SAY OI LU

1) nh ngha qua trnh say oi lu.

Say oi lu la qua trnh tach am ra khoi vat lieu bang cach cap
nhiet cho am bay hi. Trong o, ca hai qua trnh truyen nhiet va
truyen am eu c thc hien bang phng phap oi lu.
2) The nao la truyen nhiet va truyen am bang phng phap oi lu ?
Truyen nhiet oi lu
Truyen am oi lu
S chuyen ong cua lu chat
S chuyen ong cua lu chat
do chenh lech ve mat o
do chenh lech va o am.
(khoi lng rieng) cac vung
co nhiet o khac nhau.
3) Ke ten cac phng phap say a hoc ? Da vao cac yeu to nao ma
phan biet cac phng phap say ?
Tuy theo phng phap cap nhiet cho qua trnh say ma phan chia:
- Cap nhiet bang oi lu nhiet: say oi lu.
- Cap nhiet bang dan nhiet: say tiep xuc.
V du: say giay,
- Cap nhiet bang bc xa nhiet: say bc xa.
- Cap nhiet bang dong ien cao tan: say cao tan.
- Lam lanh e tach am nhiet o thap: say thang hoa.
4) Cac qua trnh xay ra khi say vat lieu ?
Qua trnh say dien ra rat phc tap, ac trng cho tnh khong thuan
nghch va khong on nh. No dien ra ong thi 4 qua trnh:
- Truyen nhiet cho vat lieu.
- Dan am trong long vat lieu.
- Chuyen pha.
- Tach am vao moi trng xung quanh.
5) Qua trnh say co may giai oan ? ac trng nhiet o cua tng giai
oan ?

N
A

u1
t2

D
No

B
t
to A
u*

C
C

4
21
D
3
u*
uth

uo

A
u

Hnh 1
Hnh 2
AB giai oan un nong vat lieu :
- Toan bo nhiet cung cap e un nong vat lieu, am boc hi
khong ang ke.

Nhiet o vat lieu tang nhanh t 1 = to en nhiet o bau t

t cua tac nhan say.
- o am thay oi khong nhieu.
- Toc o say tang nhanh t 0 en cc ai.
- Thi gian ngan khong ang ke.
BC giai oan say ang toc :
- Nhiet cung cap e boc hi am t do be mat vat lieu.
- Nhiet o cua vat lieu bang t khong oi.
- o am cua vat lieu giam nhanh theo ng thang.
- Toc o say khong oi.
- Trong giai oan nay toc o khuech tan am t trong long vat
lieu ra be mat ln hn toc o boc hi t be mat, tren be
mat luon bao hoa am.
CD giai oan say giam toc :
- Nhiet o cua vat lieu tang dan t t len t2 cua tac nhan.
- o am giam cham en o am can bang u*.
- Toc o say giam dan t toc o ang toc N o xuong 0, tuy
theo cau truc vat lieu ma co bien dang khac nhau :
+ ng so 1 : vat lieu xop nhng mong (giay, ba cactong, vai,..)
+ ng so 2 : vat lieu keo
+ ng so 3 : vat lieu xop (cuc)
+ ng so 4 : vat lieu keo xop
- Toc o khuech tan trong cham hn toc o boc hi be mat,
nen toc o cham dan va co hien tng co be mat boc hi.
6) Neu muc ch bai th nghiem? Va y ngha khao sat cua cac van e
trong muc ch?
Muc ch th nghiem: Khao sat qua trnh say oi lu bang thc
nghiem.
Y ngha khao sat:
- Xay dng ng cong say va ng cong toc o say.
- Xac nh cac thong so say: toc o say ang toc, o am ti
han, o am can bang, thi gian say ang toc va giam toc.
- anh gia sai so cua qua trnh say.
7) Ve va neu y ngha ng cong say? T ng cong say co may
phng phap xay dng ng cong toc o say?
- ng cong say la ng cong bieu dien quan he o am vat
lieu say theo thi gian : u = f() (Hnh 1).
- T phng trnh ng cong say ta ao ham ng cong toc
o say.
-

dU
= g (U )
d

8) Ve va neu y ngha cua ng cong toc o say?

- ng cong toc o say la ng cong bieu dien quan he gia
toc o say va o am cua vat lieu : N = f(u) (Hnh 2)
9) Cac yeu to anh hng en en qua trnh say? Bai nay khao sat va
co nh nhng yeu to nao?
Toc o say phu thuoc va mot so yeu to chu yeu sau:

Ban chat cua vat lieu say: cau truc, thanh phan hoa hoc,
ac tnh lien ket am,
- Hnh dang vat lieu say: kch thc mau say, be mat lp vat
lieu .. Dien tch be mat rieng cua vat lieu cang ln th toc o
say cang nhanh.
- o am au, o am cuoi va o am ti han cua vat lieu.
- o am, nhiet o va toc o cua khong kh.
- Chenh lech gia nhiet o au va nhiet o cuoi cua khong
kh say, nhiet o cuoi cao th nhiet o trung bnh cua khong kh
cang cao, do o toc o say cung tang. Nhng nhiet o cuoi
khong nen qua cao v khong s dung triet e nhiet.
- Cau tao thiet b say, phng thc va che o say.
Bai nay khao sat va co nh cac yeu to:
10)
Tac nhan say la g? Ke ten cac loai tac nhan say? Bai nay
dung tac nhan say la g? Tai sao?
- Tac nhan say la nhng chat dung e gia nhiet cho vat lieu
say, nham tach nc va hi nc ra khoi vat lieu say.
- Cac loai tac nhan say:
+ Khong kh nong: la loai moi chat pho bien, re tien thng
dung lam tac nhan say.
+ Khoi lo: co the dung than, cui, trau, dau, kh e tao khoi
lo.
+ Hi qua nhiet: bao gom : hi bao hoa am, hi bao hoa kho, hi
qua nhiet.
- Trong bai nay s dung khong kh nong lam tac nhan say. V:
+ Can o sach.
+ Re.
+ ap ng c cac yeu cau cua tac nhan say: t tac dung
vi vat lieu say,
+ Lng am t.
11)
nh ngha nhiet o bau kho? Cach o nhiet o bau kho? Nhiet
o bau kho co phai la nhiet o tac nhan say? Tai sao?
Nhiet o bau kho tk la nhiet o cua hon hp kh c xac nh
bang nhiet ke thong thng.
Cach xac nh: s dung nhiet ke thuy ngan thong thng e o.
Nhiet o bau kho la nhiet o cua tac nhan say v bau thuy
ngan cua no tiep xuc trc tiep vi tac nhan say.
12)
nh ngha nhiet o bau t? Cach o nhiet o bau t? Nhiet
o bau t co phai la nhiet o ong sng? Tai sao?
Nhiet o bau t t : la nhiet o on nh at c khi mot lng
nho nc boc hi vao hon hp kh cha bao hoa hi nc ieu
kien oan nhiet.
Nhiet o bau t la mot thong so ac trng kha nang cap
nhiet cua khong kh e lam bay hi nc t vat lieu am cho en khi
khong kh bao hoa hi nc. t giup e chon nhiet o say thch hp.
Nhiet o gii han cua vat lieu phai ln hn nhiet o t
Cach o: c o bang nhiet ke thong thng co boc vai t
bau thuy ngan. Cho nc vao coc boc au thuy ngan, nc boc hi
oan nhiet trong khong kh am thu nhiet lam nhiet o trong khong kh

giam, ch cho en khi nhiet o khong thay oi na th nhiet o o

chnh la nhiet o bau t. Do o phai thng xuyen theo doi e
them nc vao coc.
Nhiet o iem sng ts: lam lanh hon hp kh trong ieu kien ham
am khong oi, nhiet o cua khong kh giam en mot tr so nao
o th hon hp at c trang thai bao hoa ( =1) . Nhiet o tng
ng vi trang thai bao hoa goi la nhiet o iem sng. Vay nhiet
o iem sng la nhiet o gii han cua qua trnh lam lanh khong
kh am vi ham am khong oi.
Y ngha cua nhiet o iem sng: Biet c t s th se khong chon
nhiet o cuoi cua qua trnh say gan iem t s e tranh hien tng
ngng tu hi nc tren be mat vat lieu.
Do o nhiet o bau t khong phao la nhiet o iem sng.
13)
Y ngha cua viec o nhiet o bau kho-bau t? Cach s dung
gian o Trang thai khong kh am?
Trong cac thong so cua tac nhan say th nhiet o bau t va
nhiet o bau kho la de xac nh nhat. T hai nhiet o nay, da
vao gian o Trang thai khong kh am co the xac nh cac thong
so con lai cua khong kh am (p, , x, ts)
Cach s dung Gian o:
Trang thai cua hon hp khong kh am c ac trng bang giao
iem cua 4 ng tren gian o ( ng t, H, x, ). Do o, muon xac
nh trang thai cua hon hp khong k am ta ch can hai trong 4 thong
so roi t o xac nh cac thong so con lai.
Xac nh nhiet o iem sng: gia s hon hp kh c xac nh
v tr A tren gian o. T A theo ng x = const ha xuong en
ng =1 cat ng nay tai iem B. ng ang nhiet t i qua B la
iem sng cua hon hp khong kh am tai A
Xac nh nhiet o bau t: T iem A ban au theo ng H =
const en ng =1, cat ng nay tai C. Nhiet o t la nhiet o
khong oi i qua C.
14)
The say la g? Y ngha the say?
The say la hieu so nhiet o t = tk t.
Y ngha: the say la ai lng ac trng cho kha nang hut am
cua khong kh, khong kh am co the say cang ln cang co kha
nang cha nhieu hi nc, co ngha la kha nang say cua no cang
ln.
15)
ong lc cua qua trnh say la g?
La chenh lech gia ap suat hi cua nc (am) tren be mat
vat lieu (Pm) va ap suat rieng phan cua hi nc trong khong kh
am (Ph) :
- Neu Pm > Ph : vat nha am Qua trnh say.
- Neu Pm < Ph : vat hut am Lam am vat lieu.
- Neu Pm = Ph : co can bang ong gia hut va nha am.
Trong thc te ta xay dng ng can bang pha di dang * =
f(u) :
- Neu > * : vat hut am Lam am vat lieu.
- Neu < * : vat nha am Qua trnh say.

- Neu = * : co can bang ong gia hut va nha am.

Cac cach bieu dien ong lc qua trnh say:
- Dung the say: = tk - t
- Dung
- Dung P
- Dung (t - )
- Dung x
16)
Neu va giai thch cac ai lng trong phng trnh c ban cua
ong lc qua trnh say?
Phng trnh c ban cua ong hoc qua trnh say:
q = (1+ Rb)( oRor)dU/dt
q : cng o dong nhiet hay mat o dong nhiet.
o : khoi lng rieng cua vat lieu kho, kg/m3
Ro : ban knh qui oi cua vat lieu, m.
r : an nhiet hoa hi cua am, J/kg
U : ham am hay o am cua vat lieu tnh theo vat lieu kho, Kg
am/ Kg vat lieu kho.
Rb : Chuan so Rebinde ac trng cho ong hoc cua qua trnh say
Rb = 1+ C/r ( d/dU)
: nhiet o cua vat lieu, oC
17)
Neu chuan so ac trng cho ong hoc qua trnh say ? Y ngha?
Chuan so ac trng cho ong hoc qua trnh say: chuan so Rebinde
( Rb) vi:
Rb = 1+ C/r (d/dU)
Ta thay: C.d : nhiet un nong vat lieu
r.dU : nhiet boc hi am.
Do o chuan so Rb la ty so gia lng nhiet tieu hao e un
nong vat lieu ( vo ch) va lam boc hi am trong qua trnh say .
18)
Cac loai lien ket am? Qua trnh say thng tach c loai am
nao?
DANG LIEN
KET

Lien ket hoa

hoc

Lien
ket
hoa
ly

Lien
ket
hap
phu

KHAI NIEM
- La lien ket cua am vi
vat lieu di dang OH- hoac
tinh the ngam nc.
V du: CaSO4.2H2O, SiO2.7H2O,

- Do lc hap phu, lc ien

trng, lc t trng, tao
nen lp n phan t be
mat vat lieu, dan dan tao
thanh lp a phan t, co
lien ket yeu hn, cuoi cung

ANH HNG CUA

SAY EN LIEN KET
- ay la lien ket
ben,
khong
the
tach
bang
say.
Muon tach am nay
phai dung phng
phap hoa hoc hoac
nung chay.
V du: dung H2SO4
e hut,
- Qua trnh say ch
tach
c
mot
phan am nay.

Lien
ket
mao
dan
Lien
ket
tham
thau

Lien ket c ly

chung gan en trang thai

am t do.
- Do lc mao dan gi trong
cac mao quan nho hoac
cac lo xop nho mot lp
am.
- Dang lien ket nay ch ton
tai trong dung dch.
- Do ap suat tham thau
lam cho ap suat hi tren
be mat dung dch nho hn
ap suat hi tren dung
moi nguyen chat.
- Am nam t do tren be
mat hoac trong cac lo xop
va mao quan ln.

- Lien ket nay la

mot lien ket yeu
va se tach c
bang say.
- Qua trnh say e
tach am t dung
dch se kho hn
tach am t dung
moi nguyen chat.
- Lien ket nay la
lien ket yeu, co
the tach c bang
say, tham ch la
bang phng phap
c hoc.

19)
Neu ngan ngon tien hanh th nghiem? Th nghiem may che
o? Moi che o o nhng thong so nao? Tai sao?
Tien hanh th nghiem:
Quan sat he thong nam c cac chi tiet cua thiet b say .
Chuan b th nghiem: Xac nh khoi lng kho ban au (Go) cua
3 sap giay loc.
Lam am giay loc .
Kiem tra he thong.
Khi ong he thong: khi ong quat, calorife, cai at nhiet o
cho calorife.
Tien hanh cac che o th nghiem, o cac so lieu.
Cac che o th nghiem: che o say 50oC, 60oC, 70oC .
Cac so lieu can o trong moi che o th nghiem : khoi lng,
nhiet o bau kho bau t va thi gian.
20)
Qua trnh say ket thuc khi nao? Cach nhan biet?
Qua trnh say se ket thuc khi gia tr khoi lng vat lieu khong
oi trong vong 15 phut ( kim cua can se khong dao dong ).
21)
Neu cac moi quan he gia cac thong so say?
Cac thong so say bao gom cac thong so cua vat lieu say va
cac thong so cua tac nhan say.
Cac thong so cua vat lieu say : thi gian say, nhiet o, o
am va khoi lng cua vat lieu say. Trong o, quan he gia o am
va khoi lng cua vat lieu say la quan he tuyen tnh ty le thuan.
Con moi quan he gia thi gain say, nhiet o va o am a c
bieu dien trong Hnh 1.

 Cac thong so cua tac nhan say: o am tng oi , ham am

x, nhiet ham H, nhiet o bau kho t k, nhiet o bau t t, the say ,
nhiet o iem sng tS. Ngoai ra con co thong so thi gian say.
Khi thi gian say tang th: , x, H, tk, t, , tS
22)
Vat lieu say trong bai th nghiem la g? Tai sao khong dung loai
vat lieu khac nh go, cat, giay cacton,?
Vat lieu say trong bai th nghiem la giay loc. Ta dung loai vat
lieu nay v:
- ay la vat lieu dang ban mong, xop ng cong toc o
say la ng thang de dang tnh c thi gian say (nh
cong thc trong bai a neu ra).
- Thi gian say vat lieu ngan, phu hp vi thi gian lam th
nghiem co han.
23)
Trong th nghiem va tnh toan x ly ket qua thu c, thng
mac phai sai so nao? Cac phng phap e tnh sai so trong bai th
nghiem nay?
Trong th nghiem:
- Phi giay loc: khi phi giay loc ben ngoai phai ch het nhieu
nc mi bat au che o th nghiem e xac nh c G 1
chnh xac.
- Cach at giay loc len li say: phai theo chieu nep gap giay
loc t trai sang phai, tc theo chieu tac nhan va phai at
mot cach phang phiu khong xep goc. Khong c at ngc
lai, v khi o dong tac nhan thoi qua se bung giay loc (do giay
loc c gap oi), thay oi be mat boc hi, dan en cac
thong so say se thay oi va cuoi cung gay sai so th nghiem.
- Hoat ong cua bo ieu nhiet: luon theo doi hoat ong cua bo
ieu nhiet e xem co chnh xac gia tr nhiet o cai at hay
khong. Trng hp che o say nhiet o cao ma nhiet o
calorife khong at gia tr cai at th phai khep bt ca dong
kh ra (ch khep bt khong c ong kn).
- Bau nc: cham nc lien tuc vao bau nc e o nhiet o
bau t.
- Quat: khong c m quat tran ngay bai th nghiem v se lam
kim can dao ong.
- oc gia tr o : sai so do qua trnh oc cac gia tr khoi lng va
nhiet o khong chnh xac.
Trong tnh toan va x ly ket qua thu c:
- Sai so thc nghiem khi dng ng cong say va ng cong toc
o say.
- Sai so khi tnh toan cac thong so Bang 4
24)
e x ly so lieu th nghiem tng oi chnh xac, nen dung
phng phap nao e giam sai so?
Dung phng phap Bnh phng cc tieu
25)
Cac thong so tnh toan trong bai th nghiem c tnh theo ly
thuyet hay thc nghiem?
c tnh theo ly thuyet
26)
Tai sao noi the say ac trng cho ong lc qua trnh say?

ong lc qua trnh say: la chenh lech ve ap suat gia ap suat

hi cua nc (am) tren be mat vat lieu (P m) va ap suat rieng
phan cua hi nc trong khong kh am (Ph).
The say: la chenh lech ve nhiet o gia nhiet o bau kho va
nhiet o bau t.
Ma khi chenh lech ve ap suat tang th chenh lech ve nhiet o
cung tang. Cho nen the say ac trng cho ong lc cua qua trnh
say.
27)
Tai sao goi qua trnh say la say oi lu? ac trng nhan biet.
Ta goi qua trnh say la say oi lu v ta cap nhiet bang oi lu
nhiet.
ac trng nhan biet: co calorife e lam nong tac nhan say.