Ubuntu 11.04 VN

Hng Dn Ubuntu Desktop 11.
10 - VN
Mc lc
Chng 1: Tng Quan V Ubuntu........................................................................6
1. Gii thiu v Linux ......................................................................................6
1.1. Linux l g? ............................................................................................6
1.2. Linux c g hp dn? .............................................................................7
1.2.1. Vn bn quyn ...........................................................................7
1.2.2. Nhng u im k thut ni bt ca Linux ....................................7
1.2.3. Mt vi nhc im c hu ca Linux ..........................................9
2. Giy php Cng cng GNU .......................................................................10
3. H iu hnh Ubuntu ..................................................................................11
3.1. Ngun gc ca Ubuntu ........................................................................11
3.2. Gii thiu v Ubuntu ...........................................................................11
Chng 2: Cu Trc H Thng Ubuntu..............................................................13
1. Cu trc th mc ca Ubuntu .....................................................................13
2. Ngi dng v quyn hn ..........................................................................15
3. Ca s dng lnh (Terminal) ......................................................................16
4. Mn hnh lm vic Desktop ........................................................................17
Chng 3: Mi Trng Ha Unity trn Ubuntu 11.04..................................18
1. Giao din Gnome:.......................................................................................18
2. Bt u s dng Ubuntu vi Unity..............................................................20
2.1 S dng Trnh khi ng (Launcher) bt u ng dng..................20
2.1.1 M Launcher..................................................................................20
2.1.2 Gn v g b cc ng dng trn Launcher.....................................20
2.2 Tm cc ng dng v cc tp tin vi Dash............................................21
2.3 Ca s v vng lm vit........................................................................21
2.3.1 Lm vic vi cc ca s.................................................................22
Phng to v b phng to (khi phc) mt ca s................................22
Thu nh v m li ca s....................................................................22
Thay i khch c ca s.....................................................................22
Di chuyn v ng ca s...................................................................23
Chuyn i gia cc ca s.................................................................23
2.3.2 Lm vic vi cc vng lm vic.....................................................24
Chuyn i gia cc vng lm vic....................................................24
Di chuyn ca s vo vng lm vic khc..........................................24
2.4: Log out, power off, switch users..........................................................25
2.4.1 ng xut, ng nhp v chuyn i ngi dng..........................25
2.4.2 Kha mn hnh...............................................................................25
2.4.3 Tt my hoc khi ng li............................................................26
Chng 4: Qun L V Tm Kim Tp Tin, Th Mc.......................................27
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Ubuntu Desktop 11.10 - VN
1. Duyt cc tp tin v th mc.......................................................................27

2. Sao chp v di chuyn tp tin v th mc...................................................28
3. Xa tp tin v th mc................................................................................29
3.1 Cch xa mt tp tin:.............................................................................29
3.2 Xa mt tp tin vnh vin......................................................................29
4. i tn tp tin v th mc...........................................................................29
5. Tm tp tin...................................................................................................30
5.1 Tm kim...............................................................................................30
5.2 Lu tm kim.........................................................................................31
6. Sp xp tp tin v th mc..........................................................................31
7. Duyt tp tin c chia s trn my ch hoc trong mng ni b..............32
7.1 Kt ni n my ch tp tin...................................................................32
7.2 Chia s trn Windows............................................................................33
8. Thuc tnh tp tin.........................................................................................33
9. Tm mt tp tin b lc mt...........................................................................33
10. M tp tin bng chng trnh ng dng khc...........................................34
10.1 Thay i ng dng mc nh...............................................................34
11. M mt ng dng khi bn gn thm thit b lu tr bn ngoi vo..........35
12. G b an ton mt thit b lu tr di ng................................................36
Chng 5: ng Dng Mng V Internet ............................................................37
1. Trnh duyt Web..........................................................................................37
1.1 Thay i mt trang web mc nh.........................................................37
1.2 Ci t Flash plug-in.............................................................................37
1.3 Ci t trnh duyt Java plug-in............................................................38
1.4 Ci t Silverlight plug-in.....................................................................38
2. Email & email software...............................................................................38
2.1 Thay i ng dng vit email mc nh ...............................................38
2.2 Ti c cn qut virus cho Email ca ti khng?...................................39
3. Chat & Mng x hi....................................................................................39
3.1 Tin nhn tc thi trn Ubuntu...............................................................39
3.2 Cuc gi video.......................................................................................40
3.3 Lm th no s dng Skype on Ubuntu?..........................................40
4. An ton khi s dng internet.......................................................................40
4.1 Cng mng c s dng thng thng...............................................40
4.2 Ti c cn phn mm chng virus? ......................................................41
4.3 Kch hot v ngn chn kch hot tng la.........................................42
5. Mng c dy................................................................................................43
5.1 Kt ni vi mt mng c dy (Ethernet) ..............................................43
5.2 To mt kt ni vi i ch IP c nh..................................................43
6. Mng khng dy..........................................................................................44
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Hng Dn Ubuntu Desktop 11.10 - VN

6.1 Kt ni vi mng khng dy.................................................................44
6.2 Kt ni trc tip n my tnh khc bng mng khng dy (AD-Hoc) 45
6.3 Thit lp mng khng dy AD-Hoc:.....................................................45
6.4 Bo v mng Ad-hoc.............................................................................46
6.5 Kt ni vi mng khng dy n............................................................46
6.6 Chnh sa mt mng khng dy............................................................46
6.7 Kt ni t ng......................................................................................47
6.8 Chia s mt kt ni t ng cho tt c ngi dng...............................47
6.9 Nhp mt khu chnh xc nhng vn khng th kt ni.......................47
7. Mt vi li khuyn khi s dng mng ........................................................47
7.1 Xem IP ca my ang s dng..............................................................47
7.2 S dng Internet an ton........................................................................48
7.3 a ch MAC l g?...............................................................................48
7.4 Proxy l g?............................................................................................48
7.5 IP Address l g?....................................................................................48
7.6 Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) Mng ring o..................................49
Chng 7: Qun L Ci t V G B Cc ng Dng.....................................50
1. Ci t thm cc chng trnh.....................................................................50
2. G b mt chng trnh..............................................................................50
3. Thm mt gi ng dng c nhn(Personal Package Archive - PPA)..........51
3.1 Ci t APT............................................................................................51
3.2 Kch hot cc kho lu tr ca i tc Canonical...................................51
4. S dng Synaptic qun l phn mm cao cp........................................52
5. Phn mm b tr.........................................................................................52
5.1 Phm mm h tr g ting vit.............................................................52
5.1.1 Ci t ngn ng Ting Vit...........................................................53
5.1.2 Thit lp Ibus l b g mc nh....................................................53
5.1.3 Khi ng Ibus khch hot chng trnh..................................53
5.1.4 S dng...........................................................................................53
5.2 Phm mm dit virus ClamAV..............................................................54
5.2.1 Ci t s dng...............................................................................54
5.3 Chy cc phm mm Windows trn Ubuntu.........................................54
5.3.1 Gii thiu v Wine .........................................................................55
5.3.2 Ci t Wine trong Ubuntu ............................................................55
Chng 8: Thit Lp, Ty Bin Ngi Dng V H Thng...............................56
2. Display & screen.........................................................................................56
2.1 T ng kha mn hnh.........................................................................56
2.2 Thit lp sng mn hnh...................................................................57
2.3 Thay i mn hnh Desktop..................................................................57
2.4 Thay i kch thc / xoay ca mn hnh. ......................................58
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2.4.1 phn gii...................................................................................58

2.4.2 Xoay................................................................................................59
2.5 Cho php mn hnh th hai...................................................................59
3. Keyboard.....................................................................................................60
3.1 Lm cho con tr bn phm nhp nhy...................................................60
3.2 Tt tnh nng lp li khi nhn phm.......................................................61
3.3 B tr s dng bn phm thay th..........................................................61
4. Mouse..........................................................................................................61
4.1 iu chnh tc ca chut v touchpad .............................................61
4.2 Tng tc Double Click chut............................................................62
4.3 iu chnh ngng ko chut...............................................................63
4.4 Xc nh nhanh v tr con tr chut.......................................................63
4.6 S dng chut bng tay tri...................................................................63
4.7 Click v di chuyn con tr chut m khng cn chut.........................63
4.8 Click hoc cun vi touchpad...............................................................64
4.9 Tt touchpad khi nh my....................................................................66
5. Power & battery...........................................................................................66
5.1 Tng tui th ca pin.............................................................................66
5.2 Ti mun cc my tnh tt khi ti bm nt Power. ...............................66
5.3 S dng t nng lng v ci thin tui th pin....................................66
5.3.1 Hng dn chung...........................................................................67
5.3.2 Laptops, netbooks, v cc thit b dng pin khc . ........................67
5.4 Khi khng dng my tnh hoc my tnh ng ng?........................67
5.5 Ti sao my tnh ca ti tt khi ti gp li? ..........................................68
5.6 Ngn chn cc my tnh tm ngh khi gp mn hnh............................68
6. Ngy v gi.................................................................................................69
6.1 Thay i ngy gi h thng...................................................................69
6.2 Thay i thng tin c hin th trong ng h....................................69
6.2.1 Thay i nh dng ngy thng .....................................................69
6.2.2 Xem nhng mi gi khc...............................................................70
6.3 Xem cc cuc hn trong lch ca bn....................................................70
7. Ngn ng & Vng a phng....................................................................70
7.1 Thay i ngn ng.................................................................................70
8. User accounts..............................................................................................71
8.1 Thm mt ti khon ngi dng...........................................................71
8.2 Thay i hnh nh ng nhp................................................................72
8.3 Xa mt ti khon ngi dng..............................................................72
8.4 Hn ch khi ng mt phin lm vic.................................................72
8.5 Mt khu................................................................................................73
8.5.1 Thay i mt khu..........................................................................73
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8.5.2 Thay i mt khu keyring.............................................................73
9. Sharing.........................................................................................................73
9.1 Chia s mn hnh my tnh....................................................................73
9.2 Bo mt an ninh.....................................................................................74
9.2.1 Yu cu nhp mt khu..................................................................74
9.2.2 Cho php truy cp vo my tnh bn ca bn qua Internet........74
9.3 Hin th biu tng khu vc thng bo.................................................74
Chng 9: Qun L Phn Cng V Trnh iu Khin Thit B.........................75
1. Driver(trnh iu khin) l g ?....................................................................75
2. Drivers (trnh iu khin) c quyn l g?.................................................75
3. a cng & cc vn lu tr....................................................................76
3.1 Kim tra khng gian a trng...............................................................76
3.1.1 Kim tra bng Disk Usage Analyzer..............................................76
3.1.2 Kim tra vi System Monitor ........................................................76
3.1.3 iu g s xy ra nu a y.....................................................76
3.2 Kim tra cc vn v a cng ca bn..............................................77
3.2.1 Kim tra a cng........................................................................77
3.2.2 iu g s xy ra nu a b li.......................................................77
3.3 Qun l Volumes v cc phn vng......................................................77
3.4 Xem v qun l cc phn vng bng cch s dng disk utility.............78
3.5 Kim tra hiu nng a cng ca bn....................................................79
3.6 Format mt a di ng .....................................................................79
4. My In.........................................................................................................80
4.1 Ci t my in........................................................................................80
4.1.1 Ci t mt my in cc b..............................................................80
4.1.2 Ci t my in mc nh. ...............................................................81
4.2 B tr kch tht giy.............................................................................81
4.2.1 Thay i kch c giy khi in...........................................................81
4.2.2 iu chnh trang in theo th t khc nhau.....................................81
4.2.3 In phong b v nhn........................................................................82
4.2.4 In hai mt v in nhiu trang............................................................83
4.3 Cc vn v my in............................................................................83
4.3.1 Lm th no kim tra mc mc my in ?.............................83
4.3.2 Hu b IN.......................................................................................84
4.3.3 Xa tnh trng kt giy...................................................................84
4.3.4 Ti sao trn trang in c ng k sc,mu sc khng ng?.........84
Chng 10: Ci t Ubuntu 11.04......................................................................86
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Chng 1: Tng Quan V Ubuntu

1. Gii thiu v Linux
1.1. Linux l g?
Linux l tn gi ca mt h iu hnh my tnh tng t nh Unix, l mt
h iu hnh cung cp tin cy v an ninh cao trong cc ng dng chuyn
nghip. Nhiu my ch trn khp th gii m chng lu tr cc d liu cho cc
website ph bin (nh YouTube v Google) s dng bin th ca Unix, Linux
cng l tn ht nhn ca h iu hnh. N c l l mt v d ni ting nht ca
phn mm t do v ca vic pht trin m ngun m.
Phin bn Linux u tin do Linus Torvalds vit vo nm 1991, lc ng
cn l mt sinh vin ca i hc Helsinki ti Phn Lan. ng lm vic mt cch
hng say trong vng 3 nm lin tc v cho ra i phin bn Linux 1.0 vo nm
1994. B phn ch yu ny c pht trin v tung ra trn th trng di bn
quyn GNU (General Public License). Do m bt c ai cng c th ti v
xem m ngun ca Linux.
Mt cch chnh xc, thut ng "Linux" c s dng ch Nhn Linux,
nhng tn ny c s dng mt cch rng ri miu t tng th mt h iu
hnh ging Unix (cn c bit n di tn GNU/Linux) c to ra bi vic
ng gi nhn Linux cng vi cc th vin v cng c GNU, cng nh l cc
bn phn phi Linux. Thc t th l tp hp mt s lng ln cc phn mm
nh my ch web, cc ngn ng lp trnh, cc h qun tr c s d liu, cc mi
trng lm vic desktop nh GNOME v KDE, v cc ng dng thch hp cho
cng vic vn phng nh OpenOffice.
Ban u, Linux c pht trin v s dng bi nhng ngi say m. Tuy
nhin, hin nay Linux c c s h tr bi cc cng ty ln nh IBM v
Hewlett-Packard, ng thi n cng bt kp c cc phin bn Unix c quyn
v thm ch l mt thch thc i vi s thng tr ca Microsoft Windows trong
mt s lnh vc. S d Linux t c nhng thnh cng mt cch nhanh chng
l nh vo cc c tnh ni bt so vi cc h thng khc: chi ph phn cng thp,
tc cao (khi so snh vi cc phin bn Unix c quyn) v kh nng bo mt
tt, tin cy cao (khi so snh vi Windows) cng nh l cc c im v gi
thnh r, khng b ph thuc vo nh cung cp. Mt c tnh ni tri ca n l
c pht trin bi mt m hnh pht trin phn mm ngun m hiu qu.
Tuy nhin, hin ti s lng phn cng c h tr bi Linux vn cn rt
khim tn so vi Windows v cc trnh iu khin thit b tng thch vi
Windows nhiu hn l Linux. Nhng trong tng lai s lng phn cng c
h tr cho Linux s tng ln.
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1.2. Linux c g hp dn?
C l bn qu quen vi h iu hnh Windows cng nh qu quen lp
trnh trn h iu hnh ny. Windows c th ni l mt h iu hnh kh "hon
ho", d s dng, vi rt nhiu tin ch p ng gn nh mi yu cu ca ngi
dng. Vy th ti sao chng ta li phi tm n mt h iu hnh mi nh Linux?
iu liu c thc s cn thit khng?. Cu tr li l C.
1.2.1. Vn bn quyn
Trong bi cnh nn kinh t th gii ang c xu hng ton cu ha nh
hin nay th y l mt vn ni cm. Vit Nam, vn vi phm bn quyn
phn mm l rt ph bin (nc ta dn u th gii v s lng phn mm dng
khng c bn quyn).Tuy nhin, Nu Vit Nam khng c bin php gii quyt
vn ny th s c th b tr a quyt lit trong cc quan h kinh t thng
mi vi cc nc. Nu tnh trng nh cp bn quyn phn mm ca Vit Nam
l 100 triu USD mi nm th s c mt lng hng ha c gi tr tng ng
khng bn c M v cc nc pht trin khc (v kin c Tra - c Basa l
mt v d). V nh vy ngi thit hi u tin s chnh l ngi lao ng Vit
Nam.
Trc tnh hnh , vic t xy dng cho mnh nhng phn mm thng
hiu Vit Nam ang tr nn mt vn cp bch. Phn mm m ngun m c
xem l mt gii php hu hiu nht cho bi ton bn quyn nc ta hin nay.
Phn mm m ngun m mt mt c chi ph r hn so vi cc phn mm truyn
thng, mt khc rt d nng cp, ci tin (do cung cp m ngun km theo).
Chnh v th, pht trin phn mm m ngun m chng ta c th tn dng c
nhng cng
ngh tin tin c sn trn th gii, ci tin cho ph hp vi ngi Vit Nam, tit
kim c rt nhiu cng sc so vi vic pht trin t u. Linux l mt h iu
hnh m ngun m nh vy!!!
1.2.2. Nhng u im k thut ni bt ca Linux
Kinh t, l mt c im khng th b qua ca Linux (t nht l i vi
nc ta hin nay). Tuy nhin i vi Linux vn cha l tt c. H iu hnh
ny cn rt nhiu u im khc m khng mt h iu hnh no c. Chnh
nhng c im ny mi l nguyn nhn khin cho
Linux ngy cng tr nn ph bin khng ch Vit Nam m c trn th gii.
* Linh hot, uyn chuyn
Nh trnh by trn, Linux l mt h iu hnh m ngun m nn bn
c th ty sa cha theo nh mnh thch (min l bn c kin thc). Bn c
th chnh sa Linux v cc ng dng trn sao cho ph hp vi mnh nht.
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Hng Dn
Vic Vit ha Windows c xem l khng th nu nh bn khng c s ng

v h tr ca Microsoft. Tuy nhin vi Linux th bn c th lm c iu ny
mt cch n gin hn (tham kho thm sn phm Vietkey Linux ot gii
nht TTVN 2002). Mt khc do Linux c mt cng ng rt ln nhng ngi
lm phn mm cng pht trin trn cc mi trng, hon cnh khc nhau nn
tm mt phin bn ph hp vi yu cu ca bn s khng phi l mt vn qu
kh khn.
Tnh linh hot ca Linux cn c th hin ch n tng thch c vi
rt nhiu mi trng. Hin ti, ngoi Linux dnh cho server, my tnh bn
nhn Linux (Linux kernel) cn c nhng vo cc thit b iu khin nh my
tnh palm, robot.... Phm vi ng dng ca Linux c xem l rt rng ri.
* an ton cao
Trc ht, trong Linux c mt c cu phn quyn ht sc r rng. Ch c
"root" (ngi dng ti cao) mi c quyn ci t v thay i h thng. Ngoi ra
Linux cng c c ch mt ngi dng bnh thng c th chuyn tm thi
chuyn sang quyn "root" thc hin mt s thao tc. iu ny gip cho h
thng c th chy n nh v trnh phi nhng sai st dn n v h thng.
Trong nhng phin bn Windows gn y, c ch phn quyn ny cng bc
u c p dng, nhng so vi Linux th vn km cht ch hn.
Ngoi ra chnh tnh cht "m" cng to nn s an ton ca Linux. Nu nh
mt l hng no trn Linux c pht hin th n s c c cng ng m
ngun m cng sa v thng th ch sau 24h s c th cho ra bn sa li. Mt
khc i vi nhng h iu hnh m ngun ng nh Windows, bn khng th
bit c ngi ta vit g, v vit ra sao m ch bit c chng chy nh th
no. V vy nu nh Windows c cha nhng on m cho php to nhng
"back door" xm nhp vo h thng ca bn th bn cng khng th bit
c. i vi ngi dng bnh thng nh chng ta vn ny c v nh
khng quan trng nhng i vi mt h thng tm c nh h thng quc phng
th vn nh th ny li mang tnh sng cn. Cc nhn vin an ninh khng
c php l mt k h no, d l nh nht v n lin quan n an ninh ca
c mt quc gia.V mt ln na cc phn mm m ngun m ni chung v
Linux ni ring li l s la chn s mt. Trong Linux mi th u cng khai,
ngi qun tr c th tm hiu ti mi ng ngch ca h iu hnh. iu cng
c ngha l an ton c nng cao.
* Thch hp cho qun tr mng
c thit k ngay t u cho ch a ngi dng, Linux c xem l
mt h iu hnh mng rt gi tr. Nu nh Windows t ra l mt h iu hnh
thch hp vi my tnh Desktop th Linux li l h iu hnh thng tr i vi
cc Server. l do Linux c rt nhiu u im tha mn i hi ca mt h
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iu hnh mng: tnh bo mt cao, chy n nh, cc c ch chia s ti nguyn
tt... Giao thc TCP/IP m chng ta vn thy ngy nay chnh l mt giao thc
truyn tin ca Linux (sau ny mi c a vo Windows)
* Chy thng nht trn cc h thng phn cng
D cho c rt nhiu phin bn Linux c cc nh phn phi khc nhau
ban hnh nhng nhn chung u chy kh n nh trn mi thit b phn cng, t
Intel n nhng my AMD mi nht, t nhng my c dung lng RAM ch
4MB n nhng my c cu hnh cc mnh (tt nhin l tc s khc nhau
nhng v nguyn tc vn c th chy c). Nguyn nhn l Linux c rt
nhiu lp trnh vin nhiu mi trng khc nhau cng pht trin (khng nh
Windows ch do Microsoft pht trin) v bn s bt gp nhiu ngi c "cng
cnh ng" nh mnh v d dng tm c cc driver tng ng vi thit b ca
mnh . Tnh cht ny hon ton tri ngc vi Windows. Mi khi c mt phin
bn Windows mi ra i th bao gi km theo cng l mt cn kht v phn
cng v h iu hnh mi thng khng h tr cc thit b qu c.
1.2.3. Mt vi nhc im c hu ca Linux
Ni qua th cng phi ni li. D cho hin nay Linux ang c tc pht
trin nhanh hn hn Windows nhng khch quan m ni so vi Windows Linux
vn cha th n vi ngi s dng cui. l do Linux vn cn c nhng
nhc im c hu.
* i hi ngi dng phi thnh tho:
Trc kia vic s dng v cu hnh Linux c xem l mt cng vic ch
dnh cho nhng chuyn gia. Hu nh mi cng vic u thc hin trn cc dng
lnh v phi cu hnh nh sa trc tip cc file. Mc d trong nhng phin bn
gn y, cc h iu hnh Linux c nhng ci tin ng k, nhng so vi
Windows tnh thn thin ca Linux vn cn l mt vn ln. y l mt trong
nhng nguyn nhn ch yu khin Linux mc d c rt nhiu c tnh k thut
tt nhng vn cha n c vi ngi dng cui.
Tuy nhin t phin bn Ubuntu - Desktop 10.x vn n ny gn nh c
gii quyt. Tuy nhin, phin bn Ubuntu - Server vn s dng cc cu lnh
qun tr
* Tnh tiu chun ha:
Linux c pht hnh min ph, nn bt c ai cng c th t mnh ng
gi, phn phi theo nhng cch ring. Hin ti c kh nhiu bn Linux pht trin
t mt nhn ban u cng tn ti nh: Ubuntu, Solaris, RedHat, SuSE,
Knoppix... v android, mt h iu hnh kh ni ting v ph bin nht trn th
gii c dng cho smartphone do google pht trin. Ngi dng phi t so
snh xem bn no l ph hp vi mnh. iu ny c th gy kh khn cho ngi
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Hng Dn
dng, nht l nhng ngi cn c kin thc v tin hc hn ch.

* S lng cc ng dng cht lng cao trn Linux cn hn ch:
Mc d Windows c sn phm no th Linux cng gn nh c phn mm
tng t. (V d: OpenOffice.org trn Linux tng t nh MS Office, hay GIMP
tng t nh Photoshop...). Tuy nhin cht lng nhng sn phm ny l cha
th so snh c vi cc sn phm vit cho Windows.
* Mt s nh sn xut phn cng khng c driver h tr Linux:
Do hin nay Linux cha ph bin bng Windows nn nhiu nh sn xut
khng h tr cc driver chy trn Linux. Tuy nhin bn vn c th tm thy cc
driver ny do ai trong cng ng m ngun m vit.
Linux c mt s nhc im mang tnh c hu nh vy nhng bn vn c
th chy c mt s phn mm Windows trn nn Linux thng qua phn mm
Wine. (mt phn mm gi lp chy cc ng dng Windows trn Linux). Hoc
bn c th gi lp mt mi trng my o chy Windows trong Linux. Do
bn c th tn dng c cc u im ca Windows ln Linux. Ngoi ra bn vn
c th ci t song song Linux v Windows trn cng mt my tnh c nhn,
nh bn vn thng ci chung Windows XP v Windows 7 (ch l do h thng
file khc nhau nn mt s file ca Linux, Windows s khng c c). Nh
vy cng c ngha l cc nhc im ca Linux cng phn no c gii
quyt.
Trn c s nhn nhn mt cch khch quan cc u nhc im ca h iu
hnh Linux cng nh xem xt xu hng pht trin tin hc nc ta c th thy:
i vi ngi dng thng thng vic chuyn t Windows sang Linux trong
ngy mt ngy hai l cha th. Linux du sao vn l mt h iu hnh rt c gi
tr: chi ph thp, linh hot, n nh, v bo mt cao. Nhng trong tng lai gn,
Linux s dn dn tr thnh mt trong nhng h iu hnh hng u trn th gii.
Thc t, Linux tr thnh h iu hnh hng u trn th gii c ng dng
trn thit b i ng (android do google pht trin)
2. Giy php Cng cng GNU
Ti sao li c giy php GPL (GNU General Public License)?
Hu ht cc phn mm bn s dng trn Microsoft Windows (ngay chnh
Windows) u phi mua bn quyn. Mi khi bn tr tin mua mt phn mm,
bn u c cp mt giy php s dng phn mm (c th c c m
ngun ca phn mm), cn bng sng ch s hu phn mm u do mt t
chc hoc cng ty pht trin phn mm s hu, bn khng th mua c
hoc nu c th vi mt gi tr rt ln.
Nhng song song vi giy php bn quyn cn c mt loi giy php s
10/92
Phan Tr Bnh

dng ph bin trong th gii m ngun m l GPL Giy php m ngun
m. y l loi giy php c dng cho tt c cc loi phn mm s dng m
ngun m. Theo quy nh trong giy php th mi ngi u c quyn c s
dng, sa i hoc pht hnh li cc phn mm hoc m ngun ca phn mm
m khng phi tr mt khon ph no, nhng khng c php s hu ring m
ngun hoc phn mm tun theo giy php m ngun m ny. Ta c th hiu
n gin l khng mt ai c php ng k bn quyn i vi m ngun m
hoc phn mm bin i t m ngun m tun theo giy php ny.
3. H iu hnh Ubuntu
3.1. Ngun gc ca Ubuntu
Ubuntu l tn ca bn phn phi linux, i th bt ngun t quan nim
"Ubuntu" ca Nam Phi. "con ngi hng n con ngi". Khi nim Ubuntu
l mt khi nim truyn thng ca chu Phi c ngun gc t cc ngn ng
Bantu ca min Nam chu Phi. N c th c m t nh mt cch kt ni vi
nhng ngi khc - sng trong mt cng ng ton cu ni m nhng hnh
ng ca bn c nh hng ti tt c loi ngi. Ubuntu khng ch l mt h
iu hnh m cn hn th: n l mt cng ng nhng ngi m tm n vi
nhau mt cch t nguyn cng tc trong mt d n phn mm quc t nhm
ti vic phn phi nhng kinh nghim tt nht c th ca ngi s dng.
3.2. Gii thiu v Ubuntu
Ubuntu l mt h iu hnh m ngun m c pht trin bi cng ng
chung da trn nn tng Debian GNU/Linux, n c ti tr bi Canonical Ltd
(ch s hu l Mark Shuttleworth), rt ph hp cho my tnh bn, my tnh
xch tay v my ch. D bn dng cho my tnh nh, trng hay trong cng
s, Ubuntu c y cc chng trnh bn cn, t phn mm son tho vn bn
v gi nhn th, n cc phn mm my ch web v cc cng c lp trnh.
Ubuntu hon ton min ph. Bn khng phi tr tin bn quyn cho bt c
ai. Bn c th ti v, s dng v chia s vi bn b, gia nh hoc ng nghip
m khng mt mt khon ph no c. Mi phin bn Ubuntu u c cp nht
6 thng mt ln, iu c ngha l bn lun lun c cc ng dng mi nht
trong th gii phn mm m ngun m.
Ubuntu c thit k vi tiu ch chuyn v bo mt. Bn c th ly v cc
bn cp nht v bo mt t nht l 18 thng trn my bn v my ch. Vi
phin bn H tr di hn (Long Term Support - LTS), bn s c 3 nm h tr vi
my bn v 5 nm h tr i vi my ch. Bn khng phi tr thm mt
khon ph no cho phin bn LTS. Vic nng cp ln phin bn mi hn ca
Ubuntu hon ton min ph.
Phan Tr Bnh
11/92
Hng Dn
Mi th bn cn u nm trong mt a CD, cung cp cho bn mt mi

trng lm vic y . Nhng phn mm m b sung, bn c th ly v trc
tip t kho phn mm min ph trn Internet.
Ubuntu hng n ngi dng ph thng nn c bn a ha vi s gip
ca cng ng ngi dng m m cc loi ngn ng trn th gii (trong
c ting Vit). Bn c th ty chnh ngn ng s dng trong giao din hin th
bt k lc no. Giao din ci t cho php bn thc hin cc thao tc ci t mt
cch nhanh chng v d dng.
Sau khi bn ci t xong, h thng ca bn hon ton c th dng c
ngay m khng cn phi cu hnh, b sung thm g c. Mt lot cc ng dng
cn thit c ci t km theo trong qu trnh ci t Ubuntu.
12/92
Phan Tr Bnh
Chng 2: Cu Trc H Thng Ubuntu

1. Cu trc th mc ca Ubuntu
Ln u tin bc vo khm ph th gii
ca cc "ch chim cnh ct" c l cc bn s
ngc nhin khi thy Ubuntu c kh nhiu th
mc v khng c khi nim a nh trn
Windows. Nhn "b ni" th cu trc v cch t
chc file ca Ubuntu cng khng khc
DOS/Windows v cc h iu hnh khc l
my. Ch c mt im khc bit ln m bn
cn phi ch l cu trc th mc ca Ubuntu
KHNG phn chia thnh cc a. Cho d
bn c bao nhiu a th tt c u bt u t
mt th mc gc c tn l / (root directory).
Mt h thng Ubuntu thng c nhng
th mc sau:
/bin: Th mc ny cha cc file phn
mm thc thi dng nh phn v cc phn mm
khi ng ca h thng.
/boot: Cc file nh (image file) ca kernel dng cho qu trnh khi ng
thng t trong th mc ny.
/dev: Th mc ny cha cc file thit b. Trong th gii Linux v Ubuntu
cc thit b phn cng (device) c xem nh l cc file. a cng v phn vng
cng l file nh hda, hda2, hdb1, hdb2, a mm th mang tn fd0... cc file thit
b ny thng c t trong ny.
/etc: Th mc ny cha cc file cu hnh ton cc ca h thng. C th c
nhiu th mc con trong th mc ny nhng nhn chung chng cha cc file
script khi ng hay phc v cho mc ch cu hnh phn mm trc khi
chy.
/home: Th mc ny cha cc th mc con i din cho mi user khi ng
nhp. Ni y l th vin lm vic thng xuyn ca ngi dng. Khi ngi
qun tr to ti khon cho bn h s cp cho bn mt th mc cng tn vi tn
ti khon nm trong th mc /home. Bn c mi quyn thao tc trn th mc
ca mnh v m khng nh hng n ngi dng khc.
/lib: Th mc ny cha cc file th vin .so (shared object) hoc .a. Cc th
vin C v lin kt ng cn cho phn mm chy v cho ton h thng. Th mc
ny tng t nh th mc SYSTEM32 ca Windows.
Phan Tr Bnh
13/92
Hng Dn
/lost+found: Ci tn nghe l l phi khng cc bn? nhng mang ng

ngha ca n. Khi h h thng khi ng hoc khi bn chy trnh fsck, nu tm
thy mt chui d liu no tht lc trn a cng v khng lin quan n n cc
tp tin, Ubuntu s gp chng li v t trong th mc ny nu cn bn c th
c v gi li d liu b mt.
/media: Th mc ny cha cc kt gn (mount) tm thi n cc a hoc
thit b khc. Bn c th tm thy trong /media cc th mc con nh cdrom
hoc USB.
/sbin: Th mc ny cha cc file thc thi ca h thng dnh cho ngi
qun tr (root).
/tmp: Th mc tm dng cha cc file tm m phn mm to ra trong
lc chy. Cc file ny s c h thng dn dp khi cc phn mm kt thc.
/usr: Th mc ny cha rt nhiu th mc con nh /usr/bin, /usr/local... V
y cng l mt trong nhng th mc con quan trng ca h thng, bn trong
th mc con ny (/usr/local) cng cha y cc th mc con tng t ngoi
th mc gc nh sbin, lib, bin... Nu nng cp h thng th cc phn mm bn
ci t trong th mc /usr/local vn gi nguyn v bn khng phi s cc phn
mm b mt mt. Th mc ny tng t nh th mc C:\Program Files ca
Windows.
/var: Th mc ny cha cc file bin thin bt thng nh cc file d liu
t nhin tng kch thc trong mt thi gian ngn sau li gim kch thc
xung cn rt nh. in hnh l cc file dng lm hng i cha d liu cn a
ra my in hoc cc hng i cha mail.
Ngoi ra cc bn quan tm n lp trnh th tm hiu thm mt s th mc
khc nh:
/usr/include, /usr/local/inlcude: Cha cc file header cn dng khi bin
dch cc phn mm ngun vit bng C/C++.
/usr/src: Th mc cha m ngun k c m ngun ca Ubuntu (Linux).
/usr/man: Cha ti liu hng dn (manual).
C 3 im lu nh m bn cn phi l:
Trong ng dn ca Ubuntu, cc th mc c phn cch nhau bng k
hiu / (trong khi vi DOS/Windows l k hiu \);
Cc tham s ca lnh trong Ubuntu c bt u bng du tr - (VD: ls
-l) trong khi vi DOS/Windows l k hiu / (VD: dir /a); cc tham s ca
Ubuntu c th c dng kt hp vi nhau bng cch vit lin (VD: ls -al, ls
-ls...)
Ubuntu khc vi Windows ch trong tn file Ubuntu phn bit ch hoa
14/92
Phan Tr Bnh

v ch thng. Trong Ubuntu: abc.txt v Abc.txt l hai tn file khc nhau, cn
trong Windows hai tn file u l mt.
2. Ngi dng v quyn hn
Ubuntu l h iu hnh a ngi dng, ngha l nhiu ngi c th truy cp
v s dng mt my tnh ci Ubuntu. Mi ngi mun s dng c my tnh
ci Ubuntu th phi c mt ti khon (account) c ng k. Mt ti khon
gm c mt ti khon ngi dng (username) v mt mt khu (pasword). Hai
ngi khc nhau s c hai ti khon khc nhau (nhng mt khu th c th trng
nhau). c th bt u thao tc v s dng, ngi dng phi thc hin thao tc
ng nhp (login v h thng). Qu trnh ny tm gn li l hai thao tc nhp
vo tn ti khon v mt khu.
* Lu : tn ti khon v mt khu cng phn bit ch hoa v ch
thng. V c bit trong h thng Ubuntu l khi bn nhp vo mt khu,
trn mn hnh s khng hin th bt c k t no(ch trong giao din dng
lnh).
Ubuntu c mt ti khon c bit c tn l root. y l ti khon qun tr,
c quyn hn cao nht, dng thit lp v thay i thng s ca ton b h thng
Ubuntu (cu hnh mng, ci t...).
Mi ngi dng trn Ubuntu c cp mt th mc ring (gi l home
directory), thc cht l mt th mc con ca /home. C dng /home/username;
ngha l nu username bn l mrbinh th home directory ca bn l
/home/mrbinh. Ring i vi accout root th home directory l /root. Cc user c
th cng thuc mt nhm (group) hoc l khc nhm; cc user trong cng mt
nhm th c quyn hn nh nhau. Thng th tt c cc user u thuc vo
nhm User (tr root v cc account dnh ring cho h thng).
Mi ngi dng ch c quyn thao tc trong th mc ring ca mnh (v
nhng th mc khc c php ca h thng) m thi. Ngi dng ny khng
th truy cp vo th mc ring ca user khc (tr trng hp c chnh ngi
dng hoc root cho php). Mi tp tin (file) v th mc trn Ubuntu u
c "ng k ch quyn", ngha l thuc v mt ngi dng v nhm no .
Thng th tp tin v th mc c to bi ngi dng no th s thuc v
ngi dng . VD: username ca bn l mrbinh, bn thuc nhm User v bn
to ra mt tp tin c tn l myfile.txt th tp tin myfile.txt s c nh du l
"ngi s hu: mrbinh; thuc v nhm: user". Nhng ngi dng khc khng
th truy cp c myfile.txt nu khng c php ca bn. Bn hon ton c th
thay i "ch s hu" ca tp tin/th mc bng cc lnh ca Ubuntu. Bn hon
ton c th t myfile.txt thuc v user mrbinh nhng li thuc v nhm guests
(mc d user mrbinh khng nm trong nhm guests).
Phan Tr Bnh
15/92
Hng Dn
3. Ca s dng lnh (Terminal)

y thc cht l mn hnh x l cc lnh ca Ubuntu, khi chy ch
Text. Trong ch ha, n l trnh Ca s dng lnh, nm menu
Application (ng dng) trong mc Accessories (B tr). i khi c nhng lnh
phi thc hin qua thao tc dng lnh. V sau c nhng ch no cn nhp cc
lnh th bn ch nhng lnh ny phi nhp trong ca s dng lnh, v c
chng ti bi mu xm nht.
Cc lu khi nhp lnh: Cc lnh, tn th mc v tn tp tin phi c g
chnh xc tng ch ci (trong Ubuntu phn bit ch hoa v ch thng). Sau khi
g xong mt lnh bn ng qun nhn phm Enter Ubuntu bt u thc hin
lnh .
- Trong ca s dng lnh c mt s t hp phm hay s dng, bn hy nh
k t hp phm ny
Ctrl-C: Trong trng hp bn cm thy "c ci g bt n" xy ra,
hay l phn mm bn chy khng chu dng th bn hy th nhn t hp phm
ny. 99% phn mm ca Ubuntu chy trn ch text u c th c/b kt
thc bng t hp phm ny.
Ctrl-Alt-Del: tng t nh trong DOS. T hp phm ny s khi
ng li my tnh.
Ctrl-D: khi mt phn mm yu cu bn nhp d liu t bn phm,
bn c th nhn t hp phn ny bo cho phn mm bit l qu trnh nhp d
liu kt thc. T hp phm ny s gi tn hiu EOF (End Of File) n phn
mm.. Nu nhn Ctrl-D m khng thy "xi nh", bn th g vo EOF (ba ch
ci E, O v F) ri nhn phm Enter.
ESC: y l phm Esc gc tri, pha trn ca bn phm, trc khi
nhn Ctrl-C
Ctrl + Shift + C : sao chp ( khng s dng Ctrl + C)
Ctrl + Shift + V : dn sao chp ( khng s dng Ctrl + C)
- Sau y l mt s lnh thng dng trong ca s dng lnh:
#sudo: chuyn t ti khon hin ti sang ti khon khc
#sudo i: chuyn sang ti khon quyn qun tr
#ten_ung_dung: khi ng ng dng t ca s dng lnh
#man <lnh cn tham kho>: Hin thng tin tham kho v lnh.
VD: man wget
#ls: hin danh sch cc file v th mc trong th mc hin hnh
#ps: hin danh sch cc phn mm ang chy
16/92
Phan Tr Bnh

#cd: chuyn th mc
#cd / : chuyn ra th mc gc
*Lu : ng dn s dng trong cc lnh phn bit ch hoa ch
thng.
4. Mn hnh lm vic Desktop

y l khng gian lm vic chnh sau khi bn ng nhp. T mn hnh ny
bn s dng lm vic vi cc phn mm, ng dng cng nh theo di cc
trng thi lm vic ca h thng thng qua cc Windows (ca s)
Phan Tr Bnh
17/92
Hng Dn
Chng 3: Mi Trng Ha Unity trn Ubuntu 11.04

1. Giao din Gnome:
Ln u xem qua, bn s thy nhiu s ging nhau gia Ubuntu v cc
h iu hnh khc nh Windows hoc Mac OS X. iu ny l v tt c chng
u da vo khi nim ca mt giao din ha cho ngi s dng (GUI) ngha l, bn s dng chut ca bn di chuyn trong mi trng ha, m
cc chng trnh, di chuyn cc tp, v thc hin hu ht cc nhim v khc.
Ni ngn gn, mi th rt hng trc gic.
Tt c cc h iu hnh da trn GUI u s dng mt mi trng ha.
Cc mi trng ha nhn mnh nhiu th, nh l vic nhn v cm nhn h
thng ca bn, cng nh cch m mi trng ha c t chc, c tri ra,
v c dch chuyn bi ngi s dng.
Trong cc pht hnh Linux (nh Ubuntu), c mt s cc mi trng ha
sn sng s dng. Mt trong nhng mi trng ha ph bin nht c
gi l GNOME, m n c s dng mt cch mc nh trong Ubuntu. KDE,
XFCE, v LXDE l cc mi trng ha ph bin khc (c s dng trong
Kubuntu, Xubuntu, v Lubuntu, mt cch tng ng), v cn c nhiu hn na.
Giao din Gnome s dng trn Ubuntu c 3 dng c bn sau:
Gnome Classic: S dng cho phin bn 10.10 tr v trc
Unity: S dng cho phin bn 11.04 v sau
Gnome Shell: phin bn giao din ha khng c Ubuntu s dng
mt nh, (c th ci t sau)
Gnome Classic
18/92
Phan Tr Bnh
Gnome Shell
Unity
Phan Tr Bnh
19/92
Hng Dn
2. Bt u s dng Ubuntu vi Unity

2.1 S dng Trnh khi ng (Launcher) bt u ng dng
Launcher l mt trong nhng thnh phn quan trng ca Unity.
Khi ln u tin ng nhp vo my tnh ca bn, n s xut hin dc
theo pha bn tay tri ca mn hnh. Launcher cho php bn truy cp
nhanh vo cc ng dng, cc khng gian lm vic v tm kim, cng
nh thng rc.
Nu m bn mun bt u s dng mt ng dng trong Trnh
khi ng, bn c th nhp vo biu tng ca ng dng , v n s
bt u cho bn s dng.
2.1.1 M Launcher
Bn c th nhn thy rng Launcher s n khi n tip xc vi
mt ng dng ang m. Bn c th lm cho n xut hin tr li bng
mt s cch khc nhau.
- Di chuyn con tr chut ca bn v pha bn tri st mp ca
mn hnh v y con tr chng li cc cnh ca mn hnh. Launcher
s xut hin sau mt thi gian ngn .
- Di chuyn con tr chut ca bn n gc trn bn tri ca
mn hnh. Launcher s xut hin ngay lp tc.
- Bm v gi phm meta. Launcher s xut hin, v con s s xut hin
trn cc biu tng Launcher .iu ny cho php bn nhn bt k mt trong
cc con s bt u ng dng .
2.1.2 Gn v g b cc ng dng trn Launcher
thm mt ng dng vo
Launcher, chng ta lm nh sau: khi
mt ng dng ang chy, Click phi vo
biu tng ca ng dng trn Launcher
chn Gi trong b khi chy.
Th t v tr cc biu tng ca ng
dng trn Launcher c th c thay i bng cch: gi v ko mt biu tng
ra khi Launcher ri t n vo v tr mong mun
loi b mt biu tng ca ng
dng ra khi Launcher, kch chut phi
vo biu tng ng dng v chn Loi
khi b khi chy.
20/92
Phan Tr Bnh

2.2 Tm cc ng dng v cc tp tin vi Dash
Dash cho php bn tm kim cc ng dng v cc tp tin, hin th cc ng
dng v cc tp tin m bn s dng gn y. Nu bn tng lm vic trn
mt bng tnh hoc chnh sa mt hnh nh v qun mt ni bn lu n, bn
chc chn s thy tnh nng ny ca Dash l hu ch.
Dash bao gm mt thanh tm kim, cc li tt m ng dng v cc tp
tin
bt u s dng Dash, nhp chut vo logo ca Ubuntu trong phn trn
bn tri ca mn hnh, hoc nhn phm meta. n Dash, nhn phm Esc, hoc
thc hin thao tc nh m Dash.
Thanh tm kim l mt thanh tm kim ton cc, c ngha l bn c th s

dng n tm kim cho c hai ng dng v cc tp tin. s dng thanh tm
kim ton cc, m Dash v sau ch cn bt u g tn v biu tng ca ng
dng c lin quan v cc tp tin s xut hin ngay sau khi bn bt u nhp vn
bn.
Kt qu ng dng c lin quan s xut hin trong mt hng, v kt qu tp
tin c lin quan s xut hin trong mt hng th hai. Nu khng c ng dng
ph hp vi truy vn tm kim ca bn, th kt qu s ch xut hin danh sch
cc tp tin tng ng.Tng t nh vy, nu khng c tp tin ph hp vi truy
vn ca bn, ch c danh sch ng dng xut hin.
2.3 Ca s v vng lm vit
Ging nh cc h iu khc, Ubuntu s dng giao din cc ca s hin
th cc ng dng ca bn. S dng c hai Dashv Launcher, bn c th khi
ng cc ng dng mi v kim sot nhng ca s ang hot ng .
Phan Tr Bnh
21/92
Hng Dn
V bn cng c th nhm cc ca s ca ng dng vo cng trong vng

lm vic. (y l im khc bit so vi Windown)
2.3.1 Lm vic vi cc ca s
Phng to v b phng to (khi phc) mt ca s
phng to ca s, kch p vo thanh tiu ca ca s, Hoc nhn vo
nt hnh ch nht nh trn thanh tiu ca ca s.
Mt cch khc phng to ca s l bm vo thanh tiu ca ca s ng
dng, v ko n vo pha trn ca mn hnh. Khi con tr chut chm vo u
ca mn hnh, ton b mn hnh s c chn. Th nt chut phng to ton
mn hnh.
Hoc nhn t hp phm Alt + Space (space l phm cch, thanh di nm
di cng gia bn phm) m menu thanh tiu sau chn phng to.
y l cch m rt nhiu ngi a dng.
khi phc li ca s vi kch thc ban u ca n, click vo thanh tiu
ca ng dng, v ko n xung khi thanh Panel. Sau khi ca s b tch ra
khi thanh Panel, n s khi phc li trng thi ban u (b phng to) . Hoc
nhn vo nt ging nh du tr trn thanh tiu
Mt cch khc l nhn t hp phm Alt + Space (space l phm cch, thanh
di nm di cng gia bn phm) m menu thanh tiu sau chn b
phng to. y l cch m rt nhiu ngi a dng.
Thu nh v m li ca s
thu nh mt ca s, bn c th: Nhn vo nt trng ging nh mt du
"-" trong thanh tiu ca ng dng . Nu ng dng c phng to (chim ton
b mn hnh ca bn), thanh tiu s xut hin trn cng ca mn hnh
(trng vi thanh menu).
Khi bn thu nh mt ng dng, ca s ng dng 'bin mt' vo Launcher
(b khi chy). ng dng ny c th c ly ra li bng cch m Launcher v
nhp vo biu tng ca ng dng , hoc bng cch nhn Alt + Tab thng
qua chu k cc ng dng ang m ca bn.
Thay i khch c ca s
thay i khch c ca ca s, u tin bn phi ca s ch
khng phng to, khng thu nh.
Cch n gin nht thay i kch thc ca s ca bn l di chuyn con
tr chut ln cc gc ca ca s cho n khi n thay i thnh mt con tr-gc.
Khi n tr thnh con tr-gc, nhn + gi + ko chut thay i kch thc ca
s trong bt k hng no.
22/92
Phan Tr Bnh

Bn cng c th thay i kch thc theo chiu ngang bng cch di chuyn
con tr chut vo mp bn tri hoc bn phi ca ca s cho n khi n thay i
thnh mt con tr-bn. Khi n tr thnh mt con tr-bn, nhn + gi + ko
chut thay i kch thc ca s theo chiu ngang.
thay i kch thc theo hng thng ng, di chuyn con tr chut vo
mp trn cng hoc di cng ca ca s cho n khi n thay i thnh mt con
tr-trn hoc con tr-di tng ng. Khi , hy chn + gi + ko chut
thay i kch thc ca s theo hng thng ng.
Di chuyn v ng ca s
di chuyn ca s bn nhn v gi chut thanh tiu ca ca s v di
chuyn chut.
Mt cch khc l gi phm Alt sau bm gi chut vo bt c ni no
trong ca s, di chuyn chut di chuyn ca s
ng ca s bn c th lm theo cc cch sau:
Nhn t hp phm Alt + F4
Bm chut vo nt hnh X trn thanh tiu ca ca s.
Hoc nhn t hp phm Alt + Space m menu thanh tiu sau chn
ng
Chuyn i gia cc ca s
S dng Launcher :
Khi bn vo Laucher cc ng dng ang chy c mt mi tn hnh tam
gic nh mu trng bn tri. Nhp chut vo biu tng ng dng ang chy
chuyn sang n. Nu mt ng dng ang chy c nhiu ca s ang m, s c
nhiu mi tn mu trng bn tri. Nhp vo biu tng ng dng ln th hai
hin th tt c ca s ang m c thu nh. Nhp vo ca s m bn mun
chuyn sang.
S dng phm tt:
Gi phm Alt v sau nhn Tab , mt b chuyn i ca s xut hin.
iu ny cho thy mt danh sch cc ca s bn m, vi s xem trc.
- Bn c th tip tc nhn Tab nhiu ln i n ca s bn mun.
- chuyn sang ca s trc , gi phm Alt v nhn phm Shift +
Tab.
Bn cng c th chuyn sang ca s bt k bng cch: Nhn Windows +
W hin th tt c ca s thu nh, v nhp chut vo ca s m bn mun
chuyn sang.
Phan Tr Bnh
23/92
Hng Dn
2.3.2 Lm vic vi cc vng lm vic

Vng lm vic dng nhm cc ca s ang
m ca bn vo nhng khu vc ring nhm lm tng
khng gian lm vic trn Desktop, gim s ln xn
v lm cho cc ca s trn Desktop d dng qun l
hn.
Bn c th s dng khng gian lm vic t
chc cng vic ca bn. V d, bn c th nhm tt
c cc ca s ng dng internet ca bn, chng hn
nh email v cc ng dng chat trn mt vng lm vic v bn lm vic trn
mt vng lm vic khc, hoc l bn c th nhm cc ca s qun l m nhc
vo mt khng gian lm vic th ba.
M Launcher v nhp vo biu tng Vng lm vic tt gn pha di .
Theo mc nh, Ubuntu cho thy 4 vng lm vic, sp xp 2 hng v 2 ct . Bn
c th thay i s lng ca vng lm vic mt cch d dng bng cch:
M Terminal .
- thay i s lng hng, g lnh sau, thay i s cui cng v s
lng bn mun. Nhn Enter.
gconftool-2 - type = int - thit lp / apps/compiz-1/general/screen0/options/vsize
2
- thay i s lng ct, g lnh sau, thay i s cui cng v s lng
bn mun. Nhn Enter.
gconftool-2 - type = int - thit lp / apps/compiz-1/general/screen0/options/hsize
2
Chuyn i gia cc vng lm vic
- S dng biu tng Vng lm vic tt trn thanh Launcher
M Launcher v nhp chut vo nt Vng lm vic tt ph di thanh
Launcher. Nhp p chut vo bt k ca s hay vng lm vic no m bn
mun i ti, hoc nhn vo nt Vng lm vic tt mt ln na tr v vng
lm vic c
- S dng bn phm: Nhn t hp phm Ctrl+Alt+ ( , , ) di
chuyn t vng lm vic hin ti qua vng lm vic bn phi (bn tri, bn di,
bn trn)
Di chuyn ca s vo vng lm vic khc
Bn c th di chuyn mt ca s vng lm vic ny qua vng lm vic
khc nh sau:
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Phan Tr Bnh

M Launcher v nhp vo Vng lm vic tt nt gn pha di thanh
Launcher. Sau ko ca s vo lm vic m bn chn.
Mt cch nhanh hn di chuyn ca s gia vng lm vic bng cch s
dng bn phm: Nhn t hp phm Ctrl + Alt + Shift + ( , , ) di chuyn
ca s vng lm vic hin ti n vng lm vic bn phi (tri, di , trn).
2.4: Log out, power off, switch users
Khi bn hon tt cc cng vic v tm thi khng s dng my tnh na
bn c th Kha mn hnh, ng xut hay chuyn i ngi dng, Tm
dng hoc Ng ng hay Tt My Tnh i
2.4.1 ng xut, ng nhp v chuyn i ngi dng
cho php ngi khc s dng my tnh ca bn m khng nh hng
n d liu ca bn, bn c th ng xut hoc chuyn i ngi dng
Vic ng xut s kt thc phin lm vic ca bn. Vic chuyn i ngi
dng th gi li phin lm vic ca bn, khi bn thc hin vic chuyn i ngi
dng tt c cc ng dng ca bn vn tip tc chy v khi bn ng nhp tr li
tt c mi th vn nh trc khi bn thc hin vic chuyn i
ng xut hay chuyn i ngi dng, nhp vo menu phin (session
menu) trn thanh Panel pha bn phi v chn ty chn thch hp
2.4.2 Kha mn hnh

Nu bn ri khi my tnh ca bn trong mt thi gian ngn, bn nn kha
mn hnh, ngn chn ngi khc truy cp vo cc tp tin ca bn v chy cc
ng dng. Khi bn quay li, ch cn nhp vo mt khu ca bn ng nhp
tr li, Mc nh, nu bn khng kha mn hnh ca bn, ubuntu s t ng
kha sau mt khong thi gian nht nh.
kha mn hnh ca bn, nhp vo trnh n phin trong bng iu khin
v chn Kha mn hnh.
Phan Tr Bnh
25/92
Hng Dn
Khi mn hnh ca bn b kha, ngi dng khc c th ng nhp vo ti

khon ca ring h bng cch nhn vo chuyn i ngi dng trn mn hnh
mt khu. Bn c th chuyn tr li Desktop ca bn khi h kt thc.
2.4.3 Tt my hoc khi ng li
Nu bn mun tt ngun my tnh, hoc khi ng li: nhp vo menu
phin v chn Tt my hoc Khi ng li.
Ch : Nu c nhiu ngi dng khc ng nhp, bn c th khng c
php tt ngun hoc khi ng li my tnh, v iu ny s kt thc cc phin
lm vic khc. Nu bn l ngi dng hnh chnh, bn c th c yu cu
nhp mt khu ca bn tt ngun.
26/92
Phan Tr Bnh
Chng 4: Qun L V Tm Kim Tp Tin, Th Mc

1. Duyt cc tp tin v th mc
S dng Trnh Qun L tp tin truy cp n cc tp tin v cc th mc
trn my tnh, hoc trn cc thit b lu tr bn ngoi, v trn cc my tnh chia
s tp tin khc.
Lm th no m chng trnh qun l tp tin ?:
S dng cch Tm kim cc tp tin v th mc bn trong Dash, cng ging
nh cch m bn tm cc ng dng. Cc tp tin c tm thy v s xut hin
bn di.
Mt cch khc m cc chng trnh qun l tp tin l chn biu tng
Home trn thanh Laucher.
Trong chng trnh qun l tp tin, nhn p vo bt k th mc no
xem ni dung ca n, v nhn p vo bt k tp tin no m n bng chng
trnh mc nh cho tp tin .
Bn cng c th nhn phi chut vo mt th mc m trong thanh mi
hoc m trong ca s mi.
Thanh ng dn trn danh sch cc tp tin v th mc cho bn thy th
mc m bn ang xem, bao gm c cc th mc cha n th mc home ca bn,
th mc gc ca mt thit b bn ngoi, hoc th mc gc ca h thng tp tin
ca bn. Nhp vo mt th mc cha trong thanh ng dn i n th mc
. Kch chut phi vo bt k th mc trong thanh ng dn m n trong
mt thanh mi hoc ca s mi, bn c th sao chp hoc di chuyn n, hoc c
th xem thuc tnh ca n.
Bn c th truy cp nhanh vo nhng ni thng dng t sidebar. Nu bn

khng thy sidebar, nhn vo Trnh by Khung bn Hin khung bn (F9) .
Phan Tr Bnh
27/92
Hng Dn
Bn c th thm th mc m bn hay s dng vo Bookmark v n s xut hin

trong sidebar.
Nu bn thng xuyn di chuyn gia cc th mc lng nhau, bn s tm
thy nhiu tin ch hn bng cch hin th cc kt qu tm thy bn cnh sidebar.
Nhn vo Trnh by Khung bn Cy m cy Sidebar. Nhn vo nt
m rng bn cnh mt th mc hin th cc th mc con ca n, hoc nhn
vo mt th mc m n.
2. Sao chp v di chuyn tp tin v th mc.
Mt tp tin hoc th mc c th sao chp hoc di chuyn bng 3 cch sau:
Gi, ko v th chut.
S dng lnh sao chp v dn.
S dng phm tt.
V d 1: Sao chp mt tp tin :
1. Chn i tng m bn mun sao chp.
2. Nhn vo menu Chnh sa Chp, hoc s dng phm tt Ctrl+C.
3. Chn v tr mi cn t i tng sao chp.
4. Nhn vo menu Chnh Sa Dn, hoc nhn Ctrl+V hon tt
qu trnh sao chp tp tin.
V d 2: Di chuyn mt tp tin:
1. Chn i tng m bn mun di chuyn.
2. Nhn vo menu Chnh sa Ct, hoc nhn Ctrl+X.
3. Chn v tr mi cn t i tng di chuyn n.
4. Nhn vo menu Chnh sa Dn, hoc nhn Ctrl+V hon tt
qu trnh di chuyn tp tin.
Lu :Ti sao khng th sao chp/di chuyn mt tp tin.
Bn khng th sao chp hoc di chuyn mt tp tin trong th mc v c th
th mc gn quyn ch c. C ngha l mt vi th mc ch cho php bn
c c, bn khng c quyn thay i ni dung ca th mc . Bn ch c th
thc hin quyn sao chp hoc di chuyn bng cch thay i quyn trong Quyn
hn.
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3. Xa tp tin v th mc.
Nu bn thy mt tp tin hoc th mc khng cn thit, bn c th xa n
i.
Khi bn xa mt tp tin th mu tin s c di chuyn n thng rc, tp
tin vn s c lu tr ti cho n khi bn thng rc i. Mt vi tp tin
c lu tr trong thng rc c th c phc hi bng cch nhn phi chut
chn khi phc hoc xa i vnh vin bng cch chn rc hoc Xa vnh
vin.
3.1 Cch xa mt tp tin:
1. Chn tp tin m bn thy khng cn thit.
2. Nhn phm Delete trn bn phm. Hoc c th click gi v ko tp
tin th chut ti v tr thng rc trn thanh Sidebar.
3.2 Xa mt tp tin vnh vin.
Bn c th xa ngay mt tp tin, m tp tin s khng a vo trong
thng rc.
1. Chn i tng m bn mun xa.
2. Nhn v gi phm Shift sau nhn Delete trn bn phm ca bn.
3. Bi v bn khng th phc hi i tng , bn s nhn c mt
yu cu xc nhn c chc chn mun xa tp tin hoc th mc ny khng.
Nu bn thng xuyn xa tp tin m khng mun chng gi li trong
thng rc (v d: bn thng xuyn lm vic vi cc d liu nhy cm), bn c
th thm mt mc delete bng cch nhn chut vo thanh trnh n ca tp tin
v th mc. Nhn Chnh sa Ty Chnh Chn th Hnh vi. nh du
Check vo Bao gm lnh xa khng i qua st rc.
4. i tn tp tin v th mc.
1. M trnh qun l tp tin.
2. Nhn phi chut mt tp tin hoc th mc v chn i tn, hoc
chn mt tp tin v nhn phm F2.
3. G vo tn mi v nhn Enter.
Bn cng c th i tn t thuc tnh ca mt tp tin.
Mt s li khi t tn mt tp tin.
Bn c th s dng bt k k t c bit no t tn tp tin ngoi tr cc
Phan Tr Bnh
29/92
Hng Dn
k t sau y: , \, ?, *, <, ", :, >, /.

Nu tn tp tin ca bn l .ABC vi . l k t u tin, th tp tin s l
tp tin n.
5. Tm tp tin.
Bn c th tm tp tin theo tn hoc theo loi hoc theo ng dn bng
trnh qun l tp tin. Bn thm ch c th lu cc tm kim ph bin, v n s
xut hin nh l th mc c bit trong th mc Home ca bn.
5.1 Tm kim
1. M trnh qun l tp tin ln.
2. Nu bn bit tp tin m bn mun tm nm trong mt th mc c th,
bn hy chn th mc .
3. Nhn tm kim trong thanh cng c, hoc nhn Ctrl+F.
4. G vo t hoc nhiu t m bn bit xut hin trong hp thoi v

nhn phm Enter. Cho v d, nu tn ca tt c ha n ca bn c t
Ha n, g t ha n vo hp thoi. N s xut hin nhiu tp tin
tm thy cho bn chn.
5. Bn c th thu hp kt qu bng cch chn th mc khc nhau trong
v tr. Hoc nhn vo V tr v chn loi tp tin t danh sch th xung
thu hp kt qu ca bn da trn loi tp tin. Nhp vo nt + thm
nhiu b lc nu bn mun thu hp da trn v tr v loi tp tin. Khi bn
thc hin thay i, nhp vo Ti li tm kim mt ln na.
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6. Bn th m, sao chp, xa, hoc nu khng lm vic vi cc tp tin

ca bn t cc kt qu tm kim, cng ging nh bn s lm vic t bt k
th mc no trong b qun l tp tin.
7. Nhn chut vo Tm kim trn thanh cng c mt ln na thot
khi tm kim.
Nu bn thc hin vic tm kim thng xuyn, bn c th lu nhng tp
tin ny ln sau truy cp nhanh hn.
5.2 Lu tm kim
1. Bt u mt tm kim nh trn.
2. Khi bn hi lng vi cc kt qu tm kim, hy nhp vo menu Tp tin
Lu tm kim dng.
3. Nhp tn tm kim v nhn Lu. Nu bn thch, bn c
th ty chn mt th mc khc lu cc tm kim. Khi
bn xem th mc , bn s thy tm kim ca bn lu li
di dng mt biu tng th mc mu cam vi mt knh
lp trn .
6. Sp xp tp tin v th mc.
Trong mt th mc bn c nhiu cch thc sp xp mt tp tin, v d
bn c th sp xp theo ngy hoc theo kch c.
Cch m bn c th sp xp cc tp tin ph thuc vo th mc m bn ang
s dng. Bn c th thay i cch xem hin ti bng cch s dng thanh menu
Trnh by v chn mt trong cc mc:
Theo biu tng
Theo danh sch
Theo kiu gn
Khi bn thay i cch sp xp cc mu tin trong mt th mc, th n ch c
hiu lc trong th mc .Chng trnh qun l tp tin s nh cch sp xp
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Hng Dn
chn cho th mc , nhng nhng th mc khc s c sp xp trt t theo

mc nh ca n.
Ta c nhiu cch khc nhau sp xp mt tp tin, nhn phi chut vo
mt vng trng trn folder v chn mc sp xp ni dung. Trong c nhiu
mc bn chn:
Th cng
Theo tn
Theo kch c
Theo loi
Theo ngy thay i
Th t ngc
7. Duyt tp tin c chia s trn my ch hoc trong mng ni b.
Bn c th kt ni vi mt my ch hoc my chia s ti nguyn mng
duyt v xem cc tp tin trn my ch , chnh xc nh l ang xem trn my
tnh ca ring bn. y l mt cch thun tin ti v hoc ti ln cc tp tin
trn internet, hoc chia s cc tp tin vi nhng ngi khc trong mng ni
b ca bn.
duyt cc tp tin qua mng, u tin m trnh qun l tp tin.
Nhn Duyt mng trong thanh Sidebar, hoc chn t menu Nhy n
Mng. Trnh qun l tp tin s tm thy bt k my tnh trn mng ni b ca
bn v thng bo kh nng n cc my ch tp tin. Nu bn mun kt ni n
mt my ch trn internet, hoc nu bn khng nhn thy my tnh m bn ang
tm kim, bn c th kt ni n mt my ch bng cch g a ch internet / a
ch mng.
7.1 Kt ni n my ch tp tin.
1. Trong trnh qun l tp tin nhn vo menu Tp tin Kt ni n
my phc v.
2. Nhp vo a ch my ch, chn loi my ch, v nhp bt k thng
tin b sung theo yu cu. Sau nhn Kt ni. Thng tin chi tit v cc
loi my ch c lit k bn di.
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Phan Tr Bnh
3. Mt ca s mi s m ra hin th cho bn cc tp tin trn my ch.

Bn c th duyt cc tp tin cng ging nh bn ang truy cp trn my
tnh ca ring bn.
Cc my ch cng s c thm vo thanh Sidebar bn c th truy cp
n mt cch nhanh chng trong tng lai.
7.2 Chia s trn Windows
Cc my tnh Windows s dng mt giao thc c quyn chia s tp tin
qua mt mng cc b. My tnh trn mng Windows i khi c nhm li vo
cc lnh vc v t chc v kim sot truy cp tt hn. Nu bn c quyn truy
cp, bn c th kt ni n mt chia s ca my Windows t trnh qun l tp
tin.
8. Thuc tnh tp tin.
xem thng tin v mt tp tin hoc th mc, click phi vo n v chn
Thuc tnh. Hoc bn c th chn tp tin hoc th mc sau nhn Alt
+Enter.
Ca s thuc tnh tp tin cho bn thy thng tin nh l cc kiu tp tin, kch
thc ca tp tin, v c khi bn sa i n ln cui. Nu bn cn thng tin ny
thng xuyn, bn c th c n hin th trong ct danh sch xem hoc biu
tng ch thch. Bn cng c th s dng ca s ny thit lp quyn hn truy
cp tp tin v chn ng dng m cc tp tin.
9. Tm mt tp tin b lc mt.
Nu bn to hoc ti v mt tp tin, nhng by gi bn khng tm thy n,
nhng hng dn sau y s gip bn tm ra n:
Nu bn khng nh v tr lu tr tp tin, nhng bn c vi ngh lin
Phan Tr Bnh
33/92
Hng Dn
quan n tn ca n, bn c th tm tp tin bng tn.(xem li phn tm kim tp

tin).
Nu bn ti v mt tp tin t Internet, trnh duyt web ca bn s t ng
lu vo mt th mc hay dng. Kim tra th mc Desktop v th mc
Download trong th mc Home ca bn.
Nu bn l xa i mt tp tin. Khi bn xa mt tp tin, n c di
chuyn n st rc, n s nm cho n khi bn lm rng thng rc.( khi
phc tp tin trong thng rc xem phn xa tp tin).
Bn c th i tn tp tin trong cc tp tin n. Cc tp tin m bt u vi
bng . hoc kt thc vi ~ c n trong Trnh qun l tp tin.
10. M tp tin bng chng trnh ng dng khc.
Khi bn nhn p vo tp tin trong Trnh qun l tp tin, n s c m
bng chng trnh mc nh cho loi tp tin . Hoc bn c th m n bng
chng trnh ng dng khc, tm kim trc tuyn cho cc ng dng, hoc thit
lp cc ng dng mc nh cho tt c cc tp tin cng loi.
m mt tp tin vi mt ng dng khc vi mc nh, bn nhn phi
chut vo tp tin v chn ng dng m bn mun t pha trn cng ca trnh
n. Nu bn khng nhn thy ng dng m bn mun, nhn M bng ng
dng khc. Theo mc nh, Trnh qun l tp tin ch hin th cc ng dng n
bit c th x l cc tp tin. xem xt thng qua tt c cc ng dng trn my
tnh ca bn, Click vo Hin ng dng khc.
Nu bn vn khng tm thy chng trnh m bn mun, bn c th tm
ng dng bng cch nhn vo Tm ng dng trc tuyn.
Trnh qun l tp tin s tm kim trc tuyn cho cc gi c cha cc ng
dng c bit n x l cc tp tin ca loi .
10.1 Thay i ng dng mc nh.
Bn c th thay i ng dng mc nh c s dng m cc tp tin ca
mt loi nht nh. iu ny s cho php bn m cc ng dng a thch ca bn
khi bn kch p vo m mt tp tin.
1. Chn mt tp tin ca loi ng dng m bn mun thay i lm mc nh.
2. Nhn chut phi vo tp tin v chn Thuc tnh.
3. Chn Tab M bng.
4. Chn mt chng trnh m bn mun v click vo Chn lm mc nh.
Theo mc nh, qun l tp tin ch hin th cc ng dng n bit c th x
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l cc tp tin. xem xt thng qua tt c cc ng dng trn my tnh ca
bn, nhp vo Hin ng dng khc.
11. M mt ng dng khi bn gn thm thit b lu tr bn ngoi vo.
Bn c th c mt chng trnh chy t ng khi bn cm mt thit b vo
my tnh. V d, bn c th sp xp nh ca mnh khi bn bt u cm mt
camera k thut s vo my tnh, hoc bn cng c th tt chc nng ny.
1. thc thi cc ng dng nn bt u khi bn cm thit b khc nhau:
Nhp vo biu tng
bn phi ca thanh Panel v chn Thit lp h
thng.
2. M Thit b lu tr di ng c th g b hoc thay i cc ty chn
di Chn cch x l thit b lu tr.
Thay v ch n gin ch bt u cho mt ng dng, bn cng c th thit

lp n :
Thit b ny s c hin th trong Trnh qun l tp tin (chn M th
mc)
Bn s c thng bo yu cu lm g (Hi cn phi lm g)
Khng c g tt c cc trng hp s xy ra (Khng lm g).
3. Cc ty chn phn mm l hi khc nhau - nu my tnh pht hin c
phn mm trn mt a m bn a vo, n c th c gng t ng
chy cc phn mm nu bn thch. iu ny l tt nu bn c mt ng
dng ci t trn mt a CD v mun n bt u khi a c a vo
(v d, mt slideshow).
4. Nu bn khng nhn thy thit b hoc loi phng tin truyn thng m
bn mun thay i trong danh sch (v d nh a Blu-ray hoc u c
sch in t), Click vo Thit b lu tr khc xem danh sch chi tit
ca thit b.
Phan Tr Bnh
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Hng Dn
12. G b an ton mt thit b lu tr di ng.

Khi bn s dng cc thit b lu tr bn ngoi nh a flash USB, bn
nn tt chng mt cch an ton trc khi rt ra khi my tinh. Nu bn ch cn
rt cm mt thit b, bn c nguy c b hng thit b trong khi mt ng dng vn
cn s dng n, v c th dn n mt s tp tin ca bn b mt hoc b h
hng.
Khi bn s dng mt a quang, nh mt a CD hoc DVD, bn c th s
dng cc bc tng t y a t my tnh ca bn.
1. M trnh qun l tp tin.
2. Xc nh v tr cc thit b trong thanh bn. N cn phi c mt biu
tng nh y ra
bn cnh tn ca thit b. Nhp vo biu tng y
g b mt cch an ton hoc y thit b CD/DVD ra khi my tnh.
Ngoi ra, bn c th nhp phi vo thit b v chn y ra hoc Tho gn

kt.
Nu bn c bt k tp tin c lu tr trn thit b ang m bt k ng
dng no, bn s khng th g b cc thit b mt cch an ton. Bn s c
nhc vi mt ca s ni vi bn rng "Khi tin ang bn", v lit k tt c cc
tp tin m trn thit b. Mt khi bn ng tt c cc tp tin trn thit b, thit b
s t ng c g b an ton.
Nu bn khng th ng mt trong cc tp tin, v d nu ng dng c s
dng m cc tp tin ang b kha, Bn c th phi Click phi vo tp tin trong
danh sch tp tin ca ca s Khi tin ang bn v chn Chm dt tin trnh.
iu ny s buc ton b ng dng b ng li v gii phng tp tin
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Chng 5: ng Dng Mng V Internet

1. Trnh duyt Web.
1.1 Thay i mt trang web mc nh.
Khi bn click vo mt lin kt n mt trang web trong bt k ng dng
no, mt trnh duyt web s t ng m trang . Tuy nhin, nu bn c nhiu
hn mt trnh duyt c ci t, cc trang khng th m ra trong trnh duyt
web a thch ca bn. khc phc iu ny, thay i trnh duyt web mc
nh:
1. Nhp vo biu tng
bn phi ca bng iu khin v chn Thit
lp h thng.
2. Khi chy trnh Thng tin h thng v chn ng dng mc nh trong
danh sch pha bn tri ca ca s.
3. Chn trnh duyt web m bn mun lin kt s c m bng cch thay

i cc ty chn Web.
Khi bn m mt trnh duyt web khc nhau, n c th cho bn bit rng n

khng phi l trnh duyt mc nh na. Nu iu ny xy ra, nhp vo nt Hy
(hoc tng t) n khng c gng thit lp chnh n nh l trnh duyt
mc nh mt ln na.
1.2 Ci t Flash plug-in
Flash l mt plug-in cho trnh duyt web ca bn m cho php bn xem
video v s dng tnh tng tc trn mt s trang web. Mt s trang web s
khng lm vic m khng c Flash.
Phan Tr Bnh
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Hng Dn
Nu bn khng ci t Flash, bn c th s thy mt thng bo hng dn

cho bn, khi bn truy cp mt trang web phi cn c flash.
Lm th no ci t Flash.
1. Nhp vo biu tng Trung tm phn mm trn Launcher v tm kim
flash.
2. c thng tin v nh gi m bo rng bn mun ci t Flash.
3. Nu bn chn ci t Flash, nhp vo Ci t t ca s Trung tm phn
mm.
4. Nu bn c bt k trnh duyt no ang m, bn phi ng chng v sau
m li chng. Cc trnh duyt web s pht hin Flash c ci t khi
bn m n mt ln na, v by gi bn c th xem cc trang web s
dng Flash.
1.3 Ci t trnh duyt Java plug-in.
Mt s trang web s dng cc chng trnh Java nh, i hi trnh duyn
phi c ci t mt plugin Java chy.
Ci t gi icedtea6 plugin xem cc chng trnh Java trong trnh duyt
ca bn.
1.4 Ci t Silverlight plug-in.
Silverlight l mt plug-in cho trnh duyt web m cho php bn xem video
v s dng mt s tng tc trn trang web. Mt s trang web s khng lm vic
nu khng c Silverlight plug-in.
Nu bn xem mt trang web cho php Silverlight nhng khng c plug-in
c ci t, c th bn s thy mt thng bo xut hin. Thng ip ny nn c
hng dn cho bn lm th no c c plug-in, nhng nhng hng dn
ny c th khng c ph hp cho trnh duyt web phin bn ca Linux.
Nu bn mun xem Silverlight trn trang web, bn nn ci t Moonlight
plug-in thay th. y l mt phin bn m ngun m min ph ca
Silverlight chy trn Linux.
2. Email & email software.

2.1 Thay i ng dng vit email mc nh
Khi bn bm vo mt nt hoc lin kt gi mt email mi (v d, trong
ng dng x l vn bn ca bn), mc nh ng dng mail ca bn s m ra mt
trang trng, v sn sng cho bn vit v gi email. Tuy nhin, nu bn c
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nhiu hn mt mail c ci t, c th c m ra mt ng dng vit email
khng ng. Bn c th sa li ny bng cch thay i ng dng email mc
nh:
1. Nhp vo biu tng bn phi
lp h thng.
ca bng iu khin v chn Thit
2. M Thng tin h thng v chn ng dng mc nh trong danh sch

pha bn tri ca ca s.
3. Chn ng dng email m bn mun s dng lm mc nh bng cch thay
i cc ty chn Th.
2.2 Ti c cn qut virus cho Email ca ti khng?

Virus l nhng chng trnh gy ra vn li h thng v nh cp thng
tin, hacker tm ng vo my tnh ca bn. Mt cch ph bin a virus
vo my tnh ca bn l thng qua tin nhn email.
Virus c th nh hng n cc my tnh chy Linux l rt him, v vy kh
nng mt virus thng qua email hoc bng cch khc c th xm nhp vo my
tnh ca bn l rt him. Nu bn nhn c mt email vi mt loi virus n
trong n, n c th s khng c hiu lc trn my tnh ca bn. Nh vy, bn c
th khng cn phi qut virus cho email ca bn .
3. Chat & Mng x hi.

3.1 Tin nhn tc thi trn Ubuntu.
Vi ng dng Empathy, bn c th tr chuyn vi nhng ngi trc tuyn
v vi bn b v ng nghip ngi s dng Google Talk, AIM, Windows Live
v nhiu chng trnh chat khc. Vi mt micro hoc mt webcam, bn cng c
th c cc cuc gi m thanh hoc video. Tnh Empathy c ci t sn khi
bn ci t ubuntu
Hoc bn c th ci t thm trnh Tin nhn Pidgin s dng thay
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Empathy
3.2 Cuc gi video.
Bn c th thc hin cuc gi video t Ubuntu m khng cn ci t bt k
phn mm b sung s dng Empathy - thng qua Google Talk, MSN, Jabber, v
SIP mng.
Cc ng dng khc c h tr cuc gi video bao gm:
Skype
Ekiga
3.3 Lm th no s dng Skype on Ubuntu?
Skype l phn mm c quyn cho php bn thc hin cuc gi qua
Internet bng cch s dng my tnh ca bn.
Skype s dng cng ngh peer-to-peer phn cp, v vy cuc gi ca bn
khng i qua mt my ch trung tm, nhng thng qua cc my ch phn phi
v ngi s dng khc.
Skype l phn mm min ph s dng, nhng n khng phi l phn
mm t do, m ngun c quyn v khng c sn chnh sa.
Skype l khng c ci t mc nh trn Ubuntu. Bn phi ci t gi
skype s dng n.
4. An ton khi s dng internet

4.1 Cng mng c s dng thng thng.
y l mt danh sch cc cng mng thng c s dng bi cc ng
dng cung cp dch v mng, nh chia s tp tin hoc truy cp my tnh t xa.
Bn c th thay i h thng tng la ngn chn hoc cho php truy cp n
cc ng dng ny. Hin c hng ngn cc cng c s dng, do , bng ny
khng phi l y .
Cng
Tn
M t.
5353/udp
mDNS, Avahi
Cho php h thng tm thy nhau, v m t

cc dch v m h cung cp, m khng cn bn
phi ch nh cc chi tit bng tay.
631/udp
Printing
Cho php bn gi cng vic in n n mt my

in qua mng.
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631/tcp
Printing
Cho php bn chia s my in ca bn vi nhng

ngi khc qua mng.
5298/tcp
Presence
Cho php bn thng bo tnh trng tin nhn tc

thi ca bn nhng ngi khc trn mng
thy, chng hn nh "trc tuyn" hay "bn rn".
5900/tcp
3689/tcp
Cho php bn chia s mn hnh desktop ca bn

Remote desktop ngi khc c th xem n hoc cung cp h
tr t xa.
Music sharing
(DAAP)
Cho php chia s th vin nhc ca bn vi

nhng ngi khc trn mng
...
4.2 Ti c cn phn mm chng virus?

Nu bn ang s dng Windows hoc Mac OS, bn c th phi s dng cc
phn mm chng virus. Phn mm chng virus chy ch nn, lin tc kim
tra virus my tnh c th tm ng vo my tnh ca bn v gy ra cc vn .
C nhiu ngi s dng Linux bn khon v vic c cn mt chng trnh
dit Virus cho Linux hay khng ? Nhiu cuc tranh lun trn cc din n v
cng c mt s hiu sai v vic ny.
Khi ngh n mt chng trnh anti-virus, c bit nu bn l ngi dng
Windows, bn s cho rng chng trnh s chy background v qut tt c
cc file c truy xut kim tra s c mt ca virus. y l cch hiu qu
kim sot v tiu dit virus cho my tnh chy HH Windows. Tuy nhin trn
mng Internet hin nay c mt khi lng ln cc mi e da cho my tnh ca
bn.
Mt chng trnh anti-virus cho Linux khng hot ng nh vy, bi n
khng phi bo v cho mt my tinh chy HH Linux khi cc virus Linux.
Chng trnh anti-virus cho Linux c thit k pht hin cc virus ca
Windows, chng khng b pht tn bi ngi s dng Linux.
Vy ti sao chng ta phi quan tm n virus Windows trn Linux ? Nu
chy Linux, ta hon ton min dch vi virus Windows. Ta khng cn quan tm
n vic qut cc file m khng th chy trn h thng ca ta (ngoi l nh
WINE)
Phn mm Anti-virus khng cn thit cho Linux, nhng c th bn khng
cn phi s dng n. Virus nh hng n Linux vn cn rt him. Mt s ngi
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lp lun rng bi v Linux khng c s dng rng ri nh cc h thng iu

hnh khc, do , khng c ai vit virus cho n. Nhng ngi khc tranh lun
rng Linux c bn cht an ton hn, v vn an ninh m virus c th s dng
c c nh .
V bt k l do g, virus Linux rt him hoi m bn khng thc s cn phi
lo lng v chng vo lc ny.
Nu bn mun c an ton hn, hoc bn mun kim tra virus trong cc
tp tin m bn ang qua li gia my tnh v nhng ngi s dng Windows v
Mac OS, bn vn c th ci t phn mm chng virus.
4.3 Kch hot v ngn chn kch hot tng la.
Ubuntu c trang b Firewall, nhng tng la (ufw) khng c kch
hot theo mc nh. Bi v Ubuntu khng c bt k dch v mng no c m
(tr c s h tng mng c bn) trong cc ci t mc nh, tng la l khng
cn thit chn cc kt ni c hi.
4.3.1 Bt hoc tt tng la.
bt tng la, nhp sudo ufw enable trong Terminal.
tt ufw, nhp sudo ufw disable.
4.3.2 Cho php hoc chn cc hot ng mng c th
Nhiu chng trnh c xy dng cung cp dch v mng. V d, bn
c th chia s ni dung, hoc cho mt ngi no xem mn hnh my tnh
ca bn t xa. Ty thuc vo vic bn ci t thm cc chng trnh, bn c th
cn phi iu chnh cc tng la cho php cc dch v ny lm vic nh d
nh. UfW i km vi mt s cc quy tc cu hnh sn. V d, cho php
kt ni SSH, nhp sudo ufw allow ssh trong mt thit b u cui. chn ssh,
nhp sudo ufw deny ssh.
Mi chng trnh cung cp dch v s dng mt cng mng c th. kch
hot tnh nng truy cp vo dch v ca chng trnh, bn c th cn phi cho
php truy cp n cng c phn cng trn tng la. Cho php kt ni trn
cng 53, nhp sudo ufw allow 53. chn cng 53, nhp sudo ufw deny 53.
kim tra tnh trng hin ti ca ufw, nhp sudo ufw status trong
Terminal.
4.3.3 S dng ufw m khng s dng lnh trong Terminal.
Bn cng c th ci t gufw nu bn mun thit lp tng la m khng
cn s dng lnh trong Terminal. Bn c th khi ng chng trnh ny bng
cch tm kim gufw trong Dash. Chng trnh khng cn phi c gi m cc
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bc tng la lm vic.
5. Mng c dy
5.1 Kt ni vi mt mng c dy (Ethernet)
thit lp kt ni mng c dy, tt c nhng g bn cn lm l cm vo
mt cp mng. Cc biu tng mng trn bng iu khin xoay mt vi giy v
sau s thay i mt biu tng " cm" khi bn c kt ni.
Nu iu ny khng xy ra, u tin bn nn m bo rng tt c cc cp
mng ca bn c cm vi cc thit b. Mt u ca cp phi c cm vo
cng hnh ch nht (mng) Ethernet trn my tnh ca bn, u kia s c cm
vo mt switch, router, tng cm hoc tng ng (ty thuc vo thit lp
mng m bn c).
Ghi ch: Bn khng th cm mt my tnh trc tip vo mt cp mng
khc (t nht l khng c mt s thit lp thm). kt ni hai my tnh, bn
nn cm vo router mng, hub hoc switch.
Nu bn vn khng th kt ni, mng ca bn c th khng h tr t ng
thit lp (DHCP). Trong trng hp ny, bn s phi cu hnh n bng tay.
5.2 To mt kt ni vi i ch IP c nh.
Hu ht cc mng s t ng gn mt a ch IP v cc chi tit khc vo
my tnh ca bn khi bn kt ni vo mng. Nhng chi tit ny c th thay i
nh k, nhng i khi bn mun c mt a ch IP c nh cho my tnh bn
lun bit a ch ca n (v d, nu l mt my ch tp tin).
cung cp mt a ch ip c nh (ip tnh).
1. Click vo biu tng Mng trn bng iu khin v chn Sa kt
ni.
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2. Chn Wired connection 1 trong tab Dy v nhp vo Sa.
3. Click vo tab Thit lp IPv4 v thay i Phng php thnh Th

cng.
4. Nu khng c thng tin kt ni c lit k trong danh sch a ch,
hoc nu bn mun thit lp mt kt ni mi, nhn vo Thm
5. Nhp a ch IP, Netmask, v thng tin Gateway vo trng thch
hp. Nhng g bn nhp s ph thuc vo thit lp mng ca bn.
6. Nu cn, hy nhp mt a ch my ch tn min vo hp my ch
DNS. y l a ch IP ca mt my ch cc tn min, mng doanh
nghip v nh cung cp dch v internet dnh ring cho my ch DNS.
7. Click Lu v ng ca s ci t mng li.
6. Mng khng dy.

6.1 Kt ni vi mng khng dy.
Nu my tnh ca bn tm thy mt kt ni khng dy c kch hot, bn
c th kt ni vi n c c quyn truy cp vo internet v c th xem cc
tp tin chia s trn mng vv..
1) Nu bn c mt chuyn i phn cng khng dy trn my tnh ca bn,
hy chc chn rng n c bt.
2) Nhp vo biu tng Mng trong bng iu khin, v
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Chn tn ca mng khng dy.
Nu tn ca mng khng dy khng c trong danh sch, c th bn
ra khi phm vi ph sng hoc mng wifi b n.
3) Nu mng c bo v bi mt mt khu (m ha key), nhp mt khu
khi c nhc nh v kch kt ni. Nu bn khng bit key bn c th yu
cu ngi qun l mng khng dy cho bit key.
4) Cc biu tng mng s thay i kiu xut hin khi my tnh ang c
gng kt ni vo mng.
5) Nu kt ni thnh cng, biu tng s thay i mt du chm vi mt s
sng trn n
. Nu khng c nhiu biu tng sng
yu v c th khng ng tin cy.
, kt ni l
6.2 Kt ni trc tip n my tnh khc bng mng khng dy (ADHoc)

Bn c th kt ni my tnh vi nhau bng cch hnh thnh mt mng adhoc khng dy. iu ny rt hu ch nu mt trong cc my tnh c kt ni vi
mt my in m bn mun chia s, hoc nu bn mun chuyn cc tp tin gia
cc my trong mng.
Vi mt mng khng dy bnh thng (c s h tng), bn s kt ni c hai
my tnh vi mt mng khng dy c cung cp bi trm gc. Tuy nhin, nu
bn khng c mt trm c s, mt mng ad-hoc vn cho php bn kt ni my
tnh vi nhau.
6.3 Thit lp mng khng dy AD-Hoc:
1. Nhp vo biu tng Mng trn bng iu khin v chn Sa kt ni.
2. Ti tab Khng dy v kch Thm.
3. Trong ca s xut hin, Nhp vo Tn kt ni mt ci tn ty , v sau
chn vo tab Khng dy.
4. Nhp vo SSID mt ci tn. y l tn ca mng m ngi khc s nhn
thy.
5. Thay i Ch thnh ty hng (ad-hoc) v li cc thit lp khc
mc nh c sn. Nhp vo Lu.
6. Trn cc my tnh khc, Click vo biu tng Mng trn bng iu khin
v tm kim tn SSID m bn chn. N c th mt vi giy xut
hin trong danh sch.
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7. Nhp vo tn ca mng ad-hoc kt ni vi n. Sau khi kt ni, bn c

th truy cp vo mng chia s, by gi c hai my tnh u c kt ni
vi nhau nh mt mng khng dy thng thng.
6.4 Bo v mng Ad-hoc.
Bt c ai trong vng mng ph sng u c th kt ni vi mng ad-hoc
ca bn, v vy n khng an ton. Bn c th thm mt mt khu WEP / WPA
bo v mng khi nhng truy cp tri php.
Thm mt khu vo Ad-hoc.
1. Nhp vo biu tng Mng trn bng iu khin v nhp vo Sa kt
ni.
2. Ti tab Khng dy, chn mng ad-hoc v nhp vo Sa.
3. Vo tab An ninh khng dy v i An ninh t Khng thnh WPA &
WPA2 c nhn.
4. Nhp vo Mt khu v sau nhn Lu. Cc my tnh khc kt ni vi
cc ad-hoc s phi nhp mt khu mi c th kt ni.
6.5 Kt ni vi mng khng dy n.
Bn c th thit lp mt mng khng dy n l "n." Mng n s khng
hin th trong danh sch ca cc mng c hin th, khi bn nhp vo biu
tng mng trong bng iu khin (v n cng s khng xut hin trong danh
sch cc mng khng dy trn bt k my tnh khc).
kt ni ti mt mng khng dy n, nhp vo biu tng Mng trn
bng iu khin v chn Kt ni ti mng khng dy n... Trong ca s xut
hin, g Tn mng, chn kiu An ninh khng dy v nhn Kt ni.
Bn c th phi kim tra cc thit lp ca cc trm gc khng dy / router
xem tn mng. i khi c gi l cc BSSID (Basic Service Set Identifier)
Bn cng nn kim tra cc thit lp bo mt ca trm gc khng dy, vi
cc iu kin nh WEP v WPA.
6.6 Chnh sa mt mng khng dy.
chnh sa mt kt ni, nhp vo trnh n Mng trong bng iu khin
v chn Sa kt ni. Chn tn kt ni trong tab Khng dy v click vo Sa
Ghi ch: Hu ht cc mng s lm vic tt nu bn li cc thit lp mc
nh c sn, v vy bn c th khng cn phi thay i bt k iu g. Nhiu mc
trong s cc ty chn sau y, c cung cp bn c th kim sot mng tt
hn
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6.7 Kt ni t ng.
Kim tra ty chn ny nu bn mun my tnh kt ni vi mng khng dy
ny bt c khi no trong phm vi ph sng.
Nu c hn hai mng c thit lp t ng kt ni trong cng phm vi
ph sng, my tnh s kt ni vi mt trong nhng mng u tin c hin th
trong tab Khng dy trong ca s Kt ni mng. N s khng ngt kt ni t
mt mng c sn kt ni vi mt mng khc trong cng phm vi ph sng.
6.8 Chia s mt kt ni t ng cho tt c ngi dng.
Kim tra tnh nng Mi ngi u dng c. Nu mng c mt mt
khu WEP / WPA v bn kim tra ty chn ny, bn s ch cn phi nhp mt
khu mt ln. Tt c cc ngi dng khc trn my tnh ca bn c th kt ni
vo mng m khng cn phi bit mt khu.
6.9 Nhp mt khu chnh xc nhng vn khng th kt ni.
Nu bn chc chn rng mnh nhp mt khu chnh xc nhng vn
khng th kt ni vi mng khng dy th hy kim tra cc bc sau y:
Kim tra m bo rng bn c mt khu ng.(kim tra k t hoa,
thng).
Th li vi bng m Hex hoc ASCII.
Tt card mng khng dy v sau m li ln na.
Kim tra xem bn ang s dng ng loi bo mt khng dy .
Kim tra xem card khng dy ca bn c c h tr.
7. Mt vi li khuyn khi s dng mng .

7.1 Xem IP ca my ang s dng.
Bit c a ch IP, bn c th bn khc phc c mt s s c khi kt
ni internet. Bn c th ngc nhin khi bit rng bn c hai a ch IP: mt a
ch IP cho my tnh ca bn trn mng ni b v mt a ch IP cho my tnh ca
bn trn internet.
Xem IP ca my:
1. Nhp vo trnh n Mng trn bng iu khin.
2. Chn Thng tin kt ni .
3. Hoc m Terminal g ifconfig.
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7.2 S dng Internet an ton.

Linux rt an ton do bn cht ca n l m ngun m cho php cc chuyn
gia sa li v tng cng tnh nng bo mt.
Mc d cc bin php thc hin m bo bn ci t ca Linux l an ton.
L mt ngi dng bnh thng trn internet, bn vn c th b nh hng
Cc lu sau y gip bn s dng Internet an ton hn :
Khng nn m cc email, file nh km, hoc lin kt c gi t nhng
ngi bn khng bit.
Hy cn thn trong vic cung cp cc thng tin nhy cm v bn thn cho
cc trang web.
Hy chc chn rng bn ch chy cc dch v truy cp t xa cn thit. C
SSH hoc chy VNC hu ch. S dng tng la bo v my tnh ca
bn khi x xm nhp bt hp php.
7.3 a ch MAC l g?
MAC l ch vit tt ca Media Access Control
a ch MAC l a ch do nh sn xut cung cp cho mt thit b phn
cng mng v a ch l duy nht khng trng vi bt k thit b mng no
khc (ging nh mt card khng dy hoc th ATM).
Mt a ch MAC bao gm su b, mi b gm hai k t, mi b phn
cch bng du hai chm. V d ta c a ch Mac sau 00:50:7F:81:18:F8 .
xc nh a ch MAC ca phn cng mng ta lm nh sau:
1. Nhp vo biu tng Mng trn thanh iu khiu.
2. Chn Thng tin kt ni .
3. a ch MAC ca bn s c hin th trong a ch phn cng.
7.4 Proxy l g?
Proxy Server l mt my trung gian c quyn i ra internet (bn ngoi) v
cho php nhng ngi trong h thng (bn trong) truy cp web thng qua my
.
Khi bn truy cp mt trang web, vn bn v hnh nh trn trang web s
i qua proxy trc khi n my tnh ca bn.
7.5 IP Address l g?
IP address l ch vit tt ca Internet Protocol address, v mi a ch s
kt ni vi mt my tnh.
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Mt a ch IP l tng t nh s in thoi ca bn. S in thoi ca bn
l duy nht con s xc nh in thoi ca bn ngi khc c th gi cho
bn. Tng t nh vy, mt a ch IP l mt b duy nht xc nh my tnh ca
bn n c th gi v nhn d liu vi cc my tnh khc.
Hin nay, hu ht cc a ch IP bao gm bn b s, cch nhau bng du
chm, v d: 192.168.1.42 .
Mt a ch IP c th l ng hay tnh.
a ch IP ng c giao tm thi cho mi my tnh. a ch IP tnh th c
nh v khng thay i. a ch IP ng ph bin hn l a ch IP tnh, a ch
IP tnh thng ch c s dng khi c nhu cu c bit, chng hn nh mt
my ch.
7.6 Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) Mng ring o.
VPN (Virtual Private Network) l mt cch kt ni vi mt mng ni b
qua internet.
V d, bn ang i cng tc xa hoc bn ang nh m bn mun kt ni
vi mng Lan ti c quan lm vic. Bn cn mt kt ni internet v sau kt
ni VPN ti c quan ca bn. N s ging nh khi bn ang kt ni trc tip vi
mng Lan ti ni lm vic, nhng cc kt ni mng thc t s thng qua kt ni
internet. Cc kt ni VPN thng c m ha ngn chn nhng ngi khc
truy cp vo mng ni b m bn ang kt ni m khng cn ng nhp.
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Chng 7: Qun L Ci t V G B Cc ng Dng

1. Ci t thm cc chng trnh
ci t thm mt ng dng ta lm cc bc sau:
Trc khi ci t, hy chc chn rng bn ang kt ni Internet. Tr khi
mun ci t phn mm t mng Lan
Click vo biu tng Trung Tm Phn Mm Ubuntu trong Launcher,
hoc tm kim Trung Tm Phn Mm Ubuntu trong Dash.
Khi Trung Tm Phn Mm Ubuntu khi ng, tm kim mt ng dng,
hoc chn mt danh mc v tm thy mt ng dng t cc danh sch.
Chn mt ng dng m bn thy cn thit v nhn Ci t.
Xut hin bng thng bo yu cu nhp mt khu, bn phi nhp mt khu.
Qu trnh ci t nhanh hay chm ph thuc vo ng truyn Internet v
dung lng gi ti v. Khi ci t hon tt, bn c th s dng ng dng ,
hu ht cc ng dng c th c truy cp t Dash.
2. G b mt chng trnh
Bn d dng g b cc ng dng ci t trong Trung Tm Phn Mm
Ubuntu bng cch sau.
Chy chng trnh Trung Tm Phn Mm Ubuntu Click vo ci
t.
Tm kim ng dng m bn mun g b. Chn ng dng Click vo G
b.
Xut hin bng thng bo yu cu nhp mt khu, bn phi nhp mt

khu.
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Lu : Mt s ng dng trong Ubuntu lin quan vi nhau, v vy khi bn
mun g b mt ng dng no h thng s thng bo bn g b nhng phn
mm lin quan n ng dng m bn ang mun g b.
3. Thm mt gi ng dng c nhn(Personal Package Archive

- PPA).
PPA l kho phn mm c thit k cho ngi dng Ubuntu v d dng
hn ci t trn kho ca bn th ba khc.
Phn mm c sn t ngun ca bn th ba, cng nh t cc phn mm lu
tr mc nh ca Ubuntu. Nu bn mun ci t phn mm t mt kho lu tr
phn mm ca bn th ba, bn phi thm n vo danh sch cc kho c sn ca
Ubuntu.
Ch nn thm cc phn mm t cc ngun m bn tin tng. Cc thnh
vin Ubuntu s khng kim tra an ninh cho kho phn mm ca bn th ba, v c
th cha phn mm c hi cho my tnh ca bn.
3.1 Ci t APT.
1. Trc khi thm mt gi ng dng ca bn th ba vo APT. Bn phi nh
v tr ca APT, v d nh: ppa:mozillateam/firefox-stable.
2. Click vo biu tng Trung Tm Phn Mm Ubuntu trong Launcher,
hoc tm kim cho Trung Tm Phn Mm Ubuntu trong thanh tm kim
ca Dash.
3. Khi Trung Tm Phn Mm Ubuntu khi ng, nhp vo menu Chnh
sa Ngun phn mm
4. Bn s c yu cu nhp mt khu qun tr. Mt khi bn thc hin,
chuyn sang tab Phn mm khc.
5. Click Thm v nhp vo APT: v tr.
6. Nhp vo Thm ngun sau ng ca s phn mm ngun. Trung
Tm Phn Mm Ubuntu sau s kim tra ngun phn mm ca bn
cho cc cp nht mi.
3.2 Kch hot cc kho lu tr ca i tc Canonical
Cc kho lu tr ca i tc Canonical cung cp mt s ng dng c
quyn m khng phi mt bt k chi ph no s dng nhng chng l m
ngun ng. Chng bao gm cc phn mm nh Skype, Adobe Reader v
Adobe flash Plugin. Phn mm trong kho lu tr ny s xut hin trong kt qu
tm kim Trung Tm Phn Mm Ubuntu nhng s khng c ci t cho n
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khi kho lu tr ny c kch hot.

kch hot cc kho lu tr, hy lm theo cc bc trn m cc tab
phn mm khc trong ngun phn mm. Nu bn thy kho i tc Canonical
trong danh sch, hy chc chn rng n c kim tra sau ng ca s
Ngun phn mm. Nu bn khng nhn thy n, bn c th ci thm n vo vi
APT: deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu natty partner.
Nhp vo Thm ngun sau ng ca s phn mm ngun.Ch mt cht
thi gian cho Trung Tm Phn Mm Ubuntu ti v cc thng tin cho kho lu
tr.
4. S dng Synaptic qun l phn mm cao cp.

Qun l gi Synaptic mnh hn Trung Tm Phn Mm Ubuntu v c
th lm mt s nhim v qun l phn mm. Giao din ca Synaptic phc tp
hn v khng h tr tnh nng ging Trung Tm Phn Mm Ubuntu nh xp
hng v nh gi, do khng c khuyn co s dng bi nhng ngi mi
s dng Ubuntu (mc nh Synaptic khng c ci t trong ubuntu 11.10,
nhng bn c th ci thm n t Trung Tm Phn Mm Ubuntu).
1. M Dash bng cch nhn phm Window
2. Tm kim Synaptic t thanh tm kim pha trn Dash.
3. Khi ng dng Synaptic xut hin trong danh sch, click vo m. Nu
c yu cu nhp mt khu, nhp mt khu ri Enter.
4. Khi Synaptic m ra, nhn Search tm kim mt ng dng, hoc nhp
vo cc mc v xem xt thng qua cc chuyn mc.
5. Kch chut phi vo ng dng m bn mun ci t v chn Mark for
installation.
6. Nu bn c yu cu nh du thay i b sung, nhn Mark.
7. Chn bt k ng dng khc m bn mun ci t.
8. Click Apply, v sau click Apply trong ca s xut hin. Cc ng dng
m bn chn s c ti v v ci t.
5. Phn mm b tr.
5.1 Phm mm h tr g ting vit
Trong Ubuntu, c th g cc k t du Ting Vit bn cn phi ci t
ngn ng Ting Vit v tng t nh trong Windows bn cn phi c phn mm
h tr nhp k t t bn phm. Trong Ubuntu chng ta c th s dng chng
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trnh Ibus (mt nh c ci t sn) hoc Scim-Unikey, ngoi ra cn c xunikey
5.1.1 Ci t ngn ng Ting Vit
T Dash nhp vo Language nhn Enter m hp thoi H tr
ngn ng
Click vo Ci t / G b ngn ng
Trong danh sch Ngn ng, tm ngn ng Ting Vit v check vo
ci t (nu n cha c du check)
Click vo p dng cc thay i
5.1.2 Thit lp Ibus l b g mc nh
Mc nh th trong Ubuntu 11.04 v 11.10 b g Ibus c ci t sn,
nhng khng c kch hot sn v vy bn vn cha th s dng n g ting
Vit m cn phi kch hot ri mi s dng c.
T Dash nhp vo Language m hp thoi H tr ngn ng
Trong H thng phng thc nhp vo ca bn phm chn Ibus
5.1.3 Khi ng Ibus khch hot chng trnh
T Dash nhp vo Ibus Click vo Icon Ibus khi ng
Xut hiu biu tng hnh bn phm trn khay h thng, click phi vo n
chn Ty Thch
Chn tab Kiu g kim tra xem c kiu g Ting Vit Unikey hay
cha. Nu cha c bn phi thm vo bng cch click vo Chn mt kiu g
Ting Vit chn Unikey v click vo nt Thm
5.1.4 S dng
Click phi vo icon Ibus trn khay h thng chn Ty thch
Trong tab Chung, chn Lun lun trong Hin th thanh ngn ng m
thanh ngn ng
Chn tab Nng cao v check vo Chia s cng kiu g cho tt c cc ng
dng c th g c Ting Vit trong tt c cc ng dng. Nu bn khng
chn tnh nng ny, trong mi ng dng nu mun g Ting Vit bn phi
chuyn ch g cho tng ng dng.
chuyn sang ch kiu g Ting Vit bn click vo icon Ibus trn
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khay h thng hoc s dng phm tt Ctrl + Space, Nhn Ctrl + Space mt ln
na tt tnh nng nhp Ting Vit .
Chn Bng M v Kiu g trong thanh ngn ng ph hp vi yu cu ca
bn
Lu : Trong trng hp khng mong mun, B g Ibus khng tn ti
trong h thng ca bn, bn c th ci t n bng cch nhp t kha Ibus trong
ng dng Trung tm phn mm ubuntu v chn ci t.
5.2 Phm mm dit virus ClamAV
Hin nay cc hng bo mt cng quan tm n vic chng virus trn h
iu hnh Linux nn cc phn mm chng virus ca h c vit trn Linux nn
cc sn phm chng virus cng rt a dng. Nhng tit kim, ta c mt la
chn tt nht t th gii m ngun m: chnh l trnh chng virus c tn
ClamAV. Phn mm ny kh mnh v an ton cho h iu hnh Ubuntu, n c
thit k xy dng dnh cho ngi dng my trm (my phc v). C s d liu
ca n cng c cp nht thng xuyn i ph vi cc chng virus mi
nn cc bn c th hon ton yn tm khng b nhim virus na. Vi giao din
ha nh gn v thn thin ngi dng, phn mm ny rt d s dng.
5.2.1 Ci t s dng
M ng dng Trung tm phn mm ubuntu, nhp vo t kha ClamAV
v nhn vo Ci t
Sau khi qu trnh ci t hon tt bn vo Dash nhp vo ClamAV khi
ng ClamAV. Sau khi ci t, ClamAV cn cp nht c s d liu v virus t
Internet. Cc bn lm nh sau cp nht c s d liu. Tt ClamAV Khi ng
ClamAV bng ti khon qun tr.
M Terminal, nh vo: sudo clamtk
Trnh dit virus hin ra, bn vo mc Help chn Update Signature cp
nht c s d liu.
Ngoi ra c mt s nt bm qut virus mt tp tin, hoc mt th mc
hoc c h thng. Thng tin v qu trnh qut s hin ra phn gia.
5.3 Chy cc phm mm Windows trn Ubuntu
Phn ln cc ng dng c vit trn Windows th khng th chy trn
linux, vy lm th no s dng c nhng phn mm ny trn Ubuntu. C
mt s cch lm c iu nh chy trc tip trn Ubuntu (Wine)
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5.3.1 Gii thiu v Wine
Wine l mt phn mm chy trn h iu hnh Linux ni chung. Mc ch
l s dng n ci cc chung trnh chy trn Windows. C mt s phn mm
c pht trin thm da trn Wine nh CrossOver Linux, CEDERA.
Wine l d n u tin thc hin vic ny. Wine c nhiu bn ang c
pht trin, kim tra v d dng nhn ra. Mc d ch l phin bn ang pht trin
di dng beta nhng c hng ngn ngui s dng v v thu ht mt s
lng ln ngi s dng chy cc phn mm Windows.
CrossOver Linux l mt sn phm ca CodeWeavers m nn tng t
Wine. Khng ging nh Wine ra hng tun, CrossOver c kim tra mt cch
k lng t CodeWeavers. CodeWeavers thu lng ln nh pht trin ca Wine
v c nhng ch d n bn Wine l nhn vin cao cp trong CodeWeavers. Tt
c nhng tin b ca Wine thc t cui cng c tch hp vo CrossOver.
Cedega l sn phm ca TransGaming. TransGaming c tch ra khi
Wine vo nm 2002 khi Wine c s khc nhau v quan nim bn quyn, ng
cc loi m v cui cng l phng hng pht trin c bit l game.
5.3.2 Ci t Wine trong Ubuntu
Bn c th ci Wine thng qua Trung tm phn mm ubuntu.
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Chng 8: Thit Lp, Ty Bin Ngi Dng V H Thng

2. Display & screen
2.1 T ng kha mn hnh
Khi bn ri khi my tnh ca mnh, bn nn kha mn hnh ngn chn
ngi khc s dng my tnh v truy cp cc tp tin ca bn. Khi bn ng nhp
li tt c cc ng dng ca bn vn tip tc chy, nhng bn s phi nhp mt
khu. Bn c th kha mn hnh bng tay, nhng bn cng c th ubuntu t
ng kha.
Nhp vo biu tng
thng.
bn phi thanh Panel v chn Thit lp h
Click chn Mn hnh.

Hy chc chn rng Kha c bt, sau chn mt thi gian ch t danh
sch th xung. Mn hnh s t ng kha sau khi bn khng hot ng trong
thi gian ci t.
Bn cng c th chn tt mn hnh sau thi gian khng hot ng na, iu
khin bng cch chn thi gian th xung t danh sch Tt sau.
kha mn hnh ngay lp tc, nhp vo biu tng

bn phi
thanh Panel v chn Kha mn hnh, hoc ch cn nhn Ctrl + Alt + L.
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2.2 Thit lp sng mn hnh.
Bn c th thay i sng ca mn hnh ca bn tit kim in hoc
lm cho mn hnh d c hn trong nh sng. Bn cng c th c mn hnh t
ng m khi dng pin v c n t ng tt khi khng s dng.
Cc bc thit lp sng mn hnh.
1. Nhp vo biu tng
thng.
2. Click chn Mn hnh.

3. iu chnh thanh trt sng mt gi tr thoi mi.
Nhiu bn phm my tnh xch tay c cc phm c bit trn bn phm
iu chnh sng. C mt biu tng trng ging nh mt tri v thng nm
trn phm F8 v F9. Gi phm Fn s dng cc phm tt ny.
Chn mn hnh ti tit kim in, sng t ng h xung khi bn
ang s dng pin. n nn ca mn hnh ca bn c th tn rt nhiu nng
lng v lm gim ng k thi gian sng ca pin.
Cc mn hnh s t ng tt sau khi bn khng s dng trong mt thi
gian. iu ny ch nh hng n mn hnh hin th, v khng tt my tnh ca
bn.
2.3 Thay i mn hnh Desktop.
Bn c th d dng thay i mn hnh nn bng cc bc sau y.
1. Nhp chut phi vo desktop v chn i nh nn mn hnh.
2. Chn mt hnh nh hay mu sc thay i.
C ba la chn trong danh sch th xung bn tri.
Chn nh nn s dng mt trong nhng hnh nh nn chuyn nghip
nhiu mu ca Ubuntu.
Chn Th mc nh s dng mt trong cc bc nh ca ca bn t th
mc Hnh nh. Hnh nh ca hu ht cc ng dng qun l c lu tr
ti .
Bn cng c th chn Mu v dc ch s dng mt mu phng hoc
mt gradient tuyn tnh. Nt chn mu s xut hin gc di cng bn
phi.
Bn cng c th duyt bt k hnh no nh trn my tnh ca bn bng cch
nhn vo nt +. Bt k hnh nh bn thm no s hin th di th mc Hnh
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nh. Bn c th loi b n khi danh sch bng cch chn n v cch nhn vo
nt -.
2.4 Thay i kch thc / xoay ca mn hnh.
Bn c th thay i nhng chi tit xut hin trn mn hnh bng cch thay
i phn gii mn hnh. Bn c th thay i cch thc xut hin (v d, nu
bn c mt mn hnh xoay) bng cch thay i vng xoay.
thay i mt trong cc ty chn ny, nhn vo biu tng
bn
phi thanh Panel v chn Thit lp h thng. Ti phn phn cng v chn
Thit b hin th.
2.4.1 phn gii.

phn gii l s lng im nh (du chm trn mn hnh) trn mn hnh
destop.
Bn c th chn phn gii m bn thch t cc ty chn trong trnh n
th xung. Ch rng nu bn chn mt trong khng phi l ph hp vi
mn hnh ca bn.
lu thay i, nhn p dng. Ch i t pht, v cc thit lp s c
tr li gi tr trc y ca n. Nu khng, hy nhp vo Gi cu hnh ny
trong ca s xut hin.
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2.4.2 Xoay.
C mt s my tnh xch tay c th xoay chuyn mn hnh vt l theo
nhiu hng, v vy n rt hu ch c th thay i xoay mn hnh. Bn c
th chn xoay t trnh n th xung cho mn hnh ca bn.
Khi bn chn mt ng dng bn thch, nhn p dng.
2.5 Cho php mn hnh th hai.
C mt mn hnh a nhim th hai l rt tt chia s mn hnh desktop
ca bn trn mt mn hnh th hai, ging nh mt my chiu.
Lu : Ch c mt s my tnh nht nh c kh nng h tr hai mn hnh.
1. u tin m bo rng mn hnh th hai l gn lin vi video card ca
bn v c bt.
2. Nhp vo biu tng
thng.
3. Ti phn phn cng v chn Thit b hin th.
4. Nhp vo hnh ch nht ni rng tn ca mn hnh ca bn, chng hn

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nh XYZ thng hiu 23. kch hot n, thay i cc thit lp trn

cng ca hp thoi t Tt sang Bt.
5. Chn phn gii thch hp ca mn hnh bn h tr, v xoay (nu cn
thit). Nu bn khng chc chn nhng thit lp s dng, tham kho
hng dn s dng ca mn hnh.
6. Nu v tr o ca mn hnh khng ph hp vi v tr thc t ca n, ko
hnh ch nht ca mn hnh xung quanh v tr thch hp.
7. kim tra cu hnh mi, nhn vo nt p dng. Nu n chnh xc, nhn
ng.
Theo mc nh, hnh nh khc nhau c hin th trn tng mn hnh.
kch hot cng mt hnh nh trn c hai mn hnh, Check vo Phn chiu thit
b hin th v nhn vo p dng.
3. Keyboard
3.1 Lm cho con tr bn phm nhp nhy
Trong vn bn bn c th b mt con tr bn phm nhng nu con tr bn
phm nhp nhy, ta s d dng hn tm thy n.
Ta c th iu chnh tc nhy ca n:
1. Nhp vo biu tng
thanh Panel v chn Thit lp h thng.
2. Trong phn Phn cng bm vo Bn phm.

3. Chn Chp nhy con tr trong trng nhp vn bn trong Tab Nhp
liu.
4. S dng thanh trt Tc iu chnh nhp nhy ca con tr
nhanh, chm.
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3.2 Tt tnh nng lp li khi nhn phm.
Theo mc nh, khi bn gi mt phm trn bn phm ca bn, k t hoc
biu tng s c nhp lp i lp li cho n khi bn th phm. Nu bn gp
kh khn trong vic s dng ngn tay, bn c th v hiu ha tnh nng ny,
hoc thay i phi mt bao lu trc khi bm phm bt u lp i lp li.
1. Nhp vo biu tng

3. Trn tab Nhp liu, b chn tnh nng Phm nhn c lp li khi c
gi nhn xung v hiu ha hon ton tnh nng lp i lp li khi
nhn phm. Ngoi ra, iu chnh thanh trt Khong tr kim sot
thi gian bn gi mt phm bt u lp i lp li n, v iu chnh
thanh trt Tc kim sot tc tnh nng lp li.
3.3 B tr s dng bn phm thay th.
Bn phm c n hng trm cch b tr khc nhau cho cc ngn ng khc
nhau. Ngay c i vi mt ngn ng cng thng c cc cch b tr bn phm
khc nhau, chng hn nh cch b tr US cho ting Anh. Bn c th b tr bn
phm vi b cc khc nhau, khng phn bit cc ch ci v cc k t in trn cc
phm. Nu bn thng xuyn chuyn i gia cc ngn ng iu ny s rt hu
ch.
1. Nhp vo biu tng

3. Trong tab Nhp liu click vo Thit lp b tr gc di bn tri hp
thoi.
4. Nhp vo nt
nhn Thm.
, chn b tr theo theo quc gia hoc theo ngn ng, v
4. Mouse
4.1 iu chnh tc ca chut v touchpad
Khi bn di chuyn chut hoc s dng touchpad nu con tr chut di
chuyn qu nhanh hay chm, bn c th iu chnh nhy ca con tr v tng
tc cho cc thit b ny.
1. Nhp vo biu tng
thanh Panel v chn Thit lp h thng
2. Click Chut v touchpad.

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3. iu chnh cc thanh trt Tc v nhy thay i nhy v tc

cho n khi bn cm thy con tr chuyn ng thoi mi.
Bn c th thit lp nhy v tc cho chut v touchpad nhng mc
khc nhau. i khi mc m bn thit lp to cho bn s thoi mi nhng
c th khng lm ngi khc hi lng. Bn c th t li cc thit lp tr v mc
nh.
4.2 Tng tc Double Click chut.
Kch p ch xy ra khi bn nhn chut ln th hai so vi ln th nht vi
tc va nhanh. Nu nhn ln th hai cch ln th nht qu lu, bn s ch
nhn c hai ln nhp chut ring bit, khng phi l mt nhp p chut. Nu
bn gp kh khn trong qu trnh p chut v thi gian qu nhanh, bn nn tng
thi gian ch.
1. Nhp vo biu tng

3. Trong Thi gian nhn p, iu chnh thanh trt Thi hn mt gi tr
m bn thy thoi mi. S dng mt ci di thanh trt kim tra cc
thit lp ca bn. Mt nhp chut duy nht s lm cho n ci mm. Mt
nhp p chut s hin th mt n ci toe tot.
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4.3 iu chnh ngng ko chut
1. Nhp vo biu tng

3. Theo Ko v th, iu chnh thanh trt Ngng mt gi tr m bn thy
thoi mi. Hy th di chuyn cc ca s ci t bng cch ko thanh tiu
kim tra gi tr hin ti
4.4 Xc nh nhanh v tr con tr chut.
Nu bn gp kh khn trong vic tm con tr chut trn mn hnh, bn c
th nhn phm Ctrl xc nh v tr hin ti ca con tr. Khi nhn phm Ctrl
s xut hin mt hnh nh ng mt thi gian ngn ti v tr ca con tr chut.
1. Nhp vo biu tng
2. Click Chut v touchpad. sau chn th Chut.

3. Check vo Hin v tr con tr khi phm Control.
4.6 S dng chut bng tay tri.
Bn c th chuyn i thao tc nt tri chut qua bn phi trn chut hoc
touchpad. thun tin hn vi ngi s dng tay tri.
1. Nhp vo biu tng
2. Click Chut v touchpad

3. Trn tab chut, chn Thun tay tri. Nhng thit lp ny s nh hng
n c chut v touchpad.
4.7 Click v di chuyn con tr chut m khng cn chut.
Nu bn thy kh khn khi s dng chut hoc cc thit b tr khc, bn c
th iu khin con tr chut bng cch s dng bn phm s trn bn phm ca
bn.
1. Nhp vo biu tng
2. Nhp H tr truy cp.

3. Chn tab Tr v nhn.
4. Trong mc Phm chut Bt tnh nng iu khin con tr bng phm s.
Hy chc chn rng Num Lock tt. By gi bn s c th di chuyn con tr
chut bng cch s dng bn phm.
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Bn phm s l mt tp hp cc nt s trn bn phm ca bn, thng c

sp xp thnh mt li hnh vung. Nu bn phm ca bn khng c bn phm
s ring (chng hn nh bn phm ca my tnh xch tay), bn cn phi gi
phm chc nng (Fn) v s dng mt s phm trn bn phm ca bn. Nu bn
thng xuyn s dng tnh nng ny trn my tnh xch tay, bn c th mua
thm bn phm gn cng USB
Mi s trn bn phm tng ng vi mt hng. V d, nhn phm 8 s di
chuyn con tr ln trn v nhn 2 s di chuyn con tr xung di. Bm phm 5
tng ng vi click chut mt ln, hoc hai ln l p chut. Hu ht cc bn
phm c mt phm c bit cho php bn click chut phi, v n thng nm
gn phm window phi.
Bt Num Lock, nu bn mun s dng bn phm g s trong khi phm chut
c kch hot.
4.8 Click hoc cun vi touchpad
Bn c th click chut, nhn p chut, ko v di chuyn bng cch s
dng touchpad.
Thit lp touchpad.
1. Nhp vo biu tng
2. Click Chut v touchpad. Chuyn sang tab Touchpad.

Nhp chut, nhn p chut, v ko chut vi touchpad ca bn. Chn tnh
nng Bt nhn chut bng touchpad.
Click chut: nhp vo touchpad.
Duoble lick chut: nhp hai ln vo touchpad. Nu touchpad ca bn h
tr nhiu ngn tay, bn c th phi nhp chut bng cch nhp hai ngn
tay cng mt lc.
click gi v ko chut: hy nhp p nhng khi nhp ln th hai
khng nhc ngn tay ca bn khi touchpad. Trt ti ni bn mun, sau
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th ngn tay bn ra.
Bn c th di chuyn cun bng cch s dng touchpad bng cch s dng
mt trong hai cnh ca touchpad hoc s dng c hai ngn tay.
Chn cun mp di Cun di chuyn bng cch s dng cc cnh ca
touchpad. Khi iu ny c chn, cch ko ngn tay ca bn ln v
xung dc theo pha bn phi ca touchpad s di chuyn cun theo chiu
dc. Nu bn Kch hot tnh nng Bt cun ngang, ko ngn tay ca bn
qua tri v qua phi dc theo pha di ca touchpad, bn s di chuyn
cun theo chiu ngang.
Chn Cun hai ngn di chuyn cun bng hai ngn tay. Khi iu ny
c chn, khai thc v ko vi mt ngn tay s lm vic nh bnh
thng, nhng nu bn ko hai ngn tay trn bt k phn no ca
touchpad, n s di chuyn cun. Nu bn cng chn Kch hot tnh nng
Bt cun ngang, bn c th di chuyn ngn tay ca bn qua tri v phi
di chuyn cun theo chiu ngang.
Lu : Nu hai ngn tay ca bn t qu gn nhau, th n ch ging nh
mt ngn tay ln t trn touchpad.
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4.9 Tt touchpad khi nh my.

Khi nh my, touchpad rt gn vi c tay ca bn, trong khi bn g c th
gy ra cc nhp chut ngu nhin. Bn c th v hiu ha touchpad khi g phm.
1. Nhp vo biu tng

3. Chuyn sang tab Touchpad v chn Tt touchpad trong khi g.
5. Power & battery

5.1 Tng tui th ca pin.
Tui th pin ca my tnh xch tay cng cao th vic cung cp nng lng
ca pin cho my tnh cng thp. C mt s k thut m bn c th s dng
ko di tui th pin, mc d iu cng khng em li s khc bit ln.
Khng nn s dng Pin khi ang np pin. Lun lun np pin trc khi pin
yu, np pin khi mi s dng n mt t l hiu qu hn.
Nhit c nh hng rt ln v hiu qu ca pin. ng pin qu nng.
Tui th ca Pin s gim dn, thm ch nu bn ct i v khng dng n.
C rt t li th trong vic mua pin thay th cng mt lc khi bn nhn c pin
gc - lun lun mua pin thay th khi bn thy cn thit.
5.2 Ti mun cc my tnh tt khi ti bm nt Power.
Khi bn nhn nt ngun trn my tnh, mt ca s hin ln yu cu bn tt
my hoc khi ng li. Thay v hin th ca s ny ln, bn c th tt my khi
bn nhn vo nt ngun,.
Nhp vo menu pin trn thanh v chn Thit lp nng lng.
Thay i cc ty chn khi nhn nt ngun. V d, nu bn chn Suspend,
my tnh s i vo gic ng khi bn nhn nt ngun. Cc ty chn mc nh l
Ask me.
5.3 S dng t nng lng v ci thin tui th pin
My tnh c th s dng rt nhiu nng lng. Bng cch s dng mt s
chin lc tit kim in n gin, bn c th lm gim ha n in ca bn v
gip mi trng. Nu bn dng my tnh xch tay, iu ny cng s gip tng s
lng thi gian m bn dng trn pin.
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5.3.1 Hng dn chung.
my tnh ca bn ch ng khi bn khng s dng n. iu ny lm
gim ng k lng in nng s dng, v n c th c nh thc nhanh
chng.
Tt my tnh khi bn khng s dng trong thi gian di. Mt s ngi lo
lng rng vic tt my tnh thng xuyn c th gy hng nhanh hn, nhng cc
my tnh hin i l kh mnh v vy khng phi vn .
S dng qun l ngun in thay i cc thit lp quyn lc ca bn. C
c mt s ty chn s gip tit kim nng lng: bn c th t ng m
mn hnh hin th hoc gi n vo gic ng sau mt thi gian nht nh; gim
sng ca mn hnh (cho my tnh xch tay); v c my tnh t ng i ng nu
bn khng s dng n trong mt thi gian nht nh.
Tt bt k thit b bn ngoi (nh my in v my qut) khi bn khng s
dng chng.
Gim s lng cc nhim v ang chy nn. My tnh s dng nng lng
nhiu hn khi n c nhiu cng vic hn lm.
Hu ht cc ng dng ca bn chy rt t khi bn khng s dng chng.
Tuy nhin, cc ng dng thng xuyn ly d liu t Internet, chi nhc hay
xem phim, hoc chy cc tnh ton phn phi c th nh hng n tiu th in
nng ca bn.
5.3.2 Laptops, netbooks, v cc thit b dng pin khc .
Gim sng ca mn hnh, to nng lng cho mn hnh chim mt phn
ng k in nng tiu th ca mt my tnh xch tay.
Hu ht cc my tnh xch tay c cc phm chc nng (hoc phm tt bn
phm) m bn c th s dng gim sng.
Nu bn khng cn mt kt ni Internet cho mt thi gian ngn, hy tt
card mng khng dy / Bluetooth. Cc thit b ny hot ng bng sng v
tuyn pht thanh truyn hnh, trong tn rt nhiu in nng.
Mt s my tnh c mt chuyn i vt l c th c s dng tt n i,
trong khi nhng ngi khc c mt s phm tt m bn c th s dng. Bn c
th s dng tt my khi bn cn.
5.4 Khi khng dng my tnh hoc my tnh ng ng?
Khi bn tm ngng my tnh, bn gi n vo gic ng. Tt c cc ng dng
v ti liu ca bn vn cn m, nhng mn hnh v cc b phn khc ca my
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tnh tt tit kim in. Mc d cc my tnh vn cn c bt, v n vn s

c s dng mt lng nh nng lng. Bn c th nh thc n bng cch
nhn mt phm hoc click chut. Nu n vn cha lm vic, hy th bng cch
nhn nt ngun.
Khi bn hibernate my tnh, tt c cc ng dng v ti liu ca bn vn cn
m (trn thc t, chng c lu vo a) v my tnh hon ton tt, v vy
n khng s dng bt c ngun in no. N cng ging nh ta ng ca,
nhng cc ng dng v ti liu ca bn vn s c m khi bn bt my tnh
mt ln na.
Mt s my tnh c vn vi s h tr phn cng c ngha l n c th
khng c kh nng nh ch hoc hibernate ng. l mt tng tt kim
tra nh ch / hibernate trn my tnh ca bn xem nu n khng lm vic.
Lu : Lun lun lu li cng vic ca bn trc khi nh ch / ch ng
ng
Bn nn lu tt c cc cng vic ca bn trc khi nh ch hoc ch
ng ng my tnh, ch trong trng hp h gp kh khn v cc ng dng ang
m v ti liu ca bn khng th c phc hi khi bn chuyn i trn my
tnh mt ln na.
5.5 Ti sao my tnh ca ti tt khi ti gp li?
Khi bn ng np ca my tnh xch tay ca bn, my tnh ca bn s nh
ch tit kim in. iu ny c ngha rng my tnh khng thc s tt khi n
i vo gic ng. Bn c th nh thc n bng cch m np. Nu n khng
thc dy, hy th nhp chut hoc nhn mt phm. Nu iu vn khng lm
vic, bm vo nt ngun.
Mt s my tnh khng th nh ch, thng thng bi v phn cng ca n
khng phi l hon ton c h tr bi h iu hnh (v d nh cc trnh iu
khin Linux cha y ). Trong trng hp ny, bn c th thy rng bn
khng th nh thc my tnh ca bn sau khi bn ng np. Bn c th c
gng sa cha vn vi nh ch, hoc bn c th ngn chn cc my tnh
ang c gng nh ch khi bn ng np.
5.6 Ngn chn cc my tnh tm ngh khi gp mn hnh.
Nu bn khng mun my tnh nh ch khi bn gp mn hnh, bn c th
thay i cc thit lp cho hnh vi . thit lp my tnh trng mn hnh,
ch khng phi l nh ch.
Hy cn thn nu bn thay i thit lp ny. Mt s my tnh xch tay c
th qu nng nu va tt my khi bn trong ba l.
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1. M ng dng Terminal t Dash.
2. thay i cc thit lp c s dng khi chy trn pin, g lnh:
gsettings set org.gnome.settings-daemon.plugin.power lid-close-battery-action
blank
3. thay i cc thit lp c s dng khi chy bng ngun, g lnh:
gsettings set org.gnome.settings-daemon.plugin.power lid-close-ac-action blank
6. Ngy v gi.
6.1 Thay i ngy gi h thng.
iu chnh ngy gi h thng, click vo ng h nm trong bng iu
khin v chn Ci t ngy gi.
Click vo m kha v nhp mt khu c th thay i mi gi h thng
bng cch nhp chut vo bn hoc nhp vo thnh ph ca bn vo hp
Location.
Theo mc nh, Ubuntu nh k ng b ha ng h vi mt chic ng
h rt chnh xc trn Internet, do bn khng phi thit lp ng h ca bn
bng tay.
6.2 Thay i thng tin c hin th trong ng h.
Thay i thng tin nhiu hn. Theo mc nh, Ubuntu ch cho thy thi
gian trong ng h. Bn c th t cc thng tin b sung hin th trn ng h
nu bn chn.
Nhp chut vo ng h v chn Ci t ngy gi. Chuyn sang tab Clock.
Chn thi gian v cc ty chn ngy bn mun hin th trong ng h.
6.2.1 Thay i nh dng ngy thng
Bn cng c th thay i nh dng ngy ca ng h ph hp vi tiu
chun u tin vi v tr ca bn.
1. Nhp vo biu tng
2. Trong phn Thit lp h thng, bm vo H tr Ngn ng.

3. Chuyn cc nh dng tab Khu vc.
4. Chn v tr a thch ca bn trong danh sch th xung.
5. thay i ny c hiu lc, bn cn phi ng xut v ng nhp tr li.
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6.2.2 Xem nhng mi gi khc

Nu bn mun bit thi gian cc thnh ph khc nhau trn th gii, bn
c th thm mi gi b sung cho trnh n ng h. Nhng thnh ph b sung
s hin th di lch khi bn nhp chut vo ng h.
1. Nhp chut vo ng h v chn Ci t ngy gi.
2. Chuyn sang tab ng h v chn Thi gian ti cc a im khc.
3. Nhp vo Chn a im.
4. Nhp vo + thm mt a im.
in vo ch trng Location vi tn thnh ph m bn mun thm vo.
Ch mt thi im cho mt danh sch cc thnh ph c th hin th trong danh
sch th xung.
Chn thnh ph m bn mun v thi gian hin hnh ti a im s
in vo t ng.
Click - xa mt thnh ph t danh sch.
Bn cng c th ko v th cc thnh ph trong ca s ny. thay i th
t m n s hin th trong menu ng h.
6.3 Xem cc cuc hn trong lch ca bn
Bn c th t chc cc cuc hn trn lch ca bn bng cch nhp vo ng
h trong bng iu khin, nu bn ang s dng mail v cc ng dng lch c
gi l ng b ha .
Nu bn thit lp Evolution, ng h trn thanh hng u v sau
nhp vo s kin Add bt u thm cc cuc hn. Nh cc cuc hn c
thm vo, n s xut hin bn di lch khi bn nhp chut vo ng h.
nhanh chng c c lch ng b y , nhp chut vo ng h v
vo dng u tin ca ngy hm nay.
7. Ngn ng & Vng a phng.

7.1 Thay i ngn ng.
Bn c th s dng ngn nh hin th cho my tnh v cc ng dng
trong bt k ngn ng no, min l bn c cc gi ngn ng thch hp ci t
trn my tnh ca bn.( Nu khng c th bn c th ti v).
1. Nhp vo biu tng
2. Nhp H tr Ngn ng.

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3. Chn ngn ng ca bn mong mun trn tab Ngn ng. Ko cc ngn
ng trn cng ca danh sch.
Bn phi ng nhp v quay tr li thay i ngn ng c hiu lc.
Mt s bn dch c th khng y , v cc ng dng nht nh c th
khng h tr y ngn ng ca bn.
C mt s th mc c bit trong th mc home ca bn, ni ng dng c
th lu tr nhng th nh m nhc, hnh nh, v cc vn bn. Cc th mc ny
s dng tn tiu chun theo ngn ng ca bn. Khi bn ng nhp tr li, bn s
c yu cu i tn th mc ny theo tiu chun cho ngn ng bn chn.
8. User accounts
8.1 Thm mt ti khon ngi dng.
Bn c th thm nhiu ti khon ngi dng vo my tnh ca bn. Cung
cp mt ti khon cho tng ngi trong gia nh hoc cng ty ca bn. Mi
ngi dng c th mc ring, ti liu ring, v cc thit lp.
1. Nhp vo tn ca bn trn thanh menu v chn Ti khon ngi dng.
2. Kch Unlock gc trn bn phi v nhp mt khu ca bn thc hin
thay i. Bn phi l admin mi c th thm ti khon ngi dng.
3. Trong danh sch cc ti khon bn tri, nhp vo nt + thm mt ti
khon ngi dng mi.
4. Nu bn mun ngi dng mi c quyn truy cp qun tr my tnh, chn
qun tr cho cc loi ti khon. Qun tr vin c th lm nhng vic nh
thm v xa ngi s dng, ci t phn mm v trnh iu khin thit b,
v thay i ngy gi h thng.
5. Nhp tn y ca ngi dng mi. Tn truy nhp s c in t ng
da vo tn y . Mc nh l c th OK, nhng bn c th thay i n
nu bn thch.
6. Nhp vo To.
7. Ti khon ban u l v hiu cho n khi bn nhp mt khu ca ngi
dng. Trong Ti khon nhp vo tu chn ng nhp. By gi s dng
cc quyn trong danh sch th xung thit lp mt khu, cho php
ngi s dng ng nhp m khng cn mt khu, hoc cho ngi dng
thit lp li mt khu trong ln ng nhp u tin.
By gi bn chn thit lp mt khu, c ngi s dng g mt khu trong
Mt Khu Mi v chng thc mt khu. (Xem Chn mt mt khu an
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ton).
8. Nhp vo Thay i.
Nu bn thch, bn c th nhp vo hnh nh bn cnh tn ca ngi s
dng bn phi thit lp mt hnh nh cho ti khon. Hnh nh ny s c
hin th trong ca s ng nhp. GNOME cung cp mt s hnh nh bn c th
s dng, hoc bn c th chn hnh ca bn trong Browse .
8.2 Thay i hnh nh ng nhp.
Khi bn ng nhp hoc chuyn i ngi s dng, bn s thy mt danh
sch vi hnh nh ng nhp ca user . Bn c th thay i hnh nh . Hoc
bn c th ly hnh Webcame ca bn.
Nhp vo tn ca bn trn thanh menu v chn Ti khon ngi dng.
Nhp vo hnh nh bn cnh tn ca bn. Mt b su tp th xung s c
hin th vi mt s hnh nh ng nhp. Nu bn thch mt trong s , nhp
vo hnh s dng cho chnh mnh.
Nu bn mun s dng mt hnh nh bn c trn my tnh, nhn Browse
thm hnh nh.
8.3 Xa mt ti khon ngi dng.
Bn xem, thm mt ti khon ngi dng mi. Nu user no khng cn
s dng , bn c th xa ti khon i.
Nhp vo tn ca bn trn thanh menu v chn Ti khon ngi dng..
Kch Unlock gc trn bn phi v nhp mt khu ca bn thc hin
thay i. Bn phi l admin mi c th xa ti khon ngi dng.
Chn ti khon m bn mun xa v nhn nt Xa.
Mi ngi s dng c th mc home ring gm cc cc tp tin v cc thit
lp ca mnh. Bn c th chn gi li hoc xa th mc home ca user .
Nhng tp tin b xa vnh vin s khng th phc hi.
8.4 Hn ch khi ng mt phin lm vic.
Trong mt thi gian no c ai mum s dng my tnh ca bn. Ubuntu
phin cung cp mt tnh nng dnh cho nhng ngi s dng my tnh khng
phi ca mnh mc bo mt cao. Khi ng nhp thng xuyn tnh nng ny
h tr cho tt c ngi s dng.
khi ng mt phin lm vic cho khch, nhp vo tn ca bn trn
thanh menu v chn phin nh gi ca khch. iu ny s kha mn hnh ca
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bn v bt u phin lm vic cho khch. V theo mc nh user khch khng
th xem cc th mc home ca ngi dng khc. Bt k d liu c lu tr
hoc thay i s c g b khi user ng xut. C ngha l khi bn ng
nhp li s khng b nh hng bi nhng g user trc lm.
8.5 Mt khu.
8.5.1 Thay i mt khu.
Theo thi gian thay i mt khu l mt tng tt thay i mt khu
ca bn, c bit khi bn cm thy c ngi khc bit c mt khu ca bn l
g.
1. Nhp vo tn ca bn trn thanh menu v chn Ti khon ngi dng..
2. Nhp vo nhn bn cnh Mt khu.
3. Nhp mt khu hin ti ca bn, sau nhp mt khu mi. Nhp mt
khu mi ca bn mt ln na trong xc nhn mt khu.
Bn cng c th nhp vo nt bn cnh trng mt khu mi chn mt
mt khu ngu nhin to ra an ton. Cc mt khu kh khn cho nhng
ngi khc on, nhng cng c th kh nh, v vy hy cn thn.
4. Nhp vo Thay i.
8.5.2 Thay i mt khu keyring
Nu bn thay i mt khu ng nhp, n c th ng b vi mt khu
keyring. Keyring gip bn khi phi nh nhiu mt khu khc nhau bng cch
yu cu mt mt khu chnh truy cp vo tt c. Nu bn thay i mt khu
ngi dng (xem trn), mt khu keyring s vn ging nh mt khu c v khi
bn ng nhp keyring s khng m kha t ng .
thay i mt khu keyring.(cho ph hp vi mt khu ng nhp).
1. M mt khu v ng dng t Dash.
2. Trong tab mt khu, kch chut phi vo Mt khu: ng nhp. Chn i
mt khu
3. Nhp mt khu c ca bn, theo sau bi mt khu mi ca bn, v Xc
nhn mt khu mi ca bn bng cch nhp n mt ln na.
4. Nhn OK.
9. Sharing
9.1 Chia s mn hnh my tnh.
Vi mt ng dng xem my tnh t xa bn c th ngi khc xem v
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iu khin my tnh t mt my tnh khc. Cu hnh Desktop Sharing cho php

ngi khc c th truy cp my tnh ca bn v thit lp tu chn bo mt.
M hp thoi Desktop sharing.
cho php ngi khc xem hoc tng tc vi my tnh bn ca bn,
cho php ngi dng khc xem cc ty chn my tnh bn ca bn. iu
ny c ngha rng nhng ngi khc s c th c gng kt ni vi my tnh
ca bn.
cho ngi khc xem, kim sot hoc tng tc vi my tnh ca bn.
iu ny cho php ngi khc c th di chuyn con chut, chy cc ng dng
v trnh duyt cc tp tin trn my tnh ca bn, ty thuc vo cc thit lp bo
mt m bn hin ang s dng.
9.2 Bo mt an ninh.
iu quan trng l bn nn xem xt cc mc v nhng ty chn bo mt
trc khi thay i.
Xc nhn truy cp vo my tnh ca bn
Nu bn mun cho php ai truy cp my tnh ca bn. Bn phi xc
nhn tng truy cp vo my tnh ny. Nu bn v hiu ha ty chn ny, bn s
khng c yu cu cho d bn mun cho php mt ngi no kt ni vi
my tnh ca bn.
9.2.1 Yu cu nhp mt khu
yu cu nhng ngi khc nhp mt khu khi kt ni vi my tnh ca
bn, chn yu cu ngi dng nhp mt khu. Nu bn khng s dng ty chn
ny, bt c ai cng c th xem my tnh ca bn.
9.2.2 Cho php truy cp vo my tnh bn ca bn qua Internet.
Nu router ca bn h tr giao thc Internet UPnP thit b cng c kch
hot, bn c th cho php nhng ngi khc, nhng ngi trong mng ni b
ca bn c th xem my tnh ca bn. chp nhn iu ny, chn T ng cu
hnh router UPnP m v cng chuyn tip. Ngoi ra, bn c th cu hnh
router ca bn bng tay.
9.3 Hin th biu tng khu vc thng bo
ngt kt ni mt ngi no ang xem my tnh ca bn, bn cn phi
kch hot ty chn ny. Nu bn chn lun lun, th biu tng ny s lun hin
th cho d ngi c ang xem my tnh ca bn hay khng.
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Chng 9: Qun L Phn Cng V Trnh iu Khin Thit B

1. Driver(trnh iu khin) l g ?
Thit b gm cc b phn vt l ca my tnh. N c th l cc thit b gn
bn ngoi nh my in v mn hnh hoc bn trong nh card ha v card m
thanh.
cho my tnh c th s dng cc thit b ny, n cn phi bit lm th
no giao tip c vi nhau. iu ny c thc hin do mt phn ca phn
mm c gi l trnh iu khin thit b (Driver).
Khi bn gn mt thit b mi vo my tnh, bn phi c Driver chnh xc
ci t cho thit b lm vic.V d, nu bn gn vo mt my in, nhng
cc Driver khng c sn, khi bn khng th s dng c my in. Thng
thng, mi m hnh ca mi thit b s dng mt driver ring bit khng tng
thch vi bt k m hnh no khc.
Trn Linux, Driver c ci t theo mc nh cho hu ht cc thit b, v
vy tt c mi th sn sng cho phin lm vic ca bn. Tuy nhin, cc
Driver c th cn phi c ci t bng tay nu my ca bn khng h tr.
Ngoi ra, mt s driver hin cha y hoc thiu mt phn chc nng.
V d, bn c th thy my in ca bn khng th in hai mt.
2. Drivers (trnh iu khin) c quyn l g?

Hu ht cc thit b (phn cng) gn lin vi my tnh ca bn phi hot
ng ng trong Ubuntu. Cc thit b ny c th c cc trnh iu khin m
ngun m, c ngha l cc trnh iu khin c th c sa i bi cc nh pht
trin Ubuntu v cc vn ca n c th c nh.
Mt s phn cng khng c trnh iu khin m ngun m, thng l bi
v cc nh sn xut phn cng khng pht hnh chi tit ca phn cng s
lm cho n c th to ra mt trnh iu khin. Cc thit b ny c th c chc
nng gii hn hoc khng c th lm vic trn tt c cc thit b.
Nu mt trnh iu khin c quyn c sn cho mt thit b no , bn c
th ci t cho php in thoi hot ng ng, hoc thm cc tnh nng
mi. V d, ci t trnh iu khin c quyn cho mt s card ha cho php
bn s dng cc hiu ng hnh nh cao cp hn.
Nhiu my tnh khng cn trnh iu khin c quyn v cc trnh iu
khin m ngun m h tr y cc phn cng.
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3. a cng & cc vn lu tr.

3.1 Kim tra khng gian a trng.
Bn c th kim tra xem c khng gian a cn li l bao nhiu bng cch
s dng chng trnh Disk Usage Analyzer v System Monitor.
3.1.1 Kim tra bng Disk Usage Analyzer.
kim tra khng gian a min ph v dung lng a bng cch s dng
Disk Usage Analyzer:
1. M ng dng Disk Analyzer t Dash.
2. Ca s Disk Analyzer s hin th dung lng tp tin h thng, tng s file
v tng s s dng.
(Bn c th click vo View as Rings Chart thay i mn hnh hin th
Xem di dng biu TreeMap).
3. Qut Trang ch nu bn mun kim tra xem c bao nhiu khng gian a
cn li bn trong th mc Home hoc click Scan ln h thng tp tin biu
tng. Nu bn mun kim tra xem c bao nhiu khng gian a cn li
bn trong th mc '/' (Root). Trong c hai trng hp, v tr ca cc tp tin
v cc ty chn khc nh Size, v ni dung s c trnh by. Bn c th
thay i th t ca cc chi tit v xem cc tp tin theo th t ca kch
thc tp tin.
4. Nhp vo biu tng Scan trn th mc nu bn mun qut khng gian
a bn trong th mc c th hoc nhn vo Qut mt th mc t xa nu
bn mun qut khng gian a bn trong th mc t xa.
5. Nhp vo Stop hoc lm mi bt c lc no bn cn phi hy b hoc cp
nht cc chc nng qut.
3.1.2 Kim tra vi System Monitor
kim tra khng gian a min ph v dung lng a vi h thng Mn
hnh:
1. M ng dng System Monitor t Dash.
2. Chn th tp tin h thng xem cc phn vng v s dng khng gian
a nh l :Tng cng, cn trng, c sn v s dng.
3.1.3 iu g s xy ra nu a y.
Nu a l qu y bn nn:
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Xa cc tp tin khng my quan trng hoc l cc tp tin bn khng s
dng na.
To bn sao lu cc tp tin quan trng v sau xa chng i.
3.2 Kim tra cc vn v a cng ca bn.
3.2.1 Kim tra a cng.
a cng c cng c tch hp kim tra sc khe gi l SMART (SelfMonitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology ), lin tc kim tra cc a
cho cc vn tim nng. SMART cng cnh bo bn nu a b li, gip bn
trnh mt d liu quan trng.
Mc d SMART chy t ng, bn cng c th kim tra sc khe ca a
cng ca bn bng cch chy cc ng dng Disk Utility:
1. M ng dng Disk Utility t Dash.
2. Chn a m bn mun kim tra t danh sch thit b lu tr. Thng tin v
tnh hnh ca a s xut hin cho bn xem.
3. Trng thi SMART ny ni ln "a khe mnh".
4. Nhp vo nt d liu SMART xem thng tin a, hoc chy qu trnh
t kim tra.
3.2.2 iu g s xy ra nu a b li.
Ngay c khi trng thi SMART cho thy rng a khng khe, c th khng
c nguyn nhn bo ng. Tuy nhin, tt hn ta nn chun b mt bn sao lu
ngn chn mt mt d liu.
Nu tnh trng ni rng "Pre-fail", cn hp l khe mnh nhng c du
hiu hao mn c pht hin c ngha l n c th tht bi trong tng lai
gn. Nu a cng ca bn (hoc my tnh) l mt vi nm tui, bn c th thy
thng bo ny trn mt s kim tra sc khe. Bn nn sao lu cc tp tin quan
trng ca bn thng xuyn v kim tra tnh trng a nh k ngn chn n
tr nn ti t hn.
Nu n tr nn ti t hn, bn mun c mt chuyn gia v my tnh / a
cng chn on hoc sa cha.
3.3 Qun l Volumes v cc phn vng.
Volunes c s dng m t mt thit b lu tr, ging nh mt a
cng. N cng c th tham kho mt phn ca vic lu tr trn thit b , bi
v bn c th chia vic lu tr thnh nhiu phn. My tnh ny lu tr c th
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truy cp thng qua h thng tp tin ca bn trong mt qu trnh c gi l gn.

Khi lng c gn kt c th l a cng, a USB, DVD-RW, th SD, v
cc phng tin truyn thng khc. Nu mt khi lng hin ang gn kt, bn
c th c (v c th vit) cc tp tin vo n.
Thng thng, mt khi lng gn kt c gi l mt phn vng, mc d
h khng nht thit phi ging nhau. Mt "phn vng" cp n mt khu vc
vt l ca thit b lu tr trn mt a duy nht. Khi mt phn vng c
gn kt, n c th c gi l mt khi lng bi v bn c th truy cp cc tp
tin trn n. Bn c th ngh v volumes, c nhn, c th truy cp "storefronts"
"tr li phng chc nng ca cc phn vng v cc a.
3.4 Xem v qun l volumes v cc phn vng bng cch s dng disk
utility.
Bn c th kim tra v sa i khi lng lu tr my tnh ca bn vi
disk utility.
1. M chng trnh tng quan hot ng v bt u vi Disk Utility.
2. Trong ca s cc thit b lu tr c nh du, bn s tm thy a cng,
a CD / DVD, v cc thit b vt l khc. Nhp vo thit b bn mun
kim tra.
3. Trong khung bn phi, khu vc Volumes dn nhn cung cp mt phn tch
hnh nh ca khi lng v cc phn vng trn thit b c la chn. N
cng cha mt lot cc cng c c s dng qun l cc khi lng.
Hy cn thn: n c th hon ton xa d liu trn a cng ca bn vi
nhng tin ch ny.
My tnh ca bn rt c th c t nht mt phn vng chnh v mt phn
vng trao i. Vng trao i ny c s dng bi h iu hnh cho qun l b
nh, v him khi c gn kt. Cc phn vng chnh cha h iu hnh, ng
dng ca bn, ci t, v cc tp tin c nhn. Nhng tp tin ny cng c th
c phn phi gia nhiu phn vng an ninh, thun tin.
Mt phn vng chnh phi c thng tin rng my tnh ca bn s dng
bt u, hoc khi ng. V l do ny i khi c gi l mt phn vng khi
ng, hoc khi lng khi ng. xc nh xem mt khi lng c kh nng
khi ng, hy nhn vo phn vng Flags ca n trong tin ch a. Phng tin
truyn thng bn ngoi nh a USB v a CD cng c th cha mt khi
lng khi ng.
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3.5 Kim tra hiu nng a cng ca bn.
kim tra hiu nng ca a cng, bn i n Dash v m Disk Utility.
chy mt chun mc trong Disk Utility:
1. Click vo a cng trong danh sch thit b lu tr. Thng tin s xut
hin v cc a v tnh trng a cng theo a.
2. Chn Benchmark.
3. Nhp vo Bt u chun Read-Only hoc bt u c / ghi Benchmark.
im chun ch c s kim tra d liu nhanh chng c th c c t
a. Vic c / ghi im chun cng s kim tra d liu nhanh chng c th c
a vo a, do n s mt nhiu thi gian hon thnh.
Khi th nghim kt thc, kt qu s xut hin trn th. Nhng kt qu
ny cho bn bit lm th no tp tin nhanh chng c c hay vit tay, v mt
bao lu. Thi gian c o bng mili giy (ms) v tc truyn d liu c o
bng Megabytes trn giy (MB / s).
Sau khi th nghim kt thc, cc s liu thng k sau y s c lit k
bn di th:
c t l ti thiu theo MB /s
c t l ti a theo MB /s
c t l t l trung bnh theo MB /s
s ln Benchmark trn giy
Vit T l ti thiu theo MB /s
Vit T l ti a theo MB /s
Vit T l trung bnh theo MB /s
Thi gian truy cp trung bnh trn mili giy.
3.6 Format mt a di ng
Nu bn c mt a di ng, ging nh mt b nh USB hoc mt a
cng gn ngoi, i khi bn c th loi b tt c cc tp tin v th mc trn .
Bn lm iu ny bng cch nh dng a xa tt c cc tp tin trn .
nh dng mt a di ng
1. M ng dng Disk Utility t Dash.
2. Chn a bn mun xa khi thit b lu tr.
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Hy chc chn rng bn chn ng a! Nu bn chn a sai, tt c

cc tp tin trn a khc s b xa!
3. Trong phn Volumes chn Volumes Unmount. Sau bm vo volumes
nh dng.
4. Trong ca s bt ln, hy chn mt loi h thng tp tin ca a.
Nu bn s dng a trn my tnh Windows v Mac OS trong my tnh
Linux, chn FAT. Nu bn ch s dng n trn Windows, NTFS c th l mt
la chn tt hn. Mt m t ngn gn v cc loi h thng tp tin s c trnh
by ging nh mt tiu .
5. Cung cp cho a mt tn v bm nh dng bt u dn a.
6. Mt khi cc nh dng hon thnh, ly a ra mt cch an ton. By gi
n trng v sn sng s dng mt ln na.
4. My In
4.1 Ci t my in.
4.1.1 Ci t mt my in cc b.
H thng ca bn c th nhn ra nhiu loi my in t ng sau khi c kt
ni. Hu ht cc my in c kt ni bng cp USB gn vo my tnh.
1. Hy chc chn rng my in m.
2. Kt ni my in vo h thng ca bn thng qua cp thch hp. Bn c th
xem hot ng trn mn hnh trong h thng tm kim driver my in, v
c th bn c yu cu xc thc mt khu ci t.
3. Mt thng bo xut hin khi h thng c ci t my in hon tt. Chn
trang in th nghim in mt trang kim tra, hoc cu hnh thay i b
sung trong thit lp my in.
Nu my in ca bn khng ci t t ng, bn c th thm vo trong cc
thit lp my in.
1. Nhp vo menu h thng bn phi ca bng iu khin v chn my in.
2. Click Add v chn my in t ca s thit b.
3. Click Forward v ch i trong khi n tm kim cho driver.
4. Bn c th ty chnh tn, m t, v v tr ca my in nu bn mun. Khi
hon tt, bm Apply.
5. By gi bn c th in mt trang kim tra hoc nhn Cancel b qua
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bc ny.
Sau khi ci t my in, bn c th thay i my in mc nh.
4.1.2 Ci t my in mc nh.
Nu bn c nhiu hn mt my in, bn c th chn my in mc nh ca
bn. My in m bn s dng thng xuyn nht.
1. Nhp vo menu h thng bn phi ca bng iu khin v chn my in.
2. Nhp chut phi vo my in m bn mun t danh sch cc my in c
sn, ri chn Set as Default.
Trong khi bn in mt ng dng, my in mc nh t ng c s dng,
tr khi bn chn mt my in khc cho tng vic in c th.
4.2 B tr kch tht giy.
4.2.1 Thay i kch c giy khi in.
Nu bn mun thay i kch c giy ti liu ca bn (v d, in PDF c kch
thc trn giy A4), bn c th thay i nh dng in n ti liu.
1. Click Tp tin in.
2. Chn th Ci t trang.
3. Di ct giy, chn Kh giy ca bn t danh sch th xung.
4. Nhp vo In v ti liu ca bn nn in.
Bn cng c th s dng menu nh hng la chn mt nh hng
khc nhau nh:
Hnh.
Cnh.
Ngc li hnh.
Ngc li cnh.
4.2.2 iu chnh trang in theo th t khc nhau.
In ngc.
My in thng in trang u tin n trang cui cng. Nu cn thit, bn c
th o ngc th t in.
o ngc th t in:
1. Nhp vo Tp tin In .
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2. Trong tab General ca ca s in theo bn sao, chn in ngc. Trang cui

cng s c in u tin.
i chiu.
Nu bn in nhiu hn mt ca ti liu, theo mc nh khi in ra s c
nhm li theo s trang (tc l tt c cc bn t trang mt i ra, sau n trang
th hai, th ba ). In i chiu s lm cho mi bn in ra vi trang ca n c
nhm li vi nhau theo th t bn phi.
in i chiu:
1. Nhp vo Tp tin In .
2. Trong ca s General chn i chiu (Collate).
4.2.3 In phong b v nhn.
Hu ht cc my in s cho php bn in trc tip ln mt phong b hoc t
nhn. iu ny c bit hu ch nu bn c nhiu l th gi, v d.
In vo phong b.
C hai iu bn cn phi kim tra khi th in vo phong b. u tin l my
in ca bn phi bit kch thc phong b. Sau khi bn nhp vo Print v ca s
Print xut hin, vo tab Page Setup v chn cc loi giy nh "phong b". Nu
bn khng th lm iu ny, bn c th thay i kch thc giy n kch thc
phong b (v d nh "C5"). Cc gi phong b s thng bo kch thc n, hu ht
cc phong b c kch thc tiu chun.
Th hai, bn cn phi m bo rng cc phong b c pha bn phi
trong khay-in. Kim tra hng dn s dng ca my in, hoc th in mt phong
b v kim tra xem bn no c in ng cch.
Lu : Mt s my in khng c thit k in bao th, c bit l mt s
my in laser. Kim tra hng dn s dng my in xem c chp nhn phong
b, nu khng, bn c th lm h my in .
In mt s trang nht nh
Ch in cc trang nht nh t ti liu:
Click vo Tp tin In
Trong tab General trong ca s Print, chn trang t phn Phm vi.
Nhp s lng cc trang bn mun in trong hp vn bn, cch nhau bng
du phy. S dng mt du gch ngang hin th mt lot cc trang.
V d, nu bn nhp vo "1,3,5-7,9" trong hp vn bn, th trang 1,3,5,6,7
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v 9 s c in.
4.2.4 In hai mt v in nhiu trang.

Bn c th in hai mt trn mi t giy:
Nhp vo Tp tin In.
Ti tab Page Setup ca ca s Print v chn mt ty chn t danh sch th
xung hai mt. Nu ty chn ny b v hiu ha, in hai mt l khng c sn cho
my in ca bn.
My in x l in hai mt theo nhng cch khc nhau. l mt tng tt
th nghim vi my in ca bn xem n hot ng nh th no.
Bn c th in nhiu hn mt trang ti liu cho mi bn ca giy. S dng
cc trang mi ty chn bn lm iu ny.
4.3 Cc vn v my in.
4.3.1 Lm th no kim tra mc mc my in ?
kim tra xem c bao nhiu mc hay mc cn li trong my in ca bn
th ph thuc vo i my v cc nh sn xut my in, cc trnh iu khin v
cc ng dng ci t trn my tnh ca bn.
Mt s my in c xy dng trong mn hnh hin th mc mc in v
cc thng tin khc.
Cc trnh iu khin v cc cng c trng thi cho hu ht cc my in HP
c cung cp bi hnh nh Linux HP v d n in n (hplip). Nh sn xut khc
c th cung cp trnh iu khin c quyn vi cc tnh nng tng t.
Ngoi ra, bn c th ci t mt s ng dng kim tra hoc theo di mc
mc. Inkblot cho thy tnh trng mc in cho HP, Epson v my in Canon.
(Xem trn danh sch cc m hnh c h tr trn my in ca bn). Mt ng
dng khc cung cp mc cho Epson v mt s khc cho mktink.
Mt s my in c h tr tt trn Linux, v nhng my in khc khng
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c thit k thng bo mc mc ca my in .
4.3.2 Hu b IN.
Nu bn v tnh in mt ti liu, bn c th nhanh chng hy b cc bn in,
do bn khng cn phi lng ph mc hoc giy. Nhp vo biu tng my in
trn thanh menu. Trong ca s trng thi In, chn cng vic in bn mun hy b
v nhn vo nt Cancel.
Nu iu ny khng hy b cng vic in n nh bn mong i, hy th gi
nt Cancel trn my in ca bn.
Nh mt phng sch cui cng, c bit l nu bn c mt cng vic in
n ln vi rt nhiu cc trang s khng c hy b, loi b cc giy t khay
giy u vo ca my in. Cc my in s nhn ra rng khng c giy v s ngng
in. Sau , bn c th hy b cng vic in n mt ln na, hoc c gng chuyn
my in ra v sau th mt ln na.
Lu : Hy cn thn khi rt giy ra khi my in.
4.3.3 Xa tnh trng kt giy.
i khi my in khng chnh xc t giy b mc kt trong my.
Bn hng dn s dng cho my in thng cung cp hng dn chi tit v
vic lm th no xa tnh trng kt giy. Thng thng, bn s cn phi m
mt trong cc tm ca my in tm kt bn trong v vng chc (nhng cn
thn!) Ko t giy b kt ra khi thng my in.
Khi kt ht, bn c th cn phi nhn nt Resume ca my in bt u
in mt ln na. Vi mt s my in, bn c th cn phi tt my in v sau bt
u in mt ln na.
4.3.4 Ti sao trn trang in c ng k sc,mu sc khng ng?
Nu trang in ca bn c nhng vt sc, b m, c nhng ng dy
khng nn c, hoc trang in km cht lng, iu ny c th l do vn vi
my in hoc cung cp mc in thp.
Vn bn hoc hnh nh m dn
Bn c th c kim tra mc in. Thay hp mc ni nu cn.
Sc v dng
Nu bn c mt my in phun, u in c th b bn hoc b xn mt phn.
Hy th lm sch u in (xem bn hng dn ca my in).
Sai mu sc
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Cc my in c th ht mt mu mc. Kim tra mc in v mua thm mt
hp mc mi nu cn thit.
ng lm chm, hoc ng khng thng.
Nu dng in ra ca bn ng ra phi thng nhng chuyn thnh lm chm,
bn c th cn sp xp cc u in. Xem hng dn ca my in bit chi tit v
vic lm th no lm iu ny.
Phan Tr Bnh
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Chng 10: Ci t Ubuntu 11.04

1. Ci t ubuntu
Ubuntu c th c ci t vi a ha CD. Hy chc chn rng my
tnh ca bn c thit lp khi ng a CD trc a cng.
1. a a Ubuntu vo a CD ca bn.
2. Bt u hoc khi ng li my tnh. Mn hnh ngn ng xut hin.
3. Chn ngn ng ca bn mong mun v nhp vo Forward. Xut hin ca

s .
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4. Chn v tr gn nht vi v tr ca bn v nhn Forward. Bn phm b tr

ca s xut hin.
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5. Chn cch b tr bn phm . Click Forward. Phn b khng gian ca s

a xut hin.
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6. Nu bn mun ci t Ubuntu trn ton b cng ca bn, sau Chn

Xo b a v ci t Ubuntu v chn a cng m bn mun ci t
Ubuntu.
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Click Forward.
Ch : Ci t Ubuntu trn ton b a cng ca bn s xa tt c cc d
liu nm trn a.
7. Nu bn mun ci t Ubuntu trn mt kp phn vng khi ng, chn
hng dn - thay i kch thc. Trong lnh vc kch thc phn vng
mi, ko khu vc gia hai phn vng to ra cc kch c phn vng
mong mun ca bn. Click Forward.
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8. Ca s tip theo xut hin, Bn l ai?
9. Nhp cc thng tin yu cu, v nhn Forward. Ca s ci t xut hin.
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10.Xc minh ngn ng, b tr, v tr, v cc thng tin c nhn chnh xc v
kch Install. Trnh ci t bt u.
11.Khi chng trnh ci t kt thc, ca s yu cu khi ng li xut hin.
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Phan Tr Bnh

Ubuntu 11.04 VN

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Hng Dn Ubuntu Desktop 11.

Ubuntu Desktop 11.10 - VN

1. Duyt cc tp tin v th mc.......................................................................27

Hng Dn Ubuntu Desktop 11.10 - VN

Ubuntu Desktop 11.10 - VN

2.4.1 phn gii...................................................................................58

Hng Dn Ubuntu Desktop 11.10 - VN

Ubuntu Desktop 11.10 - VN

Chng 1: Tng Quan V Ubuntu

Hng Dn Ubuntu Desktop 11.10 - VN

Ubuntu Desktop 11.10 - VN

Vic Vit ha Windows c xem l khng th nu nh bn khng c s ng

Hng Dn Ubuntu Desktop 11.10 - VN

Ubuntu Desktop 11.10 - VN

dng, nht l nhng ngi cn c kin thc v tin hc hn ch.

Hng Dn Ubuntu Desktop 11.10 - VN

Ubuntu Desktop 11.10 - VN

Mi th bn cn u nm trong mt a CD, cung cp cho bn mt mi

Hng Dn Ubuntu Desktop 11.10 - VN

Chng 2: Cu Trc H Thng Ubuntu

Ubuntu Desktop 11.10 - VN

/lost+found: Ci tn nghe l l phi khng cc bn? nhng mang ng

Hng Dn Ubuntu Desktop 11.10 - VN

Ubuntu Desktop 11.10 - VN

3. Ca s dng lnh (Terminal)

Hng Dn Ubuntu Desktop 11.10 - VN

4. Mn hnh lm vic Desktop

Ubuntu Desktop 11.10 - VN

Chng 3: Mi Trng Ha Unity trn Ubuntu 11.04

Hng Dn Ubuntu Desktop 11.10 - VN

Ubuntu Desktop 11.10 - VN

2. Bt u s dng Ubuntu vi Unity

Hng Dn Ubuntu Desktop 11.10 - VN

Thanh tm kim l mt thanh tm kim ton cc, c ngha l bn c th s

Ubuntu Desktop 11.10 - VN

V bn cng c th nhm cc ca s ca ng dng vo cng trong vng

Hng Dn Ubuntu Desktop 11.10 - VN

Ubuntu Desktop 11.10 - VN

2.3.2 Lm vic vi cc vng lm vic

Hng Dn Ubuntu Desktop 11.10 - VN

2.4.2 Kha mn hnh

Ubuntu Desktop 11.10 - VN

Khi mn hnh ca bn b kha, ngi dng khc c th ng nhp vo ti

Hng Dn Ubuntu Desktop 11.10 - VN

Chng 4: Qun L V Tm Kim Tp Tin, Th Mc

Bn c th truy cp nhanh vo nhng ni thng dng t sidebar. Nu bn

Ubuntu Desktop 11.10 - VN

Bn c th thm th mc m bn hay s dng vo Bookmark v n s xut hin

Hng Dn Ubuntu Desktop 11.10 - VN

Ubuntu Desktop 11.10 - VN

k t sau y: , \, ?, *, <, ", :, >, /.

4. G vo t hoc nhiu t m bn bit xut hin trong hp thoi v

Hng Dn Ubuntu Desktop 11.10 - VN

6. Bn th m, sao chp, xa, hoc nu khng lm vic vi cc tp tin

Ubuntu Desktop 11.10 - VN

chn cho th mc , nhng nhng th mc khc s c sp xp trt t theo

Hng Dn Ubuntu Desktop 11.10 - VN

3. Mt ca s mi s m ra hin th cho bn cc tp tin trn my ch.

Ubuntu Desktop 11.10 - VN

quan n tn ca n, bn c th tm tp tin bng tn.(xem li phn tm kim tp

Hng Dn Ubuntu Desktop 11.10 - VN

Thay v ch n gin ch bt u cho mt ng dng, bn cng c th thit

Ubuntu Desktop 11.10 - VN

12. G b an ton mt thit b lu tr di ng.