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xx
=
2
y
2
,
yy
=
2
x
2
,
xy
=
2
xy
. (1)
Equilibrium equation of the stresses implies that the Airy stress function satises
the biharmonic equation, that is,
2
= 0 .
To nd the displacements u
1
and u
2
, using the Airy stress function , we con-
sider the following equations which may be derived from the equations in (1), the
Hookes law with the plane strain condition and the strain - displacement relation :
+ 2
u
1
x
=
2
y
2
, + 2
u
2
y
=
2
x
2
,
_
u
2
x
+
u
1
y
_
=
2
xy
, (2)
where =
u
1
x
+
u
2
y
. From the rst two of these equations,
2( + ) = i.e. =
2( + )
,
An Alternative Complex Variable Method in Plane Elasticity 67
so that we have
2
u
1
x
=
2
y
2
2( + )
, 2
u
2
y
=
2
x
2
2( + )
.
Introducing a function P(x, y) dened as
=
2
x
2
+
2
y
2
= P , (3)
it follows that
2
u
1
x
=
x
2
+
+ 2
2( + )
P , 2
u
2
y
=
y
2
+
+ 2
2( + )
P (4)
From (3), we note that
P =
2
= 0 ,
that is, P(x, y) is a harmonic function.
Now let Q(x, y) be a harmonic conjugate function of P(x, y) such that
f (z) = P(x, y) + i Q(x, y) (5)
is an analytic function. The function Q may be determined for a given P apart
from an arbitrary constant. Furthermore, if we take a function as
(z) = p + i q =
1
4
_
f (z) dz , (6)
then, since is analytic,
(z) =
p
x
+ i
q
x
=
1
4
(P + i Q) .
Thus
p
x
=
q
y
=
1
4
P ,
p
y
=
q
x
=
1
4
Q . (7)
Substituting P = 4
p
x
= 4
q
y
into the formulae (4), we have
2
u
1
x
=
x
2
+
2( + 2)
+
p
x
, 2
u
2
y
=
y
2
+
2( + 2)
+
q
y
.
Integration gives
2u
1
=
x
+
2( + 2)
+
p+ f
1
(y) , 2u
2
=
y
+
2( + 2)
+
q+ f
2
(x) .
68 BEONG IN YUN
Substituting these expressions into the third equation in (2) and noting that
p
y
+
q
x
= 0 ,
we have
f
1
(y) + f
2
(x) = 0 ,
and thus
f
1
(y) = c
3
y + c
1
, f
2
(x) = c
3
x + c
2
,
where c
1
, c
2
and c
3
are arbitrary constants . In this equations, f
1
and f
2
mean the
rigid body motion for the displacements.
Omitting the rigid body displacements, the following displacement formulae
are attained :
2u
1
=
x
+
2( + 2)
+
p , 2u
2
=
y
+
2( + 2)
+
q . (8)
2.2. Complex Representation of the Displacements and Stresses
Noting that = P and that, from (7),
(px + qy) = x p + y q + 2
_
p
x
+
q
y
_
= 4
p
x
= P ,
it follows that
( px qy) = 0 .
Thus the Airy stress function may be written as
(x, y) = px + qy + p
1
,
where p
1
is some harmonic function . Now, let
(z) = p
1
+ i q
1
,
where q
1
is a harmonic conjugate to p
1
. Since the region is assumed to be simply
connected, is analytic.
The Airy stress function can be rewritten by
(x, y) = Re
_
z(z) + (z)
_
, (9)
An Alternative Complex Variable Method in Plane Elasticity 69
or
2(x, y) = z(z) + z (z) + (z) + (z) . (10)
Noting that
x
=
z
+
z
and
y
= i
_
z
z
_
, it is easily found that
2
x
= (z) + z
(z) + (z) + z
(z) +
(z) +
(z) ,
2
y
= i
_
(z) + z
(z) + (z) z
(z) +
(z)
(z)
_
. (11)
To derive the formulae of the displacements and stresses, it will be more con-
venient to deal with the expression
x
+ i
y
= (z) + z
(z) +
(z) . (12)
From the equation (8) with (z) = p + i q and (12), we have
2(u
1
+ i u
2
) =
_
x
+ i
y
_
+
2( + 2)
+
(z)
= (z) z
(z)
(z) , (13)
where
=
+ 3
+
= 3 4 ,
for the plane strain condition which we have assumed when the equations (2) are
derived. In the case of the plane stress, the formula (13) is available when we
replace the Poissons ratio by
1+
, that is, = (3 )/(1 + ). Next, for the
representation of the stresses, using (1),
xx
+ i
xy
=
y
_
y
i
x
_
= i
y
_
x
+ i
y
_
=
_
z
z
__
x
+ i
y
_
.
70 BEONG IN YUN
Substitution of (12) into this equation gives
xx
+ i
xy
=
(z) +
(z) z
(z)
(z) . (14)
Similarly, since
yy
i
xy
=
x
_
x
+ i
y
_
=
_
z
+
z
__
x
+ i
y
_
,
we have
yy
i
xy
=
(z) +
(z) + z
(z) +
(z) . (15)
In addition, equations (14) and (15) result in
xx
+
yy
= 2
_
(z) +
(z)
_
= 4 Re[
(z)] (16)
xx
yy
+ 2i
xy
= 2
_
z
(z) +
(z)
_
. (17)
3 Alternative Method Using the Navier Equations
In this section we have developed a new complex variable method for the plane
elasticity, which results in the equivalent formulae of the displacements and stresses
to the Muskhelishvilis ones.
The displacement vector u = u
1
+i u
2
satises the following Navier equation :
u + ( + )div(grad u) = 0 , (18)
or
u
1
+ ( + )
x
1
_
u
1
x
1
+
u
2
x
2
_
= 0
u
2
+ ( + )
x
2
_
u
1
x
1
+
u
2
x
2
_
= 0 , (19)
where the Lam e constant , shear modulus and the constant are such as
=
E
2(1 + )
, =
2
1 2
,
An Alternative Complex Variable Method in Plane Elasticity 71
and
=
_
3 4 for plane strain condition
34
1+
for plane stress condition .
Let
u
1
x
1
+
u
2
x
2
= h(x
1
, x
2
) and
u
1
x
2
u
2
x
1
= g(x
1
, x
2
) . (20)
Then
u
1
=
h
x
1
+
g
x
2
and u
2
=
h
x
2
g
x
1
,
so that the equation (19) becomes
( + 2)
h
x
1
+
g
x
2
= 0 ,
( + 2)
h
x
2
g
x
1
= 0 . (21)
If we take a complex function
f (z) = ( + 2) h(x
1
, x
2
) i g(x
1
, x
2
) , z = x
1
+ i x
2
, (22)
then, by the relations
z
=
1
2
_
x
1
i
x
2
_
,
z
=
1
2
_
x
1
+ i
x
2
_
,
equation (21) implies that
2
z
f (z) = 0 , that is, f (z) is analytic .
Now, from the denition of f (z) in (22),
h(x
1
, x
2
) =
1
2( + 2)
_
f (z) + f (z)
_
and g(x
1
, x
2
) =
i
2
_
f (z) f (z)
_
.
(23)
If we take an analytic function (z) and set
f (z) =
4
( + 2)
(z) , (24)
72 BEONG IN YUN
for simplicity, then the equations in (23) give
h(x
1
, x
2
) = 2
_
_ _
(z) +
(z)
_
,
g(x
1
, x
2
) = 2i
_
_
_
1 + 2
_ _
(z)
(z)
_
. (25)
On the other hand, from the relation (20),
2
z
(u
1
+ i u
2
) = h(x
1
, x
2
) i g(x
1
, x
2
) ,
so that
2(u
1
+ i u
2
) =
_
h(x
1
, x
2
) i g(x
1
, x
2
) dz + R(z) , (26)
where R(z) is an arbitrary analytic function.
By substituting (25) into (26),
2(u
1
+ i u
2
)
=
1
_ _
2
_
_
(z) +
(z)
_
+ 2
_
1 + 2
_
_
(z)
(z)
_
dz + R(z)
=
1
_
(1 2)
_
(z) +
(z)
_
+ 2(1 )
_
(z)
(z)
_
dz + R(z)
=
1
_
(z) z
(z)
_
+ R(z) .
For an analytic function (z), if we take R(z) =
1
xx
=
u
1
x
,
yy
=
u
2
y
.
Using Hookes law and (25), for the plane strain condition, we have
xx
+
yy
=
E
(1 + )(1 2)
{
xx
+
yy
} =
_
_
{
xx
+
yy
}
=
_
_
h(x
1
, x
2
)
= 2
_
(z) +
(z)
_
. (28)
An Alternative Complex Variable Method in Plane Elasticity 73
By the Hookes law and the strain - displacement relation it follows that
xx
yy
+ 2i
xy
=
E
1 +
_
(
xx
yy
) + 2i
xy
_
= 2
__
u
1
x
1
u
2
x
2
_
+ i
_
u
1
x
2
+
u
2
x
1
__
= 4
z
(u
1
+ i u
2
) .
Substituting (27) into this equation, we have
xx
yy
+ 2i
xy
= 2
_
z
(z) +
(z)
_
. (29)
Subtraction of (29) from (28) gives
yy
i
xy
=
(z) +
(z) + z
(z) +
(z) . (30)
Addition of (29) to (30) gives
xx
+ i
xy
=
(z) +
(z) z
(z)
(z) . (31)
We can observe that, if we set (z) =