9n >uo3ng6 #& 2a9y8 co 5+ tie3. >uc 0a tao
2o/i gi-a hai .ha 0i nhau6 Xha lo4ng chuye/n 2ong tong .ha1n
chng cang >uo3ng di cang gia4m no1ng 2o cac ca3u t4 de@ Bay
hi 07 2a- BC .ha hi ta+o ne9n t no1i 2un K!!V lo9i cuo3n ca3u t4 de@
Bay hi6 Nhiet 2o cang le9n te9n cang tha3.8 ne9n ,hi hi 2i Dua
cac 2Ua t di le9n th7 ca3u t4 co nhiet 2o 5o9i cao la a>it
a>etic 5e- ngng tu+ la+i8 cuo3i cung te9n 2Lnh tha. ta thu 2+c ho@n
h+. co ca3u t4 nc chie3m nhie1u nha3t Kco no1ng 2o MM8FJ
.ha1n ,ho3i l+ngV6 Hi nay 2i 0ao thie3t BC ngng tu+ KMV 0a 2+c
ngng tu+ hoan toan6 Mot .ha1n cu4a cha3t lo4ng ngng tu+ 2+c
hoan lu 0e1 tha. 4 2Ua te9n cung6 Mot .ha1n ca3u t4 co nhiet
2o 5o9i tha3. 2+c Bo3c hi8 con la+i ca3u t4 co nhiet 2o 5o9i cao
tong cha3t lo4ng ngay cang taEng6 Cuo3i cung8 4 2ay tha. ta thu
2+c ho@n h+. lo4ng ha1u he3t la cac ca3u t4 ,ho Bay hi Ka>it
a>eticV6 Ho@n h+. lo4ng 4 2ay co no1ng 2o nc la `?J .ha1n
,ho3i l+ng8 con la+i la a>it a>etic6 Dung dCch lo4ng 4 2ay 2i a ,ho4i
tha. 0ao no1i 2un K!!V6 Tong no1i 2un dung dCch lo4ng mot .ha1n
5e- Bo3c hi cung ca3. la+i cho tha. 2e/ tie3. tu+c lam 0iec8 .ha1n
con la+i a ,ho4i no1i 2un 2i Dua thie3t BC lam nguoi 5a4n .ha/m 2ay
K!?V8 2+c lam nguoi 2e3n _G
G
C8 o1i 2+c 2a Dua Bo1n cha 5a4n
.ha/m 2ay K!YV6
He tho3ng lam 0iec lie9n tu+c cho a 5a4n .ha/m 2Lnh la nc
2+c tha4i Bo48 5a4n .ha/m 2ay la a>it a>etic 2+c gi- la+i6
Tang `
Chng Y
CA^N \AiNG VAQT CHAST
%6 CAOC TH]^NG N]S \AN 'A() :
Cho+n loa+i tha. la tha. ma9m >uye9n lo@6
*hi chng luyen dung dCch a>it a>etic th7 ca3u t4 de@ Bay hi la
nc6
Ho@n h+.:
'

V mol H g K !I M ] H : Nc
V mol H g K bG M C]]H CH : a>etic A>it
N ?
A Y
NaEng 5ua3t nha. lieu: G
j
a G6F Km
Y
HhV
No1ng 2o nha. lieu: >
j
a M?J K,g ncH ,g ho@n h+.V
No1ng 2o 5a4n .ha/m 2Lnh: >
D
a MM6FJ K,g ncH ,g ho@n
h+.V
No1ng 2o 5a4n .ha/m 2ay: >
k
a `?J K,g ncH ,g ho@n h+.V
Cho+n:
Nhiet 2o nha. lieu: t
jV
a ?F
o
C
Ta+ng thai nha. lieu la ta+ng thai lo4ng 5o9i6
i 0i thie3t BC 2un 5o9i 2ay tha. :
A. 5ua3t hi 2o3t : X
h
a ?6Fat
'o3i 0i thie3t BC lam nguoi 5a4n .ha/m 2ay :
Nhiet 2o 5a4n .ha/m 2ay 5au ,hi lam nguoi: t
kg
a _G
o
C
Nhiet 2o dong nc la+nh 2i 0ao: t
V
a ?F
o
C
Nhiet 2o dong nc la+nh 2i a: t
g
a YF
o
C
'o3i 0i thie3t BC ngng tu+ 5a4n .ha/m 2Lnh :
Nhiet 2o dong nc la+nh 2i 0ao: t
V
a ?F
o
C
Nhiet 2o dong nc la+nh 2i a: t
g
a _G
o
C
Cac ,y hieu:
G
j
8 j: 5ua3t l+ng nha. lieu t;nh theo ,gHh8 ,molHh6
G
D
8 D: 5ua3t l+ng 5a4n .ha/m 2Lnh t;nh theo ,gHh8 ,molHh6
G
k
8 k: 5ua3t l+ng 5a4n .ha/m 2ay t;nh theo ,gHh8 ,molHh6
>
i
8 >
i
: no1ng 2o .ha1n mol8 .ha1n ,ho3i l+ng cu4a ca3u
t4 i6
%%6 lAOC 'mNH N)AST "T#nNG NA&N XHAoM 'pNH 0a NA&N
XHAoM 'AOR TH) 'T#nC :
&/a ba"ng 2%345, t/ang 627, 89:
*ho3i l+ng ie9ng cu4a nc 4 ?F
o
C:
N
a MMb8F K,gHm
Y
V
&/a ba"ng 2%3, t/ang 5, 89:
*ho3i l+ng ie9ng cu4a a>it a>etic 4 ?F
o
C:
A"
a !G_?8`F K,gHm
Y
V
A;p +ung t/ong cong thc <2%3=, t/ang 9, 89::
75 , 1042
08 . 0
5 , 996
92 , 0 1
+ +
A
FA
N
FN
hh
x x

hh
a !GGG K,gHm
Y
V
NaEng 5ua3t nha. lieu : G
j
a G8F Km
Y
HhV !GGG K,gHm
Y
V a FGG K,gHhV
Tang I
'un gian tie3. :
'
+
+
k k D D j j
k D j
> G > G > G
G G G

j D
k
k j
D
k D
j
> >
G
> >
G
> >
G
Ne9n : G
D
a
64 , 363 500
72 5 , 99
72 92
F
W D
W F
G
x x
x x
K,gHhV
Va: G
k
a G
j
= G
D
a FGG = YbY8b_ a !Yb8Yb K,gHhV
%%%6 lAOC 'mNH Tp N]S H]A$N "T) "A$M V%PQC :
!6 No1ng 2o .ha1n mol :
60
92 , 0 1
18
92 , 0
18
92 , 0
1
A
F
N
F
N
F
F
M
x
M
x
M
x
x
G8M`_b Kmol ncH mol ho@n h+.V
60
72 , 0 1
18
72 , 0
18
72 , 0
1
A
W
N
W
N
W
W
M
x
M
x
M
x
x
G8IMFF Kmol ncH mol ho@n h+.V
60
955 , 0 1
18
995 , 0
18
995 , 0
1
A
D
N
D
N
D
D
M
x
M
x
M
x
x
G8MMIF Kmol ncH mol ho@n h+.V
?6 Nua3t l+ng mol tng 2o3i cu4a dong nha. lieu :
8955 , 0 9746 , 0
8955 , 0 9985 , 0
W F
W D
x x
x x
f
a !8YG?!F
Y6 TL 5o3 hoan lu lam 0iec:
Tang M
>
j
y
j

>1nh 2: ?o! th@ can bang pha cu"a he Nc Axit axetic
Aa va$o h1nh 2 y
j
q
a G8MI!M
TL 5o3 hoan lu to3i thie/u:
9746 , 0 9819 , 0
9819 , 0 9985 , 0
*
*
min
F F
F D
x y
y x
R
a ?8?`_
TL 5o3 hoan lu lam 0iec: g a !8Yg
min
c G8Y a Y8?Fb?
%V6 lAOC 'mNH N)AST "T#nNG M]" C)&A CAOC D]$NG XHA :
Coi lu l+ng mol cu4a cac dong .ha 2i tong mo@i 2oa+n tha. Kchng
0a luyenV la ,ho9ng 2o/i6
!6 Ta+i 2Lnh tha. :
V7 ta+i 2Lnh tha. no1ng 2o .ha1n mol cu4a nc tong .ha lo4ng
0a .ha hi BaWng nhau6
*ho3i l+ng cu4a .ha hi 0a .ha lo4ng ta+i 2Lnh tha. la BaWng
nhau:
M
HD
a M
"D
a >
D
6 M
N
c K! = >
D
V6 M
A

a G8MMIF6 !I c K! = G8MMIFV6 bG a !I8GbY K,gHmolV
Nua3t l+ng ,ho3i l+ng cu4a dong hi ta+i 2Lnh tha.:
G
HD
a Kg c!VG
D
a KY8?Fb? c !V6 YbY8b_ a !F_`8`! K,gHhV
Tang !G
"
"
n
HD
n
HD
Nua3t l+ng mol cu4a dong hi ta+i 2Lnh tha.:
n
HD
a
063 , 18
71 , 1547
HD
HD
M
G
a IF8bI_ K,molHhV
Nua3t l+ng ,ho3i l+ng cu4a dong hoan lu:
G
"
a gG
D
a Y8?Fb? 6 YbY8b_ a !!I_8G` K,gHhV
Nua3t l+ng mol cu4a dong hoan lu:
" a
063 , 18
07 , 1184
LD
L
M
G
a bF8FF K,molHhV
?6 Ta+i ma9m nha. lieu :
*ho3i l+ng mol cu4a dong nha. lieu:
M
j
a >
j
6 M
N
c K! = >
j
V6 M
A
a G8M`_b6!I c K! = G8M`_bV6bG a !M8Gb` K,gH,molV
Nua3t l+ng mol cu4a dong nha. lieu:
j a
067 , 19
500
F
F
M
G
a ?b8??Y K,molHhV
Va: n
"j
a " a bF8FF K,molHhV
nr
"j
a " c j a bF8FF c ?b8??Y a M!8``Y K,molHhV
n
Hj
a n
HD
a IF8bI_ K,molHhV
Y6 Ta+i 2a y tha. :
V7 ta+i 2ay tha. no1ng 2o .ha1n mol cu4a nc tong .ha lo4ng
0a .ha hi BaWng nhau6
*ho3i l+ng cu4a .ha hi 0a .ha lo4ng ta+i 2ay tha. la BaWng
nhau:
M
Hk
a M
"k
a >
k
6 M
N
c K! = >
k
V6 M
A

a G8IMFF6 !I c K! = G8IMFFV6 bG a ??8YIM K,gHmolV
Nua3t l+ng mol cu4a dong 5a4n .ha/m 2ay:
k a
389 , 22
36 , 136
LW
W
M
G
a b8GM K,molHhV
Va: n
"k
a nr
"j
a bF8FF K,molHhV
n
Hk
a n
Hj
a n
HD
a IF8bI_ K,molHhV
Chng _
TsNH CA^N \AiNG NH%PQT
Tang !!
n
"j
nr
"j
n
Hj
n
Hj
j
n
"k
k
n
Hk
Cho+n hi 2o3t la hi nc 4 ?8Fat
&/a ba"ng 2%392, t/ang 624, 89::
Nhiet hoa hi: ] H
?
a
n
a ?!IMFGG KtH,gV
Nhiet 2o 5o9i: ] H
?
t
a t
n
a !?b8?F K
o
CV
Dong 5a4n .ha/m ta+i 2ay co nhiet 2o:
Tc ,hi 0ao no1i 2un Klo4ngV: t
N!
a !GG8bY!F K
o
CV
Nau ,hi 2+c 2un 5o9i KhiV: t
N?
a !GG8Mbb K
o
CV
Ca9n BaWng nhiet cho toan tha.:
B
C D
E
h
EF
G <HC2= D
A
/
A
C D
A
h
AF
C D
I
h
IF
C B
'
Gia4 54 A
m
a G8GFA
2
G8MFA
2
a Kgc!V G
D
D
c G
D
Kh
DN
= h
jN
V c G
k
Kh
kN
=
h
jN
V
h
jN
a c
j
6t
jN
a u
A j N j
c V > ! K c > +
vt
jN
h
kN
a c
k
6t
kN
a u
A k N k
c V > ! K c > +
vt
kN
h
DN
a c
D
6t
DN
a u
A D N D
c V > ! K c > +
vt
DN

D
a
A D N D
V > ! K > +

Vi >
j
a G8M`_b t
jN
a !GG8!F?_
o
C
>
k
a G8IMFF t
kN
a !GG8bY!F
o
C
>
D
a G8MMIF t
DN
a !GG8GGM
o
C
!6!6 Nhiet dung ie9ng :
&/a ba"ng 2%345, t/ang 627, 89:
Nhiet dung ie9ng cu4a nc 4 !GG8GGM
o
C a _8??GG!? K,tH,g6*V
Nhiet dung ie9ng cu4a nc 4 !GG8!F?_
o
C a _8??G!MI K,tH,g6*V
Nhiet dung ie9ng cu4a nc 4 !GG8bY!F
o
C a _8??GI?! K,tH,g6*V
&/a ba"ng 2%294, t/ang 2J3, 89:
Nhiet dung ie9ng cu4a a>it a>etic 4 !GG8GGM
o
C a ?8_YGG_`
K,tH,g6*V
Nhiet dung ie9ng cu4a a>it a>etic 4 !GY8!F?_
o
C a ?8_YGI K,tH,g6*V
Nhiet dung ie9ng cu4a a>it a>etic 4 !GG8bY!F
o
C a ?8_YYY!F
K,tH,g6*V
!6?6 Pnthal.y :
h
jN
a K G8M? 6 _8??G!MI c G8GI 6 ?8_YGI V 6 !GG8!F?_ a _GI8Y?b K,tH,gV
h
kN
a K G8`? 6 _8??GI?! c G8?I 6 ?8_YYY!F V 6 !GG8bY!F a Y`_8YI!
K,tH,gV
h
DN
a K G8MMF 6 _8??GG!? c G8GGF 6 ?8_YGG_` V 6 !GG8GGM a _?!8!__
K,tH,gV
!6Y6 Nhiet hoa hi :
&/a ba"ng 2%397, t/ang 623, 89:
Nhiet hoa hi cu4a nc 4 !GG8GGM
o
C a
N
a ??b!8Y?b K,tH,gV
Au$ng toan o! 2%K9, t/ang 399, 89:
Nhiet hoa hi cu4a a>it a>etic 4 !GG8GGM
o
C a
A
a !GG K*calH,gV a
_!I8b K,tH,gV
&/a ba"ng 2%392, t/ang 624, 89:
Nhiet hoa hi cu4a nc 4 ?8F at a
] H
?
a ?!IM8F K,tH,gV
Ne9n:
D
a G8MMF 6 ??b!8Y?b c G8GGF 6 _!I8b a ??F?8!!? K,tH,gV
Nhiet l+ng ca1n cung ca3.:
Tang !?
A
2
a
MF 8 G
V h h K G V h h K G G V ! g K
jN kN k jN DN D D D
+ + +
a Y_I!M!_8?bY K,tHhV
Ne3u dung hi nc Ba-o hoa K,ho9ng cha a/mV 2e/ ca3. nhiet
th7: A
2
a
] H
?
G
6
] H
?
Vay l+ng hi nc ca1n dung la :

] H
2
] H
?
?
A
G
a !FMG8?Ì K,gHhV
Thie3t BC lam nguoi 5a4n .ha/m 2ay
Cho+n:
Nc lam la+nh 2i tong o3ng tong 0i nhiet 2o 0ao t
V
a ?F
o
C
0a nhiet 2o a t
g
a YF
o
C6
Na4n .ha/m 2ay 2i tong o3ng ngoai 0i nhiet 2o 0ao t
kN
a
!GG8bY!F
o
C 0a nhiet 2o a t
kg
a _G
o
C6
Ca9n BaWng nhiet: A a G
k
Kh
kN
= h
kg
V a G
n
Kh
g
= h
V
V
Nhiet dung ie9ng cu4a nc 4 _G
o
C a _8!Ì K,tH,g6*V
Nhiet dung ie9ng cu4a a>it 4 _G
o
C a ?8!K,tH,g6*V
Ne9n: h
kg
a KG8`?6 _8!Ì c G8?I6 ?8!V6 _G a !_Y8I_b_ K,tH,gV
&/a ba"ng 2%397, p623, F& L Pnthal.y cu4a nc 4 ?F
o
C : h
V
a !G_8`F
K,tH,gV
Pnthal.y cu4a nc 4 YF
o
C : h
g
a !_b8bF
K,tH,gV
"+ng nhiet tao 2o/i: A a G
k
Kh
kN
= h
kg
V a Y!_YF8` K,tHhV
Nua3t l+ng nc la+nh ca1n dung:
V g
n
h h
A
G
a `FG8?FF K,gHhV
Thie3t BC ngng tu+ 5a4n .ha/m 2Lnh
Cho+n:
Nc lam la+nh 2i tong o3ng 0i nhiet 2o 0ao t
V
a ?F
o
C 0a
nhiet 2o a t
g
a _G
o
C6
Dong hi ta+i 2Lnh 2i ngoai o3ng 0i nhiet 2o ngng tu+ t
ngng
a !GG8GGM K
o
CV
Ca9n BaWng nhiet: A
nt
a Kg c !VG
D
D
a G
n
Kh
g
= h
V
V
Ne9n: A
nt
a Kg c !VD
D
a Y_IFb!b8Y!_ K,tHhV
o
C : h
V
a !G_8`F
K,tH,gV
Pnthal.y cu4a nc 4 _G
o
C : h
g
a !b`8b
K,tH,gV
"+ng nc ca1n dung:
V g
nt
n
h h
A
G
a FF_FM8Y K,gHhV
Thie3t BC 2un 5o9i dong nha. lieu
Cho+n:
Dong nha. lieu 2i tong o3ng tong 0i nhiet 2o 0ao t
V
a t
jV
a ?F
o
C 0a nhiet 2o a t
g
a t
jN
a !GG8!F?_
o
C6
Hi ngng tu+ 2i tong o3ng ngoai co a. 5ua3t ?8Fat:
Nhiet hoa hi: ] H
?
a
n
a ?!IMFGG KtH,gV
Nhiet 2o 5o9i: ] H
?
t
a t
n
a !?b8?F K
o
CV
&/a ba"ng 2%345, t/ang 627, 89:
Nhiet dung ie9ng cu4a nc 4 ?F
o
C a _8!ÌK,tH,g6*V
Tang !Y
&/a ba"ng 2%294, t/ang 2J3, 89:
Nhiet dung ie9ng cu4a a>it a>etic 4 ?F
o
C a ?8G?GF K,tH,g6*V
h
jV
a c
j
6t
jV
a u
A j N j
c V > ! K c > +
vt
jV
a KG8M?6 _8!Ì c G8GI6 ?8G?GFV6 ?F
a !GG8!YF K,tH,gV
j
Kh
jN
= h
jV
V a G
n
n
Ne9n: A a G
j
Kh
jN
= h
jV
V a FGG6K_GI8Y?b = !GG8!YFV a !F_GMF8F K,tHhV
"+ng hi 2o3t ca1n dung:
n
n
A
G
a `G8Y`MY K,gHhV
Chng F

TsNH TH%PST \m CHsNH
KTha. ma9m >uye9n lo@V
Xhng t7nh 2ng lam 0iec :
Xha1n luyen:
1 2562 , 3
9985 , 0
1 2562 , 3
2562 , 3
1 1 +
+
+
+
+
+
x
R
x
x
R
R
y
D
a G8`bF> c G8?Y_b
Xha1n chng:
8955 , 0
1 2562 , 3
30215 , 1 1
1 2562 , 3
30215 , 1 2562 , 3
1
1
1

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
x x
R
f
x
R
f R
y
W
a !8G`!> = G8GbYF`
%6 'T#$NG *sNH THAOX :
!6 Xha1n luyen :
!6!6 *ho3i l+ng ie9ng tung B7nh cu4a .ha lo4ng tong .ha1n
luyen:
No1ng 2o .ha1n mol tung B7nh cu4a .ha lo4ng tong .ha1n luyen:
2
9746 , 0 9985 , 0
2
+
F D
L
x x
x a G8MIbF Kmol ncH mol ho@n h+.V
Aa va$o h1nh 3
Nhiet 2o tung B7nh cu4a .ha lo4ng tong .ha1n luyen: T
""
a
!GG8GI K
o
CV
No1ng 2o .ha1n ,ho3i l+ng tung B7nh cu4a .ha lo4ng tong luyen:
2
92 , 0 995 , 0
2
+
F D
L
x x
x a G8MF`F K,g ncH ,g ho@n h+.V
&/a ba"ng 2%345, t/ang 627, 89:
*ho3i l+ng ie9ng cu4a nc 4 !GG8GI
o
C:
N"
a MFI8Y_! K,gHm
Y
V
&/a ba"ng 2%3, t/ang 5, 89:
*ho3i l+ng ie9ng cu4a a>it a>etic 4 !GG8GI
o
C:
A"
a MF`8IFb
K,gHm
Y
V
856 , 957
9575 , 0 1
341 , 958
9575 , 0 1 1
+
+
AL
L
NL
L
LL
x x

""
a MFI8Y? K,gHm
Y
V
!6?6 *ho3i l+ng ie9ng tung B7nh cu4a .ha hi tong .ha1n luyen :
Tang !_
No1ng 2o tung B7nh cu4a .ha hi tong .ha1n luyen:
y
"
a G8`bF>
"
c G8?Y_b a G8`bF 6 G8MIbF c G8?Y_b a G8MIM?`
Aa va$o h1nh 3
Nhiet 2o tung B7nh cu4a .ha hi tong .ha1n luyen: T
H"
a !GG8GM?
K
o
CV
*ho3i l+ng mol tung B7nh cu4a .ha hi tong .ha1n luyen :
M
H"
a y
"
6 M
N
c K! = y
"
V6 M
A

a G8MIM?`6!I c K! = G8MIM?`V6 bG a !I8_F K,gH,molV
*ho3i l+ng ie9ng tung B7nh cu4a .ha hi tong .ha1n luyen:
) 273 092 , 100
273
4 , 22
45 , 18 1
+

HL
HL
HL
RT
PM
a G8bG?` K,gHm
Y
V
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
>1nh 3: /ia0n o T 1 xy cu0a he! 2'c 1 3xit axetic
!6Y6 T;nh 0an to3c .ha hi 2i tong .ha1n luyen :
&/a ba"ng LM%4a, t/ang 2K5, 8K: :Vi 2ng ,;nh tha. tong ,hoa4ng G8I
G8MKmV th7 ,hoa4ng cach ma9m la: h a YGG
KmmV a G8Y KmV
&/a o! th@ K%3, t/ang 39K, 84: C a G8GY?
Van to3c .ha hi 2i tong .ha1n luyen:
6027 , 0
32 , 958
032 , 0
HL
LL
L
C
a !8?`b KmH5V
Tang !F
!6_6 T;nh 2ng ,;nh .ha1n luyen :
Nua3t l+ng mol cu4a .ha hi tong .ha1n luyen: n
H"
a n
HD
a IF8bI_
K,molHhV
Nua3t l+ng the/ t;ch cu4a .ha hi tong .ha1n luyen:
1 3600
) 273 092 , 100
273
4 , 22
684 , 85
3600
+
P
RT n
Q
HL HL
HL
a G8`?Ib Km
Y
H5V
'ng ,;nh .ha1n luyen:
276 , 1
7286 , 0 4 4
L
HL
L
Q
a G8IF?bF` KmV
?6 Xha1n chng :
T;nh toan tng t+ nh .ha1n luyen ta co Ba4ng ,e3t Dua4 5au:
>
c
>
C T
"C

NC

AC

"C
G8MYF G8I?
!GG8Y
M
MFI8!
!!
MF`8?
MI
MF`8M
b
y
c
T
HC
M
HC

HC

C A
HC

C
G8MYÌ
!F
!GG8F
YY
?G8b!
?
G8b`?
F?
!8?G`
`
G8`?M
F G6I``
V7
"

C
ta co the/ la3y 2ng ,;nh cu4a toan tha. la 2ng
,;nh cu4a phan ch'n"
Cho+n G8IF (mV
Ket luan: 2ng ,;nh tha. la G8IF (mV
Van to3c .ha hi tong .ha1n chng 0a .ha1n luyen theo th+c te3:
2 2
85 , 0
7295 , 0 4 4
HC
C
Q
a!8?IFF`F KmH5V
2 2
85 , 0
7286 , 0 4 4
HL
L
Q
a!8?I_ KmH5V
Tang !b
Tang !`
Xha1n chng
No3 ma9m ly
thuye3t : `
Xha1n
luyen
?$ng chng :
N G 2,7J2x 7,7K69J
>1nh 6: 'o1 thC 5o3 ma9m ly thuye3t
%%6 CH%P() CA] THAOX :
!6 Xha1n luyen :
Aa va$o h1nh 6 No3 ma9m ly thuye3t .ha1n luyen: n
lt"
a !M
!6!6 T;nh hieu 5ua3t ma9m :
Ta+i nhiet 2o tung B7nh cu4a .ha hi tong .ha1n luyen T
H"
a !GG
GM?
o
C 8
&/a ba"ng 2%397, t/ang 623, 89:
A. 5ua3t hi Ba-o hoa cu4a nc X
N"
a !8GYbbb at a `b!8M_F
KmmHgV
&/a h1nh MMLLL, t/ang 4KK, 84:
A. 5ua3t hi Ba-o hoa cu4a a>it a>etic X
A"
a _!F8`Y KmmHgV
Ne9n:
73 , 413
945 , 761

AL
NL
L
P
P
a !8IYY
Ta+i nhiet 2o tung B7nh cu4a .ha lo4ng tong .ha1n luyen T
""
a
!GG8GI
o
C 8
&/a ba"ng 2%274, t/ang 5K, 89: 'o nht cu4a nc
N"
a G8?IYbY__
KcXV
Au$ng toan o! 2%2O, t/ang 57, 89: 'o nht cu4a a>it a>etic
A"
a G8_
KcXV
'o nht cu4a ho@n h+. lo4ng:
Tang !I
Xha1n luyen
K.hong toV
No3 ma9m ly
?$ng luyen :
N G 7,JK9x C 7,364K
lg
hh
a >
!
lg
!
c >
?
lg
?
Kcong thc <L%23=, t/ang O4, 89:V
Ne9n: lg
"
a G8MIbF6 lgG8?IYbY__c K! = G8MIbFVlgG8_

"
a G8?I_MF KcXV

"
"
a G8F??Y
&/a h1nh K%4, t/ang 39J, 84: P
"
a G8Fb
V7 tha. co 2ng ,;nh a G8IFm w G8Mm ne9n ,ho9ng ca1n hieu
chLnh la+i gia tC P
"
6
!6?6 T;nh 5o3 ma9m th+c te3 .ha1n luyen :
No3 ma9m th+c: n
tt"
a
56 , 0
19
CL
ltL
E
n
a YY8M?I Y_
?6 Xha1n chng :
n
ltC
X
NC
X
AC

C

NC

AC

C
`
``_8I_
`
_??8b
b !8IYY
G8?I?I_
Gb G8YMI
G8?IM
?
C P
C
n
ttC
n
ttC
Duy
ton
G8FY G8FF
!?8`?
` !Y
Y6 Chie1u cao tha. :
No3 ma9m th+c te3 cu4a toan tha.: n
tt
a n
tt"
c n
ttC
a Y_ c !Y a _`
Chie1u cao tha9n tha.: H
tha9n
a Kn
tt
=!Vh c ! a !Y8I KmV
Cho+n 2ay Kna[.V elli. tie9u chua/n co
t
h
a G8?F h
t
a G8?F6 G8IF a
G8?!?F KmV
Cho+n chie1u cao g: h
g
a FGmm a G8GF KmV
Chie1u cao 2ay Kna[.V: H
2n
a h
t
c h
g
a G8?b?F KmV
Ket luan:
Chie1u cao toan tha.: H a H
tha9n
c ?H
2n
a !Y8I c ? 6 G8?b?F a !_8Y?F
KmV
%%%6 Tg#& "TnC THAOX :
!6 Ca3u ta+o ma9m lo@ :
Cho+n tha. ma9m >uye9n lo@ co o3ng cha4y chuye1n 0i:
Tie3t dien t+ do BaWng IJ dien t;ch ma9m6
'ng ,;nh lo@: d
lo@
a Ymm a G8GGY KmV6
Chie1u cao g cha4y tan: h
g
a FGmm a G8GF KmV6
Dien t;ch cu4a ? Ban nguyet BaWng ?GJ dien t;ch ma9m6
"o@ Bo3 t; theo h7nh lu+c giac 2e1u6
*hoa4ng cach gi-a ? ta9m lo@ BaWng `mm6
Ma9m 2+c lam BaWng the. ,ho9ng gL l!IH!GT6
No3 lo@ te9n ! ma9m:
N a
2 2
003 , 0
85 , 0
08 , 0 08 , 0
! 8
,
_
,
_
lo lo
mam
d S
S
a b_??
Tang !M
Go+i a la 5o3 h7nh lu+c giac6
A;p +ung cong thc <V%265=, t/ang 4O, 8K:: N a YaKac!V c!
Gia4i .hng t7nh Bac ? a a _b N a b_I` Klo@V
No3 lo@ te9n 2ng cheo: B a ?a c ! a MY Klo@V
?6 T4 l+c cu4a 2Ua ,ho9 :
Ap +ung cong thc <LM%247=, t/ang 254, 8K::
?
6 x
X
H
?
,

'o3i 0i 2Ua co tie3t dien t+ do BaWng IJ dien t;ch ma9m th7 a
!8I?
?6!6 Xha1n luyen :
Van to3c hi Dua lo@: r
"
a
08 , 0
284 , 1
! 8

L
a !b8GF KmH5V
Ne9n: X
,"
a
2
6027 , 0 . 05 , 16
82 , 1
2
a !_!8?I_ KNHm
?
V
?6?6 Xha1n ca3t :
Van to3c hi Dua lo@: r
C
a
08 , 0
285575 , 1
! 8

C
a !b8G` KmH5V
Ne9n: X
,C
a
2
67252 , 0 . 07 , 16
82 , 1
2
a !FI8G__ KNHm
?
V
Y6 T4 l+c do 5c caEng Be1 ma:t :
V7 2Ua co 2ng ,;nh lo@ y !mm
Ap +ung cong thc <LM%243=, t/ang 254, 8K::
?
lo@ lo@
d GI 8 G d Y 8 !
_
X
+

Y6!6 Xha1n luyen :
Ta+i nhiet 2o tung B7nh cu4a .ha lo4ng tong .ha1n luyen T
""
a
!GG8GI
o
C
&/a ba"ng 2%345, t/ang 627, 89:
Nc caEng Be1 ma:t cu4a nc
N"
a G8FIIY_ KNHmV
&/a ba"ng 2%343, t/ang 677, 89:
Nc caEng Be1 ma:t cu4a a>it
A"
a G8G!M`MY KNHmV
Ap +ung cong thc <L%JK=, t/ang 355, 89::
? !
? !
? !
! ! !
+

Ne9n:
19793 , 0 58834 , 0
019793 , 0 58834 , 0
LL
a G8G!M!F KNHmV
Cho ta:
2
003 , 0 08 , 0 003 , 0 3 , 1
01915 , 0 4
+

L
P
a !M8bY`_ KNHm
?
V
Y6?6 Xha1n chng :
NC

AC

"C
.
C
G8FI``Y
Fb
G8G!M_
_M
G8G!II
?b
!M8YGF
!`
_6 T4 l+c thu4y tUnh do cha3t lo4ng te9n 2Ua ta+o a :
Tang ?G
Ap +ung cong thc t/ang 3O9, 84::X
B
a !8Yh
B
*
"
g
Vi: h
B
a h
g
c h
l
Y H ?
g
"
l
* " IF 8 !
A
h

,
_

Tong 2o:
"
g
: chie1u dai cu4a g cha4y tan8 m
* a
B
H
"
: ty4 5o3 gi-a ,ho3i l+ng ie9ng cha3t lo4ng Bo+t 0a
,ho3i l+ng ie9ng cu4a cha3t lo4ng8 la3y ga1n BaWng G8F6
A
"
a
"
" "
M 6 n
: 5ua3t l+ng the/ t;ch cu4a .ha lo4ng8 m

Y
H56
T4nh chieu dai " cha0y t$an:
Ta co: N
Dua+t
- N
a N
Ban nguyet

?
?
g
?
J ?G
?
co5 g
?
5in g
?
!
6 ?
?
g

- 5in a G8Y
Dung .he. la:. a !8IM!F KgadV
Ne9n: "
g
a 5in
?
a G8IF6 5in
2
8915 , 1
a G8bIMY KmV
_6!6 Xha1n luyen :
*ho3i l+ng mol tung B7nh cu4a .ha lo4ng tong .ha1n luyen:
M
""
a
2
067 , 19 063 , 18
2
+
+
F LD
M M
a !I8FbF K,gH,molV
Nua3t l+ng mol cu4a .ha lo4ng tong .ha1n luyen: n
""
a " a bF8FF
K,molHhV
Nua3t l+ng the/ t;ch cu4a .ha lo4ng tong .ha1n luyen:
A
""
a
3600 32 , 958
565 , 18 55 , 65 .
LL
LL LL
M n
a Y8F?`_6!G
4
Km
Y
H5V
Ne9n:
3 / 2
4
5 , 0 6893 , 0 85 , 1
10 . 5274 , 3
,
_
lL
h a b8`_6!G
3
KmV
Cho ta: X
B"
a !8YKh
g
c h
l"
V*
""
g
a !8Y6KG8GF cb8`_6!G
3
V6 G8F6 MFI8Y?6 M8I! a Y_b8`??`
KNHm
?
V
_6?6 Xha1n chng :
Tang ?!
"
g

M
"C
A
"C
h
lC
.
BC
?G8`?
I
!8F`b!6!
G
4
Y8M_6!G
3
Y?M8_
I!
F6 To/ng t4 l+c thuy4 l+c cu4a tha. :
To/ng t4 l+c cu4a ! ma9m tong .ha1n luyen cu4a tha. la:
X
"
a X
,"
c X
"
c X
B"
a !_!8?I_ c !M8bY`_ c Y_b8`??` a _MG8_G?_
KNHm
?
V
To/ng t4 l+c cu4a ! ma9m tong .ha1n chng cu4a tha. la:
X
C
a X
,C
c X
C
c X
BC
a !FI8G__ c !M8YGF!` c Y?M8_I! a
FGb8IYG!` KNHm
?
V
Kiem tra hoat ong cua mam:
*ie/m ta la+i ,hoa4ng cach ma9m h a G8Ym 2a4m Ba4o cho 2ie1u
,ien hoa+t 2ong B7nh thng cu4a tha.: h y
g
X
I 8 !
"
Vi cac ma9m tong .ha1n chng t4 l+c thuy4 l+c Dua ! ma9m
ln hn t4 l+c thuy4 l+c cu4a ma9m tong .ha1n luyen8 ta co:
81 , 9 96 , 957
83017 , 506
8 , 1 8 , 1
g
P
LC
C
a G8GM` w G8Y
'ie1u ,ien te9n 2+c tho4a6
Ket luan:
To/ng t4 l+c thu4y l+c cu4a tha.:
X a n
tt"
6X
"
c n
ttC
X
C
a Y_6 _MG8_G?_ c !Y6 FGb8IYG!` a ?Y?b?8_`YI
KNHm
?
V
b6 *ie/m ta nga. lu+t ,hi tha. hoa+t 2ong :
*hoa4ng cach gi-a ? ma9m: h a YGG KmmV6
\o4 Dua 5+ ta+o Bo+t tong o3ng cha4y chuye1n8 chie1u cao m+c cha3t
lo4ng tong o3ng cha4y chuye1n cu4a ma9m >uye9n lo@ 2+c >ac
2Cnh theo bie*u thc <9%37=, t/ang 237, 83::
h
d
a h
g
c h
l
c X c h
dr
8 Kmm6cha3t lo4ngV
Tong 2o:
h
g
: chie1u cao g cha4y tan KmmV
h
l
: chie1u cao l. cha3t lo4ng te9n ma9m KmmV6
X: to/ng t4 l+c cu4a ! ma9m Kmm6cha3t lo4ngV6
h
dr
: to/n tha3t thu4y l+c do dong lo4ng cha4y t o3ng cha4y
chuye1n 0ao ma9m8 2+c >ac 2Cnh theo bie*u thc <9%27=, t/ang 229, 83::
?
d
"
x d
N 6 !GG
A
6 !?I 8 G h

,
_
8 Kmm6cha3t lo4ngV
A
"
: lu l+ng cu4a cha3t lo4ng Km
Y
HhV6
N
d
: tie3t dien gi-a o3ng cha4y chuye1n 0a ma9m6
N
d
a G8I 6 N
ma9m
a G8I6
_
6G8IF
?
a G8_F_ Km
?
V
Tang ??
'e/ tha. ,ho9ng BC nga. lu+t ,hi hoa+t 2ong th7: h
d

?
!
h a !FG
KmmV
b6!6 Xha1n luyen :
h
l"
a b8`_6!G
-Y
KmV a b8`_ KmmV
.
"
a
1000
81 , 9 32 , 958
4024 , 490
1000
4024 , 490

g
LL
a F?8!b_ Kmm6cha3t lo4ngV
2
4
2
"
454 , 0 100
3600 10 . 5274 , 3
. 128 , 0
. 100
. 128 , 0

,
_
,
_
d
LL
L d
S
Q
h
a !G
4
Kmm6cha3t
lo4ngV
Ne9n: h
d"
a FG c b8`_ c F?8!b_ c !G
4
a !GI8MG_! KmmV w !FG KmmV
Vay: *hi hoa+t 2ong th7 ma9m 4 .ha1n luyen 5e- ,ho9ng BC nga.
lu+t6
b6?6 Xha1n chng :
h
lC
a Y8M_6!G
3
KmV a Y8M_ KmmV
X
C
a
1000
81 , 9 96 , 957
83017 , 506
1000
83017 , 506

g
LL
a FY8MY? Kmm6cha3t lo4ngV
2
4
2
"
454 , 0 100
3600 10 . 5761 , 1
. 128 , 0
. 100
. 128 , 0

,
_
,
_
d
LC
C d
S
Q
h
a?6!G
5
Kmm6cha3t
lo4ngV
Ne9n: h
dC
a FG c Y8M_ c FY8MY? c ?6!G
5
a !G`8I`? KmmV w !FG KmmV
Vay: *hi hoa+t 2ong th7 ma9m 4 .ha1n chng 5e- ,ho9ng BC nga.
lu+t6
Ket luan: *hi hoa+t 2ong tha. 5e- ,ho9ng BC nga. lu+t6
7. Kiem tra tnh ong nhat cua hoat ong cua mam.
T;nh 0an to3c to3i thie/u Dua lo@ cu4a .ha hi 0
min
2u4 2e/ cho cac lo@
te9n ma9m 2e1u hoa+t 2ong:
0
minC
a G8b`
67252 , 0 82 , 1
) 10 . 94 , 3 05 , 0 96 , 957 81 , 9
67 , 0
3
HC
bC LC
h g
a !Y8bYF w !b8G`
0
min"
a G8b`
6027 , 0 82 , 1
) 10 . 74 , 6 05 , 0 32 , 958 81 , 9
67 , 0
3
HC
bC LC
h g
a !_8``F w !b8GF
Cac lo@ te9n ma9m2e1u hoa+t 2ong6
%V6 \P( DA$R THAOX :
!6 Tha9n tha. :
V7 tha. hoa+t 2ong 4 a. 5ua3t thng ne9n ta thie3t ,e3 tha9n
h7nh tu+ BaWng .hng .ha. han ho1 Duang 2ien8 ,ie/u han gia.
mo3i ? .h;a6 Tha9n tha. 2+c ghe. 0i nhau BaWng cac mo3i ghe.
B;ch6
V7 tha. hoa+t 2ong 4 nhiet 2o cao Ky!GG
o
CV ne9n ta .ha4i Bo+c
cach nhiet cho tha.6
'e/ 2a4m Ba4o cha3t l+ng cu4a 5a4n .ha/m 0a ,ha4 naEng aEn mon
cu4a a>it a>etic 2o3i 0i thie3t BC8 ta cho+n thie3t BC tha9n tha. la
the. ,ho9ng gL ma- l!IH!GT6
Tang ?Y
!6!6 Cac tho9ng 5o3 ca1n ta 0a cho+n .hu+c 0u+ cho Dua t7nh t;nh
toan:
Nhiet o tnh toan :
T >
kN
a G8IMFF8 Aa va$o h1nh 3
Nhiet 2o 5o9i cu4a .ha lo4ng T
N"
a !GG8bY!F K
o
CV
Nhiet 2o 5o9i cu4a .ha hiT
NH
a !GG8Mbb K
o
CV
t
ma>
a!GG8Mbb
o
CV
&/a ba"ng 2%345, t/ang 627, 89:
*ho3i l+ng ie9ng cu4a nc 4 !GG8Mbb
o
C:
N
a MF`8?`FF
K,gHm
Y
V
&/a ba"ng 2%3, t/ang 5, 89:
*ho3i l+ng ie9ng cu4a a>it a>etic 4 !GG8Mbb
o
C:
A
a
MFb8?b!?K,gHm
Y
V
2612 , 956
72 , 0 1
2755 , 957
72 , 0 1 1
+
+
A
W
N
W
LW
x x

"k
a MFb8MM!Y K,gHm
Y
V
t a t
ma>
c ?G
o
C a !GG8Mbb c ?G a !?G8Mbb K
o
CV
Ap uat tnh toan :
V7 tha. hoa+t 2ong 4 a. 5ua3t thng ne9n: X a X
thu4y tUnh
c X
*ho3i l+ng ie9ng tung B7nh cu4a .ha lo4ng tong toan tha.:
"
a
2
96 , 957 32 , 958
2
+
+
LC LL

a MFI8!_K,gHm
Y
V
Ne9n: X

a
"
gH a MFI8!_ 6 M8I! 6 !_8Y?F c ?Y?b?8_`YI
a !F`MGI8?! KNHm
?
V a G8!F`MKNHmm
?
V
!e o "o ung #o a$n mo%n hoa hoc cua moi tr&'%ng :
V7 mo9i tng a>it co t;nh aEn mon 0a thi gian 54 du+ng thie3t
BC la tong ?G naEm
C
a
a !6 ? a ? KmmV
(ng uat cho phep tieu chuan :
V7 0at lieu la l!IH!GT uv
q
a !_G KNHmm
?
V K>1nh 2%2, t/ang 2O,
8J:V
!e o hieu ch)nh :
V7 thie3t BC co Bo+c l. cach nhiet a G8MF Kt/ang 3K, 8J:V
(ng uat cho phep : uv a uv
q
a !YY KNHmm
?
V
!e o "en moi ha%n :
V7 54 du+ng .hng .ha. han ho1 Duang 2ien8 ,ie/u han gia.
mo3i ? .h;a

h
a G8MF KPa"ng MLLL%O, t/ang 6K3, 8K:V
!6?6 T;nh Be1 day :
Ta co:
95 , 0
1579 , 0
133 # $

h
P

a IGG8!M y ?F
Nr a
95 , 0 133 2
1579 , 0 850
# $ 2
h
P

a G8FY!! Nr c C
a
a G8FY!! c ? a ?8FY!!
KmmV
Auy ton theo chua/n: N a Y KmmV KPa"ng MLLL%5, t/ang 6K4, 8K:V
Tang ?_
\e1 day to3i thie/u: N
min
a Y KmmV KPa"ng 9%2, t/ang 23O, 8J:V
\e1 day N tho4a 2ie1u ,ien6
!6Y6 *ie/m ta 2o Be1n :
'ie1u ,ien:
! 8 G
C N
a
1 , 0
850
2 3
G8GG!!`b G8! Ktho4aV

Ne9n:
) 2 3 850
) 2 3 95 , 0 133 2
)
) # $ 2
# $
+

a
a h
C S
C S
P

a G8?M` y Xa G8!F`M
Ktho4aV
Ket luan: N a Y KmmV
?6 'ay 0a na[. :
Cho+n 2ay 0a na[. co da+ng h7nh elli. tie9u chua/n8 co g8 lam
BaWng the. l!IH!GT
Cho+n Be1 day 2ay 0a na[. BaWng 0i Be1 day tha9n tha.: N a Y
KmmV6
*ie/m ta 2ie1u ,ien:
'
X
V C N K g
V C N K v u ?
v X u
!?F 8 G
D
C N
a t
a h
t
a
Tong 2o: D
t
a
V7 2ay 0a na[. co h7nh elli. tie9u chua/n 0i
?F 8 G
D
h
t
t
g
t
a D
t
'ie1u ,ien te9n 2+c tho4a nh 2a- ,ie/m ta 4 .ha1n tha9n
tha.6
Ket luan: *;ch thc cu4a 2ay 0a na[.:
'ng ,;nh tong: D
t
a a IFG KmmV
h
t
a ?!?8F KmmV
Chie1u cao g: h
g
a FG KmmV
\e1 day: N a Y KmmV
Dien t;ch Be1 ma:t tong: N
Be1 ma:t
a G8M? Km
?
V KPa"ng MLLL%27, t/ang
6O3, 8K:V
V6 \P( DA$R MA^M :
!6 Cac tho9ng 5o3 ca1n ta 0a cho+n .hu+c 0u+ cho Dua t7nh
t;nh toan:
Nhiet o tnh toan : t a t
ma>
a !GG8Mbb K
o
CV
Ap uat tnh toan : X a X
thu4y tUnh
c X
g
Cho+n Be1 day g cha4y tan la Ymm6
Tang ?F
The/ t;ch cu4a g cha4y tan:
V a G8bIMY6 KFG c FG c YGG = ?GV6 Y6 !G
-b
a `8IFI6!G
4
Km
Y
V
&/a ba"ng MLL%J, t/ang 626, 8K:
*ho3i l+ng ie9ng cu4a the. l!IH!GT la:
l!IH!GT
a `MGG K,gHm
Y
V
*ho3i l+ng g cha4y tan: m a V
l!IH!GT
a b8?GÌ K,gV
AO. 5ua3t do g cha4y tan tac du+ng le9n ma9m ton:
_
mg
X
?
g
a !G`8Y? KNHm
?
V
*ho3i l+ng ie9ng cu4a cha3t lo4ng ta+i 2ay tha.:
"k
a
MFb8MM!YK,gHm
Y
V
AO. 5ua3t thu4y tUnh:
X
thu4y tUnh
a
"k
g 6Kh
g
c h
lC
V
a MFb8MM!Y 6 M8I! 6 KG8GF c Y8M_6!G
3
V a FGb8YMYY KNHm
?
V
X a FGb8YMYY c !G`8Y? a b!Y8`! KNHm
?
V a b8!Y`6!G
4
KNHmm
?
V
!e o "o ung #o a$n mo%n hoa hoc cua moi tr&'%ng :
V7 mo9i tng a>it co t;nh aEn mon 0a thi gian 54 du+ng thie3t
BC la tong ?G naEm
C
a
a !6 ? a ? KmmV
(ng uat cho phep tieu chuan :
V7 0at lieu la l!IH!GT uv
q
a !_G KNHmm
?
V K>1nh 2%2, t/ang 2O,
8J:V
!e o hieu ch)nh : a ! Kt/ang 3K, 8J:V
(ng uat cho phep : uv a uv
q
a !_G KNHmm
?
V
*oun a%n hoi : P a!MMMMG KNHmm
?
V KPa"ng 3%23, t/ang 49, 8J:V
!e o +oion : a G8YY KPa"ng MLL%J, t/ang 626, 8K:V
!e o ieu ch)nh :
B
a
Y
Y `
t
d t
a G8F`!
?6 T;nh Be1 day : 'o3i 0i Ba4n ton 2a:c ngam ,e+. cha:t theo
chu 0i:
TOng 5ua3t c+c 2a+i 4 0ong chu 0i:
?
ma>
N
D
!b
X Y
,
_

K,ong thc K%6K, t/ang 277, 8O:V
'o3i 0i Ba4n co 2u+c lo@: v u
N
D
!b
X Y
?
B B
ma>
ma> l

,
_

N
571 , 0 140 16
10 . 137 , 6 3
850
# $ 16
3
4

b
P
D

a !8G!MI KmmV
Ne9n: N c C
a
a Y8G!MI KmmV
Cho+n N a Y KmmV
Kiem tra ieu ,ien "en:
'o 0o-ng c+c 2a+i 4 ta9m:
T
_
o
D b_
Xg
k
K,ong thc K%69, t/ang 277, 8O:V
'o3i 0i Ba4n co 2u+c lo@:
T B
_
B
o
lo
D b_
Xg k
k
Tang ?b
Vi:
V ! K !?
PN
D
?
Y
T

Y
B
? _
Y
B
? _
B
o
lo
PN
V ! K Xg
6
!b
Y
PN b_
V ! K Xg !? k
k
'e/ 2a4m Ba4o 2ie1u ,ien Be1n th7: k

lo
w d N
Ma:
3
2 4 4
3 199990 571 , 0
) 33 , 0 1 425 10 . 137 , 6
.
16
3

lo
W a !8GIF w d 6 Y a !8F
\e1 day N 2a- cho+n tho4a 2ie1u ,ien6
Vay: N a Y KmmV
V%6 \sCH GHPOX THA^N = 'AOR 0a NAzX :
Ma:t B;ch la Bo .han Duan to+ng dung 2e/ no3i cac .ha1n cu4a
thie3t BC cu-ng nh no3i cac Bo .han ,hac 0i thie3t BC6 Cac loa+i
ma:t B;ch thng 54 du+ng:
54ch lien : la Bo .han no3i lie1n 0i thie3t BC Khan8 2uc 0a
enV6 "oa+i B;ch nay chu4 ye3u dung thie3t BC lam 0iec 0i
a. 5ua3t tha3. 0a a. 5ua3t tung B7nh6
54ch t'# do : chu4 ye3u dung no3i o3ng da@n lam 0iec 4 nhiet
2o cao8 2e/ no3i cac Bo BaWng ,im loa+i mau 0a h+. ,im cu4a
chung8 2a:c Biet la ,hi ca1n lam ma:t B;ch BaWng 0at lieu
Be1n hn thie3t BC6
54ch $en : chu4 ye3u dung cho thie3t BC lam 0iec 4 a. 5ua3t
cao6
Cho+n B;ch 2+c ghe. tha9n8 2ay 0a na[. lam BaWng the. CTY8
ca3u ta+o cu4a B;ch la B;ch lie1n ,ho9ng co/6
&/a ba"ng MLLL%3J, t/ang 42J, 8K::
TOng 0i D
t
a a IFG KmmV 0a a. 5ua3t t;nh toan X a G8!F`M
KNHmm
?
V cho+n B;ch co cac tho9ng 5o3 5au:
D
t
D D
B
D
!
D
o
h
\u lo9ng
d
B
{
KmmV
IFG MIG MYG MGG Ib! ?G M?G ?_
&/a ba"ng LM%9, t/ang 2J7, 8K:8 0i h a YGG KmmV ,hoa4ng cach
gi-a ? ma:t B;ch la !?GGmm 0a 5o3 ma9m gi-a ? ma:t B;ch la _6
Ta co:
2
8 , 13
2

than
H
a b8M
Tang ?`
No3 ma:t B;ch ca1n dung 2e/ ghe. la: K` c !V6? a !b KB;chV
*hoa4ng cach gi-a ? ma:t B;ch theo th+c te3: l
B;ch
a
16
8 , 13
16

than
H
a
G8Ib?F KmV
'o ,;n cu4a mo3i ghe. B;ch chu4 ye3u do 0at 2em Duye3t 2Cnh6
'em lam BaWng cac 0at lieu me1m hn 5o 0i 0at lieu B;ch6 *hi
>ie3t Bu lo9ng8 2em BC Bie3n da+ng 0a 2ie1n 2a1y le9n cac cho@ go1
ghe1 te9n Be1 ma:t cu4a B;ch6 Vay8 2e/ 2a4m Ba4o 2o ,;n cho thie3t
BC ta cho+n 2em la da9y amiaEng8 co Be1 day la YKmmV6
V%%6 CHA^N '#| THAOX :
!6 T;nh to+ng l+ng cua toan tha. :
&/a ba"ng MLL%J, t/ang 626, 8K:
*ho3i l+ng ie9ng cu4a tha. CTY la:
CTY
a ÌFG K,gHm
Y
V
*ho3i l+ng cu4a mot B;ch ghe. tha9n:
m
B;ch ghe. tha9n
a
( ) ( ) 7850 02 , 0 93 , 0 98 , 0
4 4
2 2
3
2 2

CT t
h D D
a !!8``b K,gV
*ho3i l+ng cu4a mot ma9m:
m
ma9m
a
T !G H !I l m9m
?
t
JV !G J I J !GG K D
_

a
4
6G8IF
?
6G8GGY6G8I?6`MGG a !!8G?IK,gV
*ho3i l+ng cu4a tha9n tha.:
m
tha9n
a
_
6KD
?
ng
=D
?
t
V6H
tha9n
6
l!IH!GT

a
( ) 7900 . 8 , 13 . 85 , 0 856 , 0 .
4
2 2
a I`b8_F K,gV
*ho3i l+ng cu4a 2ay Kna[.V tha.:
m
2ayKna[.V
a N
Be1 ma:t
6
2ay
6
l!IH!GT
a G8M? 6 G8GGY6 `MGG a ?!8IG_ K,gV
*ho3i l+ng cu4a toan tha.:
m a !b m
B;ch ghe. tha9n
c _` m
ma9m
c m
tha9n
c ? m
2ayKna[.V

a !b6 !!8``b c _`6 !!8GI? c I`b8_F c ?6 ?!8IG_ a !b?b8`MK,gV
?6 T;nh cha9n 2- tha. :
Cho+n cha9n 2-: tha. 2+c 2- te9n Bo3n cha9n6
Vat lieu lam cha9n 2- tha. la the. CT
Y
6
Tang ?I
T
u
+c

t
h
i
e
3t

B
C
Theo 2ay
thie3t BC
Ta4i to+ng cho .he. te9n mot cha9n: G
c
a
4
81 , 9 79 , 1626
4 4

mg P
a
G6YMM6!G
_
KNV
'e/ 2a4m Ba4o 2o an toan cho thie3t BC8 ta cho+n: G
c
a G8F6!G
_
KNV
&/a ba"ng MLLL%69, t/ang 46J, 8K: cho+n cha9n 2- co cac tho9ng 5o3
5au:
" \ \
!
\
?
H h 5 l d
!bG !!G !YF !MF ?_G !_F !G FF ?Y
The/ t;ch mot cha9n 2-:
V
cha9n 2-
K?YG6 !G6 !MF6 ? c !bG6 !G6 !!GV6 !G
-M
a G8GG!G`Y Km
Y
V
*ho3i l+ng mot cha9n 2-: m
cha9n 2-
a V
cha9n 2-6
CTY
a I8_?Y K,gV
V%%%6 TA% TgP] THAOX :
Cho+n tai teo: tai teo 2+c ga[n te9n tha9n tha. 2e/ gi- cho
tha. ,ho4i BC dao 2ong tong 2ie1u ,ien ngoa+i ca4nh6
Cho+n 0at lieu lam tai teo la the. CT
Y
6
Ta cho+n Bo3n tai teo8 ta4i to+ng cho .he. te9n mot tai teo: G
t
a
G
c
a G8F6!G
_
KNV6
&/a ba"ng MLLL%6K, t/ang 46O, 8K: cho+n tai teo co cac tho9ng 5o3 5au:
" \ \
!
H N l a d
!GG `F IF !FF b _G !F !I
*ho3i l+ng mot tai teo: m
tai teo
a !8?Y K,gV
&/a ba"ng MLLL%6J, t/ang 465, 8K:
Cho+n ta3m lot tai teo BaWng the. CTY co cac tho9ng 5o3 5au:
Chie1u dai ta3m lot: H a ?bG KmmV6
Tang ?M
Chie1u ong ta3m lot: \ a !_G KmmV6
\e1 day ta3m lot: N
H
a b KmmV6
The/ t;ch mot ta3m lot tai teo: V
ta3m lot
a ?bG 6!_G 6b 6!G
-M
a ?8!I_6!G
4
Km
Y
V
*ho3i l+ng mot ta3m lot tai teo: m
ta3m lot
a V
ta3m lot6
CTY
a !8`!_ K,gV
%l6 CT&A N]S% ]SNG DA}N V#O% TH%PST \m = \sCH N]S% CAOC
\]Q XHAQN C)&A TH%PST \m 0a ]SNG DA}N :
]Sng da@n thng 2+c no3i 0i thie3t BC BaWng mo3i ghe. thao
2+c hoa:c ,ho9ng thao 2+c6 Tong thie3t BC nay8 ta 54 du+ng mo3i
ghe. thao 2+c6
'o3i 0i mo3i ghe. thao 2+c8 ngi ta lam 2oa+n o3ng no3i8 2o
la 2oa+n o3ng nga[n co ma:t B;ch hay en 2e/ no3i 0i o3ng da@n:
"oa+i co ma:t B;ch thng dung 0i o3ng co 2ng ,;nh d y
!Gmm6
"oa+i en chu4 ye3u dung 0i o3ng co 2ng ,;nh d !Gmm8
2o9i ,hi co the/ dung 0i
d Y?mm6
]Sng da@n 2+c lam BaWng the. l!IH!GT6
\;ch 2+c lam BaWng the. CT
Y
8 ca3u ta+o cu4a B;ch la B;ch lie1n
,ho9ng co/6
!6 ]Sng nha. lieu :
Nhiet 2o cu4a cha3t lo4ng nha. lieu la t
jN
a !GG8!F?_ K
o
CV
Ta+i nhiet 2o nay th7:
*ho3i l+ng ie9ng cu4a nc:
N
a MF`8IIb K,gHm
Y
V
*ho3i l+ng ie9ng cu4a a>it:
A
a MF`8`?b K,gHm
Y
V
Ne9n:
726 , 957
92 , 0 1
886 , 957
92 , 0 1 1
+
+
A
F
N
F
F
x x

j
a MF`8I`Y K,gHm
Y
V
Cho+n loa+i o3ng no3i ca[m 5a9u 0ao thie3t BC6
Cho+n 0an to3c cha3t lo4ng tong o3ng no3i la 0
j
a G8? KmH5V6
'ng ,;nh tong cu4a o3ng no3i:
Tang YG
D
y
a
2 , 0 873 , 957 3600
500 . 4
3600
. 4

F F
F
G
a G8GYGYI?? KmV
aYG8YI?? KmmV
Cho+n o3ng co D
y
a Y? KmmV6
&/a ba"ng MLLL%3K, t/ang 475, 8K:
Cac tho9ng 5o3 cu4a B;ch ng 0i X a G8!F`M KNHmm
?
V la:
D
y
D
n
D D
B
D
!
h
\u lo9ng
d
B
{
KmmV KcaiV
Y? YI !?G MG `G !? M!? _
?6 ]Sng hi 4 2Lnh tha. :
Nhiet 2o cu4a .ha hi ta+i 2Lnh tha. la t
HD
a !GG8G!Y K
o
CV6
*ho3i l+ng ie9ng cu4a .ha hi ta+i 2Lnh tha.:
) 273 013 , 100
273
4 , 22
063 , 18 1
+

HD
HD
HD
RT
PM
a G8FMG!` K,gHm
Y
V
Cho+n 0an to3c hi a ,ho4i 2Lnh tha. la 0
HD
a !?G KmH5V6
D
y
a
120 59017 , 0 3600
71 , 1547 4
3600
. 4

HD HD
HD
G
a G8GII KmV a II KmmV
Cho+n o3ng co D
y
a !GG KmmV6
&/a ba"ng MLLL%63, t/ang 464, 8K: Chie1u dai 2oa+n o3ng no3i l a !?G
KmmV6
Cac tho9ng 5o3 cu4a B;ch ng 0i X a G8?Y!Y_ KNHmm
?
V la:
D
y
D
n
D D
D
!
h
\u lo9ng
d
B
{
KmmV KcaiV
!GG !GI ?GF !`G !_I !_ M!b _
Y6 ]Sng hoan lu :
Nhiet 2o cu4a cha3t lo4ng hoan lu la t
"D
a !GG8GGM K
o
CV
N
a MF`8MMY?F K,gHm
Y
V
A
a MF`8MIYI K,gHm
Y
V
Ne9n:
9838 , 957
995 , 0 1
99325 , 957
995 , 0 1 1
+
+
A
D
N
D
LD
x x

"D
a MF`8MMY? K,gHm
Y
V
Cho+n loa+i o3ng no3i ca[m 5a9u 0ao thie3t BC6
"D
a G8? KmH5V6
D
y
a
2 , 0 9932 , 957 3600
07 , 1184 4
3600
. 4

LD LD
LD
G
a G8G_b` KmV a _b8`
KmmV
Cho+n o3ng co D
y
a FG KmmV6
Tang Y!
Cac tho9ng 5o3 cu4a B;ch ng 0i X a G8?Y!Y_ KNHmm
?
V la:
D
y
D
n
D D
D
!
h
\u lo9ng
d
B
{
KmmV KcaiV
FG F` !_G !!G MG !? M!? _
_6 ]Sng hi 4 2ay tha. :
Nhiet 2o cu4a .ha hi ta+i 2Lnh tha. la t
Hk
a !GG8Mbb K
o
CV6
Cho+n 0an to3c hi 0ao 2ay tha. la 0
Hk
a !?G KmH5V6
D
y
a
120 1 3600
) 273 966 , 100
273
4 , 22
684 , 85 4
3600
. 4

+

HW
HW HW
P
RT n
a G8GII KmV a
II KmmV
Cho+n o3ng co D
y
a !GG KmmV6
&/a ba"ng MLLL%63, t/ang 464, 8K: Chie1u dai 2oa+n o3ng no3i l a !?G
KmmV6
?
V la:
D
y
D
n
D D
D
!
h
\u lo9ng
d
B
{
KmmV KcaiV
!GG !GI ?GF !`G !_I !_ M!b _
F6 ]Sng da@n lo4ng 0ao no1i 2un :
Nhiet 2o cu4a cha3t lo4ng ta+i 2ay tha. la t
"k
a !GG8bY!F K
o
CV
N
a MF`8F?bY K,gHm
Y
V
A
a MFb8IbYY K,gHm
Y
V
Ne9n:
8633 , 956
8955 , 0 1
5263 , 957
8955 , 0 1 1
+
+
A
W
N
W
LW
x x

"k
a MF`8_F` K,gHm
Y
V
"k
a ! KmH5V6
D
y
a
1 457 , 957 3600
389 , 22 773 , 91 4
3600
. 4

LW LW
LW LW
M n
a G8G?`FF KmV a ?`8FF
KmmV
Cho+n o3ng co D
y
a Y? KmmV6
&/a ba"ng MLLL%63, t/ang 464, 8K: Chie1u dai 2oa+n o3ng no3i l a
MGKmmV6
?
V la:
D
y
D
n
D D
D
!
h
\u lo9ng
d
B
{
KmmV KcaiV
Y? YI !?G MG `G !? M!? _
Tang Y?
b6 ]Sng da@n lo4ng a ,ho4i no1i 2un :
k
a G8!F KmH5V6
D
y
a
15 , 0 457 , 957 3600
36 , 136 4
3600
. 4

W LW
W
G
a G8G!IY?KmV a !I8Y?
KmmV
Cho+n o3ng co D
y
a ?G KmmV6
&/a ba"ng MLLL%63, t/ang 464, 8K: Chie1u dai 2oa+n o3ng no3i l a IG
KmmV6
?
V la:
D
y
D
n
D D
D
!
h
\u lo9ng
d
B
{
KmmV KcaiV
?G ?F MG bF FG !? M!G _
*ho3i l+ng mot B;ch ghe. o3ng nh%p &i'( :
m
B;ch
a
( ) ( ) 7850 012 , 0 032 , 0 12 , 0
4 4
2 2
3
2 2

CT t
h D D
a G8MIMbK,gV
*ho3i l+ng mot B;ch ghe. o3ng hoan lu :
m
B;ch
a
( ) ( ) 7850 012 , 0 05 , 0 14 , 0
4 4
2 2
3
2 2

CT t
h D D
a !8?bF!K,gV
*ho3i l+ng mot B;ch ghe. o3ng da@n lo4ng 0ao no1i 2un :
m
B;ch
a
( ) ( ) 7850 012 , 0 032 , 0 12 , 0
4 4
2 2
3
2 2

CT t
h D D
a G8MIMbK,gV
*ho3i l+ng mot B;ch ghe. o3ng da@n lo4ng a ,ho4i no1i 2un
m
B;ch
a
( ) ( ) 7850 012 , 0 02 , 0 09 , 0
4 4
2 2
3
2 2

CT t
h D D
a G8FbMbIK,gV
*ho3i l+ng mot B;ch ghe. o3ng da@n hi :
m
B;ch
a
( ) ( ) 7850 014 , 0 1 , 0 205 , 0
4 4
2 2
3
2 2

CT t
h D D
a ?8`b_? K,gV
l6 "#OX CAOCH NH%PQT :
Tong Dua t7nh hoa+t 2ong cu4a tha.8 do tha. tie3. >uc 0i
,ho9ng ,h; ne9n nhiet l+ng to/n tha3t a mo9i tng >ung Duanh
ngay cang ln6 'e/ tha. hoa+t 2ong o/n 2Cnh8 2ung 0i cac
tho9ng 5o3 2a- thie3t ,e38 ta .ha4i taEng da1n l+ng hi 2o3t gia nhiet
cho no1i 2un 2e/ tha. ,ho9ng BC nguoi Knha3t la 5a4n .ha/m 2Lnh8
a4nh h4ng 2e3n hieu 5ua3t cu4a tha.V6 *hi 2o8 chi .h; cho hi 2o3t
5e- taEng6
'e/ tha. ,ho9ng BC nguoi ma ,ho9ng taEng chi .h; hi 2o3t8 ta
thie3t ,e3 l. cach nhiet Bao Duanh tha9n tha.6
Cho+n 0at lieu cach nhiet cho tha9n tha. la amiaEng co Be1
day la
a
6
&/a ba"ng 3O, t/ang 42K, 84:: He 5o3 da@n nhiet cu4a amiaEng la
a
a
G8!F! KkHm6*V6
Nhiet l+ng to/n tha3t a mo9i tng >ung Duanh:
Tang YY
A
m
a G8GF6A
2
a G8GF6 Y_I!M!_8?bY a !`_GMF8`!Y K,tHhV a _IYFM8M?
KkV
Nhiet ta4i ma3t mat ie9ng:
D
m
a
0
a
a
? 0 ! 0
a
a
tB
m
t 6 V t t 6K
e
A
KkHm
?
V
Tong 2o:
t
0!
: nhiet 2o cu4a l. cach nhiet tie3. >uc 0i Be1 ma:t
ngoai cu4a tha.6
t
0?
: nhiet 2o cu4a l. cach nhiet tie3. >uc 0i ,ho9ng ,h;6
t
0
: hieu 5o3 nhiet 2o gi-a hai Be1 ma:t cu4a l. cach
nhiet6
'e/ an toan ta la3y t
0
a t
ma>
a t
2ay
- t
,,
Cho+n t
,,
a ?F
o
C t
0
a t
ma>
a !GG8Mbb = ?F a `F8Mbb K*V
e
tB
: dien t;ch Be1 ma:t tung B7nh cu4a tha. K,e/ ca4 l. cach
nhietV8 m
?
6
e
tB
a D
tB
H a H
?
? N ? D D
H
?
D D
a tha9n n t n t
+ + +

+
a KD
t
c N
tha9n
c
a
VH
Ta co .hng t7nh:
966 , 75 .
151 , 0
325 , 14 ) 003 , 0 85 , 0
92 , 48359
a a

+ +

a a

1
) 853 , 0
67956 , 93
+

a
a M8?6!G
3
KmV a M8? KmmV
Vay: cho+n
a
a !G KmmV6
The/ t;ch 0at lieu cach nhiet ca1n dung:
V a KD
t
c ?N
tha9n
c
a
V6
a
6H
a 6KG6IF c ?6 G8GGY c G8G!V6G8G!6!_8Y?F a G8YIM`Y Km
Y
V6
Chng b

TsNH TH%PST \m XH)n
%6 TH%PST \m ')N N]^% 'AOR THAOX :
Cho+n thie3t BC 2un 5o9i 2ay tha. la no1i 2un *ettle6
]Sng tuye1n nhiet 2+c lam BaWng the. l!IH!GT8 ,;ch thc
o3ng YI > Y:
'ng ,;nh ngoai: d
n
a YI KmmV a G8GYI KmV
\e1 day o3ng:
t
a Y KmmV a G8GGY KmV
'ng ,;nh tong: d
t
a G8GY? KmV
Hi 2o3t la hi nc 4 ?8Fat 2i tong o3ng YI > Y6
&/a ba"ng 2%392, t/ang 624, 89::
Tang Y_
Nhiet hoa hi: ] H
?
a
n
a ?!IMFGG KtH,gV
Nhiet 2o 5o9i: ] H
?
t
a t
n
a !?b8?F K
o
CV
Dong 5a4n .ha/m ta+i 2ay co nhiet 2o:
Tc ,hi 0ao no1i 2un Klo4ngV: t
N!
a !GG8bY!F K
o
CV
Nau ,hi 2+c 2un 5o9i KhiV: t
N?
a !GG8Mbb K
o
CV
!6 Hieu 5o3 nhiet 2o tung B7nh :
Cho+n ,ie/u tuye1n nhiet ng+c chie1u8 ne9n:
966 , 100 25 , 126
6315 , 100 25 , 126
) 966 , 100 25 , 126 ) 6315 , 100 25 , 126
&)g

Ln
t
a ?F8_F K*V6
?6 He 5o3 tuye1n nhiet :
He 5o3 tuye1n nhiet * 2+c t;nh theo co9ng thc nh 2o3i 0i
tng .haZng:
N
t
n
!
!
!
*
+ +
8KkHm
?
6*V
Vi:

n
: he 5o3 ca3. nhiet cu4a hi 2o3t KkHm
?
6*V6

N
: he 5o3 ca3. nhiet cu4a 5a4n .ha/m 2ay KkHm
?
6*V6

t
: nhiet t4 Dua thanh o3ng 0a l. cau6
Y6!6 Nhiet ta4i Dua thanh o3ng 0a l. cau :
t
? ~ ! ~
t
t t
D
8 KkHm
?
V6
Tong 2o:
t
~!
: nhiet 2o cu4a 0ach tie3. >uc 0i hi 2o3t Ktong o3ngV8
o
C
t
~?
: nhiet 2o cu4a 0ach tie3. >uc 0i 5a4n .ha/m 2ay
Kngoai o3ngV8
o
C
? !
t
t
t
+ +

\e1 day thanh o3ng:
t
a G8GGY KmV
He 5o3 da@n nhiet cu4a the. ,ho9ng gL:

t
a !b8Y KkHm*V KPa"ng MLL%J, t/ang 626, 8K:V
Nhiet t4 l. Ba/n tong o3ng:
!
a !HFIGG Km
?
6*HkV KPa"ng 62, t/ang 425, 84:V
Nhiet t4 l. cau ngoai o3ng:
?
a!HFIGG Km
?
6*HkV
Ne9n:
t
a F8?IM6!G
-_
Km
?
6*HkV
Y6?6 lac 2Cnh he 5o3 ca3. nhiet cu4a dong 5a4n .ha/m 2ay
ngoai o3ng:
A;p +ung cong thc <V%O5=, t/ang 3K, 8K::
N
a `8`` 6 !G
-?
6
G8Y`
5
G6!!` _F 8 G
G8` `F 8 G
G8YYY
G8GYY
h
h
T 6 c 6
D 6
6 6
6
,
_
,
_
Nhiet 2o 5o9i tung B7nh cu4a dong 5a4n .ha/m 4 ngoai o3ng:
Tang YF
2
966 , 100 6315 , 100
2
2 1
+
S S
S
t t
t a !GG8`MI K
o
CV !GG8I K
o
CV
T
N
a !GG8I c ?`Y a Y`Y8I K*V
Ta+i nhiet 2o 5o9i tung B7nh th7:
*ho3i l+ng ie9ng cu4a .ha hi tong dong 5a4n .ha/m 4 ngoai
o3ng:
) 273 8 , 100
273
4 , 22
389 , 22 1
+

S
HW
h
RT
PM
a G8`YK,gHm
Y
V
*ho3i l+ng ie9ng :

N
a MF`8IGI K,gHm
Y
V KPa"ng 2%345, t/ang 627, 89:V

A
a MFb8Fb K,gHm
Y
V KPa"ng 2%3, t/ang 5, 89:V
Ne9n:
56 , 956
28 , 0
808 , 957
72 , 0 1 1
+
+
A
W
N
W
x x

a MF`8_FI K,gHm
Y
V
'o nht

N
a ?8I6!G
-_
KN65Hm
?
V KPa"ng 2%345, t/ang 627, 89:V

A
a _8b6!G
-_
KN65Hm
?
V KPa"ng 2%272, t/ang 52, 89:V
Ne9n: lg a >
k
lg
N
c K! - >
k
Vlg
A
a G8IMFF6lgK?8I6!G
-_
V c K! -
G8IMFFV6lgK_8b6!G
-_
V
a ?8MF6!G
-_
KN65Hm
?
V
He 5o3 da@n nhiet

N
a G8bI?!b KkHm*V KPa"ng 2%345, t/ang 627, 89:V

A
a G8!F_I_ KkHm*V KPa"ng 2%267, t/ang 264, 89:V
A;p +ung cong thc <2%66=, t/ang 236, 89:=:
a
N
6>
k
c
A
6K! - >
k
V = G8`? >
k
6K! - >
k
VK
N
-
A
V a G8_FI KkHm*V
Nhiet dung ie9ng :
c
N
a _??!8G_ KtH,g*V KPa"ng 2%345, t/ang 627, 89:V
c
A
a ?_Y_8? KtH,g*V KPa"ng 2%294, t/ang 2J3, 89:V
Ne9n: c a c
N k
>
c c
A
6 K! -
k
>
V a Y`?G8`?F KtH,g*V
Nc caEng Be1 ma:t:

N
a G8FIbMY? KNHmV KPa"ng 2%345, t/ang 627, 89:V

A
a G8G!M`?I KNHmV KPa"ng 2%343, t/ang 677, 89:V
Ne9n:
A N
A N
+

a G8G!MGIb KNHmV
Nhiet hoa hi

N
a ??FIGIG KtH,gV KPa"ng 2%397, t/ang 623, 89:V

A
a _!IbGG KtH,gV K&oan o! 2%K9, t/ang 399, 89:V
Ne9n: a
N k
>
c
A
6 K! -
k
>
V a !`_YG?F8b KtH,gV
Y6Y6 lac 2Cnh he 5o3 ca3. nhiet cu4a hi 2o3t tong o3ng :
A;p +ung cong thc <6%K9=, t/ang 237, 84::
_
t k! n n
Y
n
?
n n
n
V6d t - 6Kt
6 g 6 6
`?F 8 G

-u%ng phep la.p: cho+n t
k!
a !!`8F K
o
CV
Nhiet 2o tung B7nh cu4a mang nc ngng tu+: t
m
a d Kt
n
c t
k!
V a
!?!8I`F K
o
CV
Tang Yb
n
a M_!8F__ K,gHm
Y
V
'o nht cu4a nc:
n
a ?8?YY__6!G
-_
KN65Hm
?
V
He 5o3 da@n nhiet cu4a nc:
n
a G8bIb KkHm*V
Ne9n:
n
a ??M!8MIY! KkHm
?
*V
D
n
a
n
Kt
n
= t
k!
V a 37794,O93 KkHm
?
V
D
t
a D
n
a ?GGF_8IF? KkHm
?
V K>em nhiet ta4i ma3t mat la ,ho9ng
2ang ,e/V
t
~?
a t
~!
- D
t
t
a !Gb8IMY K
o
CV

N
a Y_?b8``Y KkHm
?
*V K0i D a D
t
V
D
N
a
N
Kt
k?
= t
N
V a 67OJ5,63O KkHm
?
V
Kiem tra ai o:
a
n
N n
D
D D
!GGJ a _8!!J w FJ Ktho4aV
Ket luan: t
~!
a !!`8F
o
C 0a t
~?
a !Gb8IMY
o
C
Y6_6 lac 2Cnh he 5o3 tuye1n nhiet :
773 , 3426
1
10 . 289 , 5
9831 , 2291
1
1
4
+ +
!
a `MF8FY KkHm
?
*V
Y6 \e1 ma:t tuye1n nhiet :
\e1 ma:t tuye1n nhiet 2+c >ac 2Cnh theo .hng t7nh tuye1n
nhiet:
j a
45 , 25 795,53 3600
1000 263 , 3481914
.
&)g

t !
Q
"
a _M8b__ Km
?
V
_6 Ca3u ta+o thie3t BC :
Cho+n 5o3 o3ng tuye1n nhiet: n a !?` Ko3ngV6 ]Sng 2+c Bo3 t; theo
h7nh lu+c giac 2e1u6
Chie1u dai o3ng tuye1n nhiet: " a
?
d d
n
j
t n
+
a Y8FFF KmV cho+n " a _

KmV
&/a ba"ng V%LL, t/ang 4O, 8K: No3 o3ng te9n 2ng cheo: B a !Y
Ko3ngV
&/a ba"ng t/ang 32, 86: \c o3ng: t a _I KmmV a G8G_I KmV
A;p +ung cong thc <V%247=, t/ang 45, 8K::
'ng ,;nh tong cu4a thie3t BC: D a tKB-!V c _d
n
a G8`?I KmV
%%6 TH%PST \m "A$M NG)]Q% NA&N XHAoM 'AOR :
Cho+n thie3t BC lam nguoi 5a4n .ha/m 2ay la thie3t BC tuye1n
nhiet o3ng lo1ng o3ng6
]Sng tuye1n nhiet 2+c lam BaWng the. l!IH!GT:
*;ch thc o3ng tong: YI > Y
*;ch thc o3ng ngoai: F` > Y
Tang Y`
Cho+n:
Nc lam la+nh 2i tong o3ng tong 0i nhiet 2o 0ao t
V
a ?F
o
C
0a nhiet 2o a t
g
a YF
o
C6
Na4n .ha/m 2ay 2i tong o3ng ngoai 0i nhiet 2o 0ao t
kN
a
!GG8bY!F
o
C 0a nhiet 2o a t
kg
a _G
o
C6
!6 Nua3t l+ng nc lam la+nh ca1n dung :
k
Kh
kN
= h
kg
V a G
n
Kh
g
= h
V
V
Nhiet dung ie9ng cu4a nc 4 _G
o
C a _8!Ì K,tH,g6*V
Nhiet dung ie9ng cu4a a>it 4 _G
o
C a ?8!K,tH,g6*V
Ne9n: h
kg
a KG8`?6 _8!Ì c G8?I6 ?8!V6 _G a !_Y8I_b_ K,tH,gV
o
C : h
V
a !G_8`F
K,tH,gV
Pnthal.y cu4a nc 4 YF
o
C : h
g
a !_b8bF
K,tH,gV
k
Kh
kN
= h
kg
V a Y!_YF8` K,tHhV
Nua3t l+ng nc ca1n dung:
V g
n
h h
A
G
a `FG8?FF K,gHhV
?6 Hieu 5o3 nhiet 2o tung B7nh :
25 40
35 6315 , 100
) 25 40 ) 35 6315 , 100
&)g

Ln
t
a Y_8YGY K*V6
Y6 He 5o3 tuye1n nhiet :
He 5o3 tuye1n nhiet * 2+c t;nh theo co9ng thc:
k
t
n
!
!
!
*
+ +
8KkHm
?
6*V
Vi:

n
: he 5o3 ca3. nhiet cu4a dong nc la+nh KkHm
?
6*V6

k
: he 5o3 ca3. nhiet cu4a dong 5a4n .ha/m 2ay KkHm
?
6*V6

t
Y6!6 lac 2Cnh he 5o3 ca3. nhiet cu4a nc tong o3ng :
*;ch thc cu4a o3ng tong:
'ng ,;nh ngoai: d
n
\e1 day o3ng:
t
'ng ,;nh tong: d
t
a G8GY? KmV
Nhiet 2o tung B7nh cu4a dong nc tong o3ng: t
e
a d Kt
V
c t
g
V a
YG K
o
CV6
n
a MMF8` K,gHm
Y
V
'o nht cu4a nc:
n
a I8GF6!G
-`
Km
?
H5V
n
a G8b!` KkHm*V
Chua/n 5o3 Xandtl: X
n
a F8_?
Van to3c nc 2i tong o3ng:
Tang YI
2 2
032 , 0 7 , 995 3600
255 , 750 4
3600
4

t# n
n
n
d
G
a G8?bG?F KmH5V6
Chua/n 5o3 geynold5 :
7
.
10 . 05 , 8
032 , 0 26025 , 0
*+

n
t# n
n
d
a !GY_F8Y_!b y !G
_
: che3 2o cha4y o3i
A;p +ung cong thc <6%3J=, t/ang 227, 84: co9ng thc >ac 2Cnh
chua/n 5o3 Nu55elt:
?F 8 G
? ~
n _Y 8 G
n
I 8 G
n l n
X
X
6 X ge 6 6 G?! 8 G Nu

,
_

Tong 2o:
!
= he 5o3 t;nh 2e3n a4nh h4ng cu4a he 5o3 ca3. nhiet
theo ty4 le gi-a chie1u dai " 0a 2ng ,;nh d cu4a o3ng6
&/a ba"ng 6%2, t/ang 227, 84: cho+n
!
a !
He 5o3 ca3. nhiet cu4a nc tong o3ng:
n
a
t
n n
d
6 Nu
Y6?6 Nhiet ta4i Dua thanh o3ng 0a l. cau :
t
? ~ ! ~
t
t t
D
8 KkHm
?
V6
Tong 2o:
t
~!
: nhiet 2o cu4a 0ach tie3. >uc 0i 5a4n .ha/m 2ay Ktong
o3ng tongV8
o
C
t
~?
: nhiet 2o cu4a 0ach tie3. >uc 0i nc la+nh Kngoai o3ng
tongV8
o
C
? !
t
t
t
+ +

\e1 day thanh o3ng:
t
a G8GGY KmV
t
a !b8Y KkHm*V
!
a !HFGGG Km
?
6*HkV
?
a!HFIGG Km
?
6*HkV
Ne9n:
t
a F8FbF6!G
-_
Km
?
6*HkV
Y6Y6 lac 2Cnh he 5o3 ca3. nhiet cu4a dong 5a4n .ha/m 2ay
ngoai o3ng:
*;ch thc cu4a o3ng ngoai:
'ng ,;nh ngoai: D
n
a F` KmmV a G8GF` KmV
\e1 day o3ng:
t
'ng ,;nh tong: D
t
a G8GF! KmV
Nhiet 2o tung B7nh cu4a dong 5a4n .ha/m 2ay ngoai o3ng:
t
k
a d Kt
kN
c t
kg
V a `G8Y!F`F K
o
CV6
N
a M``8b! K,gHm
Y
V
A
a MM?8!Y` K,gHm
Y
V
Ne9n:
137 , 992
28 , 0
61 , 977
72 , 0 1 1
+
+
A
W
N
W
x x

a MI!8bY_F K,gHm
Y
V
'o nht cu4a nc:
N
a Y8M`b`6!G
-_
KN65Hm
?
V
'o nht cu4a a>it:
A
a b8?Ì6!G
-_
KN65Hm
?
V
Tang YM
Ne9n: lg a >
k
lg
N
c K! - >
k
Vlg
A
a G8IMFF6lgKY8M`b`6!G
-_
V c
G8!G_F6lgKb8?Ì6!G
-_
V
a _8!`!6!G
-_
KN65Hm
?
V
N
a G8bbI? KkHm*V
He 5o3 da@n nhiet cu4a a>it:
A
a G8!b!` KkHm*V
Ne9n: a
N
6 >
k
c
A
6K! - >
k
V = G8`? 6>
k
6K! - >
k
VK
N
-
A
V a G8_F?Ib KkHm*V
Nhiet dung ie9ng cu4a nc: c
N
a _!I`8?F?b KtH,g*V
Nhiet dung ie9ng cu4a a>it: c
A
a ??bY8?? KtH,g*V
Ne9n: c a c
N k
>
c c
A
6 K! -
k
>
V a Yb_!8Ib!b KtH,g*V
He 5o3 da-n n4 the/ t;ch cu4a nc : N
a F8I!b6!G
4
K!H2oV
He 5o3 da-n n4 the/ t;ch cu4a a>it :
A
a !8!b6!G
3
K!H2oV
Ne9n :
( )
A W N W
x x + 1 .
a G IMFF6 F8I!b6!G
4
c G8!G_F6 !8!b6!G
3
a
b8_?6!G
4
K!H2oV
c
X a Y8YF_Y
Van to3c cu4a dong 5a4n .ha/m 2ay ngoai o3ng:
) 038 , 0 051 , 0 6345 , 981 3600
36 , 136 4
) 3600
4
2 2 2 2

n t#
W
d D
G
a G8G_?_bY KmH5V
'ng ,;nh tng 2ng: d
t2
a D
t
= d
n
a G8GF! = G8GYI a G8G!Y KmV
4
10 . 171 , 4
6345 , 981 013 , 0 042463 , 0
*+

t"
d
a !?MM8!bF
!Gw ge w?YGG: che3 2o cha4y mang
A;p +ung cong thc <V%49=, t/ang 2J, 8K:: co9ng thc >ac 2Cnh
chua/n 5o3 Nu55elt
25 , 0
1
43 , 0 1 , 0 33 , 0
,-
,-
. ,- . *+ . . 15 , 0

,
_
$
l W
G# N%
Tong 2o:
!
&/a ba"ng 6%2, t/ang 227, 84: cho+n
!
a !
Chua/n 5o3 Ga5hoe :
G a
2
3
t gl
<cong thc t/ang 679, 86:=
Tong 2o :
" a d
t2
a G8G!Y KmV

: he 5o3 da-n n4 the/ t;ch 8 K!H2oV

: 2o nht 2ong ho+c cu4a lu cha3t 8 Km
?
H5V
81 , 9 6345 , 981
10 . 171 , 4
.
4
a _8YY6!G
8
Km
?
H5V
t : che9nh lech nhiet 2o gi-a thanh o3ng 0a dong
5a4n .ha/m 2ay
t a
W W
t t
1
8 K
o
CV
He 5o3 ca3. nhiet cu4a dong 5a4n .ha/m 2ay ngoai o3ng:
k
a
t2
k
d
6 Nu
Tang _G
k!
a _Y8F K
o
CV
'o nht cu4a nc:
N
a b8!_F6!G
-_
KN65Hm
?
V
'o nht cu4a a>it:
A
a I8b!F6!G
-_
KN65Hm
?
V
Ne9n: lg
k!
a >
k
lg
N
c K! - >
k
Vlg
A
a G8IMFF6lgKb8!_F6!G
-_
V c
G8!G_F6lgKI8b!F6!G
-_
V

k!
a b8Ybb6!G
-_
KN65Hm
?
V
N
a G8bYIM KkHm*V
A
a G8!b`? KkHm*V
Ne9n:
k!
a
N
6>
k
c
A
6K! - >
k
V = G8`? >
k
6K! - >
k
VK
N
-
A
V a G8_YIY KkHm*V
N
a _!Ì KtH,g*V
A
a ?!!I8_?F KtH,g*V
Ne9n: c
k!
a c
N k
>
c c
A
6 K! -
k
>
V a YbG!8_GY KtH,g*V
! k
! k ! k
! k
c
X
a F8?YGÌ
Ne9n: Nu
k
a !!8bMMbY

k
a _G`8Fb! KkHm
?
*V
D
k
a
k
Kt
k
= t
k!
V a !GM?M8GF`KkHm
?
V
D
t
a D
k
a !GM?M8GF` KkHm
?
V K>em nhiet ta4i ma3t mat la
,ho9ng 2ang ,e/V
t
~?
a t
~!
- D
t
t
a Y`8_!I K
o
CV
2
,-
W a _8b!_b`b
Nu
n
a `Y8bY`_b

n
a !_!M8I?? KkHm
?
*V

D
n
a
n
Kt
k?
= t
e
V a !GFY?8?YMb KkHm
?
V
Kiem tra ai o:
a
k
n k
D
D D
!GGJ a Y8bYJ w FJ Ktho4aV
Ket luan: t
~!
a _Y8F
o
C 0a t
~?
a Y`8_!I
o
C
561 , 407
1
10 . 565 , 5
822 , 1419
1
1
4
+ +
!
a ?bM8?? KkHm
?
*V
_6 \e1 ma:t tuye1n nhiet :
k
Kh
kN
= h
kg
V a Y!_YF8` K,tHhV
Nua3t l+ng nc ca1n dung:
V g
n
h h
A
G
a `FG8?FF K,gHhV
nhiet:
j a
303 , 24 22 , 269 3600
1000 7 , 31435
.
&)g

t !
Q
a G8M_FF_ Km
?
V
Tang _!
F6 Ca3u ta+o thie3t BC :
?
d d
n
j
t n
+
a I8b KmV cho+n " a

M KmV
*ie/m ta:
032 , 0
9
t#
d
L
a ?I!8?F y FG
l
a !: tho4a
Ket luan: Thie3t BC lam nguoi 5a4n .ha/m 2ay la thie3t BC
tuye1n nhiet o3ng lo1ng o3ng 0i chie1u dai o3ng tuye1n nhiet " a
M KmV8 chia thanh Y da-y8 mo@i da-y Ym6
%%%6 TH%PST \m NGTNG T)n NA&N XHAoM 'pNH :
Cho+n thie3t BC ngng tu+ 0o4 = o3ng loa+i TH8 2a:t naWm ngang6
]Sng tuye1n nhiet 2+c lam BaWng the. l!IH!GT8 ,;ch thc
o3ng YI > Y:
'ng ,;nh ngoai: d
n
\e1 day o3ng:
t
'ng ,;nh tong: d
t
a G8GY? KmV
Cho+n:
Nc lam la+nh 2i tong o3ng 0i nhiet 2o 0ao t
V
a ?F
o
C 0a
nhiet 2o a t
g
a _G
o
C6
Dong hi ta+i 2Lnh 2i ngoai o3ng 0i nhiet 2o ngng tu+ t
ngng
a !GG8GGM K
o
CV
40 009 , 100
25 009 , 100
) 40 009 , 100 ) 25 009 , 100
&)g

Ln
t
a b`8?YK*V6
ngng
t
n
!
!
!
*
+ +
8KkHm
?
6*V
Vi:

n
: he 5o3 ca3. nhiet cu4a dong nc la+nh KkHm
?
6*V6

ngng
: he 5o3 ca3. nhiet cu4a dong hi ngng tu+ KkHm
?
6*V6

t
Y6!6 lac 2Cnh he 5o3 ca3. nhiet cu4a nc 2i tong o3ng :
Nhiet 2o tung B7nh cu4a dong nc tong o3ng: t
e
a d Kt
V
c t
g
V a
Y?8F K
o
CV6
n
a MM_8IF K,gHm
Y
V
'o nht cu4a nc:
n
a `8b_6!G
-`
Km
?
H5V
n
a G8b?!F KkHm*V
Tang _?
Chua/n 5o3 Xandtl: X
n
a F8!b
Cho+n 0an to3c nc 2i tong o3ng:0
n
a ! KmH5V
No3 o3ng:
1 . 032 , 0 .
4
.
85 , 994 3600
3 , 55459
. .
4
.
3600
2 2

n t# N
n
d
G
n
a !M8?F_
&/a ba"ng V%LL, t/ang 4O, 8K: cho+n n a Y` Ko3ngV
Van to3c th+c te3 cu4a nc tong o3ng:
2 2
032 , 0 37 85 , 994 3600
3 , 55459 4
3600
4

t# n
n
n
d n
G
a G8F? KmH5V6
7
.
10 . 64 , 7
032 , 0 52 , 0
*+

n
t# n
n
d
a ?!`Mb8!?` y !G
_
: che3 2o cha4y o3i
A;p +ung cong thc <6%3J=, t/ang 227, 84:8co9ng thc >ac 2Cnh chua/n
5o3 Nu55elt:
?F 8 G
? ~
n _Y 8 G
n
I 8 G
n l n
X
X
6 X ge 6 6 G?! 8 G Nu

,
_

Tong 2o:
!
&/a ba"ng 6%2, t/ang 227, 84: cho+n
!
a !
He 5o3 ca3. nhiet cu4a nc 2i tong o3ng tong:
n
a
t
n n
d
6 Nu
t
? ~ ! ~
t
t t
D
8 KkHm
?
V6
Tong 2o:
t
~!
: nhiet 2o cu4a 0ach tie3. >uc 0i hi ngng tu+8
o
C
t
~?
: nhiet 2o cu4a 0ach tie3. >uc 0i nc la+nh8
o
C
? !
t
t
t
+ +

\e1 day thanh o3ng:
t
a G8GGY KmV
t
a !b8Y KkHm*V
!
a !HFGGG Km
?
6*HkV
?
a!HFIGG Km
?
6*HkV
Ne9n:
t
a F8FbF6!G
-_
Km
?
6*HkV
Y6Y6 lac 2Cnh he 5o3 ca3. nhiet cu4a hi ngng tu+ ngoai o3ng :
'ie1u ,ien:
- Ngng tu+ hi Ba-o hoa6
- *ho9ng cha ,ho9ng ,h; ,ho9ng ngng6
- Hi ngng tu+ 4 ma:t ngoai o3ng6
- Mang cha3t ngng tu+ cha4y ta1ng6
- ]Sng naWm ngang6
Tang _Y
A;p +ung cong thc <6%K9=, t/ang 237, 84: 'o3i 0i o3ng 2n chie3c
naWm ngang th7:
_
n k! ngng
Y ?
!
V6d t - 6Kt
6 g 6 6
`?F 8 G

&/a ba"ng V%LL, t/ang 4O, 8K: :
Vi 5o3 o3ng n a Y` th7 5o3 o3ng te9n 2ng cheo cu4a h7nh b
ca+nh la: B a `
&/a h1nh V%37, t/ang 67, 8K: he 5o3 .hu+ thuoc 0ao cach Bo3 t;
o3ng 0a 5o3 o3ng tong mo@i da-y thaZng 2ng la
tB
a G8b K07 >e3.
>en ,e- 0a 5o3 o3ng tong mo@i da-y thaZng 2ng la `V
He 5o3 ca3. nhiet tung B7nh cu4a chum o3ng:
ngng
a
tB
!
a
G8b
!
k!
a M! K
o
CV
Nhiet 2o tung B7nh cu4a mang cha3t ngng tu+: t
m
a d Kt
ngng
c t
k!
V a
MF8FG_F K
o
CV
N
a Mb!8_F` K,gHm
Y
V
A
a MbY8!` K,gHm
Y
V
Ne9n:
17 , 963
005 , 0
457 , 961
995 , 0 1 1
+
+
A
D
N
D
x x

a Mb!8_bFF K,gHm
Y
V
'o nht cu4a nc:
N
a ?8MFF6!G
-_
KN65Hm
?
V
'o nht cu4a a>it:
A
a _8I?F6!G
-_
KN65Hm
?
V
Ne9n: lg a >
D
lg
N
c K! = >
D
Vlg
A
a G8MMIF6lgK?8MFF6!G
-_
V c
G8GG!F6lgK_8I?F6!G
-_
V
a ?8MF`6!G
-_
KN65Hm
?
V
N
a G8bI!! KkHm*V
A
a G8!Fb!?_ KkHm*V
Ne9n: a
N
6 >
D
c
A
6K! - >
D
V = G8`? >
D
6K! - >
D
VK
N
-
A
V a G8b`bb KkHm*V
Nhiet ngng tu+ cu4a dong hi: a
D
a ??`!bII8Y KtH,gV
Ne9n:
!
a !!_I`8bY KkHm
?
*V

ngng
a bIM?8F``b KkHm
?
*V
D
ngng
a
ngng
Kt
ngng
= t
k!
V a b?GMF8?Y!b` KkHm
?
V
D
t
a D
ngng
a b?GMF8?Y!b`KkHm
?
V
K>em nhiet ta4i ma3t mat la ,ho9ng 2ang ,e/V
t
~?
a t
~!
- D
t
t
a Fb8___ K
o
CV
X
~?
a Y8_bF
Nu
n
a !YI8Ib``

n
a ?b``8F_YFF KkHm
?
*V
D
n
a
n
Kt
k?
= t
e
V a b_!!!8!G?`_ KkHm
?
V
Kiem tra ai o:
a
ngng
n ngng
D
D D
!GGJ a Y8?_b_J w FJ Ktho4aV
Tang __
Ket luan: t
~!
a M!
o
C 0a t
~?
a Fb8___
o
C
5776 , 6892
1
10 . 565 , 5
54355 , 2677
1
1
4
+ +
!
a MYG8!I KkHm
?
*V
_6 \e1 ma:t tuye1n nhiet :
nhiet:
j a
23 , 7 6 18 , 930 3600
1000 314 , 3485616
.
&)g

t !
Q
nt
a !F8_I?` Km
?
V
F6 Ca3u ta+o thie3t BC :
No3 o3ng tuye1n nhiet: n a Y` Ko3ngV6 ]Sng 2+c Bo3 t; theo h7nh
lu+c giac 2e1u6
?
d d
n
j
t n
+
a Y8IGFb KmV cho+n "

a _ KmV
No3 o3ng te9n 2ng cheo: B a ` Ko3ngV
Ta Ba4ng tang ?!8 uYv \c o3ng: t a _I KmmV a G8G_I KmV
'ng ,;nh tong cu4a thie3t BC: D a tKB-!V c _d
n
a G8__ KmV
%V6 TH%PST \m ')N N]^% D]$NG NHAQX "%PQ) :
Cho+n thie3t BC 2un 5o9i dong nha. lieu la thie3t BC tuye1n nhiet
o3ng lo1ng o3ng6
]Sng tuye1n nhiet 2+c lam BaWng the. l!IH!GT:
*;ch thc o3ng tong: YI > Y
*;ch thc o3ng ngoai: F` > Y
Cho+n:
Dong nha. lieu 2i tong o3ng tong 0i nhiet 2o 0ao t
V
a t
jV
a ?F
o
C 0a nhiet 2o a t
g
a t
jN
a !GG8!F?_
o
C6
Hi ngng tu+ 2i tong o3ng ngoai co a. 5ua3t ?8Fat:
Nhiet hoa hi: ] H
?
a
n
a ?!IMFGG KtH,gV
Nhiet 2o 5o9i: ] H
?
t
a t
n
a !?b8?F K
o
CV
1524 , 100 25 , 126
25 25 , 126
) 1524 , 100 25 , 126 ) 25 25 , 126
&)g

Ln
t
a FF8_Y?_ K*V
Tang _F
n
t
j
!
!
!
*
+ +
8KkHm
?
6*V
Vi:

j
: he 5o3 ca3. nhiet cu4a dong nha. lieu tong o3ng
KkHm
?
6*V6

n
: he 5o3 ca3. nhiet cu4a hi 2o3t ngoai o3ng KkHm
?
6*V6

t
Y6!6 lac 2Cnh he 5o3 ca3. nhiet cu4a dong nha. lieu tong
o3ng:
*;ch thc cu4a o3ng tong:
'ng ,;nh ngoai: d
n
\e1 day o3ng:
t
'ng ,;nh tong: d
t
a G8GY? KmV
Nhiet 2o tung B7nh cu4a dong nha. lieu tong o3ng: t
j
a d Kt
V
c t
g
V
a b?8F`b? K
o
CV6
N
a MI!8IGM K,gHm
Y
V
A
a !GG!8GY` K,gHm
Y
V
Ne9n:
037 , 1001
08 , 0
809 , 981
92 , 0 1 1
+
+
A
F
N
F
F
x x

j
a MIY8Y? K,gHm
Y
V
'o nht cu4a nc:
N
a _8F!_F6!G
-_
KN65Hm
?
V
'o nht cu4a a>it:
A
a b8I!M`6!G
-_
KN65Hm
?
V
Ne9n: lg
j
a >
j
lg
N
c K! = >
j
Vlg
A
a G8M`_b6lgK_8F!_F6!G
-_
V c
G8G?F_6lgKb8I!M`6!G
-_
V

j
a _8Fb?6!G
-_
KN65Hm
?
V
N
a G8bb!Gb KkHm*V
A
a G8!bYGF KkHm*V
Ne9n:
j
a
N
6>
j
c
A
6K! - >
j
V = G8`? >
j
6K! - >
j
VK
N
-
A
V a G8FM_IY KkHm*V
N
a _!IY KtH,g*V
A
a ???!8G_ KtH,g*V
Ne9n: c
j
a c
N j
> c c
A
6 K! -
j
> V a _G?b8G_YKtH,g*V
j
j j
j
c
X
a Y8GI``_
Van to3c cu4a dong nha. lieu 2i tong o3ng:
2 2
032 , 0 32 , 983 3600
500 4
3600
4

t#
F
F
d
G
a G8!`Fb KmH5V
4
10 . 562 , 4
32 , 983 032 , 0 1756 , 0
*+

F
F t# F
F
d
a !?!!Y8F`b y !G
_
: che3 2o
cha4y o3i
A;p +ung cong thc <6%3J=, t/ang 227, 84: co9ng thc >ac 2Cnh
chua/n 5o3 Nu55elt:
Tang _b
?F 8 G
? ~
j _Y 8 G
j
I 8 G
j l j
X
X
6 X ge 6 6 G?! 8 G Nu

,
_

Tong 2o:
!
&/a ba"ng 6%2, t/ang 227, 84: cho+n
!
a !
He 5o3 ca3. nhiet cu4a dong nha. lieu 2i tong o3ng tong:
j
a
t
j j
d
6 Nu
t
? ~ ! ~
t
t t
D
8 KkHm
?
V6
Tong 2o:
t
~!
: nhiet 2o cu4a 0ach tie3. >uc 0i hi 2o3t8
o
C
t
~?
: nhiet 2o cu4a 0ach tie3. >uc 0i dong nha. lieu8
o
C
? !
t
t
t
+ +

\e1 day thanh o3ng:
t
a G8GGY KmV
t
a !b8Y KkHm*V
Nhiet t4 l. cau tong o3ng:
!
a !HFIGG Km
?
6*HkV
?
a!HFIGG Km
?
6*HkV
Ne9n:
t
a F8?IM6!G
-_
Km
?
6*HkV
Y6Y6 lac 2Cnh he 5o3 ca3. nhiet cu4a hi ngng tu+ ngoai o3ng :
*;ch thc cu4a o3ng ngoai:
'ng ,;nh ngoai: D
n
a F` KmmV a G8GF` KmV
\e1 day o3ng:
t
'ng ,;nh tong: D
t
a G8GF! KmV
A;p +ung cong thc <6%K9=, t/ang 237, 84::
_
n k! n n
Y
n
?
n n
n
V6d t - 6Kt
6 g 6 6
`?F 8 G

k!
a !?Y8?F K
o
CV
Nhiet 2o tung B7nh cu4a mang nc ngng tu+: t
m
a d Kt
n
c t
k!
V a
!?_8`F K
o
CV
n
a MYM8!F`F K,gHm
Y
V
'o nht cu4a nc:
n
a ?8?I6!G
-_
KN65Hm
?
V
n
a G8bIb KkHm*V
Ne9n:
n
a !FMb`8`FFF KkHm
?
*V
D
n
a
n
Kt
n
= t
k!
V a _`MGY8?bb_ KkHm
?
V
D
t
a D
n
a _`MGY8?bb_ KkHm
?
V K>em nhiet ta4i ma3t mat la ,ho9ng
2ang ,e/V
t
~?
a t
~!
- D
t
t
a M`8M!_ K
o
CV
'o nht cu4a nc:
N
a ?8II6!G
-_
KN65Hm
?
V
'o nht cu4a a>it:
A
a _8`6!G
-_
KN65Hm
?
V
Tang _`
Ne9n: lg
k?
a >
j
lg
N
c K! = >
j
Vlg
A
a G8M`_b6lgK?8II6!G
-_
V c
G8G?F_6lgK_8`6!G
-_
V

k?
a ?8M!b6!G
-_
KN65Hm
?
V
N
a G8bI!b KkHm*V
A
a G8!FFF KkHm*V
Ne9n:
k?
a
N
6>
j
c
A
6K! - >
j
V = G8`? >
j
6K! - >
j
VK
N
-
A
V a G8b!!bYY
KkHm*V
N
a _?!I8YY KtH,g*V
A
a ?_!I8!! KtH,g*V
Ne9n: c
k?
a c
N j
> c c
A
6 K! -
j
> V a _G`_8Y!?_ KtH,g*V
? k
? k ? k
? k
c
X
a !8M_?_FF
Ne9n: Nu
j
a `G8`_b!_

j
a !Y!F8GYKkHm
?
*V
D
j
a
j
Kt
k?
- t
j
V a _b_`G8?_ KkHm
?
V
Kiem tra ai o:
a
n
j n
D
D D
!GGJ a ?8MM!FJ w FJ Ktho4aV
Ket luan: t
~!
a !?Y8?F
o
C 0a t
~?
a M`8M!_
o
C
7555 , 15967 10 . 289 , 5 03 , 1315
1
4
+ +
!
a `YM8bb_ KkHm
?
*V
Y6 \e1 ma:t tuye1n nhiet :
j
Kh
jN
= h
jV
V a G
n
n
Ne9n: A a G
j
Kh
jN
= h
jV
V a FGG6K_GI8Y?b = !GG8!YFV a !F_GMF8F K,tHhV
"+ng hi 2o3t ca1n dung:
n
n
A
G
a `G8Y`MY K,gHhV
nhiet:
j a
4324 , 55 664 , 739 3600
1000 154095,5
.
&)g

t !
Q
a !8G__ Km
?
V
_6 Ca3u ta+o thie3t BC :
?
d d
n
j
t n
+
a M8_MF KmV cho+n "

a !? KmV
*ie/m ta:
032 , 0
12
t#
d
L
a Y`F y FG
l
a !: tho4a
Ket luan: Thie3t BC 2un 5o9i dong nha. lieu la thie3t BC tuye1n
nhiet o3ng lo1ng o3ng 0i chie1u dai o3ng tuye1n nhiet " a !? KmV8
chia thanh _ da-y8 mo@i da-y Ym6
Tang _I
V6 \](N CA] Vm :
!6 To/n tha3t 2ng o3ng da@n :
Cho+n o3ng da@n co 2ng ,;nh tong la d
t
a IG KmmV
&/a ba"ng LL%29, t/ang 6O2, 89:
'o nham cu4a o3ng: a G8? KmmV a G8GGG? KmV KaEn mon ;tV
To/n tha3t 2ng o3ng da@n:
g ?
0
6
d
l
h
?
j
!
!
!
! !

,
_
+
KmV
Tong 2o:

!
: he 5o3 ma 5at tong 2ng o3ng6
l
!
: chie1u dai 2ng o3ng da@n8 cho+n l
!
a YGKmV6
d
!
: 2ng ,;nh o3ng da@n8 d
!
a d
t
a G8GIKmV6

!
: to/ng he 5o3 to/n tha3t cu+c Bo6
0
j
: 0an to3c dong nha. lieu tong o3ng da@n
!6!6 lac 2Cnh 0an to3c dong nha. lieu tong o3ng da@n :
Cac t;nh cha3t ly ho+c cu4a dong nha. lieu 2+c ta 4 nhiet
2o tung B7nh:
t
j
a
2
FS F&
t t +
a b?8F`b? K
o
CV
N
a MI!8IGM K,gHm
Y
V
A
a !GG!8GY` K,gHm
Y
V
Ne9n:
037 , 1001
08 , 0
809 , 981
92 , 0 1 1
+
+
A
F
N
F
F
x x

j
a MIY8Y? K,gHm
Y
V
'o nht cu4a nc:
N
a _8F!_F6!G
-_
KN65Hm
?
V
'o nht cu4a a>it:
A
a b8I!M`6!G
-_
KN65Hm
?
V
Ne9n: lg
j
a >
j
lg
N
c K! = >
j
Vlg
A

a G8M`_b6lgK_8F!_F6!G
-_
V c G8G?F_6lgKb8I!M`6!G
-_
V

j
a _8Fb?6!G
-_
KN65Hm
?
V
Van to3c cu4a dong nha. lieu 2i tong o3ng:
2 2
08 , 0 32 , 983 3600
500 4
3600
4

t# F
F
F
d
G
a G8G?I! KmH5V
!6?6 lac 2Cnh he 5o3 ma 5at tong 2ng o3ng :
4
10 . 562 , 4
32 , 983 08 , 0 0281 , 0
*+

F
F t# F
F
d
a _I_F8_Y y _GGG : che3 2o cha4y

o3i
Tang _M
Chua/n 5o3 geynold5 ti ha+n: ge
gh
a bKd
!
HV
IH`
a Fb_I8F!?F
V7 _GGG w ge
j
w ge
gh
che3 2o cha4y o3i ng 0i ,hu 0+c nhan
thu4y ho+c
A;p +ung cong thc <LL%K2=, t/ang 6JO, 89::
!
a
2
) 64 , 1 *+ &g 8 , 1
1
a G8G_
!6Y6 lac 2Cnh to/ng he 5o3 to/n tha3t cu+c Bo :
Cho@ uo3n cong :
&/a ba"ng LL%2K, t/ang 6O3, 89::
Cho+n da+ng o3ng uo3n cong MG
o
co Ban ,;nh g 0i gHd a ? th7
u!

K!
cho@V
a G8!F6
'ng o3ng co b cho@ uo3n
u!
a G8!F6 b a G8M
Van :
&/a ba"ng 5%9, t/ang 54, 82::
Cho+n 0an ca1u 0i 2o m4 hoan toan th7
0an

K! caiV
a !G6
'ng o3ng co ? 0an ca1u
0an
a !G6 ? a ?G
"u l+ng ,e3 :
l!
a G Kcoi nh ,ho9ng 2ang ,e/V6
Vao tha. :
tha.
a !
Ne9n:
!
a
u!
c
0an
c
ll
a ?!8M
Vay:
81 , 9 2
0281 , 0
. 9 , 21
08 , 0
30
04 , 0
2
1
,
_
+ h
a !8_IF6!G
3
KmV
?6 To/n tha3t 2ng o3ng da@n tong thie3t BC 2un 5o9i dong
nha. lieu
g ?
0
6
d
l
h
?
?
?
?
?
? ?

,
_
+
KmV
Tong 2o:

?
: he 5o3 ma 5at tong 2ng o3ng6
l
?
: chie1u dai 2ng o3ng da@n8 l
?
a !? KmV6
d
?
: 2ng ,;nh o3ng da@n8 d
?
a d
t
a G8GY?KmV6

?
: to/ng he 5o3 to/n tha3t cu+c Bo6
0
?
: 0an to3c dong nha. lieu tong o3ng da@n
?6!6 Van to3c dong nha. lieu tong o3ng da@n :0
?
a G8!`Fb
KmH5V
?6?6 lac 2Cnh he 5o3 ma 5at tong 2ng o3ng :
Chua/n 5o3 geynold5 : ge
?
a !?!!Y8F`b y _GGG: che3 2o cha4y o3i
'o nham: a G8GGG?
Chua/n 5o3 geynold5 gii ha+n:
ge
gh
a bKd
!
HV
IH`
a !MI?8!M!
Chua/n 5o3 geynold5 ,hi Ba[t 2a1u >ua3t hien 0ung nham:
ge
n
a ??GKd
!
HV
MHI
a bbYIY8!?G
V7 ge
gh
w ge
!
w ge
n
che3 2o cha4y o3i ng 0i ,hu 0+c Dua
2o6
A;p +ung cong thc <LL%K4=, t/ang 6J5, 89::
Tang FG
?
a
?F 8 G
? ?
ge
!GG
d
6 _b 8 ! 6 ! 8 G

,
_
a G8GYbY
?6Y6 lac 2Cnh to/ng he 5o3 to/n tha3t cu+c Bo :
Ch- ) :
&/a ba"ng 5%9, t/ang 54, 82::
)?

K! cho@V
a ?8?
'ng o3ng co K_ = !V a Y ch- )
)?
a ?8?6 Y a b8b
'ot thu :
*hi
?
?
!
o
GI 8 G
GY? 8 G
j
j
a G8!bG th7
2ot thu ? K!cho@V
a G8_FI
Co ! cho@ 2ot thu
2ot thu !
a G8_FI
'ot m4 :
*hi
?
?
!
o
GI 8 G
GY? 8 G
j
j
a G8!bG th7
2ot m4 ? K!cho@V
a G8`GI
Co ! cho@ 2ot m4
2ot m4 ?
a G8`GI
Ne9n:
?
a
)?
c
2o9t thu ?
c
2ot m4 ?
a `8`bb
Vay:
81 , 9 2
1756 , 0
. 766 , 7
032 , 0
12
0363 , 0
2
2
,
_
+ h
a G8!M!Y_ KmV
Y6 Chie1u cao Bo1n cao 0C :
Cho+n :
Ma:t ca[t K!-!V la ma:t thoang cha3t lo4ng tong Bo1n cao 0C6
Ma:t ca[t K?-?V la ma:t ca[t ta+i 0C t; nha. lieu 4 tha.6
A. du+ng .hng t7nh \enoulli cho K!-!V 0a K?-?V:
f
!
c
g 6
X
j
!
c
g
. 2
2
1
a f
?
c
g 6
X
j
?
c
g
. 2
2
2
ch
e!-?
f
!
a f
?
c
g 6 ?
0 0
g 6
X X
?
!
?
?
j
! ?

+
ch
e!-?
Tong 2o:
f
!
: 2o cao ma:t thoang K!-!V 5o 0i ma:t 2a3t8 hay >em nh la
chie1u cao Bo1n cao 0C H
c0
a f
!
6
f
?
: 2o cao ma:t thoang K?-?V 5o 0i ma:t 2a3t8 hay >em nh la
chie1u cao t ma:t 2a3t 2e3n 0C t; nha. lieu:
f
?
a h
cha9n 2-
c h
2ay
c Kn
ttC
= !Vh c G8F
a G8?_ c G8?b?F c K!Y = !V6G8Y c G8F a _8bG?F KmV
X
!
: a. 5ua3t ta+i ma:t thoang K!-!V8 cho+n X
!
a ! at a M8I!6!G
_

KNHm
?
V
X
?
: a. 5ua3t ta+i ma:t thoang K?-?V
lem X a X
?
= X
!
a n
tt"
6X
"
a Y_6 _MG8_G?_ a !bb`Y8bI!b KNHm
?
V
0
!
: 0an to3c ta+i ma:t thoang K!-!V8 >em 0
!
a G KmH5V6
0
?
: 0an to3c ta+i 0C t; nha. lieu8 0
?
a 0
j
a G8G?I! KmH5V6
Tang F!
h
e!-?
: to/ng to/n tha3t tong o3ng t K!-!V 2e3n K?-?V:
h
e!-?
a h
!
c h
?
a G8!M?I?F KmV
Vay: Chie1u cao Bo1n cao 0C:
H
c0
a f
?
c
g 6 ?
0 0
g 6
X X
?
!
?
?
j
! ?

+
ch
e!-?
a _8bG?Fc
81 , 9 2
0 0281 , 0
81 , 9 32 , 983
6816 , 16673
2
c G8!M?I?F
a b8F?YIFI KmV
Cho+n H
c0
a !G KmV6
V%6 \#M :
!6 NaEng 5ua3t :
Nhiet 2o dong nha. lieu la t
j
a ?F
o
C6
N
a MMb8M K,gHm
Y
V
A
a !G_?8`F K,gHm
Y
V
Ne9n:
75 , 1042
08 , 0
9 , 996
92 , 0 1 1
+
+
A
F
N
F
F
x x

j
a !GGG8_? K,gHm
Y
V
'o nht cu4a nc:
N
a I8M?6!G
-_
KN65Hm
?
V
'o nht cu4a a>it:
A
a !8!?F6!G
-Y
KN65Hm
?
V
Ne9n: lg
j
a >
j
lg
N
c K! = >
j
Vlg
A
a G8M`_b6lgKI8M?6!G
-_
V c
G8G?F_6lgK!8!?F6!G
-Y
V

j
a I8M`Y6!G
-_
KN65Hm
?
V
Nua3t l+ng the/ t;ch cu4a dong nha. lieu 2i tong o3ng:
42 , 1000
500

F
F
F
G
Q
a G8_MM`M Km
Y
HhV
Vay: cho+n Bm co naEng 5ua3t A
B
a G8F Km
Y
HhV
?6 Cot a. :
Cho+n :
Ma:t ca[t K!-!V la ma:t thoang cha3t lo4ng tong Bo1n cha
nguye9n lieu6
Ma:t ca[t K?-?V la ma:t thoang cha3t lo4ng tong Bo1n cao 0C6
AO. du+ng .hng t7nh \enoulli cho K!-!V 0a K?-?V:
f
!
c
g
P
F
.
1
c
g
. 2
2
1
c H
B
a f
?
c
g
P
F
.
2
c
g
. 2
2
2
ch
e!-?
Tong 2o:
f
!
: 2o cao ma:t thoang K!-!V 5o 0i ma:t 2a3t8 cho+n f
!
a !m6
f
?
: 2o cao ma:t thoang K?-?V 5o 0i ma:t 2a3t8 f
?
a H
c0
a !Gm6
X
!
: a. 5ua3t ta+i ma:t thoang K!-!V8 cho+n X
!
a ! at6
X
?
: a. 5ua3t ta+i ma:t thoang K?-?V8 cho+n X
?
a ! at6
0
!
80
?
: 0an to3c ta+i ma:t thoang K!-!V 0aK?-?V8 >em 0
!
a 0
?
a
GKmH5V6
h
e!-?
: to/ng to/n tha3t tong o3ng t K!-!V 2e3n K?-?V6
H
B
: cot a. cu4a Bm6
Tang F?
?6!6 T;nh to/ng t4 l+c tong o3ng :
Cho+n 2ng ,;nh tong cu4a o3ng hut 0a o3ng 2a/y BaWng nhau: d
t
a FG KmmV
&/a ba"ng LL%29, t/ang 6O2, 89:
'o nham cu4a o3ng: a G8? KmmV a G8GGG? KmV KaEn mon ;tV
To/ng t4 l+c tong o3ng hut 0a o3ng 2a/y
h
e!-?
a
g ?
0
6
d
l l
?
j
2 h
t
2 h
,
_
+ +
+
Tong 2o:
l
h
: chie1u dai o3ng hut6
Chie1u cao hut cu4a Bm:
&/a ba"ng LL%64, t/ang 442, 89: h
h
a _8F KmV Cho+n l
h
a b KmV6
l
2
: chie1u dai o3ng 2a/y8 cho+n l
2
a !F KmV6

h
: to/ng to/n tha3t cu+c Bo tong o3ng hut6

2
: to/ng to/n tha3t cu+c Bo tong o3ng 2a/y6
: he 5o3 ma 5at tong o3ng hut 0a o3ng 2a/y6
0
j
: 0an to3c dong nha. lieu tong o3ng hut 0a o3ng 2a/y
KmH5V6
2 2
05 , 0 3600
5 , 0 4
3600
4

t#
b
F
d
Q
a G8G`G` KmH5V
lac 2Cnh he 5o3 ma 5at tong o3ng hut 0a o3ng 2a/y :
4
10 . 973 , 8
42 , 1000 05 , 0 0707 , 0
*+

F
F t# F
F
d
a YM_Y8?Y
V7 ?Y?G w ge
j
w _GGG che3 2o cha4y Dua 2o6
A;p +ung cong thc <LL%95=, t/ang 6JO, 89:: a
25 , 0
*+
3164 , 0
F
a G8G_
lac 2Cnh to/ng to/n tha3t cu+c Bo tong o3ng hut :
.ho uon con" :
o
u!

K!
cho@V
a G8!F6
]Sng hut co ? cho@ uo3n
u!
a G8!F6 ? a G8Y
6an :
&/a ba"ng 5%9, t/ang 54, 82::
0!

K! caiV
a !G6
]Sng hut co ! 0an ca1u
0!
a !G
Ne9n:
h
a
u!
c
0!
a !G8Y
lac 2Cnh to/ng to/n tha3t cu+c Bo tong o3ng 2a/y :
.ho uon con" :
Tang FY
o
u?

K!
cho@V
a G8!F6
]Sng 2a/y co _ cho@ uo3n
u?
a G8!F6 _ a G8b
6an :
&/a ba"ng 5%9, t/ang 54, 82::
0?

K! caiV
a !G6
]Sng 2a/y co ! 0an ca1u
0?
a !G
6ao bon cao v7 :
c0
a !
Ne9n:
2
a
u!
c
0!
c
c0
a !!8b
Vay: h
e!-?
a
81 , 9 2
0707 , 0
. 6 , 11 3 , 10
05 , 0
8 6
032 , 0
2
,
_
+ +
+
a`8Ib?6!G
3
KmV I KmmV
?6?6 T;nh cot a. cu4a Bm :
H
B
a Kf
?
= f
!
V c h
e!-?
a K!G = !V c`8Ib?6!G
3
a M8GGÌb? KmV
Y6 Co9ng 5ua3t :
Cho+n hieu 5ua3t cu4a Bm:
B
a G8I6
Co9ng 5ua3t th+c te3 cu4a Bm: N
B
a
8 , 0 3600
81 , 9 42 , 1000 007862 , 9 5 , 0
. 3600
.
b
F b b
g H Q
a !F8Y_I KkV a G8G?Gb KH.V6

Ket luan: 'e/ 2a4m Ba4o tha. hoa+t 2ong lie9n tu+c ta cho+n ? Bm li
ta9m loa+i lM8 co:
- NaEng 5ua3t: A
B
a G8F Km
Y
HhV
- Cot a.: H
B
a M8GGÌb? KmV
- Co9ng 5ua3t: N
B
a G8G?Gb KH.V
Chng `

TsNH *%NH TPS
"+ng the. l!IH!GT ca1n dung:
M
!
a _`m
ma9m
c m
tha9n
c ?m
2ayKna[.V
a !_YI8Y`_ K,gV
"+ng the. CTY ca1n dung:
M
?
a !bm
B;ch no3i tha9n
c ?6K m
B;ch ghe. o3ng nha. lieu
c m
B;ch ghe. o3ng hoan lu
c
m
B;ch ghe. o3ng da@n lo4ng 0ao no1i 2un
c m
B;ch ghe. o3ng da@n lo4ng a ,ho4i no1i 2un
V c ?6 ?6 m
B;ch
ghe. o3ng hi
c _6 m
cha9n 2-
c _6 m
tai teo
c _6 m
ta3m lot
a ?F?8FbI`b K,gV
No3 Bulo9ng ca1n dung:
n a I6 ?_ c _6? c _6_ a ?!b KcaiV
Chie1u dai o3ng YI > Ymm:
"
!
a !?`6_ c M c _6Y` c !? a b`` KmV
Chie1u dai o3ng F` > Ymm:
"
?
a M c !? a ?! KmV
Cho+n to/ng chie1u dai o3ng hoan lu8 o3ng da@n lo4ng 0ao no1i
2un8 o3ng da@n lo4ng a ,ho4i no1i 2un la YGm6
Tang F_
Chie1u dai o3ng Y?mm: ?G KmV
Chie1u dai o3ng ?Gmm: !G KmV
"
Y
a YG c ?G c !G a bG KmV
Chie1u dai o3ng !GGmm: Cho+n to/ng chie1u dai o3ng hi 4
2Lnh tha. 0a o3ng hi 4 2ay tha. la "
_
a !Gm6
Chie1u dai o3ng FGmm: Cho+n to/ng chie1u dai o3ng cha4y tan
0a o3ng >a4 2ay t Bo1n cao 0C la ?Gm6
"
F
a ?6 b c I c ?G a _G KmV
*;nh Duan 5at: 2ng ,;nh la !IGmm8 day ?Gmm
N a
_
6 G8!I
?
a G8G?F Km
?
V
Cho+n ? ,;nh Duan 5at N a ?6 G8G?F a G8GF! Km
?
V
\m ly ta9m: cho+n ? Bm ly ta9m N
B
a ?6 G8G?Gb a G8G_!? KH.V
Cut ino> YI > Ymm: n a K! c ?V6? a b KcaiV
Cut ino> F` > Ymm: n a b KcaiV
Vat lieu Fo lng ?n gia &ha$nh tie!n
<=
The. l!IH!GT !_YI8Y`_
K,gV FGGGG K2H,gV `!M!I`GG
The. CTY ?F?8FbI`bK
,gV !GGGG K2H,gV ?F?FbI`8b
\ulo9ng ?!b KcaiV FGGG K2HcaiV !GIGGGG
Vat lieu cach
nhiet
G8YIM`Y
Km
Y
V
_GGGGGG
K2Hm
Y
V !FFIM?G
]Sng da@n YI >
Ymm b`` KmV FGGGG K2HmV YYIFGGGG
]Sng da@n F` >
Ymm ?! KmV !GGGGG K2HmV ?!GGGGG
]Sng da@n lo4ng
K "
Y
V bG KmV !GGGGG K2HmV bGGGGGG
]Sng !GGmm !G KmV !GGGGG K2HmV !GGGGGG
]Sng FGmm KmV !GGGGG K2HmV _GGGGGG
*;nh Duan 5at G8GF! Km
?
V ?FGGGG K2Hm
?
V !?`?Y
\m ly ta9m G8G_!? KH.V `GGGGG K2HH.V ?II_G
AO. ,e3 t+ 2ong ! KcaiV
bGGGGG
K2HcaiV bGGGGG
Nhiet ,e3 2ien t4
t+ ghi Y KcaiV
?GGGGG
K2HcaiV bGGGGG
"u l+ng ,e3 K
FGmmV ? KcaiV
!FGGGGG
K2HcaiV YGGGGGG
Van ino> FGmm F KcaiV
!FGGGG
K2HcaiV `FGGGG
Van ino> Y?mm _ KcaiV
!FGGGG
K2HcaiV bGGGGG
Van ino> ?Gmm ? KcaiV
!FGGGG
K2HcaiV YGGGGG
gacco ino> FGmm F KcaiV !FGGGG `FGGGG
Tang FF
K2HcaiV
gacco ino> Y?mm ! KcaiV
!FGGGG
K2HcaiV !FGGGG
gacco ino> ?Gmm
! KcaiV !FGGGG
K2HcaiV
!FGGGG
Cut ino> YI > Ymm bKcaiV !FGGG K2HcaiV MGGGG
Cut ino> F` > Ymm b KcaiV YGGGG K2HcaiV !IGGGG
Cut ino>
Y?mm8?Gmm
!_ KcaiV YGGGG K2HcaiV _?GGGG
Cut ino> !GGmm Y KcaiV YGGGG K2HcaiV MGGGG
Cut ino> FGmm !G KcaiV YGGGG K2HcaiV YGGGGG
T ino> FG Y KcaiV YGGGG K2HcaiV MGGGG
&o*ng chi ph- vat t !Y?!__I`G8b
Vay to/ng chi .h; 0at t la !YY tieu 2o1ng6
lem tie1n co9ng che3 ta+o BaWng ?GGJ tie1n 0at t6
Vay: to/ng chi .h; la _GG tieu 2o1ng6
"#$% *PST
Vi he tho3ng chng ca3t Nc = A>it a>etic dung tha. ma9m
>uye9n lo@ nh 2a- thie3t ,e38 ta tha3y Be9n ca+nh nh-ng u 2ie/m
cu-ng con co nhie1u nh+c 2ie/m6 Thie3t BC co u 2ie/m la naEng
5ua3t 0a hieu 5ua3t cao nhng thie3t BC con a3t co1ng ,e1nh8 2oi
ho4i .ha4i co 5+ 0an hanh 0i 2o ch;nh >ac cao6 \e9n ca+nh 2o8
,hi 0an hanh thie3t BC nay ta cu-ng .ha4i he3t 5c chu y 2e3n
0a3n 2e1 an toan lao 2ong 2e/ tanh mo+i u4i o co the/ >a4y a8
ga9y thiet ha+i 0e1 ngi 0a cu4a6
TA$% "%PQ) THAM *HA&]
u!v6 &/a!n >u$ng AuQng Nguye(n VaRn Suc >oa$ng Tinh Na' VuQ Pa
Tinh8 89ua t$:nh va Thiet b7 t$on" .on" 2"he! ;oa ;o#c 1 Ta!p
1 9uyen +< =han $ien" ba,n" (h4 o!n" l'#c ly tam bm >ua#t
may nen% T4nh he! thon" 'n" on"?8 Nha >ua3t Ba4n 'a+i ho+c
Auo3c gia T.HCM8 !MM`8 ?GYt6
u?v6 VoQ VaRn Pang VuQ Pa Tinh8 89ua t$:nh va Thiet b7 t$on" .on"
2"he! ;oa ;o#c 1 Ta!p -< T$uyen @hoi?8 Nha >ua3t Ba4n 'a+i ho+c
Auo3c gia T.HCM8 ?GG_8 YIIt6
uYv6 Uha' VaRn Pon Nguye(n ?1nh &ho8 89ua t$:nh va Thiet b7 t$on"
.on" 2"he! ;oa ;o#c 1 Ta!p A< 9ua t$:nh va Thiet b7 T$uyen
2hie!t?8 Nha >ua3t Ba4n 'a+i ho+c Auo3c gia T.HCM8 ?GG?8 Y`?t6
u_v6 Uha' VaRn Pon VuQ Pa Tinh >oa$ng Tinh Na'8 89ua t$:nh va
Thiet b7 t$on" .on" 2"he! ;oa ;o#c 1 Ta!p 1B< 64 du# va 5ai
ta!p?8 Nha >ua3t Ba4n 'a+i ho+c Auo3c gia T.HCM8 _bIt6
Tang Fb
uFv6 &ap the* tac gia"8 8&o tay 9ua t$:nh va Thiet b7 .on" n"he! ;oa
chat 1 Ta!p 1?8 Nha >ua3t Ba4n *hoa ho+c *y- thuat Ha Noi8
!MMM8 b?bt6
ubv6 &ap the* tac gia"8 8&o tay 9ua t$:nh va Thiet b7 .on" n"he! ;oa
chat 1 Ta!p +?8 Nha >ua3t Ba4n *hoa ho+c *y- thuat Ha Noi8
!MMM8 __`t6
u`v6 >o! Se Vien8 8Thiet (e va T4nh toan cac thiet b7 hoa chat?8
Nha >ua3t Ba4n *hoa ho+c 0a *y- thuat8 Ha Noi8 !MÌ8 ?Ibt6
uIv6 Nguye(n Tinh &uye*n8 8. ) T4nh toan Cay va Thiet b7 ;oa
chat 1 Th'#c pham?8 Nha >ua3t Ba4n *hoa ho+c 0a *y- thuat8 Ha
Noi8 !MI_8 !Y_t6
uMv6 &/a!n >Qu Bue8 86e* (y* thua!t c (h4 1 Ta!p 1?8 Nha >ua3t Ba4n
'a+i ho+c 0a Giao du+c chuye9n nghie.8 !MM!8 !bGt6
u!Gv6 Uha' ?1nh &/@8 8-DB ph'n" th'c ieu che va 'n" du#n" hoa ho#c
t$on" )a0n xuat va i )on"?8 Nha >ua3t Ba4n T.HCM8 !MII8
!__t6
u!!v6 Nguye(n &he ?at8 8@hoa ho#c (y* thua!t ba0o ho! lao o!n" va mo!t
)o van e ve moi t$'n"?8 Nha >ua3t Ba4n *hoa ho+c 0a *y-
thuat8 Ha Noi8 ?GGF8 ?IYt6
u!?v6 &he NghVa8 8@y* thua!t an toan t$on" )a0n xuat va )'0 du#n" hoa
chat ?8 Nha >ua3t Ba4n *hoa ho+c *y- thuat8 ?GGG8 ?MMt6
Tang F`

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Chng luyen Acid acetic - Nc GVHD: Hoang Minh Nam

Chng luyen Acid acetic - Nc GVHD: Hoang Minh Nam

Vay l+ng hi nc ca1n dung la :

: 5ua3t l+ng the/ t;ch cu4a .ha lo4ng8 m

Chng luyen Acid acetic - Nc GVHD: Hoang Minh Nam

a F?8!b_ Kmm6cha3t lo4ngV

a FY8MY? Kmm6cha3t lo4ngV

G8GG!!`b G8! Ktho4aV

'e/ 2a4m Ba4o 2ie1u ,ien Be1n th7: k

a Y8FFF KmV cho+n " a _

a I8b KmV cho+n " a

a Y8IGFb KmV cho+n "

a M8_MF KmV cho+n "

a _I_F8_Y y _GGG : che3 2o cha4y

a !F8Y_I KkV a G8G?Gb KH.V6

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