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Mn hc: H qun tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Thi gian: 45 tit
Chng trnh hc gm 8 phn:
Phn 1: Cc khi nim c bn v gii thiu v Ms Access
Phn 2: Bng v Mu biu n gin
Phn 3: Bo co v truy vn n gin
Phn 4: Trao i d liu v Switchboad
Phn 5: Quan h gia cc bng 1-1, 1-n
Phn 6: Mu biu con
Phn 7: Quan h nhiu - nhiu
Phn 8: Menu, Toolbar

Gii thiu
2
Hnh thc hc:
L thuyt
Trnh by cc ni dung bng slide
Gio vin trnh by phn 1
Cc nhm trnh by cc phn khc v tho lun
Thc hnh: lm cc bi thc hnh theo
tng phn
Cch thc thi v tnh im:
Thi thc hnh 60

Gii thiu
3
Cc khi nim c bn ca c s d liu
Lm quen vi H qun tr CSDL Microsoft
Access...
Cc thao tc trn bng d liu...
Cc quan h trong c s d liu...
Phn I: Ni dung chnh
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C s d liu(Database) l g:
L tp hp cc d liu c lin quan
M t mt hoc nhiu vn tu theo yu cu s dng ca
mi c quan, t chc
c lu tr c t chc trong my tnh
Lc CSDL:
L bn thit k tng th ca CSDL
M t cu trc ca CSDL
Rt t thay i
Th hin ca CSDL:
L tp hp thng tin m lu tr trong CSDL ti mt thi
im c th
Cc khi nim
5
V d:
CSDL ch c mt bng HoSo nh sau:

Cc khi nim
STT H tn a ch
1 Phm Hu Tr TP. HCM
2 Trn Hoi Phng H Ni
Lc
CSDL
Th hin
ca CSDL
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Cc m hnh d liu:
M hnh quan h
M hnh mng.
M hnh phn cp
M hnh phn tn.
M hnh hng i tng.
M hnh quan h c s dng ph bin
nht da trn nn tng ca i s quan h
Cc khi nim
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H qun tr CSDL:
Mt tp hp cc phn mm CSDL v cung cp cc dch v x l CSDL cho cc
nhng ngi pht trin ng dng va ngi dng cui.
HQTCSDL cung cp mt giao din gia ngi s dng v d liu.
Cc H qun tr CSDL ph bin:
Microsoft Access
Microsoft Sql Server
Oracle
MySql
Fox Pro
DB2
Object Store (Theo m hnh hng i tng)


Cc khi nim
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Trong CSDL quan h, d liu c t chc theo cc
bng:
Bng (Table):
Lu tr cc thng tin v mt thc th xc nh
V d: HocSinh, GiaoVien, Lop, CongTy
Bn ghi (Record)
L b gi tr m t mt th hin (c th) c th ca thc th
L mi hng ca Bng
Trng:
L mi ct ca bng
Cha cc loi thng tin khc nhau ca thc th
V d: H tn, Ngy sinh, a ch

Cc khi nim
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Cc khi nim c bn ca c s d liu
Lm quen vi H qun tr CSDL Microsoft
Access...
Cc thao tc trn bng d liu...
Cc quan h trong c s d liu...
Ni dung chnh
10
Start Programs Microsoft Access (Hnh 1).
Hin ra hp thoi sau y (Hnh 2):
Chn Blank access Database to mi c s d liu trng
Chn Access Database Wizards, pages and Projects
to mi c s d liu s dng thut.
Chn Open an existing file m file c sn.

Hnh 1
Hnh 2
Khi ng Access
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Gi s c sn c s d liu c tn Tuyn sinh i hc.
Nu tn file khng c trong danh sch pha di th chn More files
Open.
Tm n ng ng dn cha file.
m file ta chn tn file Kt qu thi i hc ri nhy kp chut hoc n
Open.
Nhy p
Khi ng Access
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Cc i tng Tables, Querries, Forms, Reports, Pages,
Macros v Modules nm trong tp tin n l Database.
Mi database phi cha t nht mt bng, n c th cha (hoc
khng) mt hay nhiu i tng khc.
Mun truy cp vo i tng no, Click vo tn i tng tng
ng nm di mc Objects. Trc ht chng ta xem xt cc i
tng ny l g?
Cc i tng
Database
Ca s c s d liu
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Table (Bng):
L ni lu tr d liu. Bng c t chc theo cc hng, cc ct. Mi
ct l mt trng (Field), cha mt kiu thng tin c th. Mi hng l
mt bn ghi (Record) to thnh t cc trng.
Trong hnh di y, h tn, ngy sinh, STT, qu qun, s bo danh,
m ngnh l cc trng. Cn mt bn ghi l mt hng c cha tt c
yu t ca cc trng.
Mi bng phi c t nht mt kho chnh (primary key) - l mt
trng hoc mt nhm cc trng c gi tr khc nhau trn mi bng
ghi
Kho
chnh
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L ca s cho php xem cc bn ghi c sn hoc to ra bn ghi mi vo
bng trong CSDL.
C th to ra biu mu lm vic vi mt hay nhiu bng cng mt lc v
in ra hoc hin th biu mu.
V d:











Form (Mu biu):
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tm v gi ra ng d liu cc bng ph hp vi cc iu kin t ra.
Mt truy vn cng c th cp nht hoc xo b nhiu bn ghi
Truy Vn(Queries)
Bng truy vn n gin
Ly h tn v tng im
Chn i
tng
truy vn
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Report (Bo biu):
L i tng trnh by biu mu, tng t mu biu.
Dng ch yu trong vic in n, khng dng cho mc ch nhp
liu.
Page (Trang):
L loi mu biu c bit, c th xem, hiu chnh bn ghi bng
trnh duyt Web.
Macro:
L cc chui hnh ng c lu tr trong Access, gip t
ng nhiu thao tc v gip cho n gin cng vic.
Module:
Th tc vit bng Visual Basic for Application (VBA)
Cc i tng khc
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C hai loi khung nhn: Ch thit k (Design View) v ch
xem d liu (Datasheet view).
Cc cch chuyn i khung nhn:
3
1
2
M t Design View
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Bng trong ch thit k
Ca S Thit K
Tn trng
Kiu trng
M t thm
cho trng
Cc thuc tnh
la chn cho
trng tng
ng
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Text: Bao gm cc ch ci, ch s, v cc
k t nh &, %, = v ?. Text l kiu d liu
ph bin nht.
Memo: Tng t nh Text, nhng c th
cha 65 535 k t, trong khi Text ch c th
di 256 k t.
Number: Gm Byte, Integer, Long Integer,
Single, Double.
Date/time: Ngy gi lu tr theo dng
thc c bit c xc lp trong phn thuc
tnh.
Autonumber: Access s t ng in tr s
cho tng bn ghi mi b xung. C th dng
xc lp lm trng kha chnh.
Yes/No: Dng cho cc trng ch c hai gi
tr ng/Sai

Cc kiu
d liu
Cc Kiu D Liu.
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Thuc tnh ca kiu d liu
Field Size: Xc lp ln
cho cc dng d liu l
Text v s.
Khi c gng nhp mt gi
tr trng s di hn
di nh th Access t
ng khng cho nhp tip.
Vi text, s nhp vo
t trc m li di hn
di mun xc lp li th
phn di hn s b ct i.
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Format:
L thuc tnh xc nh phng
thc hin th trn mn hnh ca
cc k t c nhp vo trong
mt trng. Tu theo loi d liu
m c cc kiu nh dng khc
nhau.
Di y l v d v format ca
trng c kiu d liu Date/Time
(Hnh 1):











Input Mask:
Nhm kim sot qu trnh hin th d liu, ngi ta dng mt n nhp
liu. N xc lp cch thc m d liu nhp vo u c dng nh th.
V d nh trng s in thoi ta xc lp Input mask l: 99\-000\-000
Khi nhp s in thoi v d 09123456 th n hin th l: 09 123 456

Thuc tnh ca kiu d liu
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Requiring Entries (Bt buc nhp liu): m bo cc thng
tin then cht lun c nhp y , ta c th n nh trng
bt buc phi nhp.
Lm iu ny bng cch chn trng cn bt buc, chn
Required, Yes v sau Save li. Di y l mt v d m
access a ra thng bo li bt buc ngi dng phi nhp y
v nhp khng ng kiu d liu
Thuc tnh ca kiu d liu
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Trng thi dng hin ti trong bng
Tam gic ch ra bn ghi c ghi vo a (1)
Bt ch cho bit ang lm vic vi bn ghi (2)
Khi dch chuyn sang bn ghi tip theo, ci bt ch s chuyn thnh tam
gic ch ra bn ghi va lm vic c lu vo a.
Du sao xut hin bn ghi trng cui mi bng. Khi thm mt bn ghi
vo cui bng d liu a vo s xut hin ti im nhn cn k hiu chn
bng ghi l ci bt ch. Du sao s chuyn xung bn ghi trng cui
bng sau khi nhp bt k k t vo bn ghi mi (3).
Mi bng nht thit phi c mt kha chnh (Primary Key)(4).
1
2
4
3
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Copy, Paste, Cac Doi tuong trong Db
Thao tc sao chp p dng cho mi i tng trong Db
Minh ho vi Bng (Tables):
C 3 cch Copy hoc Cut
<1>: Click chut
phi vo i tng.
Chn Copy hoc
Cut trong menu
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Copy, Paste, Cac Doi tuong trong Db
Thao tc sao chp p dng cho mi i tng trong Db
Minh ho vi Bng (Tables):
C 3 cch Copy hoc Cut
Cch 2:
Chn i tng.
Chn Copy hoc Cut
trn thanh ToolBar
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Copy, Paste, Cac Doi tuong trong Db
Thao tc sao chp p dng cho mi i tng trong Db
Minh ho vi Bng (Tables):
C 3 cch Copy hoc Cut
Cch 3:
Chn i tng(1)
Chn Edit(2)/Copy(3)
Hoc Edit/Cut
1
2
3
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Copy, Paste, Cac Doi tuong trong Db
Dn i tng Cut hoc Copy c 3 cch
1. Chn Edit/Paste
2. Chn Paste trn
ToolBar
3. Click chut phi.
Chn Paste
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Copy, Paste, Cac Doi tuong trong Db
Phi t tn cho i tng mun dn
Tn i tng
Khng c
ging tn i
tng khc
tn ti trong Db
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Cc khi nim c bn ca c s d liu
Lm quen vi H qun tr CSDL Microsoft
Access...
Cc thao tc trn bng d liu...
Cc quan h trong c s d liu...
Ni dung chnh
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Di chuyn con tr trong bng
Dng cc phm mi tn di chuyn theo hng nh.
Tab/Enter : chuyn sang k tip trn dng. Nu ang
cui dng, con tr t ng nhy xung dng di ca bng.
Shift + Tab : chuyn sang pha trc cng dng. Nu ang
u dng v dng hin thi khng phi l dng u tin, con
tr t ng nhy ln dng trn ca bng.
Home: Chuyn con tr v u dng.
End: Chuyn con tr v cui dng.
Ctrl + Home: Chuyn con tr v trn cng bn tri bng.
Ctrl + End: Chuyn con tr v di cng bn phi bng.
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Hnh tam gic trn l th hin
rng bn ghi ang c chn
Di chuyn con
tr trn l tri
bng v click
chn mt bn
ghi
La chn mt bn ghi
Ton b bn ghi sau
khi la chn b bi
en
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La chn mt trng
Di chyn con tr v click ln
tn ca trng la chn
Trng ang c chn
b bi en
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La chn mt hay nhiu
1. Di chuyn con tr n gc
ca trong bng sao cho n
chuyn thnh dng hnh ch
thp
2. Drag chut
chn vng
mnh mun
34
Sa i d liu ca mt bn ghi
Click vo cn sa
i d liu, con tr
nhp nhy th hin
vic sn sng nhn
d liu mi
Du hiu xc nh
bn ghi hin thi
xut hin dng
cha va c
chn
Biu tng bt ch cho bit d
liu trong bn ghi hin thi
ang b thay i
Click chut hoc
dng phm di
chuyn sang mt
bn ghi bt k
khc xc
nhn s thay i
d liu.
D liu va thay i
lc ny c ghi
vo a
Biu tng hnh
tam gic xut
hin u th
bn ghi
c ghi vo a
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Copy, Cut, Paste trong phm vi
Dng chut bi en
d liu trong , click
phi chut, mt
menu
xut hin
Chn Copy, hoc
Cut a d
liu vo
clipboard.



Phi chut vo v tr s
dn d liu, menu xut
hin.
Chn Paste dn
d liu
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Copy, Paste trong phm vi min
1.Chn min
cn sao chp,
click phi
chut
hin th
menu
2.Chn copy
sao chp
3.Chn mt
min trn cc
trng cng d
liu, tt nht l
chn ngay trn
cc ct va
thao tc ban
ny.
Click phi
chut, chn
Paste
hon tt
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Min c sao chp
Min s b chp
Min kt qu
Access t hai trn
cng bn tri ca 2
min trn trng ln
nhau. Giao 2 min
chnh l min kt qu.
Copy, Paste trong phm vi min
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S dng Main Edit v Toolbar
Ngoi cch dng Popup menu khi bm phi chut, tt
c cc thao tc Cut, Copy, Paste v Undo ( Hu b thay
i gn nht) u c th thc hin trn c menu Edit v
Standard ToolBar.
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Find, Replace
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Gii thch v cc ty chn ca hp thoi Find/Replace:
Look in: Thng thng th gi tr mc nh l tn trng m con tr ang
ng, ngoi ra cn c la chn khi bn tr vo hp ny l ton b bng.
Match (S ph hp):

* Whole Field: Tm t bn nh vo trng khp hon ton vi mc ca
trng.
* Any part of Field: Nu khng nh ton b tn ca t cn tm th hy
nhn chut vo Match ri chn Any part of Field. Kt qu l Access s tm
kim tt c cc mc ca trng c cha t bn nh vo.*- Start of
Field: La chn ny tng t nh Any part of Field nhng ch so snh t
bn nh vo vi cc k t u tin ca trng.
c ty chn khc bn nhn chut vo nt More>>
* Match case: Nu c chn tm kim s phn bit ch hoa ch
thng.
* Search: c th tm xung pha di (down), pha trn (up) ni t con
tr hay tm tt c (All).


Find, Replace
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Cc khi nim c bn ca c s d liu
Lm quen vi H qun tr CSDL Microsoft
Access...
Cc thao tc trn bng d liu...
Cc quan h trong c s d liu...
Ni dung chnh
42
Cc bng trong mt c s d liu quan h c th c cc loi quan h :
Mt - nhiu
Nhiu - mt
Mt - mt
Nhiu - nhiu
Cc loi quan h ny s c hc cc chng sau.

C s d liu quan h c nhiu bng c quan h vi nhau theo mt rng buc
gi l ton vn tham chiu .
Vi c s d liu quan h, c th truy cu nhiu thng tin t cc bng
trong mt truy vn n.


V d ta c nhiu bng dng qun l h s v kt qu ca cc th sinh d thi
i hc.
Cn tra cu mt s thng tin no m n khng nm gn trong mt bng, ta
phi ln lt xem tng bng v phi quy chiu t bng ny sang bng khc
s rt mt thi gian. Nu ta c c cc mi lin h gia cc bng th ch cn
xem mt bng cng bit c thng tin t cc bng khc ch bng mt ci
nhp chut
Quan h trong CSDL
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Mt v d v c s d liu quan h: khi m bng Bng im, ta
thy cc du + , nhp vo du + ta s thy y thng tin ca
th sinh. C c iu ny l do ta lin kt bng Bng im
vi bng h s bng trng s bo danh, do , mi thng tin
ca th sinh trong trng h s, tr s bo danh s c hin th.
Quan h trong CSDL
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hiu r quan h gia cc bng c to ra nh th no th ta phi hiu r
kha chnh ca bng ( tc Primary key ).
Primary key l mt trng dng phn bit cc bn ghi trong mt bng. C
ngha l gi tr ca cc bn ghi trong primary key phi khc nhau. Mi bng
nht thit phi c mt kha chnh. Nu bn khng to kha chnh cho mt
bng th Access s t ng to cho bn mt kha chnh v mc nh gi tr
ca kha chnh l Autonumber.
Kha chnh gip cho ta c th to c mi lin h gia cc bng vi nhau.
Primary key gip ta to ra tnh ton vn quy chiu (Referential Integrity).
Nu trng ca c hai bng dng lin kt m khng phi kha chnh th ta
khng th to c mt lin kt ton vn quy chiu. Do s gy ra ln xn
c trong form, query, report, v s khng xc nh c nu d liu b nhp
sai kiu.
Quan h trong CSDL
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Ton vn quy chiu ngha l d liu nhp vo trng c s dng lin kt
hai bng phi khp nhau gia bng ny vi bng khc.
Bng cha kha chnh quy nh loi d liu no c php nhp vo trng
trong bng kia. Nu bn khng c d liu trong trng kha chnh th khng
th nhp d liu vo trong kha ngoi ( foreign key ) v n khng th to
c mi quan h v d nhin tnh ton vn ca n khng c m bo.
Khi to mi lin kt gia cc bng, Access s hi ta xem c mun bt buc
tnh tan vn quy chiu khng th tt nht ta nn chn.

Bt buc tnh tan vn quy chiu (Enforcing Referential integrity ) l cch
lm chc chn l d liu c nhp chnh xc vo bng th hai.
Khi tnh tan vn quy chiu b vi phm khi nhp d liu (ngha l gi tr nhp
vo bng th hai khng c mi lin kt vi bng chnh ) th mt bng li xut
hin. Bng ny cho ta bit gi tr bn nhp vo trng lin kt khng c trong
bn ghi ca bng khc c lin h vi n.
Tt nht nu bn mun nhp thm gi tr th u tin bn phi nhp vo bng
cha kha chnh, sau mi nhp vo bng kia.

Quan h trong CSDL
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V d mun thm vo trong h s mt bn ghi c m ngnh l QHI, mt
thng bo li s xut hin, li xy ra khng phi do bn nhp sai kiu d
liu m l do gi tr bn nhp vo ( QHI ) khng tn ti trong trng m
ngnh trong bng Bng im c lin kt vi n.
Quan h trong CSDL
47
to mt mi quan h ( Relationship) gia hai bng th nht thit trng dng
lin kt ca bng th nht phi l Primary key.
Kha chnh l
trng s bo
danh.
V d mun to mi lin h
gia bng im v bng H
s, ta phi chn trng lin
kt ca bng im l s bo
danh.
Cch to quan h
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Hai trng dng lin kt
hai bng phi c cng mt
kiu d liu. Thng thng, ta
ly trng kha chnh ca
bng ny lm mt trng bnh
thng ca bng kia ( gi l
foreign key) khi lin kt ta
s ly hai trng ny lm mi
kt ni.
V d trng s bo danh l kha chnh ca bng im v l trng bnh
thng ca bng h s. Khi lin kt, ta s dng n hai trng ny.
Cch to quan h
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Ta thy y l mi quan h mt - nhiu: one - to- many v n xc nh mi
quan h: mt th sinh ch c th c mt bng im cn mt bng im c
th ng vi nhiu th sinh.
Cch to quan h
50
Ta c mt v d v lin kt ca cc bng: n bao gm lin kt 1- nhiu v 1-
nhiu.
Bng im lin kt vi H s bng mi lin kt ca S bo danh - s bo danh,
bng im chun lin kt vi h s bng M ngnh m ngnh.
ng lin kt
Kha chnh
Cch to quan h