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CHNG 2
CC MNG
CHUYN MCH KNH
I. PSTN
1. Khi nm:
PSTN (Public Switch telephone Network) l mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng
truyn thng da vo k thut chuyn mch knh. N gm tp hp nhiu mng quc gia to
thnh mng quc t
PSTN lc u ra i ch s dng cho mc ch truyn thoi bng my in thoi do
ng giao tip gia thu bao (TB) v tng i (TD) l tng t v c bng thng 64
Kbps.V ting ni ngi c bng tn t 0-4KHz nn phi ly mu vi tn s 8KHz (tn s
NyQuyst), mi mu 8 bit s l 8x8=64Kbps
Trong PSTN, kt ni lin lc in thoi dng chuyn mch knh s dng mt ng kt
ni vt l gia ngi dng ti hai u ca mng. ng kt ni ny b chim dng v phi
c m bo trong sut qu trnh lin lc. V l cht lng cuc gi trn mng PSTN
bao gi cng tt hn trn mng internet nhng i li chi ph li t hn rt nhiu, c bit
l cc cuc gi quc t
2.Cu trc
Tng i cng quc t: cc tng i ny truy
nhp trc tip n cc tng i ca khu ca cc
nc khc. N cng cung cp tr gip iu hnh
quc t
Tng i chuyn tip vng Toll: kt ni gia cc
tng i ca cc vng khc nhau thc hin
chuyn tip vng
Tng i chuyn tip ni ht Tandem: kt ni
gia cc tng i ni ht trong cng vi tng i
Toll qua ng trung k
Tng i ni ht Local: giao tip trc tip vi
thu bao v u ni vi tng i lin tnh Toll
hoc tng i chuyn tip ni ht Tandem qua
cc ng trung k. N ghi thng tin cc thu
bao
3.K hoch nh s
S quc gia
S quc t
II. ISDN
1. Khi nim:
ISDN hay gi l mng tch hp a dch v, l mt mng vin thng c kh nng
cung cp nhiu dch v khc nhau v cung cp cc ng ni s gia cc giao din
ngi s dng v mng (cc thit b kt cui)
ISDN cung cp nhng dch v WAN chuyn mch s tc ln hn hoc bng 54
kbps. ISDN ra i cch y hn 20 nm v u thp k 90 c s dng M
ISDN cung cp cc dch v thoi v s liu chung trn mt ng dy thu bao k
thut s. Dng ISDN giao tip tc c s (BRI: Basic Rate Interface) cho php
truyn d liu v thoi trn 2 knh B (Binary channel) 64kbps v 1 knh D (Digital
channel) 16kbps. Mi ng dy ISDN BRI c th b tr ti a 8 thit b u cui
v cng mt lc c th thc hin c nhiu cuc gi khc nhau
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Tin ra i ca ISDN
PSTN c nhiu nhc im
Truy cp tn hiu tng t trn mch vng thu bao (cp ng) => khng linh hot trong vic s
dng knh.
Thit b u cui ang pht trin theo hng s ho
V chuyn giao s: hiu sut PSTN khng cao
My Fax chim knh truyn 64kbps nhng ch truyn hnh nh 14,4kbps
Truyn d liu cn knh truyn c tc 16kbps vn chim knh truyn tc 64kbps
Khong cch gia thit b u cui v tng i: ngn <7km. Nu ko di th cn b
khuch i tn hiu => tn km v gim tc ng truyn, cht lng thp
Do vy, phi tip tc s ha phn truy cp nn mng mi ra i, ISDN
2. Cc loi knh trong ISDN
Knh: L n v c s dng mang thng rin ring qua giao din. Knh c
phn ra
Knh truyn thng tin ngi s dng (Knh B, H)
Knh bo hiu (Knh D)
Knh B s dng truyn thng tin ngi s dng gia cc u cui. N c th c
s dng cho c chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi. Trong thng tin chuyn
mch knh, tc 64 kbps (trong sut i vi cuc gi).Cn nu knh B s dng
chuyn mch gi th tun th theo chun X.25
Knh H l knh truyn thng tin ngi s dng tc cao nh truyn hnh hi
ngh, truyn d liu tc cao
Knh H
0
c tc 384 Kbps
Knh H
11
c tc 1,536 Mbps
Knh H12 c tc 1,920 Mbps
Knh D mang thng tin bo hiu cho iu khin cuc gi ca knh B v knh H.
Knh D cng c th c s dng chuyn mch gi vi tc 16 Kbps i vi
giao din c s v 64 Kbps i vi giao din s cp
Bng tng hp cc knh trong ISDN 3. Giao tip trong ISDN
ISDN nh ngha hai phng php truy cp chun l BRI v PRI. Mt cng BRI
hay PRI cung cp mt knh D v nhiu knh B
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BRI s dng hai knh B 64kb/giy v mt knh D 16kb/giy. BRI hot ng c trn
nhiu Cisco router v i khi c k hiu l 2B+D.
Knh B c th c s dng truyn thoi. Khi tn hiu thoi c m ho theo cch
c bit. Khi knh B c s dng truyn s liu th thng tin c ng thnh khung,
s dng giao thc ng gi HDLC hoc PPP lp 2. PPP phc tp hn HDLC v n cung
cp c ch xc minh, tho thun cu hnh kt ni v giao thc ph hp.
ISDN c xem l mt kt ni chuyn mch. Knh D mang cc thng ip iu khin
thit lp cuc gi ngt cuc gi v iu khin cuc gi cho knh B. Lu lng trn knh D
s dng giao thc LAPD. LAPD l mt giao thc ln lin kt d liu da trn c s ca
HDLC.
Bc m v Nht, PRI cung cp 23 knh B 64kb/giy v mt knh D 64kb/giy. Mt PRI
ny cung cp dch v tng ng vi mt kt ni T hay DSL. Chu u v phn cn li
trn th gii , PRI cung cp 30 knh B v mt knh D, tng ng vi mt kt ni E1.
PRI s dng CSU/DSU cho kt ni T1/E1.
III. Bo hiu
1. Khi nim
Mt mng vin thng c nhim v ch yu l thit lp, gii phng v duy tr
knh gia thu bao vi node chuyn mch hay gia cc node chuyn mch vi
nhau. thc hin c iu ny, cn phi c mt h thng thng tin h tr c
trao i gia h thng chuyn mch vi cc thit bi u cui v gia cc h thng
chuyn mch vi nhau, h thng thng tin ny gi l h thng bo hiu. Thng tin
bo hiu c th c nhiu dng khc nhau thun tin cho vic iu khin cc thao
tc chuyn mch, x l gi...
Thng tin bo hiu c trc, trong v sau mt cuc gi. tng hiu sut lm
vic, thi gian lm vic ca h thng bo hiu cng nh cng tt, n ph thuc vo
cc thit bi hin i trong mng
2. Cc chc nng bo hiu
Chc nng gim st : Chc nng gim st c s dng nhn bit v phn nh s thay
i v trng thi hoc v iu kin ca mt s phn t (ng dy thu bao, trung k).
Chc nng tm chn: Chc nng ny lin quan n vic thit lp cuc gi v c khi
u bng thu bao ch gi gi thng tin ia ch ca thu bao bi gi. Cc thng tin ia ch
ny cng vi cc thng tin ca chc nng tm chn c truyn gia cc tng i
p ng qu trnh chuyn mch. Chc nng ny phi c tnh hiu qu, tin cy
cao m bo vic thc hin chnh xc cc chc nng chuyn mch.
Chc nng vn hnh: Nhn bit v chuyn thng tin v trng thi tc nghn trong
mng, thng thng l trng thi ng dy cho thu bao ch gi. Thng bo v cc
thit bi, cc trung k khng bnh thng hoc ang trng thi bo dng. Cung
cp cc thng tin tnh cc. Cung cp cc phng tin nh gi, ng chnh, cnh bo
t tng i khc.
3. c im cc h thng bo hiu
Mt h thng bo hiu c c im chung nh sau
C tnh quc t
Ph hp vi cc thit bi m n phc v
Kh nng phi hp vi cc h thng bo hiu khc
4. H thng thng tin bo hiu
H thng thng tin bo hiu cng l mt h thng thng tin in, n cng
gm :
Ngun tt c cc tn hiu cn thit cho vic thit lp cuc gi v cung cp cc
dich v khc.
Cng vic truyn dn chuyn tn hiu t ngun ti ch.
5. Ni dung bo hiu
a. Phn tch cuc gi: Trong mng in in thoi, khi mt
thu bao mun ni vi mt thu bao khc bt k trong
mng th bo hiu s thng bo cho mng chuyn mch
bit rng thu bao yu cu phc v, v sau trao cho
chuyn mch ni ht cc s liu cn thit nhn bit thu
bao xa cn n v t inh tuyn cuc gi mt cch chnh
xc. Bo hiu cn gim st cuc gi v trao cho thu bao
cc thng tin trng thi nh mi quay s, m bo bn,
hi m chung
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b. Phn loi bo hiu
- Bo hiu nghe - nhn: L loi bo hiu nghe thy c i vi
thu bao trong tin trnh cuc gi. l cc loi thng tin nh
sau ch yu t tng i n thu bao nh sau:
- m mi quay s: m mi quay s vi tn s khong 425Hz lin tc
- m bo bn hoc thng bo: m bo bn vi tn s tn s 425 HZ, t
l 1:1
- Dng chung: tn hiu xoay chiu khong 75VAC, 25Hz
- Hi m chung: Tn hiu hi m chung c tn s 425Hz, t l 1:3
Bo hiu trng thi: Xc inh trng thi ng dy ca thu
bao v cuc gi:nh sau:
Trng thi nhc t hp
Trng thi t t hp
Trng thi ri bn
Trng thi hng
Tn hiu tr v
Bo hiu a ch: Thng tin ia ch gm mt phn hoc ton
b ia ch ca thu bao bi gi, i khi cn km theo cc s
liu khc. Sau khi nhn c m mi quay s, thu bao tin
hnh pht cc ch s ia ch ca thu bao bi gi. Cc ch s
ny c th c pht di dng thp phn hay dng m
a tn
Tn hiu xung thp phn
Tn hiu m a tn ghp cp (DTMF)
Bo hiu gia tng i vi thu bao
Tn hiu ng dy thu bao ch gi:
Tn hiu yu cu gi.
Tn hiu yu cu gii ta tuyn gi.
Tn hiu ia ch.
Tn hiu bo bn.
Tn hiu bo ri.
Hi m chung.
Tn hiu tr li v.
Tn hiu gi my qu lu.
Tn hiu ng dy thu bao bi gi:
Tn hiu chung.
Tn hiu tr li.
Tn hiu phc hi
Tn hiu ng dy thu bao th 3: Ging nh tn hiu
ng dy thu bao bi gi. c s dng cho in thoi hi
nghi. N lm gin on thu bao ch gi trong mt khong
thi gian nh hn tn hiu gii t a gi khong 200ms n
320ms
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Bo hiu lin tng i: C th c truyn dn tn hiu
bo hiu theo ng dy bo hiu ring hoc i chung
vi ng dy thai. Chng s dng tn s trong bng
tn ting ni (trong bng) hoc ngoi di tn ting ni
(ngoi bng). Thng s dng 2 k thut truyn sau :
Bo hiu knh kt hp (CAS).
Bo hu knh chung (CCS).
6. Bo hiu knh kt hp
a. Khi nim:
Bo hiu knh ht hp - CAS (Chanel Associated Signalling)
Bo hiu knh kt hp l loi bo hiu m trong , cc
ng bo hiu c n inh trn mi knh thng tin v
cc tn hiu ny c th c truyn theo nhiu cch khc
nhau. C hai loi thng tin bo hiu trong bo hiu knh kt
hp l: Bo hiu ng dy v bo hiu thanh ghi (ia ch)
Bo hiu knh kt hp
Bo hiu ng dy: l phng php bo hiu c truyn
dn gia cc thit bi kt cui v thng xuyn kim tra
ng truyn hoc tt c cc mch kt cui, v d cc trng
thi bn, ri
Bo hiu thanh ghi: Bo hiu thanh ghi l s truyn tt c cc
thng tin c lin quan n tuyn ni cuc gi bao gm cc con
s thu bao bi gi, nhng c tnh ca thu bao .
b. Cc k thut truyn tn hiu bo hiu trong CAS
Tn hiu bo hiu nm trong knh thoi (DC, trong bng).
Tn hiu bo hiu nm trong knh thoi nhng phm vi
tn s khc ( ngoi bng).
Tn hiu bo hiu trong 1 khe thi gian, m trong , cc
knh thoi c phn chia mt cch c inh theo chu k
(bo hiu PCM trong TS16).
Bo hiu knh kt hp c th s dng gia cc loi tng i
khc nhau. Nh vy, k thut truyn bo hiu ny gm cc tn
hiu bo hiu :
Bo hiu DC.
Bo hiu AC.
Bo hiu PCM.
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7. Bo hiu knh chung
a. Khi nim
Bo hiu knh chung - CCS (Common Channel Signalling)
i vi bo hiu knh chung, knh bo hiu c phn pht
cho knh ting ni ch trong mt khong thi gian bo hiu.
Ngi ta s dng mt tuyn ring bit cho knh bo hiu.
Ni cch khc, h thng bo hiu knh chung c mt chm
knh bo hiu. Chm knh ny ch c cp cho knh ting
ni khi c nhu cu bo hiu trc nht
b. Cu trc bn tin CCS nh sau ia ch ch: ia ch ny c phn tch ti bt k my thu
no v c so snh vi ia ch ca n. Nu khng trng th
bn tin c truyn n im khc cho n khi n ch
thc ca n.
ia ch ngun: ia ch ny gp cho my tnh bit c khi
c nhu cu cp pht li bn tin th c ia ch yu cu pht
li.
S gi: S gi ch ra tt c cc s liu ca bn tin c sp
xp ln lt mt cch chnh xc. S liu ny c kim tra
lin tc v ch c ly ra khi c ch dn.
Trng s liu: Cha nhng thng tin ca bo hiu.
Trng kim tra li: Cho php s liu c kim tra trc khi
truyn n ch
Kim tra kt thc chng
1. Trnh by cu trc PSTN. V s mt thu bao c nh qun 5, tp HCM lin
kt vi thu bao c nh qun Hai B Trng, H Ni
2. So snh ISDN v PSTN, cho v d
3. CCS l g? So snh CAS v CCS