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Updatesofts.
com Ebook Team

1
Matlab ton tp Matlab ton tp Matlab ton tp Matlab ton tp

ci t ci t ci t ci t

1. MATLAB for WIN
Yu cu h thng Yu cu h thng Yu cu h thng Yu cu h thng

H thng IBM hoc tng thch 100% vi b vi x l 486 Intel cng vi b ng x l ton
hc 487 ( ngoi tr 486 DX c b x l bn trong ), Pentium hoc Pentium Pro
Processor.
Microsoft Window 95 hoc Window NT.

a) CD ROM a) CD ROM a) CD ROM a) CD ROM

- B iu phi ho 8 bit v card mn hnh ( 256 mu ng thi )
- Khong trng a ci t v chy cc tu chn. S yu cu a cng thay i tu
theo kch c cc partition v cc tp tr gip help c ci t trc tip theo tu chn. Qu
trnh ci t s thng bo cho bn bit t m v dung lng a yu cu. V d:
Partition vi mt lin cung mt 0 cn 25 MB cho ring MATLAB v 50 MB cho c
MATLAB v HELP.
Partition vi lin cung 64 KB cn 115 MB cho ring MATLAB v 250 MB cho c
MATLAB v HELP.

b ) B nh. b ) B nh. b ) B nh. b ) B nh.

Microsoft WIndow 95: 8 MB ti thiu v 16 MB khuyn ngh.
Microsoft WIN NT 3.51 hoc 4.0: 12 MB ti thiu v 16 MB khuyn ngh.

Cc khuyn ngh
B nh ph vo (B nh b sung: additional Memory).
V mch tng tc ho b tr cho Microsoft Window.
My in tr gip cho Microsoft Window.
V mch m thanh tr gip cho Microsoft Window.
Microsoft Word 7.0 hoc hn ( nu bn c nh s dng MATLAB NoteBook ).
Trnh bin dch Watcom C, Borland, Microsoft (xy dng file MEX).
Netscape Navigator 2.0 hoc version cao hn hoc Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.0
chy MATLAB Help Desk.

Qu trnh ci t Qu trnh ci t Qu trnh ci t Qu trnh ci t

1. t a vo CD. Trn WIN 95 chng trnh SETUP bt u chy t ng nu nh
MATLAB cha c ci t trc. Cn khng, nhn p vo biu tng setup.exe setup.exe setup.exe setup.exe bt u
qu trnh ci t.
2. Chp nhn hay b i nhng khuyn co v cp ng k phn mm trn mn hnh.
Nu chp nhn bn mi c th bt u qu trnh ci t.
3. Trn Custumer Information, nhp vo tn bn, a ch ca bn. Tn khng c qu
30 k t. Nhn nt NEXT.
4. Nhn vo cc hp trng thnh phn du v nu nh bn mun tu chn v
nhn tip nu bn c nh khng mun tu chn ( c th thm vo sau ny nu mun
Updatesofts.com Ebook Team
2
). Trn mn hnh hin th C:\MATLAB l th mc ch mc nh ca qu trnh ci t. Nu
bn mun ci t vo th mc khc hoc i tn th mc th bn la chn Browse.
MATLAB cho Macintosh.
MATLAB cho my Macintosh chy c trn:
Mi my Macintosh c cu hnh mnh ( power Macintosh ).
Mi Macintosh c trang b b vi x l 68040 ( b ng x l ton hc bn trong ).
Mi my Macintosh c trang b b vi x l 68020 hoc 68030 v b ng x l ton
hc 68881 hoc 68882.
Yu cu ti thiu chy MATLAB.
a cng trng ti thiu 26 MB, cn thm 60 MB cho h thng tu chon HELP trc
tuyn.
16 MB cho phn vng b nh.
CD ROM.
Color Quick Draw.

---------------oOo----------------

Chng1
GII THIU chung

Bygi bn ci t xong, chng ta hy xem MATLAB c th lm c nhng g.
Trong phn ny chng ta s trnh by mt s nhng ng dng ca n; v trnh by tt c
nhng ng dng ca MATLAB s rt di v tn thi gian. Nu bn c quyn hng dn
ny, bn s thy MATLAB l ngn ng rt mnh gii quyt nhng vn quan trng v
kh khn ca bn. N s rt hu ch khi bn c phn hng dn c bn v n s cung cp
cho bn nhng kin thc c bn bn hiu r MATLAB v pht trin c nhng kh
nng ca mnh sau ny.
C l cch d nht hng dung v MATLAB l n c y cc c im ca my
tnh c nhn: ging nh cc my tnh c bn, n lm tt c cc php tnh ton hc c bn
nh cng, tr, nhn, chia; ging nh my tnh k thut, n bao gm: s phc, cn thc, s
m, logarithm, cc php ton lng gic nh sine, cosine, tang; n cng ging nh my tnh
c kh nng lp trnh, c th lu tr, tm kim li d liu, cng c th to, bo v v ghi trnh
t cc lnh t ng php ton khi gii quyt cc vn , bn c th so snh logic, iu
khin thc hin lnh m bo tnh ng n ca php ton. Ging nh cc my tnh hin
i nht, n cho php bn biu din d liu di nhiu dng nh: biu din thng thng, ma
trn i s, cc hm t hp v c th thao tc vi d liu thng cng nh i vi ma trn.
Trong thc t MATLAB cn ng dng rt rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc v n cng s
dng rt nhiu cc php tnh ton hc. Vi nhng c im v kh nng thn thin vi
ngi s dng nn n d dng s dng hn cc ngn ng khc nh Basic, Pascal, C.
N cung cp mt mi trng phong ph cho biu din d liu, v c kh nng mnh m
v ho, bn c th to cc giao din ring cho ngi s dng(GUIs) gi quyt nhng
vn ring cho mnh. Thm vo MATLAB a ra nhng cng c gii quyt nhng
vn c bit, gi l Toolbox (hp cng c). V d Student Edition ca MATLAB bao gm
c Toolbox iu khin h thng, Toolbox x l tn hiu, Toolbox biu tng ton hc. Ngoi
ra bn c th to Toolbox cho ring mnh.
Vi nhng kh nng mnh m, rng ln ca MATLAB nn n rt cn thit cho bn bt
u t phn c bn. Sau y chng ta s nghin cu tng phn, v cun sch ny s gip
3
bn hiu c chng. Trc tin, mt cch n gin nht l chng ta quan nim nh l mt
my tnh c bn, tip theo l nh my tnh k thut v nh my tnh c th lp trnh c,
cui cng l nh my tnh hin i nht. Bng cch quan nim ny bn s d dng hiu
c nhng cch m MATLAB gii quyt nhng vn thng thng v xem MATLAB gii
quyt nhng vn v s phc mm do nh th no.
Tu thuc vo kin thc ca bn, bn c th tm thy nhng phn trong cun sch h-
ng dn ny hng th hay bun t...
Khi bn chy chng trnh MATLAB, n s to mt hoc nhiu ca s trn mn hnh ca
bn, v ca s lnh (command) l ca s chnh bn giao tip vi MATLAB, ca s ny
xut hin nh hnh di y.
Cc k t EDU>> l du nhc ca MATLAB trong student MATLAB. Trong cc
version khc ca MATLAB, du nhc n gin ch l >>. Khi ca s lnh xut hin, l
ca s hot ng, con tr xut hin bn phi du nhc nh hnh di. Con tr v du
nhc ny ca MATLAB bo rng MATLAB ang i thc hin lnh.

Hnh 1.1 Ca s lnh ca Student MATLAB Hnh 1.1 Ca s lnh ca Student MATLAB Hnh 1.1 Ca s lnh ca Student MATLAB Hnh 1.1 Ca s lnh ca Student MATLAB

1.1 Cc php ton n gin 1.1 Cc php ton n gin 1.1 Cc php ton n gin 1.1 Cc php ton n gin

Ging nh my tnh n gin thng thng, MATLAB c th thc hin cc php ton
n gin, nh v d di y:
Mary n mt ca hng vn phng phm v mua 4 cc ty, 25 xu mt cc, 6 tp v, 52
xu mt tp, hai cun bng i, 99 xu mt cun. Hy tnh xem Mary mua bao nhiu vt, v
tng s tin l bao nhiu?
Nu dng my tnh thng thng, ta vo cc s:
4 + 6 + 2 = 12 ( vt)
4x25 + 6x52 + 2x99 = 610 (xu)

Hnh 1.2 Ca s lnh ca MATLAB version 5.2 Hnh 1.2 Ca s lnh ca MATLAB version 5.2 Hnh 1.2 Ca s lnh ca MATLAB version 5.2 Hnh 1.2 Ca s lnh ca MATLAB version 5.2

Trong MATLAB chng ta c th gii quyt vn ny theo nhiu cch. Trc tin ging nh
my tnh trn, chng ta c th tnh:

>> 4 + 6 + 2
ans=
12
>> 4*25 + 6*52 + 2*99
ans=
610

Ch rng MATLAB khng ch n nhng khong trng, cho tt c cc phn, v
php nhn c mc u tin cao hn php cng. V mt ch khc l MATLAB gi kt
qu ans (vit tt ca answer) cho c hai php tnh.
Nh ni trn, vn trn c th gii quyt bng cch cha cc thng tin vo
bin ca MATLAB:

>> erasers = 4
erasers=
4
4
>> pads = 6
pads=
6
>> tape = 2;
>> iterms = erases + pads + tape
iterms=
12
>> cost = erases*25 + pads*52 + tape*99
cost=
610

y chng ta to 3 bin MATLAB: erases, pads, tape cha s lng mi loi vt.
Sau khi vo cc gi tr cho cc bin ny, MATLAB hin th kt qu ra mn hnh, tr trng
hp bin tape. Du hai chm ng sau cu lnh >> tape = 2; thng bo cho MATLAB
nhn gi tr gn nhng khng hin th ra mn hnh. Cui cng khc vi gi kt qu ans,
chng ta yu cu MATLAB gi kt qu tng s cc vt l iterms, v tng s tin l cost. Ti
mi bc MATLAB u a ra cc thng tin. V c lu gi cc bin nn chng ta c th yu
cu MATLAB tnh gi tr trung bnh cho mi vt:

>> everage_cost = cost/iterms
everage_cost=
50.8333

Bi v everage cost c hai t, m MATLAB yu cu bin ch c mt t, nn chng ta dng
du gch di ni hai t ny thnh mt t.
Ngoi cc php tnh trn, MATLAB cn c mt s php tnh c bn khc nh bng di
y:

Php tnh Biu tng V d
Php cng, a + b + 5 + 3
Php tr, a - b - 7 - 4
Php nhn, a.b * 18*24
Php chia, ab / hoc \ 56/8 = 8\ 56
Php lu tha, a
b
^ 5^2

Trong cc php ton trn c mc u tin khc nhau, khi tnh t tri sang phi ca
mt dng gm nhiu lnh th php ton lu tha c mc u tin cao nht, tip theo l
php nhn v php chia c mc u tin bng nhau cui cng l php cng v php tr
cng c mc u tin bng nhau.

1.2 Khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB 1.2 Khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB 1.2 Khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB 1.2 Khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB

Cng nh bn lm vic vi ca s Lnh, MATLAB nh cc lnh bn g vo cng nh
cc gi tr bn gn cho n hoc n c to ln. Nhng lnh v bin ny c gi l lu gi
trong khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB, v c th c gi li khi bn mun. V d, kim
tra gi tr ca bin tape, tt c nhng g bn phi lm l yu cu MATLAB cho bit bng
cch nh vo tn bin ti du nhc:

>> tape
5
tape=
2

Nu bn khng nh tn bin, bn c th yu cu MATLAB cho danh sch cc bin bng
cch dnh lnh who who who who t du nhc lnh:

>> who
Your variables are:
ans cost iterms tape
average_cost erasers pads

Ch rng MATLAB khng a ra gi tr ca tt c cc bin, nu bn mun bit gi
tr, bn nh vo tn bin ti du nhc lnh ca MATLAB.
gi li cc lnh bn dng, MATLAB dng cc phm mi tn ( ) trn bn phm ca
bn. V d gi li lnh bn g vo lc gn hin ti nht, bn nhn phm mi tn , tip tc
nhn phm ny, n s li gi tip lnh trc , Nu bn dng phm mi tn n s gi li
lnh t lnh u tin cho n lnh gn hin ti nht. Cc phm mi tn v c th
dng thay i v tr con tr trong dng lnh ti du nhc ca MATLAB, nh vy chng ta
c th sa dng lnh, thm na, chng ta c th dng chut cng vi b nh m ct,
copy, dn, v sa vn bn ti du nhc ca dng lnh.

1.3 Bin 1.3 Bin 1.3 Bin 1.3 Bin

Ging nh nhng ngn ng lp trnh khc, MATLAB c nhng quy nh ring v tn
bin. Trc tin tn bin phi l mt t, khng cha du cch, v tn bin phi c nhng
quy tun th nhng quy tc sau:
Quy nh v tn bin
Tn bin c phn bit ch hoa ch thng.
V d: Iterms, iterms, itErms, v ITERMS l cc bin khc nhau
Tn bin c th cha nhiu nht 31 k t, cn cc k t sau k t th 31 b l i.
V d: howaboutthisveriablename
Tn bin bt u phi l ch ci, tip theo c th l ch s, s gch di
V d: how_about_this_veriable_name, X51483. a_b_c_d_e
K t chm cu khng c php dng v n c nhng ngha c bit
Cng vi nhng quy nh trn, MATLAB c nhng bin c bit trong bng sau:

Cc bin c bit Gi tr
ans Tn bin mc nh dng tr v kt qu
pi = 3.1415..
Eps S nh nht, nh vy dng cng vi 1 cs nh nht ln hn 1
flops S ca php ton s thc
inf ch s v cng nh kt qu ca 1/0
NaN hoc nan Dng ch s khng xc nh nh kt qu ca 0/0
i (v) j i = j =
nargin S cc i s a vo hm c s dng
narout S cc i s hm a ra
realmin S nh nht c th c ca s thc
realmax S ln nht c th c ca s thc
6

Nh bn c th to mt bin ca MATLAB, v bn cng c th gn li gi tr cho mt
hoc nhiu bin.
V d:

>> erases = 4;
>> pads = 6;
>> tape = 2;
>> iterms = eases + pads + tape
iterms=
12
>> erases = 6
erases=
6
>> iterms
iterms=
12

y chng ta s dng li v d trn, chng ta tm c s vt m Mary mua sau
chng ta thay i s cc ty ln 6, gi tr ny s ln gi tr trc ca n l 4. Khi bn lm
nh vy, gi tr ca iterms vn khng thay i, v MATLAB khng tnh li iterms vi gi tr
mi ca erases. Khi MATLAB thc hin mt php tnh, n ly gi tr ca cc bin hin thi,
nn nu bn mun tnh gi tr mi ca iterms, cost, average_cost, bn gi li cc lnh tnh
cc gi tr .
i vi cc bin c bit trn, n c sn gi tr, nh vy khi bn khi ng
MATLAB; nu bn thay i gi tr ca n th nhng gi tr c bit ban u s b mt cho
n khi bn xo bin i hoc khi ng li MATLAB. Do bn khng nn thay i gi
tr ca bin c bit, tr khi n thc s cn thit.
Cc bin trong khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB c th b xo khng iu kin bng
cch dng lnh clear clear clear clear. V d:
>> clear erases
ch xo mt bin erases
>> clear cost iterms
xo c hai bin cost v iterms
>> clear cl*
du * ch rng xo tt c cc bin bt u bng hai k t cl.
>> clear

xo tt c cc bin trong khng gian lm vic!. Bn s khng c hi xc nhn cu
lnh ny v tt c cc bin b xo khng th khi phc li.
C th ni rng dng lnh clear clear clear clear rt nguy him, v vy khi dng lnh ny bn nn dng ng
v tr.

1.4 Cu gii thch (comment) v s chm cu 1.4 Cu gii thch (comment) v s chm cu 1.4 Cu gii thch (comment) v s chm cu 1.4 Cu gii thch (comment) v s chm cu

Tt c cc vn bn ng sau k hiu phn trm (%) u l cu gii thch. V d:

>> erases = 4 % S cc ty.
erases=
7
4

Bin erases c gn gi tr l 4, cn tt c k hiu phn trm v vn bn ng sau n u
b l i. c im ny gip cho chng ta d theo di cng vic chng ta ang lm.
Nhiu lnh c th t trn cng mt hng, chng cch nhau bi du phy hoc du chm
phy, nh:

>> erases = 4, pads = 6; tape = 2
erases=
4
tape=
2
du phy yu cu MATLAB hin th kt qu trn mn hnh; cn du chm phy l khng
hin th kt qu trn mn hnh.
>> average_cost = cost/ ...
iterms
average_cost=
50.83333

Nh v d trn, ta c th dng du ba chm (...) ch cu lnh c tip tc hng di,
php tnh thc hin c khi du ba chm ngn cch gia ton t v bin, ngha l tn bin
khng b ngn cch gia hai hng:

>> average_cost = cost/ it...
erms
??? age_cost = cost/iterms
Missing operator, coma, or semicolon.

ging nh vy, trng thi ca li gii thch khng th tip tc:

>> % Comments cannot be continued ...
>> either
??? Undefined function or variable either.

Bn c th dng chng trnh bng cch nhn ng thi Ctrl v C.

1.5 S phc 1.5 S phc 1.5 S phc 1.5 S phc

Mt trong nhng c im mnh m nht ca MATLAB l lm vic vi s phc. S phc
trong MATLAB c nh ngha theo nhiu cch, v d nh sau:

>> c1 = 1 - 2i % Chn thm k t i vo phn o.
c1=
1.0000 - 2.0000i
>> c1 = 1 - 2j % j y tng t nh i trn.
c1=
1.0000 - 2.0000i
>> c2 = 3*(2-sqrt(-1)*3)
c2=
8
6.0000 - 9.0000i
>> c3 = sqrt(-2)
c3=
0 + 1.4142i
>> c4 = 6 + sin(.5)*i
c4=
6.0000 + 0.4794i
>> c5 = 6 + sin(.5)*j
c5=
6.0000 + 0.4794i

Trong hai v d cui, MATLAB mc nh gi tr ca i = j = dng cho phn o. Nhn vi i
hoc j c yu cu trong trng hp ny, sin(.5)i v sin(.5)j khng c ngha i vi
MATLAB. Cui cng vi cc k t i v j, nh trong hai v d u trn ch lm vic vi s
c nh, khng lm vic c vi biu thc.
Mt s ngn ng yu cu s iu khin c bit cho s phc khi n xut hin, trong
MATLAB th khng cu nh vy. Tt c cc php tnh ton hc u thao tc c nh i
vi s thc thng thng:

>> c6 = (c1 + c2)/c3 % T cc d liu trn
c6=
-7.7782 - 4.9497i
>> check_it_out = i^2 % Bnh phng ca i phi l -1
check_it_out=
-1.0000 + 0.0000i

trong v d ny ch cn li phn thc, phn o bng khng. Chng ta c th dng hm real real real real
v imag imag imag imag kim tra tng phn thc v o.
Chng ta c th biu din s phc dng ln v gc (dng cc):

M M.e
j
= a+bi

trn s phc c biu din bng ln M v gc , quan h gia cc i lng ny v
phn thc, phn o ca s phc biu din di dng i s l:
M =
= tan
-1
(b/ a)
a = Mcos
b = Msin
Trong MATLAB, chuyn t dng cc sang dng i s, dng cc hm real real real real, imag imag imag imag,
v angle angle angle angle:

>> c1 % Gi li c1
c1=
1.0000 - 2.0000i
>> M_c1 = abs(c1) % Tnh argument ca s phc
M_c1=
2.2361
>> angle_c1 = angle(c1) % Tnh gc ca s phc theo radian
angle_c1=
9
-1.1071
>> deg_c1 = angle_c1*180/ pi % Chuyn t radian sang
-63.4349
>> real_c1 = real(c1) % Tnh phn thc
real_c1=
1
>> imag_c1 = imag(c1) % Tnh phn o
imag_c1=
-2

-------------------oOo------------------

Chng2

CC C tnh K THUT

Ging nh hu ht cc my tnh k thut, MATLAB a ra rt nhiu cc hm ton hc, k
thut thng dng, ngoi ra MATLAB cn cung cp hng trm cc hm c bit v thut
ton, n rt hu ch gii quyt cc vn khoa hc. Tt c cc hm ny c lit k
trong online help, cn y ch cp n nhng hm thng dng nht.

2.1 Cc hm ton hc thng th 2.1 Cc hm ton hc thng th 2.1 Cc hm ton hc thng th 2.1 Cc hm ton hc thng thng ng ng ng

Cc hm ton hc ca MATLAB c lit k trong bng di y, chng u c
chung mt cch gi hm nh v d di y:

>> x = sqrt(2)/2
x=
0.7071
>> y = sin(x)
y=
0.7854
>> y_deg = y*180/pi
y_deg=
45.0000

Nhng lnh ny tm mt gc (tnh bng ) khi bit gi tr hm sin ca n l / 2.
Tt c cc hm lin quan n gc ca MATLAB u lm vic vi radian.
Bng cc hm:

Cc hm thng thng
10
abs(x) Tnh argument ca s phc x
acos(x) Hm ngc ca cosine
acosh(x) Hm ngc ca hyperbolic cosine
angle(x) Tnh gc ca s phc x
asin(x) Hm ngc ca sine
asinh(x) Hm ngc ca hyperbolic sine
atan(x) Hm ngc ca tangent
atan2(x, y) L hm arctangent ca phn thc ca x v y
atanh(x) Hm ngc ca hyperbolic tangent
ceil(x) Xp x dng v cng
conj(x) S phc lin hp
cos(x) Hm cosine ca x
cosh(x) Hm hyperbolic cosine ca x
exp(x) Hm e
x

fix(x) Xp x khng
floor(x) Xp x m v cng
gdc(x, y) c s chung ln nht ca hai s nguyn xv y
imag(x) Hm tr v phn o ca s phc
lcm(x, y) Bi s chung nh nht ca hai s nguyn x v y
log(x) Logarithm t nhin
log10(x) Logarithm c s 10
real(x) Hm tr v phn thc ca x
rem(x, y) Phn d ca php chia x/ y
round(x) Hm lm trn v s nguyn t
sign(x) Hm du: tr v du ca argument nh:
sign(1.2)=1; sign(-23.4)=-1; sign(0)=0
sin(x) Hm tnh sine ca x
sinh(x) Hm tnh hyperbolic sine ca x
sqrt(x) Hm khai cn bc hai
tan(x) Tangent
tanh(x) Hyperbolic tangent

>> 4*atan(1) % Mt cch tnh xp x gi tr ca pi
ans=
3.1416
>> help atant2 % Yu cu gip i vi hm atan2

ATAN2 four quadrant inverse tangent
ATAN2(Y, X) is the four quadrant arctangent of the real parts of the elements of X and
Y. -pi <= ATAN2(Y, X) <= pi

see also ATAN.
>> 180/pi*atan(-2/ 3)
ans=
-33.69
>> 180/pi*atan2(2, -3)
ans=
146.31
11
>> 180/pi*atan2(-2, 3)
ans=
-33.69
>> 180/pi*atan2(2, 3)
ans=
33.69
>> 180/pi*atan2(-2, -3)
ans=
-146.31

Mt s v d khc:

>> y = sqrt(3^2 + 4^2) % Tnh cnh huyn ca tam gic pitago 3-4-5
y=
5
>> y = rem(23,4) % 23/4 c phn d l 3
y=
3
>> x = 2.6,y1 = fix(x),y2 = floor(x),y3 = ceil(x),y4 = round(x)
x=
2.6000
y1=
2
y2=
2
y3=
3
y4=
3
>> gcd(18,81) % 9 l c s chung ln nht ca 18 v 81
ans=
9
>> lcm(18,81) % 162 l bi s chung ln nht ca 18 v 81
ans=
162

V d: c l V d: c l V d: c l V d: c lng chiu cao ca ngi nh ng chiu cao ca ngi nh ng chiu cao ca ngi nh ng chiu cao ca ngi nh
Vn : Vn : Vn : Vn : Gi thit bit khong cch t ngi quan st n ngi nh l D, gc t ngi quan
st n ngi nh l ; chiu cao ca ngi quan st l h. Hi ngi nh cao bao nhiu?
Gii php: Gii php: Gii php: Gii php: Ta biu din kch thc nh hnh 2.1:

(khng thy)

Hnh 2.1 Hnh 2.1 Hnh 2.1 Hnh 2.1

Ngi nh c chiu cao l H + h, H l chiu di ca mt cnh ca tam gic, chiu di ny
c th tnh c bng cng thc quan h gia gc v cnh ca tam gic:

tan() =
12

T ta c chiu cao ca ngi nh l
h + H = h + D.tan()
Nu h =2meters, D =50meters, v l 60
o
, MATLAB s a ra kt qu l:

>> h = 2
h =
2
>> theta = 60
theta =
60
>> D = 50
D =
50
>> buiding_height = h+D*atan(theta*pi/180)
buiding_height =
54.3599

V d s suy gim do phn r
Vn Vn Vn Vn : S phn r phn t polonium c chu k phn r l 140 ngy, tc l sau 140
ngy th lng poloniun cn li l 1/2 lng ban u. Hi nu ban u c 10 grams
polonium, n s cn li bao nhiu sau 250 ngy?
Gii quyt Gii quyt Gii quyt Gii quyt: Sau 1 chu k phn r hoc 140 ngy, cn li 10x0.5 = 5 grams; sau 2 chu k
phn r hoc 280 ngy, cn li 5x0.5 = 10x(0.5)
2
= 2.5grams, t ta c kt qu nm trong
khong 5 v 2.5 grams, v ta c cng thc tnh phn cn li sau khong thi gian bt k:

khi lng cn li = khi lng ban u x(0.5)
thi gian/ chu k

v d thi gian l 250 ngy, v kt qu MATLAB a ra l:

>> initial_amount = 10; % Khi lng ban u
>> half_life = 140; % Chu k phn r
>> time = 250; % Thi gian tnh khi lng
>> amount_left = initial_*0.5^(time/half_life)
amount_left=
2.9003

V d tnh ton v li xut V d tnh ton v li xut V d tnh ton v li xut V d tnh ton v li xut
Vn Vn Vn Vn : Bn ng mua t mi vi gi 18,500 dollars. Ngi bn t a ra hai gii php
v ti chnh l: th nht, tr 2.9% li xut ca s tin trn trong vng 4 nm. Th hai l tr
8.9% li xut ca s tin trn trong vng 4 nm v gi bn c gim i mt khon l 1500
dollars. Hi vi gii php no th bn mua c t vi gi r hn?
Gii php: Gii php: Gii php: Gii php: S tin tr hng thng l P, trn tng s tin l A dollars, t s li xut hng
thng l R, tr trong M thng:

P = A

13
Tng s tin phi tr s l: T = PxM
Gii php MATLAB a ra l:

>> format bank % Dng dng hin th ngn hng
>> A = 18500; % Tng s tin
>> M = 12*4; % S thng phi tr li
>> FR = 1500; % Tin gim gi ca nh my
>> % Gii php th nht
>> R = (2.9/100)/12; % T l li xut hng thng
>> P = A*(R*(1+R)^M/((1+R)^M - 1)) % Khon tin phi tr hng thng
P=
408.67
>> T1 = P*M % Tng gi tr ca t
T1=
19616.06
>> % Gii php th hai
>> R = (8.9/100)/12; % T l li xut hng thng
>> P = (A-FR)*(R*(1 + R)^M/((1+R)^M - 1)) % Tin phi tr hng thng
P=
422.24
>> T2 = P*M % Tng gi tr ca t
T2=
20267.47
>> Diff = T2 - T1
Diff=
651.41

Nh vy ta c gii php th nht gi r hn gii php th hai.

V d: Vn nng acid V d: Vn nng acid V d: Vn nng acid V d: Vn nng acid
Vn : Vn : Vn : Vn : Nh mt phn ca qu trnh sn xut b phn ca vt c ti mt nh my t
ng, b phn c nhng trong nc lm ngui, sau nhng trong bn ng dung
dch acid lm sch. Trong ton b ca qu trnh nng acid gim i khi cc b phn -
c ly ra khi bn acid v khi nhng b phn ca vt c vo bn th mt lng nc cn
bm trn vt c khi nhng b trc cng vo theo v khi nhc ra khi bn mt lng acid
bm theo vt. m bo cht lng th nng acid phi khng c nh hn mt lng
ti thiu. Bn hy bt u vi nng dung dch l 90% th nng ti thiu phi l 50%.
Lng cht lng thm vo v ly i sau mi ln nhng dao ng trong khong t 1% n
10%. Hi bao nhiu b phn c th nhng vo b dung dch acid trc khi nng ca n
gim xung di mc cho php?
Gii php: Gii php: Gii php: Gii php:
Ban u nng acid l initial_con = 90% = acid/ (acid + water)
sau ln nhng th nht nng acid cn:

con =

=

=
14

=

acid l lng acid ban u trong dung dch, water l lng nc ban u trong dung
dch, lost l lng phn trm nc thm vo. S acid cn li trong dung dch sau ln
nhng th nht l:

acid_left =

Ngha l, khi nhng ln th hai nng dung dch s l:

con =

=

=

Tip tc qu trnh ny, sau n ln nhng, nng acid l:

con =

Nu nng acid cn li l mc ti thiu chp nhn c, s ln nhng cc i s l mt
s nguyn bng hoc nh hn n:

n =

Trong MATLAB gii php s l:

>> initial_con = 90
initial_con=
90
>> min_con = 50
min_con=
50
>> lost = 0.01;
>> n = floor(log( initial_con/min_con)/log(1+lost))
n=
59

Nh vy c th nhng 59 ln trc khi nng acid gim xung di 50%. Ch hm
floor floor floor floor dng lm trn s n xung s nguyn gn nht, v dy ta cng c th dng hm
logarithm logarithm logarithm logarithm c s 10 v logarithm logarithm logarithm logarithm c s 2 thay cho hm logarithm logarithm logarithm logarithm t nhin trn.

-------------------oOo----------------------

15
chng 3
NHNG C IM CA CA S LNH

Ca s lnh (comand) ca MATLAB c rt nhiu nhng c im cn ch , mt s chng
c gii thiu chng trc, v sau y chng ta tm hiu r hn v chng.

3.1 Qun l khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB 3.1 Qun l khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB 3.1 Qun l khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB 3.1 Qun l khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB

Cc d liu v bin c to ln trong ca s lnh, c lu trong mt phn gi l khng
gian lm vic ca MATLAB. Mun xem tn bin trong khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB ta
dng lnh who:

>> who

Your variables are:

D h
buiding_height theta

Cc bin ny c dng trong v d c lng chiu cao ngi nh. xem chi tit hn v
cc bin ta dng lnh whos:

>> whos
Name Size Bytes Class

D 1x1 8 double array
buiding_height 1x1 8 double array
h 1x1 8 double array
theta 1x1 8 double array

Grand total is 4 elements using 32 bytes

Mi bin c lit k vi kch c ca n, s bytes s dng, v cc lp ca chng (class),
trong v d c bit ny, cc bin u l s n, c chnh xc hai s sau du phy. Lnh
whos whos whos whos c bit c ch khi nghin cu n phn mng v cc kiu d liu khc.
Ngoi cc hm ny, trong mc Show Workspace Show Workspace Show Workspace Show Workspace trong bng chn file file file file to ra ca s
GUI gi l Workspace Browser Workspace Browser Workspace Browser Workspace Browser, n cha cc thng tin tng t nh lnh whos whos whos whos. Thm na
n to cho bn kh nng xo, lm sch cc bin m bn chn. Ca s ny cng c th to
bng cch nhn nt Workspace Browser Workspace Browser Workspace Browser Workspace Browser, trn thanh cng c ca ca s lnh.
Nh trnh by trn, lnh clear clear clear clear c th xo bin t khng gian lm vic ca
MATLAB.
V d:
>> clear h D % Xo cc bin h v D
>> who

Your variables are:

buiding_height theta
16

Cc tu chn khc ca hm clear chng ta c th tm hiu thm bng lnh help:

>> help clear

CLEAR Clear variables and functions from memory.
CLEAR removes all variables from the workspace.
CLEAR VARIABLES does the same thing.
CLEAR GLOBAL removes all global variables.
CLEAR FUNCTIONS removes all compiled M-functions.
CLEAR MEX removes all links to MEX-files.
CLEAR ALL removes all variables, globals, functions and MEX links.

CLEAR VAR1 VAR2 ... clears the variables specified. The wildcard
character '*' can be used to clear variables that match a pattern.
For instance, CLEAR X* clears all the variables in the current
workspace that start with X.

If X is global, CLEAR X removes X from the current workspace,
but leaves it accessible to any functions declaring it global.
CLEAR GLOBAL X completely removes the global variable X.

CLEAR FUN clears the function specified. If FUN has been locked
by MLOCK it will remain in memory.

CLEAR ALL also has the side effect of removing all debugging
breakpoints since the breakpoints for a file are cleared whenever
the m-file changes or is cleared.

Use the functional form of CLEAR, such as CLEAR('name'),
when the variable name or function name is stored in a xu.
See also WHO, WHOS, MLOCK, MUNLOCK.

Cui cng, khi lm vic trong khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB, n thng thun
tin ghi hoc in mt bn sao cng vic ca bn, lnh diary diary diary diary ghi d liu ngi dng a
vo v ca s lnh v a ra file vn bn dng m ASCII c tn l diary trong th mc hin
ti.

>> diary frame % ghi d liu vao file frame
>> diary off % kt thc lnh diary v ng file

Khi ca s lnh c chn, chn print print print print... t bng chn file file file file in mt bn ca ca s
lnh, bn c th dng chut la chn phn mnh mun ghi, chn Pint Selection Pint Selection Pint Selection Pint Selection... t bng
chn file file file file, in mt phn vn bn la chn.

3.2 Ghi v phc 3.2 Ghi v phc 3.2 Ghi v phc 3.2 Ghi v phc hi d liu hi d liu hi d liu hi d liu

nh cc bin MATLAB c th ghi v gi li d liu t file trong my tnh ca bn.
Mc Workspace as Workspace as Workspace as Workspace as... trong bng chn file file file file m hp chun hi thoi ghi tt c cc bin
17
hin ti. Ging nh vy, trong mc Load Workspace Load Workspace Load Workspace Load Workspace trong bng chn file file file file m hp hi thoi
gi li tt c cc bin m ta ghi li t khng gian lm vic trc, n khng lm mt
cc bin ny trong khng gian lm vic hin ti. Khi ta gi li cc bin, m cc bin ny
trng tn vi cc bin trong khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB, n s thay i gi tr ca cc
bin theo gi tr ca cc bin gi ra t file.
Nu bng chn file khng thun tin hoc khng p ng c nhng yu cu ca
bn, MATLAB cung cp hai lnh save save save save v load load load load, n thc hin mt cch mm do hn, trong
trng hp c bit, lnh save save save save cho php bn ghi mt hoc nhiu hn mt bin tuy theo s
la chon ca bn.
V d:
>> save

Cha tt c cc bin trong MATLAB theo kiu nh phn trong file MATLAB.mat

>> save data

cha tt c cc bin trong MATLAB theo kiu nh phn trong fle data.mat.

>> save data erasers pads tape -ascii

Ghi cc bin erasers, pads, tape trong dng m ASCII 8 s trong file data. File dng m
ASCII c th sa i bng bt c chng trnh son tho vn bn no, ch rng file ASCII
khng c phn m rng .mat.

>> save data erasers pads tape -ascii -double

Ghi cc bin erasers, pads, tape dng ASCII 16 s trong file data.
Lnh load load load load cng dng vi c php tng t.

3.3 Khun dng hin th s 3.3 Khun dng hin th s 3.3 Khun dng hin th s 3.3 Khun dng hin th s

Khi MATLAB hin th kt qu dng s, n tun theo mt s quy nh sau:
Mc nh, nu kt qu l s nguyn th MATLAB hin th n l mt s nguyn, khi kt qu l
mt s thc th MATLAB hin th s xp x vi bn ch s sau du phy, cn cc s dng
khoa hc th MATLAB hin th cng ging nh trong cc my tnh khoa hc.
Bn c th khng dng dng mc nh, m to mt khun dng ring t mc
Preferences Preferences Preferences Preferences, trong bng chn file file file file, c th mc nh hoc nh dng xp x ti du nhc.
Chng ta dng bin average_cost ( trong v d trc) lm v d, dng s ny l:

Lnh ca MATLAB Average_cost Ch thch
format short 50.833 5 s
format long 50.83333333333334 16 s
format short e 5.0833e+01 5 s vi s m
format long e 5.083333333333334e+01 16 s vi s m
format short g 50.833 chnh xc hn format short
hoc format short e
format long g 50.83333333333333 chnh xc hn format long
hoc format long e
format hex 40496aaaaaaaaaab h c s 16
18
format bank 50.83 hai s h 10
format + + dng, m hoc bng khng
format rat 305/ 6 dng phn s

Mt ch quan trng l MATLAB khng thay i s khi nh li khun dng hin th c
chn, m ch thay i mn hnh thay i.

---------------oOo-----------------

Chng 4
Script M_files

Mt vn n gin l, yu cu ca bn ti du nhc ca MATLAB trong ca s lnh l
nhanh v hiu qu. Tuy nhin v s lnh tng ln, hoc khi bn mun thay i gi tr ca
mt hoc nhiu bin v thc hin li mt s lnh vi gi tr mi, nu c nh lp li ti du
nhc ca MATLAB th s tr ln bun t, do vy MATLAB cung cp mt gii php cho vn
ny l: n cho php bn thay th cc lnh ca MATLAB bng mt file vn bn n gin,
v yu cu MATLAB m file v thc hin lnh chnh xc nh l nh ti du nhc ca
MATLAB ti ca s lnh, nhng file ny gi l script file script file script file script file, hoc n gin l M_file M_file M_file M_file. Danh t
"script" ch rng thc t MATLAB c t file kch bn tm thy trong file. Danh t "M_file"
ch rng tn script file phi kt thc bng phn m rng l '.m' nh v d example1.m.
to mt script M_file, chn New New New New trong bng chn file file file file v chn M_file M_file M_file M_file. Th tc ny
s to ra mn hnh son tho, v bn c th nh c cc lnh ca MATLAB trong . V
d di y l cch lnh trong v d c lng chiu cao ngi nh trc:

function example1
% example1.m V d c lng chiu cao ngi nh
h = 2
theta = 60
D = 50;
building_height = h + D*tan(theta*pi/180)

Bn c th ghi v lu gi file nybng cch chn Save Save Save Save t bng chn file file file file. Khi bn ghi ln
file ch phi nh tn file trng vi tn hm (example) khng cn nh vo phn m rng,
MATLAB t gn vo cho n. Khi t du nhc ta c th nh:

>> example1
h=
2
theta=
60
building_height=
54.3599
Khi MATLAB din gii cc trng thi ca example1 trn, n s c ni k hn
chng sau, nhng mt cch ngn gn, MATLAB dng cc trng thi ca bin MATLAB
hin ti v to ln cc lnh ca n, bt u bng tn M_file. Ngha l, nu example1 khng
phi l bin hin ti, hoc mt lnh MATLAB xy dng ln, MATLAB m file example1.m
19
(nu n tm thy) v tnh gi tr cc lnh tm thy ch khi chng ta vo cc thng s chnh xc
ti du nhc ca ca s lnh. Nh thy lnh trong M_file truy cp n tt c cc bin
trong khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB, v tt c cc bin trong M_file tr thnh mt phn
ca khng gian lm vic. Bnh thng cc lnh c trong M_file khng c hin th nh l
n c tnh trong ca s lnh, nhng lnh echo on echo on echo on echo on yu cu MATLAB hin th hoc lp li
lnh i vi ca s lnh nh chng ta c v tnh. Tip theo bn c th on c lnh
echo off echo off echo off echo off lm g. Ging nh vy, lnh echo echo echo echo lp li bi chnh n lm thay i chnh trng thi
ca n.
Vi c im ny ca M_file bn c th thay i li ni dung ca file, v d bn c th
m M_file example1.m thay i li cc gi tr ca h, D, hoc theta, ghi li file v yu cu
MATLAB tnh li lnh trong file. Thm na, bng cch to M_file, cc lnh ca bn c lu
trn a v c th ng dng v sau khi bn cn.
Nhng ng dng ca ch dn ca MATLAB gip chng ta hiu c khi dng script
file nh trong example1.m, ch dn cho php bn lu gi cng cc lnh trong script file, v
vy bn nh c nhng lnh lm g khi bn nhn li file sau y. Thm na, du chm
phy ng sau cu lnh khng cho hin th kt qu, t bn c th iu chnh script file a
ra nhng kt qu cn thit.
V nhng ng dng ca script file, MATLAB cung cp mt s hm c bit c ch khi
bn s dng trong M_file:

Cc hm M_file
disp(ans) Hin th cc kt qu m khng hin tn bin
echo iu khin ca s lnh lp li cc lnh ca script file
input S dng du nhc a d liu vo
keyboard Trao iu khin tm thi cho bn phm
pause Dng li cho n khi ngi dng nhn mt phm bt
k
pause(n) Dng li n giy
waitforbuttonpress Dng li cho n khi ngi dng nhn chut hoc
phm.

Khi lnh ca MATLAB khng kt thc bng du chm phy, kt qu ca lnh c
hin th trn ca s lnh cng vi tn bin. i lc n thun tin khi khng cho hin tn
bin, trong MATLAB ta dng lnh disp thc hin vic ny:

>> h % Cch truyn thng hin kt qu
h=
2
>> disp(h) % Hin kt qu khng c tn bin
2

gip bn son tho script file khi tnh ton cho nhiu trng hp, lnh input input input input cho
php bn to cu nhc vo d liu c an ton. V d example1.m vi nhng phn -
c sa:

function example1
h = 2
theta = 60
20
D = input( Vo khong cch gia ngi v ngi nh: )

chy file ny:

>> example1
h=
2
theta=
60
Vo khong cch gia ngi v ngi nh: 60
D=
60
building_height=
64.8319

v d trn ta g vo s 60 v n Enter. Nhng lnh sau s tnh vi gi tr ca D l 60.
Ch rng hm input input input input c th dng vi cc php ton khc ging nh i vi cc hm thng
thng khc, hm in in in input put put put cng chp nhn i vi bt c kiu biu din s no, v d ta vo
mt s l: +5.

>> example1
h=
2
theta=
60
Vo khong cch gia ngi v ngi nh: sqrt(1908)+5
D=
48.6807
building_height=
52.9783

xem nhng tc ng ca lnh echo echo echo echo, ta dng chng trong script file:

echo on
function example1
h = 2
theta = 60
echo off

chy chng trnh ta c:

>> example1
h = 2
h=
21
2
theta = 60
theta=
60
Vo khong cch gia ngi v ngi nh: 60
building_height=
64.8319
echo off

Nh bn thy trong trng hp ny, lnh echo echo echo echo lm cho kt qu kh c hn, nh-
ng ngc li lnh n c th rt c ch khi g ri nhiu script file ng dng.

------------------oOo-------------------

Chng 5
QUN L Tp

MATLAB cung cp mt s cc hm file h thng v cc lnh cho php bn lit k tn file,
xem, v xo M_file, hin th v thay i th mc cha n. Mt s tng kt cc lnh c -
wa ra trong bng di y. Thm vo bn c th xem v sa ng dn ca MATLAB
(matlabpath). Nhng ng dn ny ch cho MATLAB ni cha script file v hm M_file
trong my tnh ca bn. C rt nhiu trng hp cc hm trong MATLAB l cc M_file n
gin c cha trong a, nhng MATLAB thng bo khng bit hm ny, nh vy do n
khng tm c ng dn ca MATLAB, bn cn phi thay i li ng dn:

Cc hm h thng file
addpath dir1 Thm th mc dir1 vo bt u ca ng dn
cd Hin th th mc hin thi
p = cd Gn th mc lm vic hin thi cho bin p
cd path Thay i th mc a ra bng ng dn
delete test.m Xo M_file test.m
dir Danh sch tt c cc file trong th mc hin thi
d = dir

Tr li file trong th mc hin thi trong cu trc
bin d
edit test

M test.m son tho, ging nh Open trong
bng chon file
exist(cow,file)

Kim tra s tn ti ca file cow.m trong ng
dn
exist(d,dir) Kim tra s tn ti ca th mc d trong ng dn
filesep

Tch file nh\ trong Windows95 v NT, : trn
Macintosh
fullfile To tn file vi ng dn y
inmem Danh sch hm M_file, gi ra t b nh
ls Ging nh dir
MATLABrc.m

MATLAB ch khi ng script M_file, thc
hin trc khi startup.m
22
MATLABroot

Tr ng dn th mc cho chng trnh thc
hin MATLAB
path

Hin th hoc sa ng dn ca MATLAB
(MATLABpath)
pathdef.m Hm M_file, ni m mmatlabpath l ng
pathsep Chia ng dn cho matlabpath
pwd Ging nh cd
rmpath dir1 B i th mc dir1 t ng dn matlabpath
startup.m script M_file thc hin khi MATLAB khi ng
tempdir Tn ca th mc tm thi
tempname Tn ca file tm thi
type test Hin ra M_file test.m trong ca s lnh
what

Tr li danh sch tt c M_file v MAT_file
trong th mc hin thi
which test Hin th ng dn th mc n test.m

ng n ca MATLAB l danh sch ca tt c cc th mc lu tr cc file ca
MATLAB. Hn na, nu bn to mt th mc ca M_file th ng dn ca n phi c
thm vo matlabpath, nu khng th MATLAB khng th truy cp n cc file ca bn c,
tr khi file t trong th mc hin thi.
xem MATLAB s dng matlabpath nh th no, hy xem trng hp c m t
trong bng sau:(Khng thy)

ng dn ca MATLAB
Khi bn g >> cow, MATLAB s lm nh sau:
(1) Kim tra nu cow l mt bin trong khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB, nu khng
th...
(2) N kim tra nu cow l mt hm c xy dng, nu khng th...
(3) N kim tra nu mt tn M_file cow.m tn ti trong th mc hin thi, nu khng
th...
(4) N kim tra nu cow.m tn ti bt c ni no trn ng dn ca MATLAB bng
cch tm kim ng dn.
Khi no s ph hp c tm thy th MATLAB chp nhn n. V d nh cow tn ti nh
mt bin trong khng gin lm vic ca MATLAB, th MATLAB khng dng hm hoc bin
c tn l cow. V vy bn trnh khng nn to bin c tn trng vi tn hm nh:
>> sqrt = 1.2;
>> sqrt(2);
Nhng lnh trn s to ra li, bi v sqrt y khng phi l hm tnh cn bc hai, n
l bin c gi tr l 1.2. Th tc ng dn cn c dng khi lnh load load load load c dng. u tin
MATLAB tm kim trong th mc hin ti, sau n tm theo ng dn ca MATLAB n
file d liu.
Thc t th tc tm kim ca MATLAB phc tp hn l trnh by trn rt nhiu v
MATLAB dng rt nhiu file c phn m rng l .m . Hm M_file c th cha nhiu hn
mt bin, th mc trong matlabpath c th c th mc con gi l private private private private, v MATLAB cung
cp chng trnh hng i tng vi cc ton t nh ngha li M_file trong th mc con,
bt u bng k t @. Nu tt c nhng c im ny c cng thm vo bng trn th n
s y hn, nhng s rt kh hiu. Nu bn mun nghin cu thm v phn ny th xem
cc ti liu cung cp trong a CD.
23
Nu bn c M_file hoc MAT_file cha trong th mc khng phi trong ng n ca
MATLAB v khng trong th mc hin ti, MATLAB khng th tm thy chng. C hai gii
php cho vn ny l:
(1)_To th mc thit k thnh th mc hin ti, dng lnh cd cd cd cd hoc pwd pwd pwd pwd t trong bng
trc.
(2)_Cng thm th mc thit k trong ng dn ca MATLAB .
Cui cng n rt d dng khi ta s dng phng php duyt qua cc ng dn
(path browser path browser path browser path browser) hoc cc lnh trong ca s lnh path path path path v addpath addpath addpath addpath. dng path browser, ta
chn set path set path set path set path t bng chn file hoc nhn chut trn nt path browser path browser path browser path browser trn thanh cng c
ca ca s lnh. Lm nh vy ta s c mn hnh ging nh hnh 5.1: hnh 5.1: hnh 5.1: hnh 5.1:
Ging nh thit k cc GUI, n lin quan trc tip khi ta s dng. ng dn matlabpath
c hin th bn tri, th mc con nm trong ng dn c chn nm bn tri, cn
cc nt thay i ng dn nh thm ng dn mi (add to path), loi b ng dn
(remove from path) pha trn. ghi li s thay i ta chn sav sav sav save path e path e path e path t bng chn file file file file
ca ca s
path browser path browser path browser path browser trc khi ng GUI.

Hnh 5.1 path browser trong MATLAB 5.2 Hnh 5.1 path browser trong MATLAB 5.2 Hnh 5.1 path browser trong MATLAB 5.2 Hnh 5.1 path browser trong MATLAB 5.2

Ca s path browser path browser path browser path browser trong MATLAB 5.0 khng khc lm so vi MATLAB 5.2, ch yu l
cc nt thay i ng dn trong MATLAB 5.2 th n t trn nh cn MATLAB 5.0 n
c t bn phi. ghi li s thay i ng dn trong MATLAB 5.0 trc khi ng GUI
ta nhn nt save settings save settings save settings save settings.

24

Hnh 5.2 path browser trong MATLAB to Student Hnh 5.2 path browser trong MATLAB to Student Hnh 5.2 path browser trong MATLAB to Student Hnh 5.2 path browser trong MATLAB to Student

5.1 MATLAB khi kh 5.1 MATLAB khi kh 5.1 MATLAB khi kh 5.1 MATLAB khi khi ng i ng i ng i ng

Khi khi ng MATLAB, n to ra hai script M_file l matlabrc.m v startup.m, trong
atlabrc.m i cng MATLAB, v nhn chung l khng c sa n.
Cc lnh trong M_file to mt cu hnh mc nh v kch c ca ca s v v tr ca n,
cng nh cc c im mc nh khc trong Windows95, WindowNT. ng dn mc nh
c to bng cch gi script file pathdef.m t matlabrc.m. Trong cc phn, cc lnh trong
matlabrc.m kim tra s tn ti ca script M_file startup.m trong ng dn ca MATLAB
nu n tn ti, cc lnh trong n c thc hin.
S la chn M_file startup.m cha cc lnh c nhng c im ring i vi
MATLAB. V d n rt thng thng nu ta thm mt hoc hn cc lnh path path path path hoc addpath addpath addpath addpath
trong startup.m chn thm cc th mc vo trong ng dn ca MATLAB. Ging nh
vy, mc nh hin th khun dng s c th thay i c nh format compact. Nu bn
c mn hnh cn bng xm, lnh graymon s c ch khi to mc nh ho cho ch
ny. Hn na, nu bn v th c cc kiu mc nh ring th mt s gi ti colordef c
th xut hin trong startup.m. Khi startup.m l mt file chun trong script M_file, th khng
mt lnh no c th thay th c trong n. Tuy nhin ta c th thay th lnh quit trong
startup.m.

----------------oOo-----------------

25
chng 6
cc php ton vi MNg

Tt c mi s tnh ton u duy tr mt im l c s dng n cc s n, gi l
scalars scalars scalars scalars. Php ton c lin quan n scalars scalars scalars scalars l cc php ton c bn, nhng mt lc no
, php ton phi lp li nhiu ln khi tnh trn nhiu s. gii quyt vn ny,
MATLAB nh ngha thao tc trn mng d liu.

6.1 Mng n 6.1 Mng n 6.1 Mng n 6.1 Mng n

Gi s ta xt hm y=sin(x) trong mt na chu k ( x 0 ) trong khong ny s
im gi tr ca x l v tn, nhng ta ch xt nhng im cch nhau mt khong gi tr l
0.1 nh vy s cc gi tr ca x l m c. T ta c mng cc gi tr ca x l
x= 0, 0.1, 0.2,...,
Nu ta dng my tnh k thut tnh th ta c tng ng cc gi tr ca y, t ta c
mng ca y

x 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
y 0 0.31 0.59 0.81 0.95 1.0 0.95 0.81 0.59 0.31 0

trong mng x cha cc phn t x1, x2, ..., x11
trong mng y cha cc phn t y1, y2, ..., y11
Trong MATLAB to nhng mng ny rt n gin; v d to hai mng trn ta nh
cc lnh sau vo du nhc ca MATLAB:

>> x=[0 .1*pi .2*pi .3*pi .4*pi .5*pi .6*pi .7*pi .8*pi .9*pi pi]
x=
Columns 1 through 7
0 0.3142 0.6283 0.9425 1.2566 1.5708 1.8850
Columns 8 through 11
2.1991 2.5133 2.8274 3.1416
>> y = sin(x)
y=
Columns 1 through 7
0 0.3090 0.5878 0.8090 0.9511 1.0000 0.9511
0.8090 0.5878 0.3090 0.0000
Kt qu trn ta c mng ca y gm cc phn t tng ng l sine ca cc phn t ca x,
y MATLAB ngm hiu l ta tnh sine ca tng phn t ca x.
to mng, ta t cc phn t ca mng vo gia hai du ngoc vung "[...]"; gia
hai phn t ca mng c th l du cch hoc du phy ","

6.2 a ch ca mng 6.2 a ch ca mng 6.2 a ch ca mng 6.2 a ch ca mng

trn mng x c 1 hng, 11 ct hay c th gi l vector hng, mng c di 11
+) truy nhp n cc phn t ca mng ta dng cc ch s th t ca phn t trong
mng
v d x(1) l phn t th nht ca mng, x(2) l phn t th hai ca mng...
26

>> x(2) % phn t th nht ca mng
ans=
0.3142
>> y(5) % phn t th 5 ca mng
ans=
0.9511

+) truy nhp n nhiu phn t ca mng, v d ta truy nhp t phn t th nht n
phn t th nm ca mng x:

>> x(1:5)
ans=
0 0.3142 0.6283 0.9425 1.2566

Truy nhp t phn t th 7 n phn t cui ca mng y:

>> y(7:end)
ans=
0.9511 0.8090 0.5878 0.3090 0.0000

Truy nhp t phn t th ba n phn t th nht ca mng y:

>> y(3:-1:1)
ans=
0.5878 0.3090 0
v d trn 3 l phn t th 3, 1 l ch phn t u tin, cn -1 l gi tr cng (v tr phn t
sau bng v tr phn t trc cng vi -1)
Truy nhp n cc phn t trong khong t phn t th 2, n phn t th 7, v tr ca
phn t sau bng v tr ca phn t trc cng vi 2, ca mng x:

>> x(2:2:7)
ans=
0.3142 0.9425 1.5708

To mng gm cc phn t th 1, 2, 8, 9 ca mng y:

>> y([8 2 9 1])
ans=
0.8090 0.3090 0.5878 0
Nu ta truy nhp vo cc phn t ca mng m th t cc phn t tng u vi 1, ta c th
nh lnh:

>> x(1:3)
ans=
0 0.3142 0.6283

6.3 Cu trc ca mng 6.3 Cu trc ca mng 6.3 Cu trc ca mng 6.3 Cu trc ca mng

27
Vi mng c s lng phn t t th ta c th nhp vo trc tip, nhng vi mng c s l-
ng ln cc phn t th ta dng mt trong hai cch sau:
+) To mt mng bt u l phn t 0, sau bng phn t trc cng vi 0.1, phn t cui l
1, tt c cc phn t ca mng c nhn vi :

>> x= (0:0.1:1)*pi
x=
Columns 1 through 7
0 0.3142 0.6283 0.9425 1.2566 1.5708 1.8850
2.1991 2.5133 2.8274 3.1416

+) To mng gm cc phn t ca x bng hm linspace linspace linspace linspace. C php ca hm ny nh sau:

linspace linspace linspace linspace(gi tr phn t u, gi tr phn t cui, s cc phn t)
v d

>> x = linspace(0,pi,11)
x=
Columns 1 through 7
0 0.3142 0.6283 0.9425 1.2566 1.5708 1.8850
2.1991 2.5133 2.8274 3.1416

Cch th nht gip ta to mng m ch cn vo khong cch gi tr gia cc phn t
(khng cn bit s phn t), cn cch th hai ta ch cn vo s phn t ca mng (khng
cn bit khong cch gi tr gia cc phn t).
Ngoi cc mng trn, MATLAB cn cung cp mng khng gian theo logarithm bng
hm
logspace logspace logspace logspace. C php ca hm logspace logspace logspace logspace nh sau:

logspace(s m u, s m cui, s phn t)
v d:
>> logspace(0,2,11)
ans=
Columns 1 through 7
1.0000 1.5849 2.5119 3.9811 6.3096 10.0000 15.8489
Columns 8 though 11
25.1189 39.8107 63.0957 100.0000

To mng, gi tr bt u ti 10
0
, gi tr cui l 10
0
, cha 11 gi tr
Cc mng trn l cc mng m cc phn t ca n c to ln theo mt quy lut
nht nh. Nhng i khi mng c yu cu, n khng thun tin to cc phn t bng cc
phng php trn, khng c mt mu chun no to cc mng ny. Tuy nhin ta c th
to mng bng cch vo nhiu phn t cng mt lc
V d

>> a = 1:5,b = 1:2:9
a=
28
1 2 3 4 5
b=
1 3 5 7 9
>> c = [a b]
1 2 3 4 5 1 3 5 7 9
v d trn ta to hai mng thnh phn l a v b sau to mng c bng cch ghp hai
mng a v b.
Ta cng c th to mng nh sau:

>> d=[a(1:2:5) 1 0 1]
d=
1 3 5 1 0 1

a l mng gm cc phn t [1 3 5], mng d l mng gm cc phn t ca a v ghp thm
cc phn t [1 0 1]
Tm li ta c bng cu trc cc mng c bn:

x=[ 2 2*pi sqrt(2) 2-3j ] To vector hng x cha cc phn t c bit.
x= first : last To vector hng x bt u ti first, phn t sau
bng phn t trc cng vi 1, kt thc l phn t
c gi tr bng hoc nh hn last .
x= first : increment : last To vector hng x bt u ti fist, gi tr cng l
increment, kt thc l phn t c gi tr bng hoc
nh hn last.
x= linspace(fist, last, n) To vector hng x bt u ti first, kt thc l last,
c n phn t.
x= logspace(first, last, n) To vector hng khng gian logarithm x bt u ti
10
first
, kt thc ti 10
last
, c n phn t.

6.4 Vector hng v vector ct 6.4 Vector hng v vector ct 6.4 Vector hng v vector ct 6.4 Vector hng v vector ct

Trong cc v d trc, mng cha mt hng v nhiu ct, ngi ta thng gi l vector
hng. Ngoi ra ta cn c mng l vector ct, tc l mng c mt ct v nhiu hng, trong
trng hp ny tt c mi thao tc v tnh ton i vi mng nh trn l khng thay i.
T cc hm to mng minh ho phn trc (tt c u to vector hng), c nhiu
cch to vector ct. Mt cch trc tip to vector ct l vo tng phn t ca mng
nh v d sau:

>> c = [1;2;3;4;5]
c=
1
2
3
4
5

Khc vi trc l ta dng du cch hay du phy phn cch gia hai ct ca
vector hng. Cn v d ny ta dng du chm phy phn cch gia hai hng ca
vector ct.
29
Mt cch khc to cc vector ct l dng cc hm linspace linspace linspace linspace, logspace logspace logspace logspace, hay t cc
vector hng, sau dng phng php chuyn v. MATLAB dng ton t chuyn v l ( ' )
chuyn t vector hng thnh vector ct v ngc li.
V d to mt vector a aa a v vector b bb b l chuyn v ca vector a aa a, vector c cc c l chuyn v ca
vector b bb b:

>> a= 1:5
a=
1 2 3 4 5
>> b= a'
b=
1
2
3
4
5
>> c= b'
c=
1 2 3 4 5

Ngoi ra MATLAB cn s dng ton t chuyn vi du chm ng trc ( .' ) ( ton t
chuyn v chm). Ton t ny ch khc vi ton t chuyn v ( ' ) khi cc phn t ca mng
l s phc, tc l t mt vector ngun vi cc phn t l s phc, ton t ( ' ) to ra vector
phc lin hp chuyn v, cn ton t ( .' ) ch to ra vector chuyn v.
V d sau y s lm r iu trn:
>> c = a.' % To vector c cc c t vector a aa a trn bng ton t chuyn v chm
c=
1
2
3
4
5
>> d = a + i*a % To vector s phc d dd d t vector a aa a
d=
Columns 1 though 4
1.0000+1.0000i 2.0000+2.0000i 3.0000+3.0000i 4.0000+4.0000i
Columns 5
5.0000+5.0000i
>> e = d.' % To vector e ee e t vector d dd d bng ton t chuyn v chm ( .' )
e=
1.0000 + 1.0000i
2.0000 + 2.0000i
3.0000 + 3.0000i
4.0000 + 4.0000i
5.0000 + 5.0000i
>> f = d' % To ra vector f ff f t vector d dd d bng ton t chuyn v ( ' )
f=
1.0000 - 1.0000i
2.0000 - 2.0000i
30
3.0000 - 3.0000i
4.0000 - 4.0000i
5.0000 - 5.0000i

trn ta ch xt n mng c mt hng hay mt ct by gi ta xt trng hp c
nhiu hng v nhiu ct, n cn c gi l ma trn. V d sau y l ma trn g gg g c
hai hng v bn ct:

>> g = [1 2 3 4;5 6 7 8]
g=
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8

Trong v d ny ta dng du cch vo cc phn t trong hng v du chm phy (
; ) to hai hng; ngoi ra ta cng c th to ma trn nh sau:

>> g = [1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12]
g=
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12

Ch Ch Ch Ch : Khi nhp vo ma trn th gia cc hng s phn t phi bng nhau nu khng
chng trnh s b bo li nh v d sau:

>> h = [1 2 3;4 5 6 7]
Numbers of elements in each row must be the same

+) Php ton gia mng vi s n. +) Php ton gia mng vi s n. +) Php ton gia mng vi s n. +) Php ton gia mng vi s n.
Trong v d trc chng ta to mng x bng cch nhn cc phn t ca mt mng
vi . Cc php ton n gin khc gia mng vi s n l php cng, php tr, php nhn,
v php chia ca mng cho s bng cch thc hin php ton i vi tng phn t ca
mng.
V d:

>> g = [1 2 3 4; 5 6 7 8; 9 10 11 12];
>> -2 % Tr cc phn t ca mng g i 2
ans=
-1 0 1 2
3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10
>> 2*g - 1 % Nhn tt c cc phn t ca mng g vi 2 sau tr i 1
ans=
1 3 5 7
9 11 13 15
17 19 21 23

31
+) Php ton gia mng vi mng
Thut ton thc hin php ton gia cc mng khng phi n gin nh trn m n cn
b rng buc bi cc iu kin khc nh i vi hai mng kch c nh nhau th ta c cc
php ton sau: php cng, php tr, php nhn, chia tng ng gia cc phn t ca ca hai
mng.
V d :
>> g % Gi li mng g
g=
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12
>> h = [1 1 1 1; 2 2 2 2; 3 3 3 3] % To mt mng mi h.
h=
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
>> h + g % Cng hai ma trn g v h ( cng tng ng tng phn t ca h vi g)
ans=
2 3 4 5
7 8 9 10
12 13 14 15
>> ans - h % Ly kt qu trc tr i mng h, ta c li mng g.
ans=
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12
>> 2*g - h % Nhn ma trn g vi 2 sau ly kt qu tr i ma trn h hh h.
ans=
1 3 5 7
8 10 12 14
15 17 19 21
>> g.*h % Nhn tng ng cc phn t ca mng g vi cc phn t ca mng h hh h
ans=
1 2 3 4
10 12 14 16
27 30 33 36

v d trn ta dng ton t chm_nhn ( .* ), ngoi ra MATLAB cn dng ton t
chm_chia ( ./ hoc .\ ) chia tng ng cc phn t ca hai mng nh v d di y:

>> g./h % Chia phi tng ng cc phn t ca mng g vi cc phn t ca mng h hh h
ans=
1.0000 2.0000 3.0000 4.0000
2.5000 3.0000 3.5000 4.0000
3.0000 3.3333 3.6667 4.0000
>> h.\g % Chia tri tng ng cc phn t ca mng g gg g vi cc phn t ca mng h hh h
ans=
1.0000 2.0000 3.0000 4.0000
2.5000 3.0000 3.5000 4.0000
32
3.0000 3.3333 3.6667 4.0000

Ch ta ch c th dng php nhn_chm hay php chia_chm i vi cc mng g gg g v h hh h m
khng th dng php nhn ( * ) hay php chia ( / hoc \ ) v i vi cc php ton ny yu
cu s ct v s hng ca hai ma trn phi tng thch.
v d:

>> g*h
??? Error using ==> *
Inner matrix dimensions must agree.
>> g/h
Warning: Rank deficient, rank = 1 tol = 503291e-15.
ans=
0 0 0.8333
0 0 2.1667
0 0 3.5000
>> h/g
Warning: Rank dificient, rank = 2 tol = 1.8757e-14.
ans=
- 0.1250 0 0.1250
- 0.2500 0 0.2500
- 0.3750 0 0.3750

Php chia ma trn a ra kt qu m khng cn thit phi cng kch c nh ma trn g gg g
v ma trn h hh h. V cc php ton i vi ma trn chng ta s ni n sau
+) Mng vi lu tha.
MATLAB dng ton t ( .^ ) nh ngha lu tha ca mng.
V d ta c hai mng g gg g v h hh h nh trn, ta c th to cc mng mi bng ton t ( .^ ) nh
sau:

>> g.^2 % Cc phn t ca g gg g c lu tha v s m l 2.

ans=
1 4 9 16
25 36 49 64
81 100 121 144
>> g.^-1 % Cc phn t ca g gg g c lu tha vi s m l -1.

ans=
1 0.5 0.33333 0.25
0.2 0.16667 0.14286 0.125
0.11111 0.1 0.090909 0.083333
>> 2.^g % Cc phn t ca g gg g l s m ca 2.
ans=
2 4 8 16
25 36 49 64
729 1000 1331 1728

33
>> g.^(h - 1) % Cc phn t ca g gg g c lu tha vi s m l tng ng l cc phn t
ca h hh h tr i 1.
ans=
1 1 1 1
5 6 7 8
81 100 121 144

Sau y l bng mt s php ton c bn ca mng:
Cc php ton i vi cc phn t ca mng Cc php ton i vi cc phn t ca mng Cc php ton i vi cc phn t ca mng Cc php ton i vi cc phn t ca mng

D liu minh ho: a = [a
1
a
2
... a
n
] , b = [b
1
b
2
... b
n
] , c l s v hng
Cng vi s n a+c = [a
1
+c a
2
+c ... a
n
+c]
Nhn vi s n a*c = [a
1
*c a
2
*c ... a
n
*c]
Cng mng a+b = [ a
1
+b
1
a
2
+b
2
... a
n
+b
n
]
Nhn mng a.*b = [ a
1
*b
1
a
2
*b
2
... a
n
*b
n
]
Chia phi mng a./ b = [ a
1
/ b
1
a
2
/ b
2
... a
n
/ b
n
]
Chia tri mng a.\ b = [ a
1
\ b
1
a
2
\ b
2
... a
n
\ b
n
]
Lu tha mng

a.^c = [ a
1
^c a
2
^c ... a
n
^c ]
c.â = [ câ
1
câ
2
... câ
n
] a.^b = [ a
1
^b
1
a
2
^b
2
... a
n
^b
n
]

6.5 Mng c cc phn t l 0 hoc 1. 6.5 Mng c cc phn t l 0 hoc 1. 6.5 Mng c cc phn t l 0 hoc 1. 6.5 Mng c cc phn t l 0 hoc 1.

Bi v c nhng ng dng chung ca chng m MATLAB cung cp nhng hm to
nhng mng m cc phn t ca chng l 0 hoc 1.
V d:
>> ones(3) % To mng 3 hng, 3 ct vi cc phn t l 1.
ans=
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
>> zeros(2,5) % To mng 2 hng, 5 ct vi cc phn t l 0.

ans=
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0

To mng c cc phn t l 1, kch c bng mng g bit.
>> size(g) % Hm tr v kch c ca mng g.
ans=
3 4
>> ones(size(g))
ans=
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1

34
Khi gi hm ones(n) ones(n) ones(n) ones(n), zeros(n) zeros(n) zeros(n) zeros(n) vi mt thng s n th MATLAB s to mng vung vi s
hng v s ct l n. Khi gi hm vi hai thng s ones(r,c) ones(r,c) ones(r,c) ones(r,c), zeos(r,c) zeos(r,c) zeos(r,c) zeos(r,c) th r l ch s hng, c l
ch s ct.

6.6 Thao 6.6 Thao 6.6 Thao 6.6 Thao tc i vi mng tc i vi mng tc i vi mng tc i vi mng

T cc mng v cc ma trn c bn ca MATLAB, c nhiu cch thao tc i vi
chng. MATLAB cung cp nhng cch tin ch chn vo, ly ra, sp sp li nhng b
phn t con ca chng bng cc ch s ca cc phn t. V d di y s minh ho nhng
c im thao tc i vi mng v ma trn trn:

>> A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9]
A=
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9

>> A(3,3) = 0 % Gn phn t hng th 3, ct th 3 bng 0.
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 0
>> A(2,6) = 1 % Gn phn t hng th 2, ct th 6 bng 1.
A=
1 2 3 0 0 0
4 5 6 0 0 1
7 8 0 0 0 0
y ma trn A khng c 6 ct, kch c ca ma trn A phi tng ln cho ph hp, cc phn
t tng thm c in bng cc con s khng.

>> A(:,4) = 4 % Gn tt c cc phn t thuc ct th 4 bng 4.
A=
1 2 3 4 0 0
4 5 6 4 0 1
7 8 0 4 0 0

trn ta dng du hai chm ( : ) ch tt c cc hng.

>> A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9]; % Gn li cc gi tr ca ma trn A.
>> B = A(3:-1:1,1:3) % To ma trn B bng cch o ngc cc hng ca ma trn
A.
B=
7 8 9
4 5 6
1 2 3
>> B = A(3:-1:1,:) % Cng to ma trn B nh trn
% nhng y ta dng ( : ) ch tt c cc ct.
B=
7 8 9
4 5 6
35
1 2 3
>> C = [ A B(:,[1 3])] % To ma trn C bng cch ghp ma trn A v
% ct th nht, th ba ca ma trn B vo bn phi ma
trn A.
C=
1 2 3 7 9
4 5 6 4 6
7 8 9 1 3
>> C = [1 3]
C=
1 3
>> B = A(C,C) % Dng ma trn C lm ch s to ma trn B T ma trn A.
B=
1 3
7 9
>> B= A(:) % To ma trn ct B t ma trn A.
B=
1
4
7
2
5
8
3
6
9
>> B = B.' % Chuyn ma trn B thnh ma trn hng bng ton t chuyn v
chm.
B=
1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9
>> B = A;
>> B(:,2) = [] % Loi b ct th hai ca ma trn B.
B=
1 3
4 6
7 9

Khi ta gn ct th hai ca ma trn B cho ma trn rng ([]) th n s b xo, ma trn cn li s
rt b i hng th hai.

>> B = B.'
B=
1 4 7
3 6 9
>> B(2,:) = []
B=
1 4 7
>> A(2,:) = B % Thay hng th hai ca ma trn A bng ma trn B.
A=
36
1 2 3
1 4 7
7 8 9
>> B = A(:,[2 2 2 2])
B=
2 2 2 2
4 4 4 4
8 8 8 8

To ma trn B bng cch to bn ct ging ct th hai ca ma trn A, s hng vn gi
nguyn bng s hng ca ma trn A.

>> A(2,2) = []
??? Indexed empty matrix assignment is not allowed.

y MATLAB khng cho php xo i mt phn t ca ma trn m phi xo i mt ct
hoc mt hng.

>> B = A(4,:)
??? Index exeeds matrix dimension.

V d trn ma trn A khng c bn hng, nn MATLAB thng bo nh trn.

>> B(1:2,:) = A
??? In an assignment A(matrix, :) = B, the number of columns in A and B must be the
same.

MATLAB ch ra rng bn khng th gn mt ma trn vo trong mt ma trn khc m khc
nhau v kch c.

>> B = [1 4 7];
>> B(3:4,:) = A(2:3,:)
B=
1 4 7
0 0 0
1 4 7
7 8 9

Nhng ta c th gn hai hng ca ma trn A cho hai hng ca ma trn B, khi ma trn A v
ma trn B c cng s ct. Ma trn B ch c mt hng nn khi thm hng th ba v hng th
t th hng th hai ca ma trn B c mc nh cho thm cc phn t 0 vo.

>> G(1:6) = A(:,2:3)
G=
2 4 8 3 7 9

T phn t th nht n phn t th su ca ma trn G c gn bng ct th hai v ct
th ba ca ma trn A.
37
i khi tin li hn ta ch dng ch s n truy nhp n cc phn t ca mng.
Khi ch s n c dng trong MATLAB th th t cc phn t ca mng c tnh bt u
t phn t u tin ca ct, tnh ht ct th tnh n ct tip theo..
V d:

>> D = [1 2 3 4; 5 6 7 8; 9 10 11 12]
D=
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12
>> D(2) % Phn t th hai ca mng.
ans=
5
>> D(5) % Phn t th nm ca mng ( ct 2, hng 2 ).
ans=
6
>> D(end) % Phn t cui cng ca mng.
ans=
12
>> D(4:7) % T phn t th t n phn t th by ca ma trn.
ans=
2 6 10 3

Ngoi trng hp dng a ch da trn bng ch s, chng ta cn c th dng a ch
da trn mng logic_l kt qu t cc php ton logic. Nu kch c ca mng logic cn
bng vi mng to ra n th chnh l a ch ca mng. Trong trng hp ny th phn t
True (1) c gia li v phn t False (0) b b i
V d:

>> x = -3:3 % To mng d liu.
x=
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
>> abs(x)>1
ans=
1 1 0 0 0 1 1
Tr v mt mng logic vi gi tr mt ti nhng phn t c tr tuyt i ln hn mt.

>> y = x( abs(x)>1)
y=
-3 -2 2 3
To mng y bng cch ly nhng phn t ca x m c tr tuyt i ln hn mt.

>> y = x([1 1 0 0 0 1 1])
??? Index into matrix is negative or zero. See release notes on
changes to logical indices

Cu lnh b li mc d abs(x)>1 v [1 1 0 0 0 1 1] cng l vector nh nhau. Trong trng
hp ny, [1 1 0 0 0 1 1] l mt mng s, khng phi l mng logic. V vy MATLAB c
nh a ch cc phn t c s ch s trong mng [1 1 0 0 0 1 1] v cu lnh b li v
38
khng c phn t 0. Tuy nhin MATLAB cung cp hm logical logical logical logical chuyn i t mng s
sang mng logic

>> y = x(logical([1 1 0 0 0 1 1]))
y=
-3 -2 2 3
mng logic lm vic vi ma trn cng nh l i vi vector:

>> B = [5 -3; 2 -4]
B=
5 -3
2 -4
>> x = abs(B)>2
x=
1 1
0 0
>> y = B(x)
5
-3
4
Tuy nhin kt qu c chuyn thnh vector ct v khng cch no nh ngha ma
trn ch c ba phn t. a ch ca mng A( r, c ). a ch mt mng con trong mng A, nh
ngha bng cc ch s vector ca hng thit k trong r, ch s vector ca ct thit k trong c.
A( r, : ). a ch mt mng con trong mng A, nh ngha bnh cc ch s vector ca hng
thit k trong r, v tt c cc ct ca A. A( : , c). a ch mt mng con trong mng A, nh
ngha bng tt c cc hng ca A, ch s vector ca ct c thit k trong c.A( : ). a ch
tt c cc phn t ca A nh mt vector ct, bng cch ghp th t cc ct ca vector A. A(
i ) a ch mt mng con trong mng A, nh ngha bng cc ch s vector n c thit k
trong i, vi gi s A l vector ct. A( x ). a ch mt mng con trong mng A, nh ngha bi
mng logic x. x phi cng kch c vi A.

6.7 Tm kim mng con 6.7 Tm kim mng con 6.7 Tm kim mng con 6.7 Tm kim mng con

Nhiu khi chng ta mun bit cc ch s hay danh sch cc ch s ca nhng phn t
ca mt mng m n tho mn mt biu thc quan h, trong MATLAB thc hin vic
ta s dng hm find find find find, hm ny tr v danh sch con ch s ti nhng phn t m biu thc
quan h ca chng l ng:
>> x = -3:3
x=
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
>> k = find(abs(x)>1)
k=
1 2 6 7
tm nhng ch s ti nhng v tr m ti abs(x)>1

y = x(k)
y=
-3 -2 2 3
To mng y, dng cc ch s trong mng k.
39
Hm find find find find cng c th s dng trong ma trn:

>> A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9]
A=
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
>> [i,j] = find(A>5)
i=
3
3
2
3
j=
1
2
3
3
y i l ch s hng, cn j l ch s ct; gia i v j c mi quan h tng ng ch
nhng v tr m ti biu thc quan h l ng.
Ch Ch Ch Ch : khi MATLAB tr li hai hoc nhiu bin, chng c t trong du ngoc vung,
v c t bn tri du bng. C php ny khc vi c php thao tc i vi mng trn,
khi m [i,j]c t bn phi du bng, v n xy dng ln mt mng m j c kt ni vo
bn phi du bng.
Bng di y tm tt dng lnh ca phn tm kim mng:

T T T Tm kim mng m kim mng m kim mng m kim mng
i = find(x) Tr li cc ch s ca mng x ni m cc phn t ca n khc
khng
[ r, c ] = find(x) Tr li ch s hng v ch s ct ca mng x ni m cc phn t
ca n khc khng.

6.8 So snh mng 6.8 So snh mng 6.8 So snh mng 6.8 So snh mng

Chng ta c th dng hm isequal isequal isequal isequal so snh hai mng. Th d:

>> A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9]
A=
1 4 7
2 5 8
3 6 9
>> B = A.*(-1).Â
B=
-1 4 -7
2 -5 8
-3 6 -9
>> C = 1:9 % To mng c cng gi tr vi A nhng c khun dng khc.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
>> isequal(A,C)
40
ans=
0
>> isequal(A,B)
ans=
0
>> isequal(A,A)
ans=
1
>> isequal(C,C)
ans=
0

Hm iseq iseq iseq isequal ual ual ual tr li gi tr logic l ng (1) khi hai mng c cng kch c, cc phn t ging
nhau. Ngoi ra n tr li gi tr l sai (0).
Thm vo , hm ismember ismember ismember ismember ch ra cc phn t ging nhau gia hai mng:

>> ismember(A,B) % Kt qu tr v l vector ct.
ans=
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
>> ismember(A,B)
ans=
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

ismember ismember ismember ismember tr li gi tr ng cho nhng ch s trong A m phn t ny cng c trong i
s th hai. Hai i s khng cn c cng kch c.

>> x = 0:2:20 % mng vi 11 phn t.
x=
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
>> ismember(x,A)
ans=
0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
y l mng c cng kch c vi x, vi 1 ti cc phn t chung.
41
>> ismember(x,A)
ans=
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0

y l mng c s phn t bng s phn t ca A, vi 1 ti cc phn t chung. V vy
ismember ismember ismember ismember so snh i s th nht ca n vi i s th hai v tr li mt vector c cng s
phn t vi i s th nht.
Nhng hm to khc trong th vin MATLAB:
>> union(A,B) % Tt c cc phn t c trong hai mng.
ans=
-9
-7
-5
-3
-1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
>> intersect(A,B) % Phn t chung ca hai mng.
ans=
2
4
6
8
>> setdiff(A,B) % Cc phn t c trong A nhng khng c trong B.
ans=
1
3
5
7
9
>> setxor(A,B) % Cc phn t khng thuc phn chung gia A v B.
ans=
-9
-7
42
-5
-3
-1
1
3
5
7
9
Nhng hm ny c tng kt li trong bng di y:
So snh mng

isequal(A, B) ng nu A v B ging nhau.
ismember(A, B) ng khi phn t ca A cng l phn t ca B.
intersect(A, B) Cc phn t chung gia A v B.
setdiff(A, B) Cc phn t c trong A m khng c trong B.
setxor(A, B) Cc phn t khng thuc phn chung gia A v
B.
union(A, B) Tt c cc phn t c trong A v B.

6.9 Kch c ca mng 6.9 Kch c ca mng 6.9 Kch c ca mng 6.9 Kch c ca mng

phn trc chng ta bit lnh who who who who cung cp tn bin do ngi dng nh ngha.
Trong trng hp ca mng, n cn rt quan trng khi bit kch c ca mng. Trong
MATLAB, lnh whos whos whos whos cung cp nhng thng tin ny:

>> whos
Name size Bytes Class
A 3x3 72 double array
B 1x3 24 double array
ans 1x4 32 double array (logical)

Thm vo nh s v kch c ca bin, whos whos whos whos hin th tng s bytes chim, v
class ca cc bin. V d, thng tin cp trn, ans l mng logic
Trong nhng trng hp m kch c ca ma trn hoc ca vector khng c bit nhng
n cn thit cho mt s cc thao tc, MATLAB cung cp hai hm ng dng l size size size size v length length length length
:

>> A = [1 2 3 4; 5 6 7 8];
>> s = size(A)
s=
2 4

Vi mt thng s ra, hm size size size size tr li mt vector hng trong c hai phn t, phn t
th nht l ch s hng, cn phn t th hai ch s ct.
>> [r,c] = size(A)
r=
2
c=
43
4
Vi hai thng s a ra, hm size size size size tr li s hng trong bin th nht, v s ct trong bin
th hai.
>> r = size(A,1)
r=
2
>> c = size(A,2)
Gi hai thng s, hm size size size size ch tr v s ct hoc s hng.

>> length(A)
ans=
4
Tr v gi tr s hng hoc s ct, gi tr no ln hn c tr v.

>> B = pi:0.01:2*pi;
>> size(B)
ans=
1 315
Cho bit rng B l vector hng, v
>> length(B)

ans=
315

tr li di ca vector.
>> size([ ])

ch ra rng ma trn rng khng c kch c.

Nhng khi nim ny c tng kt trong bng di y:

Kch c ca mng Kch c ca mng Kch c ca mng Kch c ca mng
whos Hin th cc bin, m tn ti trong khng gian lm vic v kch c
ca chng.
s = size(A) Tr li vector hng s, m phn t th nht l s hng ca A, phn
t th hai l s ct ca A.
[ r, c ] = size(A) Tr li hai s v hng r, c cha s hng v s ct ca A.
r = size(A, 1) Tr li s hng ca A trong bin r.
c = size(A, 2) Tr li s ct ca A trong bin c.
n = length(A) Tr li max(size(A)) trong bin n khi A khng rng.

6.10 Mng nhiu chiu 6.10 Mng nhiu chiu 6.10 Mng nhiu chiu 6.10 Mng nhiu chiu

i vi cc MATLAB versions trc 5.0, mng ch c th c mt hoc hai chiu. T
MATLAB 5.0 tr ln th s chiu ca mng tng ln. V d:
>> a = [1 0; 0 1]
a=
1 0
0 1
44
>> b = [2 2; 2 2]
b=
2 2
2 2
>> c = [0 3; 3 0]
c=
0 3
3 0
>> d = cat(3,a,b,c)
d(:,:,1)=
1 0
0 1
d(:,:,2)=
2 2
2 2
d(:,:,3)=
0 3
3 0
>> size(d)
ans=
2 2 3
To cc mng hai chiu a, b, c, sau ghp chng lai vi nhau thnh mng ba chiu
bng cch s dng hm cat. cat. cat. cat. Nh vy mng d l mng c hai hng, hai ct, v ba trang.
Mng a to trang th nht, b l trang th hai, v c l trang th ba. Thng s trang din t
chiu th ba ca mng, cung cp mt cch hnh dung v mng ba chiu nh mng hai
chiu, cc trang xp th t t mt cho n cui nh trong mt quyn sch. i vi cc
mng c s chiu cao hn, khng c tn chung, v n cng rt kh tng tng!
Thao tc vi mng nhiu chiu cng ging nh cc th tc a ra trn i vi mng
mt chiu v hai chiu. Ngoi ra MATLAB cn cung cp mt s hm thao tc trc tip i
vi mng nhiu chiu:

Cc hm vi mng nhiu chiu Cc hm vi mng nhiu chiu Cc hm vi mng nhiu chiu Cc hm vi mng nhiu chiu
s = size(A) Cho n_s chiu ca A, tr v vector hng s vi n phn
t, phn t th i l kch c chiu th i ca mng A
ndims(A) S chiu ca A, tng t nh hm length(size(A))
permute(A, order) n_s chiu, tng ng vi ton t chuyn v chm.
ipermute(A, order) Ngc vi hm permute(A, order)
shiftdim(A, n) Thay i s chiu ca mng A bng s nguyn n.
squeeze(A) Tr li s chiu duy nht ca mng, tng ng vi tr
li s chiu ln hn ba.

V d: S suy gim do phn r dng mng V d: S suy gim do phn r dng mng V d: S suy gim do phn r dng mng V d: S suy gim do phn r dng mng
Vn : Vn : Vn : Vn : Phn t polonium c chu k phn r l 140 ngy, c ngha l do s phn r m
khi lng ca poloniun ch cn li 1/ 2 so vi khi lng ban u sau 140 ngy. Gi s ban
u ta c 10 grams polonium, n s cn li bao nhiu sau mi tun trong vng mi tun?
Gii php: Gii php: Gii php: Gii php: Ta s dng phng php gii trong chng 2, khi lng cn li sau sau mt
khong thi gian l:
khi lng cn li = khi lng ban u . (0.5)
thi gian/ chu k

gii bi ton ny, gi php ca MATLAB l:
45

>> initial_amount = 10; % Khi lng cht polonium ban u
>> half_life = 140; % Chu k phn r
>> time = 7:7:70 % Kt thc ca cc tun
time=
7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70
>> amount_left = initial_amount*0.5.^(time/ half_life)

amount_left=
Columns 1 through 7
9.6594 9.3303 9.0125 8.7055 8.4090 8.1225 7.8458
7.5786 7.3204 7.0711

Dng ton t mng lm cho n tnh cc gi tr mt cch n gin hn khi nhn nhiu
gi tr ca mt bin. Ch rng nhn chm (.^) c s dng v chng ta mun lu tha 0.5
ln i vi mi phn t ca mng. Nhng d liu ny c th d dng v chng trong
MATLAB nh hnh di:

>> plot(time/7,amount_left)
>> xlabel(Week number), ylabel(Amount of Polonium left)

Hnh 6.1
V d: Tm kim gii php s dng vectors V d: Tm kim gii php s dng vectors V d: Tm kim gii php s dng vectors V d: Tm kim gii php s dng vectors

Vn : Vn : Vn : Vn : Vn ca tun trong trng cp hai l tm mt s nh hn 100 m chia ht
cho 7, nhng cn d li 1 khi chia cho 2, 3, 4, 5, v 6.
46
Gii php: Gii php: Gii php: Gii php: Khng c mt gii php phn tch no cho vn ny c, v vy chng ta phi
gii bng phng php tm kim. Nu bn bt u vi tt c cc s l bi s ca 7 v nh
hn 1000, cn cc s khc th khng xt n, bn s xy dng c mt gii php. Trong
MATLAB gii php c a ra trong script file l:
function pow
% pow.m script file to solve problem of the week
n=7:7:1000 % all multiples of 7 less than 1000
number=length(n) % number of potential solutions
n(rem(n,2)~=1)=[]; % throw out non solutions by
number=length(n)
n(rem(n,3)~=1)=[]; %setting them equal to an empty array,
number=length(n)
n(rem(n,4)~=1)=[]; % the function rem computes remainders
number=length(n)
n(rem(n,5)~=1)=[];
number=length(n)
n(rem(n,6)~=1)=[];

Chy script file ny ta c gii php nh di y:

>> pow
number =
142
number =
71
number =
24
number =
12
number =
2
n=
301 721

V d: Tnh ton nng acid dng cc php ton vi mng V d: Tnh ton nng acid dng cc php ton vi mng V d: Tnh ton nng acid dng cc php ton vi mng V d: Tnh ton nng acid dng cc php ton vi mng

Vn : Vn : Vn : Vn : Nh mt phn ca qu trnh sn xut b phn ca vt c ti mt nh my t
ng, b phn c nhng trong nc lm ngui, sau nhng trong bn ng dung
dch acid lm sch. Trong ton b ca qu trnh nng acid gim i khi cc b phn -
c ly ra khi bn acid v khi nhng b phn ca vt c vo bn th mt lng nc cn
bm trn vt c khi nhng b trc cng vo theo v khi nhc ra khi bn mt lng acid
bm theo vt. m bo cht lng th nng acid phi khng c nh hn mt lng
ti thiu. Bn hy bt u vi nng dung dch l 90% th nng ti thiu phi l 50%.
Lng cht lng thm vo v ly i sau mi ln nhng dao ng trong khong t 1% n
10%. Hi bao nhiu b phn c th nhng vo b nc acid trc khi nng ca n gim
xung di mc cho php?

Gii php: Gii php: Gii php: Gii php: Ta s dng phng php gii a ra chng 2:

47
n =

Trong MATLAB, gii php vit trong script M_file l:

function example6_2
% script M_file example6_2
initial_con=90;
min_con=50;
lost=1:10 % consider 1% to 10% in increments of 1%
n=floor(log(initial_con/min_con)./log(1+lost/100))
stem(lost,n)
xlabel('Percent Lost with Each Dip')
ylabel('Number of Dips')
title('Acid-Water Bath Dipping Example')

Chy chng trnh trn ta c kt qu nh sau:

lost =
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
n =
59 29 19 14 12 10 8 7 6 6

Hnh 6.2 Hnh 6.2 Hnh 6.2 Hnh 6.2

Ch y yu cu phng php chia chm v log(1 + lost/ 100) l mt vector

48
--------------------oOo------------------

chng 7

cc php tnh vi mng

7.1 To ph 7.1 To ph 7.1 To ph 7.1 To phng trnh tuyn tnh. ng trnh tuyn tnh. ng trnh tuyn tnh. ng trnh tuyn tnh.

V c bn, MATLAB c vit i vi nhng ma trn v thc hin php ton s hc
tuyn tnh n gin m xut hin trong nhiu ng dng. Mt vn chung nht ca s hc
tuyn tnh l vic gii phng trnh. V d to phng trnh:

. =
A.x = b

Biu tng php nhn ton hc (.) c nh ngha trong php ton trn, khc vi k
hiu ta dng i vi mng trc kia. Trong MATLAB php nhn ma trn ny c nh
ngha bng du sao (*). Tip theo nh ngha du bng, ma trn to ra t ma trn A v
vector x bng vi vector b. Gii php tn ti cho s cn bng cp trn l nhng vn
c bn ca s hc tuyn tnh. Thm na, khi li gii khng tn ti, c rt nhiu cch gn
ng tm kim gii php, nh php loi tr Gaussian, s tm tha s LU, hoc tnh trc
tip A
-1
.b. Di y chng ta s cp n mt s cch gii quyt nh trn:
Trc tin nhp vo ma trn A v b:

>> A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 0]
A=
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 0
>> b = [366; 804; 315]
b=
366
804
351

Nu bn c kin thc v s hc tuyn tnh, n rt d bn kim tra xem nh thc ca ma
trn trn c khc khng hay khng:

>> det(A)
ans=
27
49
Nu n ng, MATLAB c th gii phng trnh theo hai cch, mt cch hay c dng
hn, mt cch t s dng, nhng trc tip hn, phng php ny l chuyn thnh dng x=A
-
1
.b.

>> x = inv(A)*b
x=
25.0000
22.0000
99.0000
y inv(A) inv(A) inv(A) inv(A) l hm ca MAYLAB dng tnh A
-1
; v ton t nhn ( * ), khng c du
chm pha trc, y l php nhn ma trn. Phng php c dng nhiu hn l dng
ton t chia ma trn tri:
>> x = A\b
x=
25.0000
22.0000
99.0000

Phng trnh ny s dng phng php tm tha s LU gn ng v a ra cu tr li
nh l php chia tri A cho b. Ton t chia tri ( \ ) khng c du chm pha trc l mt
php ton ca ma trn, n khng phi l cc php ton gia cc phn t ca mng. Phng
php th hai ny c s dng nhiu hn do nhiu nguyn nhn, mt trong nhng nguyn
n gin nht l phng php ny dng t php ton hn v tc nhanh hn. Thm vo
, nhn chung phng php ny chnh xc hn cho nhng bi ton ln. Trong trng hp
khc, nu MATLAB khng tm thy phng php gii hoc khng tm thy phng php
chinh xc, n s hin thng bo li.
Nu bn nghin cu s hc tuyn tnh, bn bit rng khi s phng trnh v s bin
khc nhau, th khng th c mt phng php duy nht gii. Trong MATLAB khi gp
nhng h phng trnh c s phng trnh ln hn s bin n dng ton t chia tri hoc
chia phi, t ng gim thp nht nhng phn t tha A.x - b. Cch ny gi l phng php
vung nh nht. V d:

>> A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 0; 2 5 8] % Bn phng trnh, ba bin.
A=
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 0
2 5 8
>> b = [366 804 351 514]
b=
366
804
351
514
>> x = A\b % Phng php vung nh nht.
x=
247.9818
-173.1091
114.9273
50
>> res = A*x - b
res=
-119.4545
11.9455
0.0000
35.8364

Mt khc khi s phng trnh t hn s bin tng t nh trng hp khng xc nh, th
s nghim phng trnh l v tn. i vi nhng nghim ny MATLAB tnh theo hai cch.
Dng ton t chia a ra phng php m c s phn t 0 ca x l cc i. Nh mt s la
chn, tnh x=pinv(A)*b a ra phng php chiu di hoc tiu chun ca x nh hn cc ph-
ng php khc. Phng php ny gi l phng php tiu chun cc tiu.
V d:

>> A = A % To ba phng trnh, bn bin.
A=
1 4 7 2
2 5 8 5
3 6 0 8
>> b = b(1:3)
b=
366
804
351
>> x = A\b % phng php vi s phn t 0 cc i.
x=
0
-165.9000
99.0000
168.3000
>> xn = pinv(A)*b % Tm kim gii php tiu chun nh nht.
xn=
30.8182
-168.9818
99.0000
159.0545
>> norm(x) % Tiu chun O_clit vi cc phn t 0.
ans=
256.2200
>> norm(xn) % Gii php tiu chun nh nht
ans=
254.1731

7.2 Cc hm ma trn . 7.2 Cc hm ma trn . 7.2 Cc hm ma trn . 7.2 Cc hm ma trn .

gii phng trnh tuyn tnh, MATLAB cung cp cc hm tr gip sau:
Cc hm ma trn Cc hm ma trn Cc hm ma trn Cc hm ma trn
balance(A) Cn bng tng chnh xc
51
cdf2rdf(A) Chuyn t dng s phc cho sang dng s thc
cho
chol(A) Tm tha s Cholesky
cholinc(A, droptol) Tha s Cholesky khng y
cond(A) S iu kin ma trn
condest(A) c lng s iu kin ma trn theo tiu
det(A) nh thc ma trn
expm(A) Ma trn theo lut m
expm1(A) B sung M_file ca expm
expm2(A) Ma trn theo lut hm m, dng th t Taylor
funm(A, fun) Tnh ton hm ma trn chung
hess(A) Mu Hessenberg
inv(A) Ma trn chuyn v
logm(A) Ma trn logarithm
lu(A) Tm tha s vi php kh Gaussian
luinc(A, droptol) Tha s LU khng y
norm(A) Ma trn v vector tiu chun
norm(A,1) Tiu chun 1
norm(A, 2) Tiu chun 2
norm(A, inf) V cng
norm(A, p) Tiu chun P (ch i vi vector)
norm(A, fro) Tiu chun F
normest(A) Tiu chun 2 c lng cho ma trn ln
null(A) Khong rng
orth(A) Tnh trc giao
poly(A) a thc c trng
polyvalm(A) Tnh gi tr ca ma trn
qr(A) Xc nh trc giao tam gic
qrdelet(Q, R, j) Xo ct t tha s QR
qrinsert(Q, R, j, x) Chn ct trong tha s QR
rank(A) S ca hng hoc ct c lp
rcond(A) c lng iu kin thun nghch
sqrtm(A) Ma trn gc bnh phng
subspace(A, B) Gc gia hai im
svd(A) Phn tch gi tr n
svds(A, K) Mt s cc gi tr n
trace(A) Tng cc phn t cho

7.3 Ma trn c bit 7.3 Ma trn c bit 7.3 Ma trn c bit 7.3 Ma trn c bit

MATLAB a ra mt s cc ma trn c bit, trong mt s chng c nhng ng
dng rng ri trong cc php ton. Nhn chung nhng ma trn l:

>> a = [1 2 3; 4 5 6];
>> b = find(a>10)
b=
[ ]
52
y b l ma trn rng. MATLAB tr li ma trn rng khi php ton khng c kt qu.
Trong v d trn khng c phn t no ca a ln hn 10. Ma trn rng khng c kch c,
nhng tn bin ca chng vn tn ti trong khng gian lm vic.

>> zeros(3) % Ma trn khng 3 hng, 3 ct (3x3).
ans=
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
>> ones(2,4) % Ma trn mt 2 hng, 4 ct (2x4).
ans=
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
>> zeros(3) + pi
ans=
3.1416 3.1416 3.1416
3.1416 3.1416 3.1416
3.1416 3.1416 3.1416

V d trn v to ma trn 3x3 vi cc phn t u l .
>> rand(3,1)
ans=
0.2190
0.0470
0.6789
ma trn 3x1 gm cc phn t l s cung cp bi hm random gia 0 v 1.

>> randn(2)
ans=
1.1650 0.0751
0.6268 0.3516

ma trn 2x2 ca cc s cung cp bi hm random vi gi tr trung bnh l 0. Thut ton cho
hm rand rand rand rand v randn randn randn randn c th tm thy trong S.K>Park and K.W.Miller,Random Number
Generator: Good Ones Are Hard to Find, Comm. ACM, 32, 10, Oct. 1988-1201.

>> eye(3)
ans=
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
Ma trn ng nht 3x3

>> eye(3,2)
ans=
1 0
0 1
0 0
Ma trn ng nht 3x2
53
Ngoi ra ch kch c ca mt ma trn, bn c th dng hm size size size size to mt ma trn c
kch c ging nh ma trn khc:

>> A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6];
>> ones(size(A))
ans=
1 1 1
1 1 1

ma trn mt c cng kch c vi ma trn A.
Cc ma trn trn v cc ma trn c bit khc c gii thiu trong bng sau:

Cc ma trn c bit Cc ma trn c bit Cc ma trn c bit Cc ma trn c bit
[ ] Ma trn rng
compan To ma trn rng
eye Ma trn ng nht
gallery Ma trn kim tra nh vi phn t
hadamard Ma trn Hadamard
hankel Ma trn Hankel
hilb Ma trn Hilbert
invhilb Chuyn thnh ma trn Hilbert
magic Ma trn vung, gi tr cc phn t bng t 1 n gi tr s
phn t
ones Ma trn 1
pascal Ma trn tam gic Pascal
rand Ma trn vi cc phn t ngu nhin t 0 n 1.
randn Ma trn ngu nhin thng thng vi gi tr trung bnh bng
0
rosser Ma trn kim tra i xng trc chnh
toeplitz Ma trn Toeplitz
vander Ma trn Vandermond
wilkinson Ma trn kim tra Wilkinson
zeros Ma trn khng

V d V d V d V d
Vn Vn Vn Vn : Ta c mch in nh trong hnh 7.1 c m t bng phng trnh in p nt
khi ngun a vo l sng hnh sin.

Hnh 7.1 Hnh 7.1 Hnh 7.1 Hnh 7.1

54
E = 10
o
; R1 = 2; L = 10j; C = ; R2 = 10.
y v
i
l in p gia nt th i v t. Hi in p ti mi nt l bao nhiu?
Gii php: Gii php: Gii php: Gii php: y l vn v phn tch pha. Phng php gii bi ny l gii phng trnh
trn, v chuyn cc kt qu v dng thi gian. Trong MATLAB gii php s l:

function circuit
% circuit.m script file to solve circuit proplem
A(1,1)=1/2; % poke in nonzero values as needed
A(1,2)=-1/2;
A(2,1)=-1/2;
A(2,2)=1/2 + 0.2j + 1/10j;
A(2,3)= -1/10j;
A(3,2)=-1/10j;
A(3,3)=1/10 + 1/10j;
y=[-1 0 0]'; % right hand side vector
v=A\y % complex solution
vmag=abs(v) % solution magnitudes
vphase=angle(v)*180/pi % solution phase in degrees
theta=linspace(0,2*pi); % plot results in time
v1=vmag(1)*cos(theta-vphase(1));
thd=theta*180/pi;
plot(thd,v1,thd,v2,thd,v3)

Sau khi chy chng trnh trn, kt qu s l:
v =
-4.0000 + 6.0000i
-2.0000 + 6.0000i
2.0000 + 4.0000i

vmag =
7.2111
6.3246
4.4721

vphase =
123.6901
108.4349
63.4349

55

Hnh 7.2 Hnh 7.2 Hnh 7.2 Hnh 7.2

---------------------oOo---------------------

chng 8

cc php tnh LOGIC V QUAN H

Thm vo nhng ton t truyn thng, MATLAB cung cp ton t logic v quan h.
Bn c th quen thuc vi nhng php ton ny, nu bn lm quen vi cc ngn ng lp
trnh khc. Mc ch ca nhng ton t v hm ny l tr li cu hi True_False
(ng_sai).
i vi cc s th trong ton t logic v quan h quy nh cc s khc khng l True cn
s khng l False. Kt qu ca php ton logic v quan h a ra l 1 cho True, 0 cho False.

8.1 Ton t quan h 8.1 Ton t quan h 8.1 Ton t quan h 8.1 Ton t quan h

Ton t quan h MATLAB bao gm tt c cc php so snh:

56
Ton t quan h Ton t quan h Ton t quan h Ton t quan h ngha ngha ngha ngha
< nh hn
<= nh hn hoc bng
> ln hn
>= ln hn hoc bng
== bng
~= khng bng

Ton t quan h MATLAB c th dng so snh hai mng c cng kch c hoc so
snh mt mng vi mt s n. Trong trng hp th hai, s n so snh vi tt c cc
phn t ca mng, kt qu tr v ging nh kch c ca mng. V d:

>> A = 1:9, B = 9 - A
A=
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
B=
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
>> tf = A>4
tf=
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
tm kim cc phn t ca A m ln hn 4. Kt qu bng 0 khi A 4, bng 1 khi A>4.

>> tf = (A==B)
tf=
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Tm kim cc phn t ca A m bng vi B. Ch s khc nhau gia = v == dng so
snh hai bin v tr v 1 khi chng bng nhau, 0 khi chng khc nhau; = dng gn kt
qu a ra ca ton t cho mt bin.

>> tf = B - (A>2)
tf=
8 7 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1
Tm cc phn t A>2 v b tr bi vector B. V d ny ch ra rng kt qu a ra ca ton t
logic l mt mng s bao gm cc s khng v mt, chng cng c th dng trong cc
php ton s hc.
>> B = B + (B==0)*eps
B=
Columns 1 through 7
8.0000 7.0000 6.0000 5.0000 4.0000 3.0000 2.0000
Columns 8 through 9
1.0000 0.0000
V d trn a ra cch thay th cc phn t ca B m trng vi khng bng s c bit ca
MATLAB l eps, c gi tr xp x 2.2e-16. Cch thay th ny i khi c ch l trnh trng
hp chia cho s khng nh v d sau:

>> x = (-3:3)/3
-1.0000 -0.6667 -0.3333 0 0.3333 0.6667 1.0000
>> sin(x)./x
57
Warning: Divide by zero
ans=
0.8415 0.9276 0.9816 NaN 0.9816 0.9276 0.8415
Tnh ton hm sin(x)/ x a ra mt cnh bo v phn t th t bng khng, sin(0)/ 0 khng
c nh ngha, MATLAB tr li NaN ( ngha l khng phi l mt s) ti v tr trong kt
qu. Th li v d trn, sau khi thay th phn t c gi tr bng khng bng s eps:

>> x = x + (x==0)*eps;
>> sin(x)/x
ans=
0.8415 0.9276 0.9816 1.0000 0.9816 0.9276 0.8415

By gi sin(x)/ x ti x = 0 a ra kt qu gii hn chnh xc.

8.2 Ton t Logic 8.2 Ton t Logic 8.2 Ton t Logic 8.2 Ton t Logic

Ton t logic cung cp mt cch din t mi quan h ph nh hay t hp. Ton t
logic MATLAB bao gm:

Ton t logic Ton t logic Ton t logic Ton t logic ngha ngha ngha ngha
& AND
| OR
~ NOT

Mt vi v d v dng ton t logic:

>> A = 1:9; B = 9 - A;
>> tf = A>4
tf=
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
Tm kim cc phn t ca A m ln hn 4.

>> tf = ~(A>4)
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
ph nh ca kt qu, tng ng vi v tr no bng khng thay bng mt v ngc li.

>> tf = (A>2)&(A<6)
tf=
0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

Tr li mt ti nhng v tr m phn t ca A ln hn 2 v nh hn 6.

8.3 Cc hm logic v hm quan h 8.3 Cc hm logic v hm quan h 8.3 Cc hm logic v hm quan h 8.3 Cc hm logic v hm quan h

Thm vo nhng ton t logic v ton t quan h cp n trn, MATLAB cung cp
cc hm logic v quan h khc di y:

Cc hm logic v hm quan h khc Cc hm logic v hm quan h khc Cc hm logic v hm quan h khc Cc hm logic v hm quan h khc
xor(x,y) Ton t hoc. Tr li gi tr 1 khi x hoc y khc khng (True), gi tr 0
58
khi c x
v cng bng khng (False) hoc cng khc khng (True)
any(x).

Tr li 1 nu bt c phn t no trong vector x khc khng. Tr li 1 cho
mi ct
trong ma trn x m c cc phn t khc khng.
all(x)

Tr li 1 nu tt c cc phn t ca vector x khc khng. Tr li 1 cho
mi ct
trong ma trn x m tt c cc phn t khc khng.

MATLAB cn cung cp rt nhiu cc hm kim tra cho s tn ti ca cc gi tr c
bit hoc iu kin v tr li nhng kt qu l gi tr logic.

Cc hm kim tra Cc hm kim tra Cc hm kim tra Cc hm kim tra
isa(X, name) True nu X c lp i tng l name
iscell(X) True nu i s l mng phn t.
iscellstr(X) True nu i s l mng phn t ca cc xu.
ischar(S) True nu i s l xu k t.
isempty(X) True nu i s l rng.
isequal(A, B) True nu A v B ging nhau.
isfield(S, name) True nu namel mt trng ca cu trc S.
isfinite(X) True khi cc phn t c hn.
isglobal(X) True khi i s l bin ton cc.
ishandle(h) True khi i s l s iu khin i tng hp l
ishold True nu th hin ti gi trng thi ON.
isiee True nu my tnh thc hin php s hc IEEE
isinf(X) True ti nhng phn t v cng
isletter(S) True khi cc phn t thuc bng ch ci.
islogical(X) True khi i s l mng logic
ismember(A, B) True ti nhng v tr m phn t ca A v B trng nhau
isnan(X) True khi cc phn t l khng xc nh (NaN)
isnumeric(X) True khi i s l mng s
isppc True cho Macintosh vi b x l PowerPC
isprime(X) True khi cc phn t l s nguyn t
isreal(X) True khi i s khng c phn o
isspace(S) True khi cc phn t l k t trng
issparse(A) True nu i s l ma trn Sparse
isstruct(S) True nu i s l mt cu trc
isstudent True nu Student Edition ca MATLAB
isunix True nu my tnh l UNIX
isvms True nu my tnh l VMS

----------------------oOo--------------------
chng 9
VN Bn

59
S tin ch ca MATLAB l x l vi cc con s. Tuy nhin chng ta nhiu ln cp
n thao tc vi vn bn (text), nh khi a nhn v tiu vo trong th. Trong MATLAB
bin text c dng n nh l xu k t, hoc n gin l cc xu.

9.1 Xu k t 9.1 Xu k t 9.1 Xu k t 9.1 Xu k t

Xu k t trong MATLAB l mng ca cc gi tr ASCII m quy c ca n l cc k
t.
V d:

>> t = 'How about this character string?'
t=
How about this character string?
>> size(t)
ans=
1 32
>> whos
Name Size Bytes Class
t 1x32 64 char array

Mt xu k t, n gin l dng vn bn, c t gia hai du nhy n. Mi k t trong
xu l mt phn t ca mng, vi mi phn t chim hai bytes.
Mun xem cc m ASCII ca mt xu k t, bn phi dng cc php ton s hc i vi
xu, hoc chuyn n sang dng s, dng hm doubl doubl doubl double ee e . V d:

>> double(t)
ans=
72 111 119 32 97 98 111 117 116 32 116 104
105 115 32 99 104 97 114 97 99 116 101 114
32 115 116 114 105 110 103 63
>> abs(t)
ans=
72 111 119 32 97 98 111 117 116 32 116 104
105 115 32 99 104 97 114 97 99 116 101 114
32 115 116 114 105 110 103 63

Hm char char char char chuyn li thnh xu:

>> char(t)
ans=
How about this character string?

60
Vi mng xu l mt mng s vi thuc tnh c bit, chng ta c th thao tc bng
tt c cc cng c thao tc vi mng sn c trong MATLAB. V d:

>> u = t(16:24)
u=
character
a ch ca xu cng ging nh mng. y phn t t 16 n 24 cha t character

>> u = t(24:-1:16)
retcarahc

y l t character c ngc li

>> u = t(16:24)
u=
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r

Dng ton t chuyn v chuyn t character sang dng ma trn ct

>> v = 'I cant't find the manual!'
v=
I can't find the manual!

Du nhy n vi xu k t l biu tng trong hai du nhy n.
Chng ta c th ni hai xu nh i vi hai mng:

>> w = [u,v]
w=
character I can t find the manual!

Hm disp disp disp disp cho php bn hin th xu k t m khng c tn bin

>> disp(v)
I can't find the manual

Ch l trng thi v= b b i, iu ny rt c ch cho chng ta hin th nhng li tr gip
trong script file.
Cng ging nh i vi ma trn, xu k t c th c nhiu hng, nhng mi mt hng
phi c s ct bng nhau, cho s ct ca chng bng nhau chng ta c th dng k t
trng.

61
>> v = ['However, this'
'does work! ']
v=
However, this
does work!
>> w = ['this'; ' does not']
??? All rows in the bracketed expression must have the same
number of columns.
>> size(v)
ans=
2 13

Ta cng c th dng hm char char char char to mt mng xu t cc xu, v n t thm cc k t
trng to ra mt mng y .

>> w = char('this', 'does not')
w=
this
does not
>> size(w)
ans=
2 8

9.2 Chuyn i xu 9.2 Chuyn i xu 9.2 Chuyn i xu 9.2 Chuyn i xu

b xung thm v s chuyn i gia xu v m ASCII ca n nh trnh by
trn, MATLAB a ra mt s cc hm chuyn i hu ch khc, chng bao gm di y:

Cc hm chuyn i xu Cc hm chuyn i xu Cc hm chuyn i xu Cc hm chuyn i xu

base2dec Da trn xu x chuyn sang h mi.
bin2dec T xu nh phn sang h mi
char T xu sang ASCII
dec2base T h mi sang xu x
dec2bin T s h mi sang xu nh phn
dec2hex T s h mi sang xu ca cc s h mi su.
double Chuyn t m ASCII sang xu
fprintf Vit dng vn bn ra file hoc ra mn hnh
hex2dec Chuyn t xu gm cc s h 16 sang cc s h mi
hex2num Chuyn t xu cc s h 16 sang s du phy ng
IEEE
int2str Chuyn t s nguyn sang xu
mat2str Chuyn t ma trn s sang xu gm cc s
num2str Chuyn t s sang xu
sprintf Chuyn t m ASCII sang xu
sscanf Chuyn t s sang xu c iu chnh kch thc
str2num Chuyn t xu sang s khng c iu chnh kch thc

62

Trong trng hp chng ta to mt thng bo c cha cc s khng phi l xu, nhng
hm chuyn i s gip chng ta lm vic .

>> rad = 2.5; area = pi*rad^2;
>> t = ['A circle of radius ' num2str(rad)...
'has an area of ' num2str(area) '.'];
>> disp(t)
A circle of radius 2.5 has an area of 19.63.

y hm num2str num2str num2str num2str c dng chuyn t s sang xu. Ging nh vy int2str int2str int2str int2str chuyn t
s nguyn sang xu, c hai hm ny gi hm sprintf sprintf sprintf sprintf, n ging nh c php trong C dng
chuyn s sang xu.

9.3 Cc hm v xu 9.3 Cc hm v xu 9.3 Cc hm v xu 9.3 Cc hm v xu

MATLAB a ra mt s cc hm ca xu, bao gm cc hm trong danh sch di y:

Cc hm xu
blanks(n) Tr li mt xu gm cc k t trng hay du
cch
deblank(s) Tr li cc vt trng t mt xu
eval(xu) c lng xu nh l mt lnh ca MATLAB
eval(try, catch) c lng xu v bt li
feval(f, x, y, ...) Hm evaluate a ra bng xu
findstr(s1, s2) Tm kim mt xu trong mt xu khc
ischar(s) True nu a vo l mt xu
isletter(s) True ti nhng v tr k t Alphabet tn ti
isspace(s) True ti nhng v tr l k t trng
lasterr Xu ca li cui cng MATLAB a ra
lower(s) Xu vi nhng ch ci thng
strcat(s1, s2, ...) Ni cc xu thnh hng
strcmp(s1, s2) True nu cc xu ging nhau
strmatch(s1, s2) Tm kim kh nng ging nhau ca xu
strncmp(s1, s2, n) True nu n k t u ging nhau
strrep(s1, s2) Thay th mt xu bng mt xu khc
strtok(s) Tm kim du hiu cho xu
strvcat(s1, s2, ...) Ni cc xu thnh ct
upper(s) Chuyn thnh ch in

Mt s cc hm trn cung cp kh nng x l cc xu c bn. V d nh, findstr findstr findstr findstr tr li
ch s bt u ca mt xu trong mt xu khc:

>> b = 'Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers';
>> findstr(b, ' ') % Tm kim khong trng
6 12 19 21 26 29 37
>> findstr(b, 'p')
9 13 22 30 38 40 41
63
>> find(b=='p')
9 13 22 30 38 40 41
>> findstr(b, 'cow') % Tm kim t cow
ans=
[ ]
>> findstr(b,'pick')
ans=
13 30

Hm ny tr li ma trn rng khi khng c nhng phn cn tm.

>> strrep(b,'Peter','Pamela')
ans=
Pamela Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers

Nh trnh by trn, strrep n gin ch l s thay th mt xu. strrep khng lm vic vi
ma trn xu, v vy trc tin bn cn phi chuyn t ma trn thnh vector.

9.4 Ma trn t b 9.4 Ma trn t b 9.4 Ma trn t b 9.4 Ma trn t bo ca xu o ca xu o ca xu o ca xu

Ma trn t bo l mt kiu d liu cho php bn gi tn v thao tc vi mt nhm d liu
c nhiu kch c v nhiu kiu.

>> C = {'How';'about';'this for a';'cell array of strings?'}
C=
'How'
'about'
'this for a'
'cell array of strings?'
>> size(C)
4 1

Ma trn trn c 4 hng v mt ct nhng mi ct li c di khc nhau. Tt c cc
phn t c t trong du ngoc nhn, mi phn t c t trong du nhy n, gia hai
hng l du chm phy. Mng t bo c nh a ch cng ging nh mng thng th-
ng:

>> C(2:)
ans=
'about'
'this for a'
>> C([4 3 2 1])
ans=
'this for a'
'about'
'How'
>> C(1)
ans=
64
How
y vn l mng t bo. thay i du nhy ca t bo, ta s dng ngoc nhn:

>> s = c{4}
ans=
cell array of strings?
>> size(s)
ans=
1 22

truy nhp vo nhiu hn mt t bo, ta dng hm deal deal deal deal:

>> [a, b, c, d] = deal(C{:})
a=
How
b=
about
c=
this for a
d=
cell array of trings?

y C{:} ch truy nhp n tt c cc t bo, n ging nh:

>> [a, b, c, d] = deal(C{1}, C{2}, C{3}, C{4})
a=
How
b=
about
c=
this for a
d=

Hm char char char char c th dng chuyn t mng t bo sang mng xu:

>> s = char(C)
How
about
this for a
>> size(s) % Kt qu l cc xu vi cc khong trng.
ans=
4 22
>> ss = char(C(1:2))
ss=
How
about
>> size(ss)
65
ans=
2 5
chuyn ngc li mng t bo, ta dng hm cellstr cellstr cellstr cellstr:

>> cellstr(s)
ans=
'How'
'about'
'this for a'

Hu ht cc hm xu trong MATLAB lm vic vi c mng xu hoc mng t bo.
V mng t bo s c trnh by r hn Chng 19.
chng 10
thi gian

MATLAB a ra mt s hm thao tc v thi gian t bn c th tnh ton vi ngy,
gi, in lch v tm kin nhng ngy c th. MATLAB cha ngy v thi gian nh mt s c
chnh xc hai s sau du phy tng trng cho s ngy, bt u bng nm khng. V d,
mng 1 thng 1 nm 1997 ti lc na m, n c tng trng bi s 729391, v cng mt
ngy nhng lc bui cha l 729391.5. Cu trc ny c th d dng cho my tnh x l, nh-
ng n rt kh din gii. Do vy MATLAB cung cp cc hm tr gip chuyn i gia s v
xu k t v thao tc vi ngy v thi gian.

10.1 Ngy v gi hin ti 10.1 Ngy v gi hin ti 10.1 Ngy v gi hin ti 10.1 Ngy v gi hin ti

Hm clock clock clock clock tr v ngy v gi hin ti cha trong mt mng. V d:

>> T = clock
T=
1997 1 21 16 33 39.934708

Hm now now now now tr v ngy v thi gian hin ti nh s ngy quy c ca my hoc n gin
l s ngy.

>> t = now
t=
729411.690045541

C hai kt kt qu trn c cng mt thng tin.
Hm date date date date tr li ngy hin ti nh mt xu theo mu: dd-mmm-yyyy

>> date
ans =
21-Jan-1997

10.2 S chuyn i gia cc kiu 10.2 S chuyn i gia cc kiu 10.2 S chuyn i gia cc kiu 10.2 S chuyn i gia cc kiu

66
Bn c th chuyn s ngy ra xu, s dng hm datestr datestr datestr datestr. Cu trc ca hm ny c dng
nh sau:
datestr(date_number,format_spec).

Sau y l tr gip ca help help help help cho hm datestr datestr datestr datestr:

>> help datestr

DATESTR string representation of date.
DATESTR(D,DATEFORM) converts a serial data
number D (as returned by DATENUM) into a date
string. The string is formatted according to
the format number or string DATEFORM (see table
below). By default,
DATEFORM is 1, 16, or 0 depending on whether D
contains
dates, times or both.

DATEFORM number DATEFORM string Example
0 'dd-mmm-yyyy HH:MM:SS' 01-Mar-1995
15:45:17
1 'dd-mmm-yyyy' 01-Mar-1995
2 'mm/dd/yy' 03/01/95
3 'mmm' Mar
4 'm' M
5 'mm' 3
6 'mm/dd' 03/01
7 'dd' 1
8 'ddd' Wed
9 'd' W
10 'yyyy' 1995
11 'yy' 95
12 'mmmyy' Mar95
13 'HH:MM:SS' 15:45:17
14 'HH:MM:SS PM' 3:45:17 PM
'HH:MM' 15:45
16 'HH:MM PM' 3:45 PM
17 'QQ-YY' Q1-96
18 'QQ' Q1

v d vi hm datestr datestr datestr datestr:

>> datestr(t)
ans=
21-Jan-1997 16: 33: 40
>> datestr(t,14)
ans=
4: 33: 40 PM

67
Hm datenum datenum datenum datenum l hm ngc ca datestr datestr datestr datestr. Hm ny chuyn mt xu k t dng ngy dng
mu datenum( datenum( datenum( datenum(str) str) str) str), hoc mt s c lp hoc mt vector sang s dng ngy, dng mu:

datenum(year, month, day)

hoc

datenum(year, month, day, hour, minute, second).

>> datenum('21-Jan-1997 16: 33: 40')
ans=
729411.690045541
>> datenum(1997, 01, 21)
ans=
729411
>> datenum(1997, 01, 21, 16, 33, 40)
ans=
729411.690045541

Hm datevec datevec datevec datevec chuyn mt xu k t dng ngy (dng datestr datestr datestr datestr dng 0, 1, 2, 6, 13, 14,
15, hoc 16) hoc mt s dng ngy sang vector.

>> c = datevec('12/ 24/ 1984')
c=
1984 12 24 0 0 0
>> [yr, mo, day, hr, nim, sec] = datevec('24-Dec-1984 08: 22')
yr=
1984
mo=
12
day=
24
hr=
8
min=
22
sec=
0

10.3 Cc hm v ngy 10.3 Cc hm v ngy 10.3 Cc hm v ngy 10.3 Cc hm v ngy

Ngy ca tun c th tm t xu dng ngy hoc s dng ngy, dng hm weekday weekday weekday weekday,
MATLAB s dng quy c Sunday = 1 v Saturday = 7.

>> [d w] = weekday(728647)
d=
2
w=
Mon
68
>> [d w] = weekday('21-Dec-1994')
d=
4
w=
Wed

Ngy cui thng c th tm bng hm eomday eomday eomday eomday. Trong bt buc phi a vo nm, thng.

>> eomday(1996, 2) % 1996 l nm
ans=
29

MATLAB c th to lch cho bt c thng no bn yu cu, v hin th n trong ca
s lnh hoc t chng trong mt ma trn 6x7.

>> calendar('7/ 17/ 95')
Jul 1995
S M Tu W Th F S
0 0 0 0 0 0 1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
30 31 0 0 0 0 0
>> S = calendar(1994, 12)
S =
0 0 0 0 1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28 29 30 31
0 0 0 0 0 0 0

10.4 Cc hm v thi gian 10.4 Cc hm v thi gian 10.4 Cc hm v thi gian 10.4 Cc hm v thi gian

Lnh tic tic tic tic v toc toc toc toc c th c dng i vi thi gian trong tnh ton:

>> tic; plot(rand(5)); toc
elapsed_time =
0.2200

69

Hnh 10.1

>> tic; plot(rand(5)); toc
elapsed_time =
0.1700

70

Hnh 10.2

Ch s khc nhau v hm thi gian gia elapsed_time i vi lnh plot plot plot plot, lnh plot plot plot plot th hai
nhanh hn v MATLAB to hnh dng ca s v dch cc hm cn thit vo trong nh.
Hm cputime cputime cputime cputime tr v tng s thi gian ca CPU (Central Processing Unit), tnh theo
giy, trong thi gian MATLAB dng t khi n c khi ng ln.
Hm etime etime etime etime tnh khong thi gian gia hai vector thi gian. Cc vector phi l vector
hng gm 6 phn t, ging nh kt qu tr v trong lnh clock clock clock clock v datevec datevec datevec datevec. Ti thi gian hin
ti etime etime etime etime khng chuyn gia thng v nm.
Tt c cc hm c th s dng tnh ton thi gian.

>> t0 = cputime; pause(5); cputime - t0
ans =
5
>> t1 = clock; pause(2); etime(clock,t1)
ans =
2.0400

Bn hy xem help v MATLAB CD tm hiu thm v nhng hm ny.

10.5 V th vi hm ngy v thi gian 10.5 V th vi hm ngy v thi gian 10.5 V th vi hm ngy v thi gian 10.5 V th vi hm ngy v thi gian

i khi n rt c ch v th trong dng xu ngy v thi gian cho mt hoc hn
mt cc nhn. Hm datetick datetick datetick datetick t ng vi cng vic ny. Nu th c v, dng s ngy
cho mt hoc hn mt trc, th hm datetick datetick datetick datetick s vit cc nhn cho im nh du. V d sau
v hnh 10.3:

>> t = (1900:10:1990)';
71
>> p = [75.995; 91.972; 105.771; 123.203; 131.669;
150.697; 179.323; 203.212; 226.505; 249.633];
>> plot(datenum(t,1,1),p)
>> datetick('x','yyyy') % use 4-digit year on the x-axis
>> title('Population by year')

Chng ta c th to biu ct ca cng ty bn hng bn t thng 11 nm 1994 n thng
12 nm 1995 (Hnh 10.4):

>> y = [1994 1994 1995*ones(1,12)]';
>> m = [11 12 (1:12)]';
>> s=[1.1 1.3 1.2 1.4 .16 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.8 1.3 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.95]';
>> bar(datenum(y,m,1),s)
>> datetick('x','mmmyy')
>> ylabel('$ Million')
>> title('Monthly Sales')

Hnh 10.3
72

Hnh 10.4 Hnh 10.4 Hnh 10.4 Hnh 10.4

V d: Tm th su ngy 13 V d: Tm th su ngy 13 V d: Tm th su ngy 13 V d: Tm th su ngy 13
By gi chng ta c gii thiu cc lnh v thi gian, hy dng chng to mt s
hm c ch. Nu bn l ngi cn thn, bn mun bit bao gi th su ngy 13 xy ra. Hm
M_file s cho bn nhng thng tin ny.

function m=friday(start)
% FRIDAY Date of the next Friday the 13th
% FRIDAY display the next occurrence of Friday the
% 13th
% FRIDAY(START) start the search at the date
% specified by START
% M=FRIDAY return the date number of the next Friday
% the 13
th

if nargin==0
start=now; % use the current date if none
end % was supplied
[yr,mo,da]=datevec(start);
da=da+6-weekday(start); % Start with the Friday in
% this week
start=datenum(yr,mo,da,0,0,0);
while 1
[yr,mo,da]=datevec(start);
if (weekday(start)==6)&(da==13)
73
break;
end
start=datenum(start+7); % skip to the next Friday
end
if nargout==0
disp(['Friday,'datestr(start,1)]) % Display the
% the result
else
m=start; % or return the resulting date
end % number

Sau khi chy chng trnh ta c kt qu:

>> friday
Friday,13-Aug-1999

Nu bn mun c cnh bo cho ton b nm, xem hm fridays:

function F=fridays(ynum)
% FRIDAY List the Friday the 13ths in the year ynum.
% M=FRIDAY return the date numbers found.
%
if nargin==0
[ynum dummy]=datevec(now); % use the current date if
end % non was supplied
MM=[];
trynum=datenum(ynum,1,13,0,0,0);
% check January 13 first
trynum=friday(trynum); % find the first one
[tyr dummy]=datevec(trynum);
while tyr==ynum % May be there are more this year
MM=[MM;trynum];
trynum=friday(trynum+7); % skip to the next week
[tyr dummy]=datevec(trynum);
end
if nargout==0
disp('Fridays'); % Display the results
disp(datestr(MM,1)) % Display the result
else
F=MM; % or return the vector of
end % date number

-------------------oOo-------------------

74
chng 11
VNG LP IU KHIN

Cc ngn ng lp trnh v my tnh c kh nng lp trnh u cp n mt c im
l cho php bn iu khin vng lp ca cc cu lnh da trn nhng cu trc ca n. Nu
bn tng s dng nhng c im ny th phn ny s rt n gin i vi bn. Mt
khc nu vng lp iu khin l mi i vi bn th n s rt rc ri, nu nh vy, th bn hy
nghin cu n t t.
Vng lp iu khin rt hu ch v c ng dng rt rng ri, n lm cho cc php ton -
c thc hin mt cch thun tin hn v nhanh hn. MATLAB a ra cc dng vng lp c
iu khin l: vng lp for for for for, vng lp while while while while, cu trc if if if if- -- -else else else else- -- -end end end end v cu trc switch switch switch switch- -- -case case case case. V
cc cu trc thng hon thin cc lnh ca MATLAB, nn chng thng xut hin trong
M_file, hn l trong cu lnh nh trc tip ti du nhc ca MATLAB.

11.1 Vng lp for 11.1 Vng lp for 11.1 Vng lp for 11.1 Vng lp for

Vng lp for for for for cho php mt nhm lnh thc hin lp li mt s ln c nh. C php ca
vng lp for for for for nh sau:

for x = array
commands % Khi cc lnh
end

Cc cu lnh gia hai trng thi for for for for v end end end end c thc hin mt ln cho tt c cc ct
ca mng (array). Ti mi ln lp li, x c gn cho phn t ct tip theo nh trong sut n
ln ca vng lp, x = array(:, n).
V d:

>> for n = 1:10
x(n) = sin(n*pi/10);
end
>> x
x =
Columns 1 through 7

0.3090 0.5878 0.8090 0.9511 1.0000 0.9511 0.8090


0.5878 0.3090 0.0000

Ni mt cch khc, trng thi th nht yu cu: Cho n bng t 1 n 10, tnh gi tr ca
tt c cc trng thi cho n trng thi k tip trng thi end end end end. u tin trong vng lp for for for for
n=1, tip theo n=2, v c nh vy cho n trng hp n=10. Sau trng hp n=10, vng lp
for kt thc, v tt c cc lnh sau trng thi end end end end ca vng lp c thc hin.
Vng lp for for for for khng th b kt thc bng cch gn li bin iu khin n trong vng lp:

>> for n = 1:10
75
x(n) = sin(n*pi/10);
n = 10;
end
>> x
x =
Columns 1 through 7
0.3090 0.5878 0.8090 0.9511 1.0000 0.9511 0.8090
0.5878 0.3090 0.0000

Trng thi 1:10 l mt trng thi to ln mng MATLAB tiu chun. Bt c kiu mng no
ca MATLAB u c chp nhn trong vng lp f ff for or or or:

>> data = [3 9 45 6; 7 16 -1 5]
data =
3 9 45 6
7 16 -1 5
>> for n = data
x = n(1)-n(2)
end
x =
-4
x =
-7
x =
46
x =
1
Bnh thng vng lp for for for for c th lng vo nhau:

>> for n = 1:5
for m = 5:-1:1
A(n,m) = n^2+m^2;
end
disp(n)
end
1
2
3
4
5
>> A
A =
2 5 10 17 26
5 8 13 20 29
10 13 18 25 34
17 20 25 32 41
26 29 34 41 50
76
Khng nn dng vng lp for for for for khi m tng ng vi vic ta dng mng tnh ton. Nh
trong v d trc ta cng c th dng mng tnh ton:

>> n = 1: 10;
>> x = sin(n*pi/10)
x =
Columns 1 through 7
0.3090 0.5878 0.8090 0.9511 1.0000 0.9511 0.8090
0.5878 0.3090 0.0000

Trong hai trng hp nh trn, trng hp th hai ta dng mng tnh ton cng c
kt qu nh vy, nhng n nhanh hn v cc tho tc cng t hn.
tng tc tnh ton, mng cn phi c khi to trc khi thc hin vng lp for for for for
(hoc vng lp while while while while). Trong v d trc c mi ln lnh trong vng lp for for for for c tnh, kch c
ca bin x li tng ln 1. iu ny lm cho MATLAB mt thi gian cp nht thm b nh
cho x trong mi vng. rt ngn bc ny, v d v vng lp for for for for trc vit li nh sau:

>> x = zeros(1,10); % Khi to b nh cho x
>> for n = 1: 10
x = sin(n*pi/10);
end
By gi ch cn thay i gi tr ca cc phn t ca x.

11.2 Vng lp while 11.2 Vng lp while 11.2 Vng lp while 11.2 Vng lp while

Vng lp while while while while thc hin lp li mt nhm lnh mt s ln c nh, nhng khng bit
trc c s ln lp li.
C php ca vng lp while while while while nh sau:

while while while while biu thc iu kin
khi cc lnh..
end end end end
khi cc lnh.. gia hai trng thi while while while while v end end end end c thc hin lp i lp li khi tt c cc
biu thc iu kin l ng. Thng thng gi tr ca iu kin a ra kt qu l mt s,
nhng nu cc kt qu a ra l mt mng th vn hp l. Trong trng hp mng, tt c cc
phn t trong mng kt qu a ra phi l True (ng). C th tham kho v d di y:

>> num = 0; ESP = 1;
>> while (1+ESP) > 1
ESP = ESP/ 2;
num = num + 1;
end
>> num
num=
53
>> ESP = 2*ESP
ESP=
2.2204e-16
77
V d ny a ra cch tnh gi tr c bit eps ca MATLAB, n l mt s dng nh nht,
c th cng vi 1 c mt s ln hn 1 dng cho gii hn chnh xc. y chng ta
dng ch hoa EPS chc chn rng gi tr eps ca MATLAB khng ghi ln. Trong v
d ny, gi tr ca EPS bt u bng 1, trong khi iu kin (1+EPS)>1 l True ( cho n
khc khng), cc lnh trong vng lp while while while while c tnh, gi tr ca EPS tip tc c chia i,
gi tr ca EPS nh i, m cng EPS vi 1 th n l s nh nht m ln hn 1. Do my tnh
s dng s c nh c 16 ch s nn khi gi tr nh qu th n lm trn bng 0, v khi
iu kin (EPS+1)> 1 False (sai) v vng lp while dng li. Cui cng EPS c nhn vi
2 v sau ln chia cui cng cho 2 th vng lp dng li.
11.3 Cu trc if 11.3 Cu trc if 11.3 Cu trc if 11.3 Cu trc if- -- -else else else else- -- -end end end end

Nhiu khi chng ta cn nhng cu lnh c thc hin theo mt iu kin no . Trong
ngn ng lp trnh, logic ny c cung cp bi cu trc if if if if- -- -else else else else- -- -end end end end. C php ca cu trc
ny nh sau:

if if if if biu thc iu kin
khi cc lnh...
end end end end

Khi cc lnh gia hai trng thi if if if if v end end end end c thc hin khi tt biu thc iu kin l
ng. Trong trng hp iu kin bao gm cc iu kin con, th tt c cc iu kin con
c tnh v tr v mt trng thi logic ca iu kin. V d:

>> apple = 10 % s to
>> cost = apple*25
cost=
250
>> if apple > 5
cost = (1-20/100)*cost; % b i 20%
end
>> cost
cost
200

Trong trng hp c hai iu kin thay i, cu trc if if if if- -- -else else else else- -- -end end end end l:

if if if if biu thc iu kin
khi cc lnh c thc hin nu iu kin l ng
else else else else
khi cc lnh c thc hin nu iu kin l sai
end end end end

Khi c ba hoc nhiu iu kin thay i, cu trc ca n s l:

if if if if biu thc iu kin 1
khi cc lnh c thc hin nu iu kin 1 l ng
elseif elseif elseif elseif biu thc iu kin 2
78
.
.
.
else else else else
khi cc lnh c thc hin nu khng c iu kin no ng.
End End End End

Trong mu dng ny th khi biu thc iu kin u tin ng th cc cu lnh sau khng
c kim tra na, cc cu trc if if if if- -- -else else else else- -- -end end end end cn li c b qua. Hn na cu lnh else else else else
cui c th khng cn cho vo.
i vi cu trc if if if if- -- -else else else else- -- -end end end end, chng ta cng c th lng vo cc vng lp for for for for v while while while while:

>> EPS = 1;
>> for num = 1:100
EPS = EPS/ 2;
if (1+EPS)< 1
EPS = EPS*2
break
end
end
EPS =
2.2204e-16
>> num
num=
53
V d ny a ra cch khc tnh s eps. Trong v d, khi lnh break break break break c thc hin th
MATLAB nhy ra khi vng lp n ang thc hin. Khi lnh break break break break xut hin trong mt vng
lp for for for for hoc while while while while trong cc vng lp nng nhau th n ch nhy ra khi mt vng lp cha
n ch n khng nhy ra khi tt c cc vng lp.

11.4 Cu trc switch 11.4 Cu trc switch 11.4 Cu trc switch 11.4 Cu trc switch- -- -case case case case

Khi mt chui cc lnh nh gi da trn mt biu thc th hoc biu thc iu kin vi
nhiu gi tr th khc nhau, ngi ta thng dng cu trc switch switch switch switch- -- -case case case case. Cu trc switch switch switch switch- -- -case case case case
c dng nh sau:

switch switch switch switch biu thc iu kin
case case case case gi tr th 1
khi lnh 1
case case case case { gi tr th 2, gi tr th 3, gi tr th 4}
khi lnh 2
otherwise otherwise otherwise otherwise
khi lnh 3
end end end end

y biu thc iu kin phi l dng s hoc dng chui, nu biu thc iu kin l
dng s th lnh case case case case s th xem gi tr ca biu thc c bng gi tr th i i i i hay khng.
79
Nu biu thc iu kin l mt chui th lnh case case case case s so snh chui vi gi tr th i ii i.
Trong v d trc, biu thc iu kin c em so snh vi gi tr th 1, nu chng bng
nhau th khi lnh u tin c thc hin, m cc khi lnh tip theo cho n trc trng
thi end end end end c b qua, nu chng khng bng nhau th iu kin tip tc c em so snh
vi gi tr th 2, gi tr th 3, gi tr th 4, nu mt trong cc gi tr ny bng biu thc iu
kin th khi lnh 2 c thc hin. Nu tt c cc lnh so snh ca case case case case u khng ng
th khi lnh 3 c thc hin. Ch rng trong cu trc switch switch switch switch- -- -case case case case c it nht mt nhm
lnh phi c thc hin. Sau y l mt v d v cu trc switch switch switch switch- -- -case case case case:

x = 2.7;
units = 'm';
switch units % Chuyn x ra centimeters
case {'inch','in'}
y=x*2.54;
case {'feet','ft'}
y=x*2.54*12;
case {'meter','m'}
y=x/ 100;
case {'millimeter','mm'}
y=x*10;
case {'centimeter','cm'}
y=x;
otherwise
disp(['khng bit units: ' units])
y=nan;
end

Khi thc hin v d ny th gi tr cui cng ca y l: y=0.027.

V d: Vn v li xut V d: Vn v li xut V d: Vn v li xut V d: Vn v li xut
Vn : Vn : Vn : Vn : mua mt t, bn phi vay 10,000$ vi li xut hng thng l 8.9%, trong 3
nm gc v li c tnh nh th no sau mi ln chi tr. Ngoi ra phn tin cn li sau mi
ln chi tr l bao nhiu?
Gii php: Gii php: Gii php: Gii php: T chng 2, s tin chi tr P hng thng cho khon vay A dollar vi li xut
hng thng l R, tnh trong M thng l:

P = A.

Ti ln chi tr u tin, tin li phi tr l I
p1
= R.A. Gi s s tin phi tr l P th tin gc
phi tr l P
r1
= P - I
p1
v s tin cn li sau ln chi tr th nht l B
1
=A - P
r1
. Trong tt c cc
ln chi tr sau tin li phi tr l I
pm
= R.B
m-1
v s tin cn li l B
m
= B
m-1
- P
rm
. S dng
cc thng tin ny th chng trnh MATLAB s nh sau:

function amort
% amort.m script file
A=10000; % amount of loan
M=3*12; % number of months
R=8.9; % annual interest rate
r=(R/100)/12; % monthly interest rate
80
P=A*(r*(1+r)^M/((1+r)^M-1)); % payment required
B=zeros(M,1); %storage for balance remaining per month
Ip=B; % storage for interest paid per month
Pr=B; % storage for principle paid per month
for m=1:M
if m==1 % compute interest when balance is
Ip(m)=r*A; % original amount
else
Ip(m)=r*B(m-1);
end
Pr(m)=P-Ip(m); % principle paid this month
if m==1 % compute balance remaining after payment
B(m)=A-Pr(m);
else
B(m)=B(m-1)-Pr(m);
end
end
format bank
disp(['Amount=' num2str(A)])
disp(['Interest Rate=' num2str(R)])
disp(['Number of months = ' num2str(M)])
disp(['Payment =' num2str(P)])
disp(' ')
disp(' Amortization Schedule')
disp(' Payment Balance Interest Principle')
disp([(1:M)' B Ip Pr])
format short g
Chy chng trnh ny th kt qu nh sau:

>> Amount=10000
Interest Rate=8.9
Number of months = 36
Payment =317.5321

Amortization Schedule
Payment Balance Interest Principle
1.00 9756.63 74.17 243.37
2.00 9511.46 72.36 245.17
3.00 9264.48 70.54 246.99
4.00 9015.65 68.71 248.82
5.00 8764.99 66.87 250.67
6.00 8512.46 65.01 252.53
7.00 8258.07 63.13 254.40
8.00 8001.78 61.25 256.28
9.00 7743.60 59.35 258.19
10.00 7483.49 57.43 260.10
11.00 7221.47 55.50 262.03
12.00 6957.49 53.56 263.97
13.00 6691.56 51.60 265.93
81
14.00 6423.66 49.63 267.90
15.00 6153.77 47.64 269.89

V d ny minh ho cu trc lp for for for for v if if if if- -- -else else else else- -- -end end end end. N cng minh ho vic s dng script
M_file. tnh ton mt khon cho vay bt k bn ch cn thay i d liu vo phn u
ca chng trnh v bn chy li n.

V d: Chui ln xung V d: Chui ln xung V d: Chui ln xung V d: Chui ln xung
Vn : Vn : Vn : Vn : cho x
0
l mt s nguyn bt k. Gi s chui x
k
c nh ngha nh sau:

x
k+1
= x
k
/ 2 nu x
k
l chn
v x
k+1
= 3x
k
+ 1 nu x
k
l l
Chui ny c thuc tnh g nu chui s dng li khi x
k
=1, chui phn k hay hi t v 1.
Gii php: Gii php: Gii php: Gii php: Chng ta ch cn vng lp while while while while xt xem khi no x
k
= 1 v s dng cu trc
if if if if- -- -else else else else- -- -end end end end thc hin vic tnh ton dy x
k
. Trong MATLAB th chng trnh nh sau:

function up_down
% up_down.m script file for up/down sequence proplem
x=zeros(500,1); %preallocate storage for x(k)
x(1)=round(abs(input('Enter a number> ')));
k=1;
while (x(k)>1)&(k<500)
if rem(x(k),2)==0 % x(k) is even
x(k+1)=x(k)/2;
else % x(k) is old
x(k+1)=3*x(k)+1;
end
k=k+1; % increment sequence counter
end
x=x(x>0) % keep values generated only and dispay them
M=0:499;
plot(M,x)

Kt qu ca chng trnh ny kh th v, v d vi x=2
m
, trong m l mt s nguyn th
chui s rt ngn (ti sao?), hn na bt c khi no gi tr ca mt s hng trong chui l
lu tha ca 2 th chui s nhanh chng dng li, nhng i vi nhng s x tng i nh th
kt qu l mt chui kh th v. V d x1=27. Hu nh tt c cc gi tr ban u u sinh ra
mt chui c gi tr rt ngu nhin nh hnh v di y vi x(1)=837799. Liu bn c dm
kt lun chui ny hi t hay khng!
th kt qu ca chng trnh vi x(1)=837799 l:

82

Hnh 11.1 Hnh 11.1 Hnh 11.1 Hnh 11.1

--------------------oOo-------------------

chng 12
HM M_FILE

Khi bn s dng cc hm MATLAB nh inv inv inv inv, abs abs abs abs, angle angle angle angle, v sqrt sqrt sqrt sqrt, MATLAB nhn gi tr
m bn truyn vo, da vo kt qu , tnh ton kt qu ca hm v tr li cho bn kt
qu tnh ton. Cc lnh tnh ton bng hm cng nh cc bin trung gian c to ra bi
cc lnh ny bn u khng nhn thy, tt c nhng g bn trng thy ch l cc gi tr nhp
vo v cc gi tr a ra, v vy c th coi mt hm nh mt ci hp en. Cc thuc tnh ny
lm cho hm tr ln rt hu dng i vi cc lnh tnh ton m phi dng n cc hm ton
hc phc tp thng xut hin khi bn gii quyt nhng vn ln. Da vo u im ny,
MATLAB cung cp mt cu trc bn c th t to mt hm cho mnh di dng mt
M_file. Hm flipup flipup flipup flipup di y l mt v d v vic dng hm M_file:

function y=flipup(x)
% FLIPUP Flip matrix in up/down directiopn.
% FLIPUP(x) return x with columns preserved and rows flipped
% in the up/down direction. For example.
%
% x = 1 4 becomes 3 6
% 2 5 2 5
% 3 6 1 4
%
83
% See also FLIPLR, ROT90, FLIPDIM.
% Copyright (c) 1984-96 by the MathWork, Inc.
% $Revision: 5.3 $ $Date: 1996/10/24 18: 41: 14 $
if ndim(x)~=2
error( X must be a 2-D matrix.);
end
[m, n] = size(x);
y = x(m: -1: 1, :);

Mt hm M_file c v rt ging vi mt script file bi v chng cng l cc file vn bn v
cng c phn m rng l .m. im khc nhau gia script file v cc hm M_file l cc
hm M_file khng c nhp vo t ca s lnh m thng qua mt trnh son tho vn bn
t bn ngoi. Hm M_file cn khc vi script file ch n ch thng tin vi MATLAB thng
qua cc bin truyn vo cho n v thng qua cc bin ra m n to ln, cc bin trung gian
bn trong hm th khng xut hin hay tng tc vi mi trng ca MATLAB. Nh bn c
th thy v d trc, dng u tin ca hn M_file nh ngha file ny nh mt hm v ch
ra tn ca n, tn ny chnh l tn file nhng khng c phn m rng l .m ng thi n
cng nh ngha lun bin vo v ra. Chui cc dng lnh tip theo l cc li ch thch, s
xut hin khi ta dng lnh >>help, >>help flipud, hoc >>helpwinflipud dng lnh help u
tin gi l dng H1 chnh l dng hin ra khi dng lnh lookfor. Cui cng phn cn li ca
file ny cha cc lnh ca MATLAB to ln cc bin ra.

12.1 Cc quy lut v thuc tnh 12.1 Cc quy lut v thuc tnh 12.1 Cc quy lut v thuc tnh 12.1 Cc quy lut v thuc tnh

Hm M_file phi tun theo nhng quy lut v thuc tnh nht nh, ngoi ra chng cn
c mt s tnh cht rt quan trng bao gm:
*) Tn hm v tn file phi l mt, v d hm flipud flipud flipud flipud phi c lu trong file vi ci tn l
flipud.m flipud.m flipud.m flipud.m.
*) Ln u tin MATLAB thc hin hm M_file n s m file vn bn tng ng v dch
cc dng lnh ca file ra mt dng m lu trong b nh nhm mc ch tng tc thc
hin cc li gi hm tip theo. Nu trong hm c cha li gi hm M_file khc th cc hm
cng c dch vo trong b nh.
*) Cc dng ghi li ch thch cho ti dng u tin khng phi l ch thch trong hm
M_file l nhng dng vn bn, n s hin ra khi bn s dng lnh help help help help. V d: >>help flipud
s tr v 9 dng u tin trong hm M_file ni trn. Dng u tin l dng H1, n s xut
hin khi bn dng ln look for look for look for look for.
*) Mi hm c mt khng gian lm vic ring tch bit so vi mi trng MATLAB, mi
quan h duy nht gia cc bin trong hm vi mi trng MATLAB l cc bin vo v ra
ca hm . Nu trong thn hm gi tr b thay i th s thay i ny ch tc ng bn trong
ca hm m khng lm nh hng n cc bin ca mi trng MATLAB. Cc bin c
to ra bn trong mt hm th ch nm trong khng gian lm vic ca hm v c gii
phng khi hm kt thc, v vy khng th s dng thng tin ca ln gi trc cho ln gi
sau.
*) S cc tham s vo v ra khi mt hm c gi th ch c tc dng bn trong hm ,
bin nargin cha cc tham s a vo cn bin nargout cha cc gi tr a ra, trong thc t
th cc bin ny thng c s dng xc nh gi tr ra da vo s lng cc i s a
vo. V d xt hm linespace sau:

function y=linespace(d1, d2, n)
84
% LINESPACE Linearly spaced vector.
% LINESPACE(x1, x2) generates a row vector of 100 linearly
% equally spaced points betwin x1 and x2.
%
% LINESPACE(x1, x2, N) generates N points betwin x1 and x2.
%
% See also LOGSPACE, :.
% $Revision: 5.3 $ $Date: 1996/10/24 18: 41: 14 $
if nargin==2
n = 100;
end
y = [d1 + (0: n-2)*(d2-d1)/ (n-1) d2];

y nu li gi ca ngi s dng ch truyn vo hai i s th linespace tr v gi tr 100,
nhng nu s i s l 3, v d nh linespace(0,10,50) th i s th 3 s quyt nh s cc
im d liu.
*) Cc hm c th dng chung cc bin vi hm khc, vi mi trng MATLAB v c th
quy nu nh cc bin c khai bo l ton cc. c th truy cp n cc bin trong
mt hm hoc trong mi trng MATLAB th cc bin phi c khai bo l bin ton
cc trong mi hm s dng n. Hm tic tic tic tic v toc toc toc toc sau y m t mt v d v vic s dng bin
ton cc:

function tic
% TIC Start a stopwatch timer.
% The sequence of lnhs
% TIC, operation, TOC
% prints the time required for the operation.
%
% See also TOC, CLOCK, ETIME, CPUTIME.
% $Revision: 5.3 $ $Date: 1996/10/24 18: 41: 14 $
% TIC simple stores CLOCK in a global variable
global TICTOC
TICTOC = clock;

function t = toc
% TOC Read the stopwatch timer.
% TOC, by itself, prints the elapsed time in t,
% instead of printing it out.
%
% See also TIC, ETIME, CLOCK, CPUTIME.
% $Revision: 5.3 $ $Date: 1996/10/24 18: 41: 14 $
% TOC uses ETIME and the value of clock saved by TIC.
global TICTOC
if nargout< 1
elapsed_time = etime(clock, TICTOC);
else
85
t = etime(clock, TICTOC);
end

Trong hm tic tic tic tic th bin TICTOC c khai bo l bin ton cc v gi tr ca bin ny c
c thng qua vic gi hm clock clock clock clock. Sau trong hm toc toc toc toc, bin TICTOC cng c khai
bo l bin ton cc lm cho toc toc toc toc c kh nng truy cp n bin TICTOC trong hm tic tic tic tic, s
dng gi tr ca bin ny toc toc toc toc s tnh c khong thi gian tri qua k t khi hm tic tic tic tic c
thi hnh. Mt iu quan trng cn nh l bin TICTOC ch tn ti trong khng gian lm vic
ca tic tic tic tic v toc toc toc toc nhng khng tn ti trong mi trng MATLAB.
*) Vic thi hnh hm M_file s kt thc khi gp dng cui cng ca file hoc gp dng
lnh return return return return. Lnh return return return return gip ta kt thc mt hm m khng cn phi thi hnh ht cc lnh
ca hm .
*) Hm error error error error ca MATLAB s hin th mt chui ln ca s lnh v dng thc hin hm,
tr iu khin v cho ca s lnh v bn phm. Hm ny rt hu dng cnh bo vic s
dng hm khng ng mc ch. V d nh cu lnh sau:

if length(val) > 1
error(VAL phi l gi tr s!)
end

y nu val val val val khng phi l s th hm error error error error s hin ln chui cnh bo v tr iu khin
cho ca s lnh v bn phm.
*) Mt M_file c th cha nhiu hm. Hm chnh trng M_file ny phi c t tn trng
vi tn ca M_file nh cp n trn. Cc hm khc c khai bo thng qua cu lnh
function function function function c vit sau hm u tin. Cc hm con ch c s dng bi hm chnh, c
ngha l ngoi hm chnh ra th khng c hm no khc c th gi c chng. Tnh nng
ny cung cp mt gii php hu hiu gii quyt tng phn ca hm chnh mt cch ring
r lm gim bt cc kh khn khi ta lp trnh mt hm ln.
Ni tm li, hm M_file cung cp cho ta mt phng php n gin m rng kh nng
ca MATLAB. Trong thc t rt nhiu hm ca MATLAB l cc hm M_file.

V d: Hm tr dn theo thi hn V d: Hm tr dn theo thi hn V d: Hm tr dn theo thi hn V d: Hm tr dn theo thi hn
Vn : Vn : Vn : Vn : Gi s c mt khon cho vay A dollar, vi li sut hng thng l R% v phi tr
trong vng M thng. Hy vit mt hm M_file th hin:
- Lch chi tr nu nh ban u cha bit cc s liu a ra.
- S tin chi tr hng thng nu bit mt s liu ra.
- S tin chi tr hng thng v mt ma trn s cha lch thanh ton nu bit trc hai i s
ra.
Gii php: Gii php: Gii php: Gii php: Trong chng 2, s tin phi chi tr hng thng P cho khon cho vay A dollar
vi t gi li xut l R, tr trong M thng: P = A. : P = A. : P = A. : P = A.
Ti ln chi tr u tin, tin li phi tr l I
p1
= R.A. Gi s s tin phi tr l P th tin gc
phi tr l P
r1
= P - I
p1
v s tin cn li sau ln chi tr th nht l B
1
=A - P
r1
. Trong tt c
cc ln chi tr sau tin li phi tr l I
pm
= R.B
m-1
v s tin cn li l B
m
= B
m-1
- P
rm
. S
dng cc thng tin ny th chng trnh MATLAB s nh sau:

function [P,S]=loan(a,r,m)
%LOAN Loan Payment and Amortization Table.
% (H1 help line)
%P=LOAN(A,R,M) computes the monthly payment on a loan
86
%amount of a, having an annual intereat rate of R,
% to be paid off in equal amounts over M months.
%
%[P,S]=LOAN(A,R,M) also returns
% an amortization table S,
%which is an M-by-4 matrix
% where S(:,1)=Payment Number,
%S(:,2)=Remaining Balance, S(:,3)=Interest Paid, and
%S(:,4)=Principle Paid.
%
%If no output arguments are provided
% the table is displayed.
%Start with some error checking
if nargin<3
error('Three input argument are required.')
end
if fix(m)~=m
error('Number of Months Must be Integer.')
end
% Now calculate
rm=(r/100)/12; % Monthly interest rate
p=a*(rm*(1+rm)^m/((1+rm)^m-1)); % payment required
if nargout==1 % done if only payment is required.
P=p; % copy out into output variable
return
end
B=zeros(m,1); % storage for balance remaining per month
Ip=B; % storage for interest paid per month
Pr=B; % storage for principal paid per month
for i=1:m % creat table data
if i==1
% compute interest when balance is orginnal amout
Ip(i)=rm*a;
else % balance is B(i-1)
Ip(i)=rm*B(i-1);
end
Pr(i)=p-Ip(i); %principal paid this month
if i==1 % compute balance remainig after payment
B(i)=a-Pr(i);
else
B(i)=B(i-1)-Pr(i);
end
end
B(abs(B)<0.001)=0; % set near zero balance to zero
s=[(1:m)' B Ip Pr];
if nargout==0 % display table
disp(['Amount = ' num2str(a)])
disp(['Interest rate = ' num2str(r)])
disp(['Number of month = ' int2str(m)])
87
disp(['Payment = ' num2str(p)])
disp(' ')
disp(' Amortization Schedule')
disp(' Payment Balance Interest Principle')
fprintf(' %5.0f %12.2f %12.2f %12.2f\n', s')
% better formatting
else % two output arguments requested
P=p;
S=s;
end

V d: Gii m mu trn cc in tr V d: Gii m mu trn cc in tr V d: Gii m mu trn cc in tr V d: Gii m mu trn cc in tr
Vn : Vn : Vn : Vn : Gi tr ca mt in tr dng trong mch in c tnh thng qua cc vch mu
in trn thn ca n. i vi mt in tr vi chnh xc l 5% th c 3 di mu, tm gi l
A, B, C. Gi tr s c gn cho mi mu c tnh nh sau:

Mu en Nu Vng Lc Lam Trm Tm Xm Trng
Gi tr 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Nu A, B, C l cc gi tr ca cc mu trn gii mu th gi tr ca cc in tr l:

R = (10.A + B).10
C

S dng cc thng tin ny, hy to mt M_file tr v gi tr ca in tr ng vi bt k
mt in tr chun no.

Gii php: Gii php: Gii php: Gii php: Vn ny yu cu mt chui cc thao tc v so snh thc hin s chuyn
i trong bng trn. Gii php ca MATLAB l:

function r=resistor(a, b, c)
%RESISTOR(A, B, C) Resistor value from color code.
%RESISTOR(a, B, C) returns the resistace
%value of resistor
%given its three color bands, A, B, C.
%A, B, C must be one of the
%following character strings:
%
%'black', 'brown', 'red', 'orange', 'yellow',
%'green', 'blue', 'violet', 'gray', 'white'
% first some error checking

if nargin~=3
error('Three input arguments required')
end
if ~ischar(a)|~ischar(b)|~ischar(c)
error('Inputs Must be Character Xus')
end
%now solve problem
vals=zeros(1,3); % string cell array of three inputs
88
abc={a,b,c}; % tring cell aray thr input
for i=1:3 %do each color band in turn
band=lower(abc(i));
%get (i)th input and make lower case
if strncmp(band,'bla',3) % black (compare min # of)
vals(i)=0; % chars for unique match)
elseif strncmp(band,'br',2) %brown
vals(i)=1;
elseif strncmp(band,'r',1) %red
vals(i)=2;
elseif strncmp(band,'o',1) %orange
vals(i)=3;
elseif strncmp(band,'y',1) %yellow
vals(i)=4;
elseif strncmp(band,'gre',3) %green
vals(i)=5;
elseif strncmp(band,'blu',3) %blue
vals(i)=6;
elseif strncmp(band,'v',1) %violet
vals(i)=7;
elseif strncmp(band,'gra',3) %gray
vals(i)=8;
elseif strncmp(band,'w',1) %white
vals(i)=9;
else
error(['Unknown Color Band.'])
end
end
if vals(1)==0
error('First Color Band Cannot Be Black.')
end
r=(10*vals(1)+vals(2))*10^vals(3);

S dng hm ny cho mt vi v d:

>> resistor('brown', 'black', 'red')
ans=
1000
------------------------oOo-----------------------

chng 13
PHN TCH D LIU

Bi v MATLAB l mt ng dng hng ma trn nn n d dng thc hin cc phn tch
thng k trn cc tp d liu, trong khi theo mc nh MATLAB coi cc tp d liu c lu
89
tr trong cc mng ct, vic phn tch d liu c th thc hin theo bt c chiu no. l
tr khi c ch nh theo mt cch khc, cc ct ca mt mng d liu th hin cc thng
s o khc nhau, mi hng th hin mt gi tr mu ca cc thng s o . V d gi s
nhit ban ngy (tnh theo C) ca 3 thnh ph tnh trong mt thng (31 ngy c ghi
li v gn cho mt bin l temps trong mt script M_file, khi chy M_file th gi tr ca temps
c a vo mi trng MATLAB, thc hin cng vic ny, bin temps cha:

>> temps
temps=
12 8 18
15 9 22
12 5 19
14 8 23
12 6 22
11 9 19
15 9 15
8 10 20
19 7 18
12 7 18
14 10 19
11 8 17
9 7 23
8 8 19
15 8 18
8 10 20
10 7 17
12 7 22
9 8 19
12 8 21
12 8 20
10 9 17
13 12 18
9 10 20
10 6 22
14 7 21
12 5 22
13 7 18
15 10 23
13 11 24
12 12 22

Mi hng cha nhit ca mt ngy no , cn mi ct cha nhit ca mt thnh
ph. cho d liu tr ln d dng hn, hy g vo nh sau:
>> d=1:31; % number the days of the month
>> plot(d,temps)
>> xlabel('Day of month')
>> ylabel('Celsius')
>> title('Daily High Tempratures in three Cities')

90

Hnh 13.1 Hnh 13.1 Hnh 13.1 Hnh 13.1

Lnh plot plot plot plot va dng trn y minh ho thm mt cch s dng. Bin d l mt vector di
31, trong khi bin temps l mt ma trn 31x3. Cho trc nhng d liu ny, lnh plot plot plot plot s trc
mi ct ca bin temps cho vo d.
minh ho mt vi kh nng phn tch d liu ca MATLAB, hy xt cc lnh sau,
da trn d liu v nhit cho:

>> avg_temp = mean(temps)
avg_temp=
11.9677 8.2258 19.8710

V d trn ch ra rng thnh ph th 3 l c nhit trung bnh cao nht, y
MATLAB tnh nhit trung bnh ca mi ct mt cch ring r. Nu tnh trung bnh c
3 thnh ph th:

>> avg_avg = mean(avg_temp)
avg_avg=
13.3548

Khi m cc gi tr u vo trong mt hm phn tch d liu l mt vector hng hay ct th
MATLAB ch n gin l tin hnh cc php ton trn vector v tr v gi tr s.
Bn cng c th dng mng thc hin cng vic ny:

>> avg_temp = mean(temps,1) % Ging nh trn, tnh cho cc ct
91
avg_temp =
11.9677 8.2258 19.8710
>> avr_tempr = mean(temps,2) % Tnh cho mi hng
avr_tempr =
12.6667
15.3333
12.0000
15.0000
13.3333
13.0000
13.0000
12.6667
14.6667
12.3333
14.3333
12.0000
13.0000
11.6667
13.6667
12.3333
11.3333
13.6667
12.0000
13.6667
13.3333
12.0000
14.3333
13.0000
12.6667
14.0000
13.0000
12.6667
16.0000
16.0000
15.3333

y l gi tr nhit trung bnh c ba thnh ph trong tng ngy.
Xt bi ton tm s chnh lch nhit ca mi thnh ph so vi gi tr trung bnh, c
ngha l avg_temp(i) phi b tr i bi ct th i ii i ca bin temps. Bn khng th ra mt cu
lnh nh sau:

>> temps-avg_temp
??? Error using ==> -
Matrix dimensions must agree.
Bi v thao tc ny khng phi l cc thao tc nh ngha trn mng (temps l mt
mng 31x3, cn avg_temp l mt mng 1x3). C l cch dng vng lp for for for for l n gin nht:

>> for i = 1:3
tdev(:,i) = temps(:,i)- avg_temp(i);
92
end
>> tdev
tdev =
0.0323 -0.2258 -1.8710
3.0323 0.7742 2.1290
0.0323 -3.2258 -0.8710
2.0323 -0.2258 3.1290
0.0323 -2.2258 2.1290
-0.9677 0.7742 -0.8710
3.0323 0.7742 -4.8710
-3.9677 1.7742 0.1290
7.0323 -1.2258 -1.8710
0.0323 -1.2258 -1.8710
2.0323 1.7742 -0.8710
-0.9677 -0.2258 -2.8710
-2.9677 -1.2258 3.1290
-3.9677 -0.2258 -0.8710
3.0323 -0.2258 -1.8710
-3.9677 0.7742 0.1290
-1.9677 -1.2258 -2.8710
0.0323 -1.2258 2.1290
-2.9677 -0.2258 -0.8710
0.0323 -0.2258 1.1290
0.0323 -0.2258 0.1290
-1.9677 0.7742 -2.8710
1.0323 3.7742 -1.8710
-2.9677 1.7742 0.1290
-1.9677 -2.2258 2.1290
2.0323 -1.2258 1.1290
0.0323 -3.2258 2.1290
1.0323 -1.2258 -1.8710
3.0323 1.7742 3.1290
1.0323 2.7742 4.1290
0.0323 3.7742 2.1290

Khi thc hin phng php ny ta thy n chm hn so vi cc cu lnh c MATLAB
thit k ring dng cho mng. Khi ta nhn bn bin avg_temp kch thc ca n bng
vi kch thc ca temps. Sau thc hin php tr th s nhanh hn rt nhiu:

>> tdev = temps - avg_temp(ones(31,1),:)
tdev =
0.0323 -0.2258 -1.8710
3.0323 0.7742 2.1290
0.0323 -3.2258 -0.8710
2.0323 -0.2258 3.1290
0.0323 -2.2258 2.1290
-0.9677 0.7742 -0.8710
3.0323 0.7742 -4.8710
-3.9677 1.7742 0.1290
93
7.0323 -1.2258 -1.8710
0.0323 -1.2258 -1.8710
2.0323 1.7742 -0.8710
-0.9677 -0.2258 -2.8710
-2.9677 -1.2258 3.1290
-3.9677 -0.2258 -0.8710
3.0323 -0.2258 -1.8710
-3.9677 0.7742 0.1290
-1.9677 -1.2258 -2.8710
0.0323 -1.2258 2.1290
-2.9677 -0.2258 -0.8710
0.0323 -0.2258 1.1290
0.0323 -0.2258 0.1290
-1.9677 0.7742 -2.8710
1.0323 3.7742 -1.8710
-2.9677 1.7742 0.1290
-1.9677 -2.2258 2.1290
2.0323 -1.2258 1.1290
0.0323 -3.2258 2.1290
1.0323 -1.2258 -1.8710
3.0323 1.7742 3.1290
1.0323 2.7742 4.1290
0.0323 3.7742 2.1290
y avg_temp(ones(31,1),:) s nhn bn hng u tin (v l hng duy nht) ca bin
avg_temp thnh 31 bn, to ln mt ma trn 31x3. Trong ct th i ii i chnh l avg_temp(i).

>> max_temp = max(temps)
max_temp=
19 12 24

Cu lnh tm ra nhit ln nht mi thnh ph trong thng .

>> [max_temp,x] = max(temps)
max_temp=
19 12 24
x=
9 23 30
Cho bit gi tr nhit ln nht mi thnh ph v gi tr ch s hng x, ti gi tr ln
nht xut hin, trong v d ny x cho bit ngy nng nht trong thng.

>> min_temp = min(temps)

min_temp=
8 5 15

Cho bit nhit thp nht mi thnh ph.

>> [min_temp, n] = min(temps)
min_temp=
94
8 5 15
n=
8 3 7

cho bit gi tr nhit thp nht mi thnh ph v ch s hng n, ti gi tr thp nht
xy ra. Trong v d ny, n chnh l ngy lnh nht trong thng.

>> s_dev = std(temps)
s_dev=
2.5098 1.7646 2.2322

Cho bit chnh lch chun ca bin temps.

>> daily_change = diff(temps)
daily_change =
3 1 4
-3 -4 -3
2 3 4
-2 -2 -1
-1 3 -3
4 0 -4
-7 1 5
11 -3 -2
-7 0 0
2 3 1
-3 -2 -2
-2 -1 6
-1 1 -4
7 0 -1
-7 1 2
2 -2 -3
2 0 5
-3 1 -3
3 0 2
0 0 -1
-2 1 -3
3 3 1
-4 -2 2
1 -4 2
4 1 -1
-2 -2 1
1 2 -4
2 3 5
-2 1 1
-1 1 -2

Cho bit s khc nhau v nhit gia cc ngy lin tip chnh l chnh lch nhit
ca ngy hm sau so vi ngy hm trc. Trong v d ny, hng u tin ca daily_change
l chnh lch nhit gia ngy u tin v ngy th hai trong thng.
95

13.1 Cc hm phn tch d liu 13.1 Cc hm phn tch d liu 13.1 Cc hm phn tch d liu 13.1 Cc hm phn tch d liu

Phn tch d liu trong MATLAB c thc hin thng qua cc ma trn hng ct, cc
bin khc nhau c lu gi trong cc ct khc nhau v mi hm th hin gi tr ca bin
mt thi im quan st nht nh. Cc hm thng k ca MATLAB gm c:

Cc hm phn t Cc hm phn t Cc hm phn t Cc hm phn tch d liu ch d liu ch d liu ch d liu
cplxpair(x) Xp xp cp phc lin hp
cross(x,y) Tch cho vector
cumprod(x) Tch tch lu theo ct
cumprod(x,n) Tch tch lu theo chiu n
cumsum(x) Tng tch lu theo ct
cumsum(x,n) Tng tch lu theo chiu n
cumtrapz(x,y) Tch cho tch lu
cumtrapz(x,y,n) Tch cho tch lu theo chiu n
del2(A) Ton t ri rc Laplacian 5 im
diff(x) Tnh chnh lch gia cc phn t
diff(x,m) Tnh s ra cp m ca cc phn t
diff(x,m,n) Tnh s ra cp m ca cc phn t theo chiu
n
dot(x,y) Tch v hng ca hai vector
gradient(Z,dx,dy) Gradient vi phn
histogram(x) Biu hnh ct
max(x), max(x,y) Phn t ln nht
max(x,n) Phn t ln nht theo chiu n
mean(x) Gi tr trung bnh ca ct
mean(x,n) Gi tr trung bnh theo chiu n
median(x) Gi tr ca phn t gia ca ct
median(x,n) Gi tr ca phn t gia theo chiu n
min(x), min(x,y) Phn t nh nht
min(x,n) Phn t nh nht theo chiu n
prod(x) Tch cc phn t trong ct
prod(x,n) Tch cc phn t theo chiu n
rand(x) S ngu nhin phn b u
randn(x) S ngu nhin phn b bnh thng
sort(x) Xp xp cc ct theo th t tng dn
sort(x,n) Xp xp theo chiu n
sortrows(A) Xp xp cc hng theo th t tng dn
std(x), std(0) lch chun ca ct chun ho theoN-1
std(x,1) lch chun ca ct chun ho theoN
std(x, flag, n) lch chun theo chiu n
subspace(A,B) Gc gia hai im
sum(x) Tng cc phn t trong mi ct
sum(x,n) Tng cc phn t theo chiu n
trapz(x,y) Tch cho ca y=f(x)
trapz(x,y,n) Tch cho theo chiu n

96

---------------------oOo-------------------

chng 14
A THC

14.1 Cc nghim ca a thc 14.1 Cc nghim ca a thc 14.1 Cc nghim ca a thc 14.1 Cc nghim ca a thc

Tm nghim ca a thc l gi tr a thc bng khng, l mt bi ton thng gp
trong thc t. MATLAB gii quyt nhng bi ton ny v ng thi cung cp nhng cng c
tnh ton a thc. Trong MATLAB mt a thc c biu din bng mt vector hng cc
h s vi bc gim dn. V d a thc
x
4
-12x
3
+25x+116 c nhp vo nh sau:

>> p = [1 -12 0 25 116]
p=
1 -12 0 25 116

Nh rng mc dnh cho h s 0 cng phi c g vo nu khng MATLAB s khng
hiu c h s ca bi thc bc my l khng. S dng dng ny th nghim ca mt a
thc c th tm c bng cch dng hm roots roots roots roots:

>> r = roots(p)
r=
11.7374
2.7028
-1.2251 + 1.4672i
-1.2251 - 1.4672i
Bi v trong MATLAB c a thc v cc nghim ca n u l vector nn MATLAB ngm
quy c rng a thc l vector hng, cn cc nghim l cc vector ct. Nu bit trc
nghim ca mt a thc th ta d dng bit c a thc . Trong MATLAB lnh poly poly poly poly s
thc hin cng vic ny:

>> pp = poly(r)
pp=
1 -12 -1.7764e-14 25 116
>> pp(abs(pp)< 1e-12 = 0 % Gn nhng phn t qu nh bng khng
1 -12 0 25 116

Bi v trong tnh ton thng gp nhng sai s nn i khi kt qu ca lnh poly poly poly poly cho ra
cc a thc c cc h s gn bng khng v cc a thc c phn o rt nh nh c ch
ra trn, cc gi tr bng khng c th c lm trn bng cc cng c v mng. Tng t
nh vy, ta c th lm trn mt s phc tr thnh mt s thc bng hm real real real real.

14.2 Nhn a thc 14.2 Nhn a thc 14.2 Nhn a thc 14.2 Nhn a thc

Hm conv conv conv conv thc hin nhn hai a thc (thc ra l hai ma trn), xt tch ca hai a thc
sau:

97
a(x) = x
3
+2x
2
+3x+4 v b(x) = x
3
+4x
2
+9x+16

>> a = [1 2 3 4]; b = [1 4 9 16];
>> c = conv(a,b)
c=
1 6 20 50 75 84 64

Kt qu l c(x) = x
6
+6x
5
+20x
4
+50x
3
+75x
2
+84x+64

khi ta nhn nhiu a thc vi nhau th ta phi s dng lnh conv conv conv conv nhiu ln.

14.3 Php cng a thc 14.3 Php cng a thc 14.3 Php cng a thc 14.3 Php cng a thc

MATLAB khng cung cp cc hm trc tip thc hin php cng hai a thc, dng php
cng ma trn ch c tc dng khi hai a thc l hai vector c cng kch thc. V d nh
cng hai a thc a(x) v b(x) trn:

>> d = a + b
d=
2 6 12 20
Kt qu l d(x)=2x
3
+6x
2
+12x+20. Khi hai a thc c bc khc nhau th a thc c bc thp
hn phi c thm vo cc h s 0 cho bc ca n c cng bc vi a thc c bc cao
hn. Xt php cng hai a thc c v d trn:

>> e = c + [0 0 0 d]
e=
1 6 20 52 81 96 84

Kt qu l e(x)=x
6
+6x
5
+20x
4
+52x
3
+81x
2
+84. Cc gi tr 0 cn phi c thm vo pha
u ca vector ch khng phi pha ui, bi v cc h s phi tng ng vi cc h s
bc cao ca x.
Nu bn mun, bn c th to mt hm M_file thc hin php cng a thc tng qut:

function p=polyadd(a,b)
%POLYADD Polynomial addition
%POLYADD(A,B) adds the polynomials A and B
if nargin<2
error(Not enough input arguments)
end
a=a(:).; %make sureinputs are row vectors
b=b(:).;
na=length(a); %find lengths of a and b
nb=length(b);
p=[zeros(1,nb-na) a]+[zeros(1,na-nb) b];
% pad with zeros as necessary

By gi c th minh ho cho vic dng hm polyadd polyadd polyadd polyadd, hy xt v d trc y:

>> f = polyadd(c,d)
98
f=
1 6 20 52 81 96 84
Kt qu cng ging nh a thc e trn. Tt nhin polyadd polyadd polyadd polyadd cng c th dng thc hin
php tr.
>> g = polyadd(c,-d)
g=
1 6 20 48 69 72 44
14.4 Chia hai a thc 14.4 Chia hai a thc 14.4 Chia hai a thc 14.4 Chia hai a thc

Trong mt s trng hp ta phi chia a thc ny cho mt a thc khc, trong MATLAB
cng vic ny c thc hin bi hm deconv deconv deconv deconv, s dng cc a thc b v c trn ta c:

>> [q,r] = deconv(c,b)
q=
1 2 3 4
r=
0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Kt qu ny ch ra rng c em chia cho b th c a thc l q v a thc d l r trong tr-
ng hp ny a thc d l a thc 0 bi v c l a thc chia ht cho q (nh rng trn y ta
nhn c a thc c bng cch em nhn a thc a vi a thc b)

14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 o hm o hm o hm o hm

Bi v d dng tnh c vi phn ca mt a thc nn MATLAB a ra hm polyder polyder polyder polyder
tnh vi phn a thc:

>> h = polyder(g)
h=
6 30 80 144 138 72

14.6 Tnh gi tr ca mt a thc 14.6 Tnh gi tr ca mt a thc 14.6 Tnh gi tr ca mt a thc 14.6 Tnh gi tr ca mt a thc

R rng rng bn c th cng, tr, nhn, chia, o hm mt a thc bt k da trn cc
h s ca n, bn cng c th d dng tnh c gi tr cc a thc ny. Trong MATLAB
hm polyval polyval polyval polyval s thc hin cng vic ny:

>> x = linspace(-1,3);

S chn 100 im d liu gia -1 v 3

>> p = [1 4 -7 -10];

Dng a thc p(x) = x3+4x2-7x-10

>> v = polyval(p,x);

Tnh gi tr ca p(x) ti cc gi tr ca x v lu tr kt qu vo trong mng v. Sau kt
qu s c v ra bng lnh plot
99

>> plot(x, v), title(x^3+4x^2-7x-10), xlabel(x)

Hnh 14.1 Hnh 14.1 Hnh 14.1 Hnh 14.1
14.7 Phn th 14.7 Phn th 14.7 Phn th 14.7 Phn thc hu t c hu t c hu t c hu t

i khi bn gp nhng bi ton lin quan n t s ca hai a thc hay cn gi l phn
thc hu t, v d nh cc hm truyn hay cc hm xp x pade pade pade pade c dng nh sau:

Trong MATLAB phn thc cng c m phng bng hai a thc ring r.
V d nh:

>> n=[1 -10 100] % a numerator
n =
1 -10 100
>> d=[1 10 100 0] % a dimominator
d =
1 10 100 0
>> z=roots(n) % the zeros of n(x)/d(x)
z =
5.0000 + 8.6603i
5.0000 - 8.6603i
>> p=roots(d) % the poles of n(x)/d(x)
p =
0
-5.0000 + 8.6603i
100
-5.0000 - 8.6603i

o hm ca phn thc ny theo bin x c tnh da trn hm polyder polyder polyder polyder:
>> [nd,dd]=polyder(n,d)
nd =
-1 20 -100 -2000 -10000
dd =
Columns 1 through 6
1 20 300 2000 10000 0
Column 7
0
y nd v dd l t thc v mu thc ca o hm. Mt thao tc thng thng khc l tm
phn d ca phn thc.

>> [r,p,k]=residue(n,d)
r =
0.0000 + 1.1547i
0.0000 - 1.1547i
1.0000
p =
-5.0000 + 8.6603i
-5.0000 - 8.6603i
0
k =
[]
Trong trng hp ny hm residue residue residue residue tr v cc h s m rng phn thc tng phn r, cc
nghim ca phn thc l p v phn thng chia ht ca phn thc l k. Nu bc ca t s
nh hn bc ca mu s th phn thc chia ht s bng khng. Trong v d trn th m rng
phn thc tng phn ca phn thc cho l:

Nu cho trc cc a thc ny th phn thc ban u s tm c bng cch s dng hm
residue residue residue residue:

>> [nn,dd]=residue(r,p,k)
nn =
1.0000 -10.0000 100.0000
dd =
1.0000 10.0000 100.0000 0

V vy trong trng hp ny, hm residue residue residue residue c th thc hin c vic chuyn i hai chiu
tu thuc vo s lng cc tham s vo v ra truyn cho n.

--------------------oOo------------------

101

chng 15
php ni suy v mn ho ng cong

Trong cc lnh vc ng dng s, nhim v ca chng ta l phi biu din s liu, th-
ng l cc s o bng cc chc nng phn tch. C hai cch gii quyt vn ny, trong
phng php ni im (interpolation) th d liu c coi l ng v ci chng ta cn l cch
biu din d liu khng nm gia cc gi tr o c, theo phng php th hai gi l ph-
ng php mn ho ng cong (curve fitting or regression), bn tm mt ng cong khng
gy khc m ph hp nht vi d liu c, nhng khng cn thit phi i qua mt cch
chnh xc bt k mt in no trn bng s liu. H15.1 minh ho hai phng php trn, ch
o nh du cc im biu din d liu, cc on thng bng nt lin ni cc ng biu
din d liu li vi nhau theo phng php ni im cn ng chm chm l mt ng cong
v theo phng php mn ho d liu.

15.1 Mn ho 15.1 Mn ho 15.1 Mn ho 15.1 Mn ho ng cong ng cong ng cong ng cong

Phng php mn ho ng cong lin quan n vic tr li hai cu hi c bn, l -
ng cong th no th ph hp vi d liu nht v cu hi th hai l phi s dng loi ng
cong no. Ph hp nht c th hiu theo nhiu cch v do c nhiu ng cong, v
vy chng ta phi bt u t u?. Nu ph hp nht l gim nh n mc ti thiu tng
sai s qun phng ti mi im biu din d liu, so vi gi tr tng ng trn ng cong
th ng cong ph hp nht s l mt ng thng v mt ton m ni phng php ny
c gi l phng php xp x a thc. Nu nh khi nim ny cn kh hiu i vi bn th
xin hy xem li hnh 15.1 khong cch theo chiu dc gia ng cong d liu v cc im
biu din d liu gi l sai s ca im , bnh phng khong cch ny ln v cng tt c
chng li ta c tng bnh phng sai s. ng cong chm chm l ng cong lm cho
bnh phng sai s l nh nht v c gi l ng cong ph hp nht. T qun phng
b nht l cch ni tt ca cm t Tng bnh phng sai s b nht.
102

Hnh 15.1 Hnh 15.1 Hnh 15.1 Hnh 15.1

Trong MATLAB hm polyfit polyfit polyfit polyfit s gii quyt vn xp x ng cong qun phng b
nht. minh ho cho vic s dng hm ny, chng ta hy bt u bng cc d liu c
trong hnh v.

>> x = [0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1];
>> y =[-.447 1.978 3.28 6.16 7.08 7.34 7.66 9.56 9.48 9.30 11.2];

s dng hm polyfit polyfit polyfit polyfit, chng ta phi truyn cho n d liu trn v bc ca a thc m
chng ta mun ph hp vi d liu, nu chng ta chn bc n l 1 th ng cong xp x gn
nht s l ng thng. Phng php ny c gi l phng php xp x tuyn tnh. Mt
khc nu chng ta chon n=2 th chng ta s tm c mt tam thc bc hai. V d:

>> n = 2;
>> p = polyfit(x,y,n)
p =
-9.8108 20.1293 -0.0317
Kt qu ca polyfit polyfit polyfit polyfit l mt vector biu din h s ca mt a thc bc hai. y a thc
l
y= -9.8108x
2
+20.1293x-0.0317. so snh mc xp x ca a thc vi cc im d liu
chng ta hy v hai ng:

>> xi = linspace(0,1,100);

Dng ny to ra d liu trc x chun b v a thc

>> z = polyval(p,xi)
103
Dng ny gi hm polyval polyval polyval polyval ca MATLAB tnh gi tr ca a thc p ti cc im xi

>> plot(x,y,'-o',xi,z,':')

V cc im c to l x v y, nh du cc im ny bng ch o sau ni cc im
ny bng cc on thng. Ngoi ra n cn v d liu ca a thc xi v z dng ng chm
chm.

>> xlabel('x'),ylabel('y=f(x)')
>> title('Second Oder Curver Fitting')

To nhn cho ng cong va v. Kt qu ca cc lnh trn y l mt th c
gii thiu trn.
Vic chn bc ca a thc khng phi l ngu nhin, nu c hai im th xc nh mt -
ng thng, tc l mt a thc bc nht, ba im th xc nh mt parabol bc hai. C nh
vy, xc nh mt ng cong bc n, cn c n+1 im. V vy, trong v d trc c 11
im d liu, chng ta c th chn bc ca a thc l t 1 n 10. Tuy nhin, do tnh cht
s hc ca cc a thc bc cao rt phc tp nn bn khng nn chn bc ca a thc ln
hn mc cn thit. Ngoi ra khi bc ca a thc tng ln th s xp x cng km hn, v vy
cc a thc bc cao c th b o hm nhiu ln trc khi o hm ca chng bng khng.
V d cho mt a thc bc 10:

>> pp = polyfit(x,y,10)
pp =
1.0e+006 *
Columns 1 through 7
-0.4644 2.2965 -4.8773 5.8233 -4.2948 2.0211 -0.6032
0.1090 -0.0106 0.0004 -0.0000
>> format short e % change display format
>> pp.' % display polynomial coefficients as a column
ans =
-4.6436e+005
2.2965e+006
-4.8773e+006
5.8233e+006
-4.2948e+006
2.0211e+006
-6.0322e+005
1.0896e+005
-1.0626e+004
4.3599e+002
-4.4700e-001
Lu kch thc ca vector h s a thc trong trng hp ny so vi ng cong bc
hai trc y, ng thi cng lu s khc nhau gia s hng nh nht v s hng ln nht
trong a thc vo khong 10
7
. Hy th v ng cong ny v so snh vi d liu gc v vi
ng cong bc hai.

>> zz = polyval(pp,xi); % evalute 10th order polynomial
104
>> plot(x,y,'o',xi,z,:,xi,zz) % plot data
>> title('2nd and 10th Order Curver Fitting')

Hnh 15.2 Hnh 15.2 Hnh 15.2 Hnh 15.2

Trn hnh 15.2, d liu gc c nh du o, ng cong bc hai c v bng nt
chm chm, cn ng cong bc 10 c v bng nt m. n nt gn sng xut
hin gia cc im d liu bn pha tri v bn pha phi ca ng cong bc 10. Da vo
th ny th r rng rng ci chit l cng nhiu cng tt khng th p dng c y.

15.2 Ni im mt chiu 15.2 Ni im mt chiu 15.2 Ni im mt chiu 15.2 Ni im mt chiu

Nh gii thiu th ni im c nh ngha nh l mt phng php d on gi tr
ca hm gia nhng im cho trc. Ni im l mt cng c hu hiu khi chng ta khng
th nhanh chng tinh c gi tr ca hm ti cc im trung gian. Phng php ny c
s dng rng ri i vi d liu l gi tr ca cc php o thc nghim hoc l kt qu ca
cc chui tnh ton di. C th v d n gin nht ca vic ni im chnh l phng php
v tng im ca MATLAB, tc l v nhng on thng ni nhng im d liu lin tip
to ln mt th.
y l phng php ni im tuyn tnh, n cho rng cc gi tr ca hm nm gia hai
im cho trc s ri vo khong gia hai u ca on thng ni hai im . Hin nhin
l khi s lng cc im d liu tng ln v khong cch gia chng gim i th phng
php ni im tuyn tnh cng tr ln chnh xc.

>> x1 = linspace(0,2*pi,60);
105
>> x2 = linspace(0,2*pi,6);
>> plot(x1,sin(x1),x2,sin(x2),'-')
>> xlabel('x'),ylabel('sin(x)')
>> title('Linear Interpolation')

Hnh 15.3 Hnh 15.3 Hnh 15.3 Hnh 15.3

C hai th cng v mt hm sine nhng th 60 im th mn hn th 6 im.
Cng ging nh phng php xp x ho ng cong, y chng ta cng phi thc
hin mt s la chn, c rt nhiu cch ni hai im, tu thuc vo gi nh m chng ta
la chn. Hn na chng ta c th ni cc im trong khng gian khng phi l mt
chiu. Ni nh th nu bn c d liu phn nh mt hm ph thuc vo hai bin z=f(x,y),
bn c th ni gi tr nm gia hai im c x v y khc nhau tm ra gi tr trung gian ca
hai im. MATLAB cung cp mt s hm ni l : interp1 interp1 interp1 interp1 ni cc d liu mt chiu,
interp2 interp2 interp2 interp2 ni cc d liu hai chiu, interp3 interp3 interp3 interp3 ni cc d liu ba chiu, interpn interpn interpn interpn ni cc d liu c
s chiu ln hn 3.
Sau y chng ta s xem xt cc d liu mt v hai chiu. minh ho vic ni d liu
mt chiu, hy xt v d sau, kh nng ca thnh gic, v d nh mc m thanh b nht hay
cn gi l ngng nghe ca tai ngi thay i theo tn s, d liu do ngi thng k c
cho nh sau:

>> Hz = [20:10:100 200:100:1000 1500 2000:1000:10000];
>> % Frequencies in Hertz
>> spl = [76 66 59 54 49 46 43 40 38 22 ...
14 9 6 3.5 2.5 1.4 0.7 0 -1 -3 ...
106
-8 -7 -2 2 7 9 11 12];
>> % sound pressure level in dB

Ngng nghe c chun ho bng 0dB ti tn s 1000Hz, bi v tn s tri trong mt
di rt rng nn khi v cc im d liu chng ta logarithm ho trc x.

>> semilogx(Hz,spl,'-o')
>> xlabel('Frequency, Hz')
>> ylabel('Relative Sound Presure Level1, dB')
>> title('Threshold of Human Hearing')

Da vo hnh 15.4 ta thy tai ngi nhy cm ht i vi cc m thanh trong khong
3kHz. Da vo cc s liu ny, chng ta hy d on ngng nghe tn s 2,5kHz bng
mt vi cch khc nhau.

>> s = interp1(Hz,spl,2.5e3) %linear interpolation
s =
-5.5000e+000
>> s = interp1(Hz,spl,2.5e3,'linear') %linear interpolation again
s =
-5.5000e+000
>> s = interp1(Hz,spl,2.5e3,'cubic') % cubic interpolation
s =
-5.8690e+000
>> s = interp1(Hz,spl,2.5e3,'spline') % spline interpolation
s =
-5.8690e+000
>> s = interp1(Hz,spl,2.5e3,'nearest')% nearest-neighbor
s =
-8

Hy n s khc nhau trong cc kt qu, hai gi tr u tin tr v mt cch chnh
xc gi tr c v trn hnh ti tn s 2,5kHz bi v MATLAB ni cc im mt cch
tuyn tnh gia cc im d liu trn th cc ng cong a thc, v d nh a thc bc 3
s xp x ho cc im trn th theo cc cch khc nhau, kt qu l cc ng cong ny
tng i ph hp vi cc d liu m n i qua trn th nhng khc bit kh xa so vi
phng php ni bng ng thng.

107

Hnh 15.4 Hnh 15.4 Hnh 15.4 Hnh 15.4

V vy bn chn cch no gi quyt mt bi ton cho trc?, trong nhiu trng hp
th ch cn ni mt cch tuyn tnh l , trong thc t th chnh l phng php mc nh
khi cc ng cong cng gn vi cc on thng th cng km chnh xc nhng ngc li
tc tnh ton nhanh, iu ny c bit quan trng khi tp d liu ln. Mt phng php
tiu tn nhiu thi gian, cho ra kt qu p mt nhng khng hiu qu. Trong thc t mt
trong nhng tc dng ch yu ca phng php ni im bng hm bc 3 hoc cao hn l
mn ho d liu, c ngha l cho trc mt tp d liu ta c th dng phng php ny
tnh ra gi tr ca hm nhng thi im nht nh bt k. V d:

>> Hzi = linspace(2e3,5e3); % look closely near minimum
>> spli = interp1(Hz,spl,Hzi,'cubic');% interpolate near minimum
>> i = find(Hz>=2e3&Hz<=5e3);
>> % find original data indices near minimum
>> semilogx(Hz(i),spl(i),'-o',Hzi,spli) % plot old and new data
>> xlabel('Frequency, Hz')
>> ylabel('Relative Sound Presure Level1, dB')
>> title('Threshold of Human Hearing')
>> grid on

108

Hnh 15.5 Hnh 15.5 Hnh 15.5 Hnh 15.5

Trn hnh 15.5 ng gch gch s dng phng php ni im tuyn tnh, ng lin
nt l mt hm bc 3, cn nhng im d liu gc c nh du bi ch o. Bng cch
nng cao phn gii trn trc tn s v s dng ng bc 3 th cc s liu v ngng
nghe m chng ta d on c s mn hn.
Cn ch rng dc ca ng bc 3 khng thay i mt cch t ngt khi i qua
im d liu nh l khi s dng phng php ni tuyn tnh. Vi b d liu trn chng ta c
th d on c tn s m ti tai ngi nhy cm nht i vi m thanh.

>> [sp_min,i] = min(spli) % minimum and index of minimum
sp_min =
-8.4245e+000
i =
45
>> Hz_min = Hzi(i) % frequency at minimum
Hz_min =
3.3333e+003

Tai ngi nhy cm nht i vi m thanh c tn s khong 3.3kHz. Trc khi cp
n vic xp x ho hai chiu th chng ta cn nhn r hai hn ch ln ca interp1 interp1 interp1 interp1 l: Th
nht khi yu cu tnh ton ngoi khong ca mt bin c lp. V d nh interp1 interp1 interp1 interp1(Hz, spl,
1e5) th s sinh ra kt qu NaN.
109
Th hai l cc bin c lp phi n iu, ngha l cc bin c lp phi lun tng hoc
l lun gim. Trong v d trn ca chng ta th trc tn s Hz lun tng.

15.3 Xp x ho hai chiu 15.3 Xp x ho hai chiu 15.3 Xp x ho hai chiu 15.3 Xp x ho hai chiu

Xp x ho hai chiu da trn cng mt nguyn l ca xp x ho mt chiu. Tuy nhin
nh tn ca n ch ra, xp x ho hai chiu l xp x mt hm ph thuc vo hai bin c
lp
z = f(x, y). hiu r khi nim ny, ta hy xt v d sau:
Mt cng ty thm him i dng, cn thm him mt vng bin, c 0.5Km theo hnh
vung th su ca y bin li c o v ghi li mt phn ca d liu thu thp c lu
trong mt chng trnh MATLAB di dng mt M_file c tn l ocean.m nh sau:

function ocean
% ocean depth data
x=0:.5:4; % x-axis (veries across the rows of z)
y=0:.5:6; % y-axis ( varies down the columns of z)
z=[100 99 100 99 100 99 99 99 100
100 99 99 99 100 99 100 99 99
99 99 98 98 100 99 100 100 100
100 98 97 97 99 100 100 100 99
101 100 98 98 100 102 103 100 100
102 103 101 100 102 106 104 101 100
99 102 100 100 103 108 106 101 99
97 99 100 100 102 105 103 101 100
100 102 103 101 102 103 102 100 99
100 102 103 102 101 101 100 99 99
100 100 101 101 100 100 100 99 99
100 100 100 100 100 99 99 99 99
100 100 100 99 99 100 99 100 99];
th ca d liu trn c v bi cc lnh sau:
mesh(x,y,z)
xlabel('X-axis, Km')
ylabel('Y-axis, Km')
zlabel('Ocean depth, m')
title('Ocean depth Measurements')
110

Hnh 15.6
S dng cc d liu ny th su ca mt im bt k nm trong khu vc kho st c
th tnh c da vo hm interp2 interp2 interp2 interp2. V d:

>> zi = interp2(x,y,z,2.2,3.3)
zi =
1.0392e+002
>> zi = interp2(x,y,z,2.2,3.3,'linear')
zi =
1.0392e+002
>> zi = interp2(x,y,z,2.2,3.3,'cubic')
zi =
1.0419e+002
>> zi = interp2(x,y,z,2.2,3.3,'nearest')
zi =
102
Cng ging nh trong trng hp xp x ho mt chiu, xp x ho hai chiu cng c
nhiu phng php, m phng php n gin nht l phng php ni bng on thng,
hay cn gi l ni tuyn tnh. Mt ln na chng ta c th xp x ho cho th tr ln
mn hn vi phn gii cao hn:

xi=linspace(0,4,30); % finer x-axis
yi=linspace(0,6,40); % finer y-axis
[xxi,yyi]=meshgrid(xi,yi);
% grid of all combinations of xi and yi
zzi=interp2(x,y,z,xxi,yyi,'cubic'); % interpolate
mesh(xxi,yyi,zzi) % smoothed data
hold on
[xx,yy]=meshgrid(x,y); % grid original data
plot3(xx,yy,z+0.1,'ok')
% plot original data up a bit to show nodes
hold off
111

Hnh 15.7
y hm meshgrid meshgrid meshgrid meshgrid c dng to mng xp x ho bao ph ton b nhng im yu
cu nm trong im kho st. Nh trong hnh 15.7, hm meshgrid meshgrid meshgrid meshgrid thc hin iu bng
cch to ra mt mng hai chiu da trn cc vector xi v yi, s dng mng ny chng ta c
th d on c ch nng nht ca y bin.

>> zmax = max(max(zzi))
zmax=
108.05
>> [i,j] = find(zmax==zzi);
>> xmax = xi(j)
xmax=
2.6207
>> ymax = yi(j)
ymax=
2.9231
-----------------oOo-------------------

chng 16
phn tch s liu

Cho d vic gii mt bi ton tch phn hoc tnh gi tr ca mt hm l tng i phc
tp, nhng i vi my tnh th ch n gin l vic x l cc s liu. Lnh vc ny ca tin
hc v ton hc c gi l x l s liu. Nh bn c th d on, MATLAB cung cp cc
cng c gii quyt vn ny. Trong chng trnh nychng ta xem xt cch s dng
cc cng c .

112
16.1 V 16.1 V 16.1 V 16.1 V th th th th

Cho n thi im ny th vic v th ca mt hm vn ch n gin da trn vic
tnh gi tr ca hm ti mt s im ri rc, v dng cc im biu din cc hm ti
cc gi tr ri rc . Trong nhiu trng hp th gii php ny l c th chp nhn c.
Tuy nhin c mt s hm th tng i bng phng mt s khong no nhng li tr
ln t bin mt s gi tr nht nh. S dng phng php v truyn thng trong trng
hp ny c th lm mt i tnh chn thc ca th. V vy MATLAB cung cp cho ta mt
hm v th thng minh, gi l fplot fplot fplot fplot. Hm ny tnh ton mt cch cn thn hm s cn v
v m bo mt cch chc chn rng tt c cc im c bit c biu din trn th.
Hm flot nhn vo l tn ca hm cn v di dng mt chui k t, v gi tr cn v di dng
mng gm hai phn t cha gi tr u v gi tr cui.

V d:

>> fplot('humps',[0 2])
>> title('FPLOT of humps')

Tnh cc gi tr ca hm humps humps humps humps nm gia 0 v 2 v th hin th trong hnh 16.1. Trong v
d ny humps l mt hm M_file thit k sn.

Hnh 16.1 Hnh 16.1 Hnh 16.1 Hnh 16.1
function [out1,out2] = humps(x)
%HUMPS A function used by QUADDEMO, ZERODEMO and FPLOTDEMO.
% Y = HUMPS(X) is a function with strong maxima near x = .3
% and x = .9.
113
%
% [X,Y] = HUMPS(X) also returns X. With no input arguments,
% HUMPS uses X = 0:.05:1.
%
% Example:
% plot(humps)
%
% See QUADDEMO, ZERODEMO and FPLOTDEMO.

% Copyright (c) 1984-98 by The MathWorks, Inc.
% $Revision: 5.4 $ $Date: 1997/11/21 23:26:10 $

if nargin==0, x = 0:.05:1; end

y = 1 ./ ((x-.3).^2 + .01) + 1 ./ ((x-.9).^2 + .04) - 6;

if nargout==2,
out1 = x; out2 = y;
else
out1 = y;
end

Hm fplot fplot fplot fplot lm vic vi bt c mt hm M_file no c mt gi tr vo v mt gi tr ra,
ngha l ging nh hm humps humps humps humps trn, bin ra y tr v mt mng c cng kch thc vi bin
vo x. Mt li thng thng xy ra khi s dng hm fplot fplot fplot fplot cng ging nh khi s dng cc
hm phn tch s khc l b quyn du nhy n tn hm cn v. Hm fplot fplot fplot fplot cn du
nhy n trnh nhm ln tn hm vi cc bin trong mi trng MATLAB. i vi cc
hm n gin c biu din bng mt chui cc k t. V d y = 2.e
-x
sin(x) th hm fplot fplot fplot fplot c
th v c th ca hm trn m khng cn phi to ra mt M_file. thc hin iu
ch cn vit hm cn v di dng mt chui k t c s dng x l bin s c lp.

>> f = '2*exp(-x).*sin(x)';

y hm f(x) = 2.e
-x
sin(x) c nh ngha bng cch s dng php nhn ma trn.

>> fplot(f,[0 8])
>> title(f), xlabel('x')

V th ca hm nm trong khong t 0 n 8 to ra th nh hnh 16.2.

114

Hnh 16.2 Hnh 16.2 Hnh 16.2 Hnh 16.2

Da trn nhng tnh nng c bn ny, hm fplot fplot fplot fplot c nhng kh nng rt mnh, hy xem
phn tr gip trc tuyn ca MATLAB hiu r hn v cch dng hm ny.

16.2 Cc tr ca mt hm 16.2 Cc tr ca mt hm 16.2 Cc tr ca mt hm 16.2 Cc tr ca mt hm

Ngoi vic s dng phng php v th thu c nhng thng tin trc quan v
hm, chng ta cn cn phi bit thm nhng thng tin v mt s thuc tnh nht nh ca
hm. Trong nhiu trng hp chng ta cn phi bit cc cc tr ca hm , l cc cc
i, cc cc tiu. V mt ton hc th cc tr c tm theo phng php gii tch bng cch
tnh o hm ca hm v tm nhng im m ti o hm bng 0. iu ny rt d
hiu nu bn xem li th ca hm humps humps humps humps ni trn. Nhng im m th ca hm nh
ln cao l nhng im cc i, cn nhng im th lm xung thp nht l nhng im
cc tiu. R rng rng khi hm c nh ngha mt cch n gin th phng php gii tch
c th d dng thc hin c, tuy nhin i vi mt s hm cho d vic tnh o hm l
kh d dng th vic tm nghim ca o hm th li khng phi l n gin.Trong nhng tr-
ng hp ny, v trong nhng trng hp kh c th tm ra cch phn tch o hm, th cn
thit phi tm hm v cng v s lng. MATLAB cung cp hai hm thc hin vic ny,
l fmin fmin fmin fmin v fmins fmins fmins fmins , hai hm ny tng ng tm gi tr cc tiu ca cc hm mt chiu v hm
n chiu. Ta ch quan tm n fmin fmin fmin fmin trong phn ny. Hn na fmin fmin fmin fmin c th tm thy trong help
trc tuyn. Bi v max ca f(x) hon ton tng ng vi min ca -f(x) , nn fmin fmin fmin fmin v fmins fmins fmins fmins ,
c hai u c dng tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht.
115
minh ho php cc tiu ho v cc i ho, hy xem v d trc mt ln na.T
hnh 16.2 c mt gi tr cc i gn x
max
=0.7 v mt gi tr nh nht gn x
min
=4. iu ny
c th cho php ta xem nh x
max
=/40.785, x
min
=5/43.93. Vit ra mt script-file dng ch
son tho thun tin v s dng fmin fmin fmin fmin tm ra s ny:

function ex_fmin.m
%ex_fmin.m

fn='2*exp(-x)*sin(x)';
% define function for min
xmin=fmin(fn,2,5) % search over range 2<x<5

emin=5*pi/4-xmin % find error

x=xmin; % eval needs x since fn has x
% as its variable
ymin=eval(fn) % evaluate at xmin
fx='-2*exp(-x)*sin(x)'; % definr function for max:
% note minus sign
xmax=fmin(fn,0,3) % search over range 0<x<3

emax=pi/4-xmax % find error

x=xmax; % eval needs x since fn has x
% as its variable
ymax=eval(fn) %evaluate at xmax

Chy M_file ny th kt qu nh sau:

xmin =
3.9270
emin =
1.4523e-006
ymin =
-0.0279
xmax =
3.0000
emax =
-2.2146
ymax =
0.0141
Kt qu ny hon ton ph hp vi th trc . Ch rng fmin fmin fmin fmin lm vic ni chung l
nh fplot fplot fplot fplot. V d ny cn gii thiu hm eval eval eval eval , hm ny nhn mt xu k t v gii thch n
nh l xu c nh vo t du nhc ca MATLAB.
Cui cng, mt iu quan trng cn ch khc l vic ti thiu ho lin quan n vic
tm gi tr nh nht, fmin fmin fmin fmin s c lng hm tm gi tr ny. Qu trnh tm kim s tn thi
gian nu nh hm c mt lng php tnh ln, hoc l hm c nhiu hn mt gi tr cc tiu
116
trong di tm kim. Trong mt s trng hp, qu trnh ny khng tm ra c p s. Khi
m fmin fmin fmin fmin khng tm c gi tr nh nht th n dng li v a ra li gii thch.

16. 16. 16. 16.3 Tm gi tr khng 3 Tm gi tr khng 3 Tm gi tr khng 3 Tm gi tr khng

Nu nh bn quan tm n vic tm kim khi hm tin ra v cng, th i khi rt l
quan trng tm ra khi no hm qua 0 v khi no qua cc gi tr khng i
Mt ln na MATLAB cung cp cho ta cng c gii quyt vn ny. Hm fzero fzero fzero fzero tm
gi tr 0 ca mng mt chiu. lm sng t, chng ta cng xem li v d v hm humps humps humps humps
mt ln na:
>> xzero = fzero('humps',1.2) % look for zero near 1.2
xzero =
1.2995
>> yzero = humps(xzero) % evaluate at zero
yzero =
3.5527e-15
Nh vy, gi tr 0 gn vi 1.3. Nh thy trn, qu trnh tm kim gi tr 0 c th khng c
kt qu. Nu khng tm thy , n dng li v a ra gii thch.
Hm frzero frzero frzero frzero bt buc phi c cung cp tn cho n mi khi n c gi n. fzer fzer fzer fzero oo o cho bit
ti u hm bng 0 hoc n cn c th tm ra gi tr khi no hm bng hng s. V d tm
x f(x)= c, th ta phi nh ngha li hm g(x) nh sau: g(x)= f(x)- c, v hm fzero fzero fzero fzero tm gi tr
ca x g(x)= 0, tng ng f(x)= c.

16.4 Php 16.4 Php 16.4 Php 16.4 Php ly tch phn ly tch phn ly tch phn ly tch phn

MATLAB cung cp cho ta ba hm tnh cc php ton lin quan n tch phn: trapz trapz trapz trapz,
quad quad quad quad v quad8 quad8 quad8 quad8. Hm trapz trapz trapz trapz cho ta gi tr xp x tch phn pha di hm bng cch ly
tng cc min hnh thang ca cc im d liu nh trong hnh 16.4.
Nh thy trong hnh 16.4, cc min hnh thang c lp c gi tr c lng di mc
thc t. Nu ta chia nh ra nh php ni suy tuyn tnh th s xp x ca hm s cao hn. V
d nu ta gp i s lng cc hnh thang c, th xp x tng ln nh hnh
v 16.5.

-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 -10
0
10
20
30
40
50

Hnh 16.4 Hnh 16.4 Hnh 16.4 Hnh 16.4
-1 -0. 5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 -100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Hnh 16.5 Hnh 16.5 Hnh 16.5 Hnh 16.5

Tnh ton cc vng ny bng hm y = humps(x) vi -1<x<2 , s dng trapz trapz trapz trapz cho mi hnh
trn ta c:

>> x = -1:.3:2; % rough approximation
>> y = humps(x);
>> area = trapz(x,y) % call trapz just like the plot command
area =
21.8453
>> x = -1:.15:2; % better approximation
>> y = humps(x);
>> area = trapz(x,y)
117
area =
25.8523

Thng thng th kt qu ca chng l khc nhau, da trn s lng cc min c chia
trong hnh v. Tuy nhin, khng c g m bo rng qu trnh xp x no l tt hn, ngoi
tr s ng n ca php ton, hin nhin khi bn thay i mt cch c lp cc vng hnh
thang, v nh lm cho n nh i th chc chn l kt qu s chnh xc hn nhiu.
Hm quad quad quad quad v quad8 quad8 quad8 quad8 u l cc hm c cch tnh nh nhau. S nh gi ca c hai hm
l rt cn thit t kt qu chnh xc. Hn na xp x ca chng l cao hn so vi
hnh thang n, vi quad8 quad8 quad8 quad8 c kt qu chnh xc hn quad quad quad quad. Cc hm ny c gi ging nh
gi fzero fzero fzero fzero:
>> area = quad('humps',-1,2) % find area between -1 and 2
area =
26.3450
>> area = quad8('humps',-1,2)
area =
26.3450
bit thm chi tit v hm ny , bn hy xem trn h tr gip ca MATLAB.

16.5 Php ly vi phn 16.5 Php ly vi phn 16.5 Php ly vi phn 16.5 Php ly vi phn

So snh vi php ly tch phn, ta thy php ly vi phn kh hn nhiu. Php ly tch
phn cho c mt vng hoc c tnh v m ca hm trong khi php ly vi phn ch ly ti
mt im no y, hay cn gi l c tnh vi m ca hm. Kt qu l php tnh vi phn s
khng n nh khi c tnh ca hnh thay i trong khi php tnh tch phn th t chu nh h-
ng hn.
Bi v php tnh tch phn l kh nn ngi ta c trnh nhng php tnh no m khng
th thc hin c, c bit khi d liu ly tch phn l kt qu ca thc nghim. V d,
chng ta hy xem xt v d lm trn hnh trong chng 15:

>> x = [0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1];
>> y = [-.447 1.978 3.28 6.16 7.08 7.34 ...
7.66 9.56 9.48 9.30 11.2]; % data
>> n = 2; % order of fit
>> p = polyfit(x,y,n) % find polynomial coefficients
p =
-9.8108 20.1293 -0.0317
>> xi = linspace(0,1,100);
>> z = polyval(p,xi); % evaluate polynomial
>> plot(x,y,'o',x,y,xi,z,':')
>> title('Second Order Curve Fitting')

Vi phn trong trng hp ny c s dng bng cch s dng hm o hm polyder: polyder: polyder: polyder:
>> pd = polyder(p)
pd =
-19.6217 20.1293
Vi phn ca a thcy=-9.8108x
2
+20.1293x-0.0317ldx/dy= -19.6217x+20.1293. Bi v o
hm ca mt a thc cng c v v tnh gi tr ging nh l i vi a thc:
118
>> z = polyval(pd,xi); % evaluate derivative
>> plot(xi,z)
>> xlabel('x'),ylabel('dy/dx')
>> title('Derivative of a Curve Fit Polynomial')

Hnh 16.6 Hnh 16.6 Hnh 16.6 Hnh 16.6

Hnh 16.7 Hnh 16.7 Hnh 16.7 Hnh 16.7

Trong trng hp ny xp x a thc l mt hm bc hai v o hm ca n tr thnh
hm bc nht.
MATLAB cung cp mt hm tnh ton o hm mt cch s b da vo d liu m t
mt s hm, hm ny c tn l diff diff diff diff, n tnh ton chnh lch gia cc phn t trong
mng. Bi v o hm c nh ngha nh sau:

119
nn o hm ca hm f(x) c th c tnh mt cch s b da vo cng thc:

khi h>0
Gi l s ra ca y chia cho s ra ca x, do hm diff diff diff diff tnh ton s khc nhau gia cc phn t
trong mng nn o hm c th c tnh mt cch xp x da vo hm diff diff diff diff:

>> dy = diff(y)./diff(x);
>> % compute differences and use array division
>> xd = x(1:length(x)-1);
>> % create new x axis array since dy is shorter than y
>> plot(xd,dy)
>> title('Approximate Derivative Using DIFF')
>> ylabel('dy/dx'),xlabel('x')

Hnh 16.8 Hnh 16.8 Hnh 16.8 Hnh 16.8
Do hm diff diff diff diff tnh ra s khc nhau gia cc phn t nn kt qu ca v d trn l mt
mng c s phn t t hn mng ban u mt phn t. V vy v c th ca o
hm th phi b i mt phn t ca mng x. So sng hai th cui cng th thy hin nhin
rng o hm tnh bng phng php gn ng khc xa so vi thc t.

16.6 Ph 16.6 Ph 16.6 Ph 16.6 Phng trnh vi phn ng trnh vi phn ng trnh vi phn ng trnh vi phn

C th bn kh quen vi thc t l rt nhiu h thng vt l u c m t bng ph-
ng trnh vi phn. Do vy phn sau y i vi bn c th kh hp dn.
Mt phng trnh vi phn thng m t tc thay i ca mt bin s trong h thng
theo s thay i ca mt bin khc trong h thng hoc theo kch thch bn ngoi. Phng
trnh vi phn thng thng c th c gii nh cc phng php gii tch hoc s dng
cng c ton k hiu ca MATLAB.
Trong nhng trng hp m phng trnh vi phn khng th gii c bng phng php
gii tch th vic s dng phng php s hc tr ln kh hiu qu. minh ho hy xt ph-
ng trnh Van Der Pol, phng trnh biu din mt b dao ng.

120
Tt c cc phng php ton hc gii phng trnh dng ny u s dng mt
phng trnh vi phn cao cp hn, tng ng vi mt tp phng trnh vi phn bc nht.
i vi phng trnh vi phn trn th cch gii ny c thc hin bng cch nh ngha hai
bin trung gian:
t y
1
= x, v y
2
=
suy ra:
i vi cc h phng trnh nh th ny MATLAB cung cp mt tp cc hm ODE
gii xp x ho chng mt cch s hc. Trong quyn hng dn ny chng ta khng c kh
nng nu ht nhng ni dung v ng dng ca tng hm trong b ODE. tm hiu
thm v cc hmm ODE ng dng trong rt nhiu bi ton th d, hy g >> odedemo ti
du nhc ca MATLAB. Trc ht chng ta hy xt v d sau y, chnh l v d ode45 ode45 ode45 ode45.
Chng ta phi vit mt hm M_file tr v cc o hm nu bit trc cc gi tr tc thi ca
y
1
v y
2
. Trong MATLAB cc o hm c cho bi cc vector ct, trong trng hp ny gi
l yprime yprime yprime yprime. Tng t y
1
v y
2
c vit di dng vector ct y. Kt qu ca mt hm M_file
nh sau:
function yprime=vdpol(t,y);
% VDPOL(t,y) returns the state derivatives of
% the Van der Pol equation:
%
% x''-mu*(1-x^2)*x+x=0
%
% let y(1)=x and y(2)=x'
%
% then y(1)'=y(2)
% y(2)'=mu*(1-y(1)^2)*y(2)-y(1)
mu=2; % choose 0< mu < 10
yprime=[y(2)
mu*(1-y(1)^2)*y(2)-y(1)]; % output must be a column
Gi s thi gian ko di t 0 n 30 giy, v d tspan=[0 30]. Sau s dng lnh vdpol vdpol vdpol vdpol th
li gii cho bi ton nh sau:
>> tspan = [0 30];
>> yo = [1;0];
>> ode45('vdpol',tspan,yo);
Khi s dng hm m khng c i s ra, cc hm ODE s t ng chn nhng thi im
thch hp tnh o hm. c th truy nhp c d liu, ta ch cn cung cp cho hm
nhng thng s ra.
>> [t,y] = ode45('vdpol',tspan,yo);
y t l mt vector ct cha nhng thi im tnh o hm, cn y l mt ma trn cha
hai ct v cc hng length(t), hng u tin ca ma trn y cha bin s y(1), hng th hai l
bin s y(2).
Da vo nhng c im ny chng ta c th v c th pha, l th gia y(2) v
y(1):
>> plot(y(:,1),y(:,2))
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 -4 -3 -2 -101234

Hnh Hnh Hnh Hnh 16.9 16.9 16.9 16.9
Cc hm ODE ca MATLAB u c tr gip trc tuyn, mi hm u c cc i s cng
nh cch s dng ring, nu bn mun nghin cu thm th hy tham kho thm phn tr
gip trc tuyn ca chng.
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -4 -3 -2 -101234

121
Hnh 16.10 Hnh 16.10 Hnh 16.10 Hnh 16.10

chng 17
ho trong h to phng

Trong ton b phn hng dn s dng ca cun sch ny, mt s c tnh v ho
ca MATLAB s ln lt c gii thiu, v trong chng ny v chng tip theo chng ta
s lm sng t thm v nhng c tnh ca MATLAB.

17.1 S dng lnh Plot 17.1 S dng lnh Plot 17.1 S dng lnh Plot 17.1 S dng lnh Plot

Nh bn thy v d trc , phn ln cc cu lnh v th trong mt phng
u l lnh plot plot plot plot.Lnh plot plot plot plot ny s v th ca mt mng d liu trong mt h trc thch hp,
v ni cc im bng ng thng. Di y l mt v d m bn thy trc (Hnh
17.1):
>> x = linspace(0,2*pi,30);
>> y = sin(x);
>> plot(x,y)
V d ny to 30 im d liu trong on 0 x 2 theo chiu ngang th, v to mt
vector y khc l hm sine ca d liu cha trong x. Lnh plot plot plot plot m ra mt ca s ho gi
l ca s figure figure figure figure, trong ca s ny n s to chia ph hp vi d liu, v th qua cc
im, v th c to thnh bi vic ni cc im ny bng ng nt lin. Cc thang
chia s v du c t ng cp nht vo, nu nh
ca s figure figure figure figure tn ti, plot plot plot plot xo ca s hin thi v thay vo l ca s mi.

Hnh 17.1 Hnh 17.1 Hnh 17.1 Hnh 17.1
By gi cng v hm sine v cosine trn cng mt th
>> z = cos(x);
>> plot(x,y,x,z)
122

Hnh 17.2 Hnh 17.2 Hnh 17.2 Hnh 17.2
V d ny cho thy bn c th v nhiu hn mt th trn cng mt hnh v, bn ch
vic a thm vo plot plot plot plot mt cp i s, plot plot plot plot t ng v th th hai bng mu khc trn mn
hnh. Nhiu ng cong c th cng v mt lc nu nh bn cung cp cc cp i s
cho lnh plot plot plot plot.

Nu nh mt trong cc i s l ma trn v i s cn li l vector, th lnh plot plot plot plot s v t-
ng ng mi ct ca ma trn vi vector :
>> W = [y;z] % xy dng mt ma trn sine v cosine
>> plot( (( (x,W) % v cc ct ca W vi x

123
Hnh 17.3
Nu nh bn thay i trt t cc i s th th s xoay mt gc bng 90 .

>> plot(W,x)

Hnh 17.4 Hnh 17.4 Hnh 17.4 Hnh 17.4

Nu lnh plot plot plot plot c gi m ch c mt i s, v nh plot(Y) plot(Y) plot(Y) plot(Y) th hm plot plot plot plot s a ra mt kt
qu khc, ph thuc vo d liu cha trong Y. Nu gi tr ca Y l mt s phc, Plot(Y) Plot(Y) Plot(Y) Plot(Y) t-
ng ng vi plot ( real(Y ) ) plot ( real(Y ) ) plot ( real(Y ) ) plot ( real(Y ) ) v plot ( imag(Y ) ) plot ( imag(Y ) ) plot ( imag(Y ) ) plot ( imag(Y ) ), trong tt c cc trng hp khc th phn
o ca Y thng c b qua. Mt khc nu Y l phn thc th plot(Y) plot(Y) plot(Y) plot(Y) tng ng vi
plot( plot( plot( plot(1:length(Y), Y) 1:length(Y), Y) 1:length(Y), Y) 1:length(Y), Y).

17.2 Kiu 17.2 Kiu 17.2 Kiu 17.2 Kiu ng, du v mu ng, du v mu ng, du v mu ng, du v mu

Trong v d trc, MATLAB chn kiu nt v solid solid solid solid v mu blue blue blue blue v green green green green cho th.
Ngoi ra bn c th khai bo kiu mu, nt v ca ring bn bng vic a vo plot plot plot plot mt i
s th 3 sau mi cp d liu ca mng. Cc i s tu chn ny l mt xu k t, c th
cha mt hoc nhiu hn theo bng di y:

K hiu Mu K hiu Kiu nt v K hiu ngha
b xanh da tri - nt lin s vung
g xanh l cy : ng chm d diamond
r -. ng gch
chm
v triangle(down)
c xanh xm -- ng gch
gch
^ triangle(up)
m tm O ng o < triangle(left)
y vng X ng x > triangle(right)
124
k en + ng du + p pentagram
w trng * ng hnh * h hexagram
Nu bn khng khai bo mu th MATLAB s chn mu mc nh l blue blue blue blue. Kiu ng
mc nh l kiu solid solid solid solid tr khi bn khai bo kiu ng khc. Cn v du, nu khng c du
no c chn th s khng c kiu ca du no c v.
Nu mt mu, du, v kiu ng tt c u cha trong mt xu, th kiu mu chung
cho c du v kiu nt v. khai bo mu khc cho du, bn phi v cng mt d liu vi
cc kiu khai bo chui khc nhau. Di y l mt v d s dng cc kiu ng, mu, v
du v khc nhau:

>> plot(x,y,' b:p',x,z,' c-',x,z,' m+')

Hnh 17.5a Hnh 17.5a Hnh 17.5a Hnh 17.5a
17.3 Kiu th 17.3 Kiu th 17.3 Kiu th 17.3 Kiu th

Lnh colordef colordef colordef colordef cho php bn la chn kiu hin th. Gi tr mc nh ca colordef colordef colordef colordef l
white white white white . .. . Kiu ny s dng trc to , mu nn, nn hnh v mu xm sng, v tn tiu
ca trc mu en. Nu bn thch nn mu en, bn c th dng lnh colordef black colordef black colordef black colordef black. Kiu
ny s cho ta nn trc to en, nn hnh v mu ti xm, v tiu trc mu trng.

17.4 th l 17.4 th l 17.4 th l 17.4 th li, hp cha trc, nhn, v li ch gii i, hp cha trc, nhn, v li ch gii i, hp cha trc, nhn, v li ch gii i, hp cha trc, nhn, v li ch gii

Lnh grid on grid on grid on grid on s thm ng li vo th hin ti. Lnh grid off grid off grid off grid off s b cc nt ny, lnh
grid grid grid grid m khng c tham s i km theo th s xen k gia ch on on on on v off off off off. MATLAB khi
to vi
grid off grid off grid off grid off . Thng thng trc to c nt gn kiu solid solid solid solid nn gi l hp cha trc. Hp ny
c th tt i vi box off box off box off box off v v v v box on box on box on box on s khi phc li. Trc ng v trc ngang c th c nhn
vi lnh xlabel xlabel xlabel xlabel v ylabel ylabel ylabel ylabel. Lnh title title title title s thm vo th tiu nh. Dng hm sine sine sine sine v
cosine cosine cosine cosine minh ho:

125
>> y = sin(x);
>> z = cos(x);
>> plot(x,y,x,z)

Hnh 17.5b Hnh 17.5b Hnh 17.5b Hnh 17.5b
>> box off
>> xlabel('Independent variable X')
>> ylabel('dependent variable Y and Z')
>> title('Sine and Cosine Curve')

126
Hnh 17.6
Bn c th thm nhn hoc bt c chui k t no vo bt c v tr no bng cch s
dng lnh text text text text. C php ca lnh ny l : text (x, y,string) text (x, y,string) text (x, y,string) text (x, y,string) trong x, y l to tm bn
tri ca chui vn bn. thm nhn vo hnh sine sine sine sine v tr (2.5, 0.7) nh sau:
>> grid on, box on
>> text(2.5,0.7,'sin(x)')
Nu bn mun thm nhn m khng mun b hnh v khi h trc ang xt, bn c th
thm chui vn bn bng cch di chut n v tr mong mun. Lnh gtext gtext gtext gtext s thc hin vic
ny.
V d (Hnh 17.8):
>> gtext('cos(x)')

Hnh 17.7 Hnh 17.7 Hnh 17.7 Hnh 17.7
127

Hnh 17.8 Hnh 17.8 Hnh 17.8 Hnh 17.8

17.5 Kin to h trc to 17.5 Kin to h trc to 17.5 Kin to h trc to 17.5 Kin to h trc to

MATLAB cung cp cho bn cng c c th kim sot hon ton hnh dng v thang
chia ca c hai trc ng v ngang vi lnh axis axis axis axis. Do lnh ny c nhiu yu t, nn ch mt
s dng hay dng nht c cp y. bit mt cch y v lnh axis axis axis axis, bn hy
xem h tr gip help help help help ca MATLAB hoc cc tham kho khc. Cc c tnh c bn ca
lnh axis axis axis axis c cho trong bng di y:

Lnh M t
axis([xmin xmax ymin ymax])
c a ra trong vector hng
Thit lp cc gi tr min,max ca h trc dng cc gi
tr

V=axis V l mt vector ct c cha thang chia cho th hin
ti:
[xmin xmax ymin ymax]
axis auto Tr li gi tr mc nh thang chia
axis(auto) xmin = min(x), xmax = max(x), ..v.v...
axismanual Gii hn thang chia nh thang chia hin ti
axis xy S dng (mc nh ) h to decac trong gc
to
Gc gc thp nht bn tri, trc ngang tng t tri
qua phi, trc ng tng t di ln
axis ij S dng h to ma trn, trong gc to
nh gc tri, trc ng tng t nh xung, trc
ngang tng t tri qua phi
axissquare

Thit lp th hin ti l hnh vung, so vi mc nh
hnh
128
ch nht
axisequal Thit lp thang chia ging nhau cho c hai h trc
axis tightequal

Tng t nh axis equal nhng hp th va i
vi d liu
axis normal Tt i ch axis equal, equal, tight v vis3d
axis off Tt b ch nn trc, nhn, li, v hp, du. Thot
khi ch lnh title v bt c lnh label no v
thay bi lnh text v gtext
axison Ngc li vi axis off nu chng c th.

Th kim nghim mt s lnh axis axis axis axis cho th ca bn, s dng cc v d trc s cho
ta kt qu nh sau:
>> axis off % b trc to

Hnh 17.9

>> axis on, grid off % turn the axis on, the grid off
129

Hnh 17.10 Hnh 17.10 Hnh 17.10 Hnh 17.10

>>axis ij % turn the plot upside-down

Hnh 17.11 Hnh 17.11 Hnh 17.11 Hnh 17.11

>> axis square equal % give axis two command at once
130

Hnh 17.12 Hnh 17.12 Hnh 17.12 Hnh 17.12

>> axis xy normal % return to the defaults

Hnh 17.13

17 17 17 17.6 In hnh .6 In hnh .6 In hnh .6 In hnh

131
in cc hnh m bn va v hoc cc hnh trong chng trnh ca MATLAB m bn
cn, bn c th dng lnh in t bng chn hoc nh lnh in vo t ca s lnh:
+) In bng lnh t bng chn: Trc tin ta phi chn ca s hnh l c s hot ng bng
cch nhn chut ln n, sau bn chn mc bng chn Print Print Print Print t bng chn file file file file. Dng cc
thng s to ln trong mc bng chn Print Setup Print Setup Print Setup Print Setup hoc Page Setup Page Setup Page Setup Page Setup, th hin ti ca bn
s c gi ra my in.
+) In bng lnh t ca s lnh: Trc tin bn cng phi chn ca s hnh lm ca s hot
ng bng cch nhn chut ln n hoc dng lnh figure(n) figure(n) figure(n) figure(n), sau bn dng lnh in.
>> print % prints the current plot to your printer
Lnh orient orient orient orient s thay i kiu in: Kiu mc nh l kiu po po po portrait rtrait rtrait rtrait, in theo chiu ng,
gia trang. Kiu in landscape landscape landscape landscape l kiu in ngang v kn ton b trang. Kiu in tall tall tall tall l kiu in
ng nhng kn ton b trang. thay i kiu in khc vi kiu mc nh, bn dng lnh
orient orient orient orient vi cc thng s ca n nh sau:
>> orient % What is the current orientation
ans=
portrait
>> orient landscape % print sideways on the page
>> orient tall % stretch to fill the vertical page
Nu bn mun tm hiu k hn v chng th hy xem tr gip trc tuyn v chng.

17.7 17.7 17.7 17.7 Thao tc v Thao tc v Thao tc v Thao tc vi th i th i th i th

Bn c th thm nt v vo th c sn bng cch dng lnh hold hold hold hold. Khi bn thit lp
hold on hold on hold on hold on, MATLAB khng b i h trc tn ti trong khi lnh plot plot plot plot mi ang thc hin, thay
vo , n thm dng cong mi vo h trc hin ti. Tuy nhin nu nh d liu khng ph
hp vi h trc to c, th trc c chia li . Thit lp hold off hold off hold off hold off s b i ca s figure figure figure figure hin
ti v thay vo bng mt th mi. Lnh hold hold hold hold m khng c i s s bt tt chc nng ca
ch thit lp hold hold hold hold trc . Tr li vi v d trc:
>> y = sin(x);
>> z = cos(x);
>> plot(x,y)

Hnh 17.14 Hnh 17.14 Hnh 17.14 Hnh 17.14
132
By gi gi nguyn th v thm vo ng cosine
>> hold on %Gi nguyn th v lc trc
>> ishold % hm logic ny tr v gi tr 1 (true) nu hold trng thi ON
ans =
1
>> plot(x,z,'m')
>> hold off
>> ishold % hold by gi khng cn trng thi ON na.
ans =
0
Ch rng kim tra trng thi ca hold hold hold hold ta c th dng hm ishold ishold ishold ishold .

Hnh 17.15 Hnh 17.15 Hnh 17.15 Hnh 17.15
Nu bn mun hai hay nhiu th cc ca s figure figure figure figure khc nhau, hy dng lnh
figure figure figure figure trong ca s lnh hoc chn new figure new figure new figure new figure t bng chn file, file, file, file, figure figure figure figure khng c tham s s
to mt figure figure figure figure mi. Bn c th chn kiu figure figure figure figure bng cch dng chut hoc dng lnh
figure(n) figure(n) figure(n) figure(n) trong n l s ca s hot hot ng.
Mt khc mt ca s figure figure figure figure c th cha nhiu hn mt h trc. Lnh subplot(m,n,p) subplot(m,n,p) subplot(m,n,p) subplot(m,n,p)
chia ca s hin ti thnh mt ma trn mxn khong v th, v chn p l ca s hot
ng. Cc th thnh phn c nh s t tri qua phi, t trn xung di, sau n
hng th hai .v.v. . . V d:

>> y = sin(x);
>> z = cos(x);
>> a = 2*sin(x).*cos(x);
>> b = sin(x)./(cos(x)+eps);
>> subplot(2,2,1) % pick the upper left of
% 2 by 2 grid of subplots
>> plot(x,y),axis([0 2*pi -1 1]),title('sin(x)')
>> subplot(2,2,2) % pick the upper right of the 4 subplots
>> plot(x,z),axis([0 2*pi -1 1]),title('cos(x)')
>> plot(x,z),axis([0 2*pi -1 1]),title('cos(x)')
>> subplot(2,2,3)% pick the lowwer left of the 4 subplots
133
>> plot(x,a),axis([0 2*pi -1 1]),title('2sin(x)cos(x)')
>> subplot(2,2,4)%pick the lowwer right of the 4 subplots
>> plot(x,b),axis([0 2*pi -20 20]),title('sin(x)/cos(x)')

Hnh 17.6 Hnh 17.6 Hnh 17.6 Hnh 17.6

17.8 Mt s c im khc 17.8 Mt s c im khc 17.8 Mt s c im khc 17.8 Mt s c im khc ca th trong h to phng ca th trong h to phng ca th trong h to phng ca th trong h to phng

loglog loglog loglog loglog tng t nh plot plot plot plot ngoi tr thang chia l logarithm logarithm logarithm logarithm cho c hai trc.
semilogx semilogx semilogx semilogx tng t nh plot plot plot plot ngoi tr thang chia ca trc x l logarithm logarithm logarithm logarithm cn thang chia
trc y l tuyn tnh.
semology semology semology semology tng t nh plot plot plot plot ngoi tr thang chia ca trc y l logarithm logarithm logarithm logarithm, cn thang chia
trc x l tuyn tnh.
area( x, y ) area( x, y ) area( x, y ) area( x, y ) tng t nh plot (x,y) plot (x,y) plot (x,y) plot (x,y) ngoi tr khong cch gia 0 v y c in y, gi
tr c bn y c th c khai bo, nhng mc nh th khng.
S hnh mi tiu chun c to thnh t lnh pie(a, b) pie(a, b) pie(a, b) pie(a, b), trong a l mt vector gi
tr v b l mt vector logic tu chn. V d:
>> a = [.5 1 1.6 1.2 .8 2.1];
>> pie(a,a==max(a));
>> title('Example Pie Chart')
134

Hnh 17.7 Hnh 17.7 Hnh 17.7 Hnh 17.7
Mt cch khc quan st d liu l biu Pareto Pareto Pareto Pareto, trong cc gi tr trong cc
vector c v thnh mt khi ch nht. V d dng vector a ni trn:

>> pareto(a);
>> title('Example Pareto Chart')

Hnh 17.18 Hnh 17.18 Hnh 17.18 Hnh 17.18

i khi bn mun v hai hm khc nhau trn cng mt h trc m li s dng thang chia
khc nhau, plotyy plotyy plotyy plotyy c th lm iu cho bn:
>> x = -2*pi:pi/10:2*pi;
>> y = sin(x);z = 2*cos(x);
>> subplot(2,1,1),plot(x,y,x,z),
>> title('Two Plots on the same scale');
>> subplot(2,1,2),plotyy(x,y,x,z)
>> title('Two plots on difference scale.');

135

Hnh 17.19 Hnh 17.19 Hnh 17.19 Hnh 17.19

th bar bar bar bar v stair stair stair stair c th sinh ra bi vic dng lnh bar bar bar bar, bar3 bar3 bar3 bar3, barh barh barh barh v stairs stairs stairs stairs. Di y l
v d:

>> x = -2.9:0.2:2.9;
>> y = exp(-x.*x);
>> subplot(2,2,1)
>> bar(x,y)
>> title('Bar chart of bell Curve')
>> subplot(2,2,2)
>> bar3(x,y)
>> title('3-D Bar Chart of a Bell Cuve')
>> subplot(2,2,3)
>> stairs(x,y)
>> title('Stair Chart of a Bell Curve')
>> subplot(2,2,4)
>> barh(x,y)
>> title('Horizontal Bar Chart')

136

Hnh 17.20 Hnh 17.20 Hnh 17.20 Hnh 17.20

rose(V) rose(V) rose(V) rose(V) v mt biu trong to cc cho cc gc trong vector v, tng t ta cng c
cc
lnh rose(v,n) rose(v,n) rose(v,n) rose(v,n) v rose(v,x) rose(v,x) rose(v,x) rose(v,x) trong x l mt vector. Di y l mt v d:

>> v = randn(100,1)*pi;
>> rose(v)
>> title('Angle Histogram of Random Angle')

Hnh 17.21 Hnh 17.21 Hnh 17.21 Hnh 17.21

----------------------oOo----------------------

137

chng 18
ho
trong khng gian 3 chiu

MATLAB cung cp mt s hm hin th d liu 3 chiu nh cc hm v ng
thng trong khng gian 3 chiu, cc hm v b mt v v khung dy v mu c th c s
dng thay th cho chiu th t.

18.1 th 18.1 th 18.1 th 18.1 th ng thng. ng thng. ng thng. ng thng.

Lnh plot plot plot plot t trong khng gian hai chiu c th m rng cho khng gian 3 chiu bng
lnh plot3 plot3 plot3 plot3. Khun dng ca plot3 plot3 plot3 plot3 nh sau:
plot3 ( x1, y1, z1, S1, x2, y2, z2, S2, .... ) plot3 ( x1, y1, z1, S1, x2, y2, z2, S2, .... ) plot3 ( x1, y1, z1, S1, x2, y2, z2, S2, .... ) plot3 ( x1, y1, z1, S1, x2, y2, z2, S2, .... ), trong xn, yn v zn l cc vector hoc
ma trn, v Sn l xu k t tu chn dng cho vic khai bo mu, to biu tng hoc kiu
ng. Sau y l mt s v d:

>> t = linspace (0, 10*pi);
>> plot3(sin(t),cos(t),t)
>> title ('Helix'),xlabel('sin(t)')
>> ylabel('cos(t)'),zlabel('t')

Hnh 18.1
Ch rng: hm zlabel zlabel zlabel zlabel tng ng vi hm hai chiu xlabel xlabel xlabel xlabel v ylabel ylabel ylabel ylabel. Tng t nh vy,
lnh axis axis axis axis cng c khun dng: axis ( [xmin xmax ymin ymax zmin zmax ] ) axis ( [xmin xmax ymin ymax zmin zmax ] ) axis ( [xmin xmax ymin ymax zmin zmax ] ) axis ( [xmin xmax ymin ymax zmin zmax ] ) thit lp gii
hn cho c 3 trc. V d :
>> axis('ij') % thay i hng trc t sau ra trc
138

Hnh 18.2

Hm text text text text cng c khun mu nh sau: : : : text ( x, y, z, string ) text ( x, y, z, string ) text ( x, y, z, string ) text ( x, y, z, string ) s t v tr xu string
vo to x, y, z.

18.2 th b mt v l 18.2 th b mt v l 18.2 th b mt v l 18.2 th b mt v li i i i

MATLAB nh ngha b mt li bng cc im theo hng trc z trn ng k
hnh vung trn mt phng x-y. N to ln mu mt th bng cch ghp cc im gn k
vi cc ng thng. Kt qu l n trng nh mt mng li nh c vi cc mt li l cc
im d liu. th li ny thng c s dng quan st nhng ma trn ln hoc v
nhng hm c hai bin.
Bc u tin l a ra th li ca hm hai bin z = f (x, y ), tng ng vi ma trn
X v Y cha cc hng v cc ct lp i lp li. MATLAB cung cp hm meshgrid meshgrid meshgrid meshgrid cho mc
ch ny. [ X, Y ] = meshgrid meshgrid meshgrid meshgrid(x, y ), to mt ma trn X, m cc hng ca n l bn sao ca
vector x, v ma trn Y c cc ct ca n l bn sao ca vector y. Cp ma trn ny sau
c s dng c lng hm hai bin s dng c tnh ton hc v mng ca
MATLAB.
Sau y l mt v d v cch dng hm meshgrid. meshgrid. meshgrid. meshgrid.

>> x = -7.5:.5:7.5;
>> y = x;
>> [X,Y] = meshgrid(x,y);

X, Y l mt cp ca ma trn tng ng mt li ch nht trong mt phng x-y. Mi hm
z=f(x,y) c th s dng tnh cht ny.

>> R = sqrt(X.^2+Y.^2)+eps;
>> % find the distance from the origin (0,0)
>> Z = sin(R)./R; % calculate sin(r)/ r

139
Ma trn R cha bn knh ca mi im trong [X,Y], n l khong cch t mi im
n tm ma trn. Cng thm eps eps eps eps khng xy ra php chia cho 0. Ma trn Z cha sine
ca bn knh chia cho bn knh mi im trong s . Cu lnh sau v th li:

>> mesh(X,Y,Z)

Hnh 18.3 Hnh 18.3 Hnh 18.3 Hnh 18.3

th trn l n sc. Tuy nhin bn c th thay i mu sc vi s tr gip ca
MATLAB rt r dng nu bn c n phn colormaps.. colormaps.. colormaps.. colormaps..
Trong v d ny, hm mesh mesh mesh mesh xp xp gi tr ca cc phn t ca ma trn vo cc
im (X
,Y
,Z
) trong khng gian ba chiu. mesh mesh mesh mesh cng c th v mt ma trn n tng t nh-
vi mt i s; mesh(Z) mesh(Z) mesh(Z) mesh(Z), s dng cc im (i,j,Z
). Nh vy Z c v ngc li vi cc ch
s ca n, trong trng hp ny mesh(Z) mesh(Z) mesh(Z) mesh(Z) ch n gin l chia li khc cc trc x, y theo
cc ch s ca ma trn Z. Bn hy th to v d cho trng hp ny?.
th b mt ca cng mt ma trn Z trng nh th li trc , ngoi tr khong
cch gia hai ng l khc nhau (gi l patchs) patchs) patchs) patchs). th loi ny dng hm surf, surf, surf, surf, n c tt c
cc i s nh hm mesh mesh mesh mesh. .. . Hy xem v d di y (Hnh 18.4):

>> surf(X,Y,Z)
140

Hnh 18.4 Hnh 18.4 Hnh 18.4 Hnh 18.4

lm r thm mt vi ch , chng ta cng quay li hm peaks peaks peaks peaks a ra phn tr-
c. th li trong khng gian 3 chiu ca hm ny c a ra nh sau (hnh 18.5):

>> mesh(peaks)
>> title('Mesh Plot of Peaks function')

Hnh 18.5 Hnh 18.5 Hnh 18.5 Hnh 18.5

th ng vin cho ta thy c nng hoc cao ca hnh. Trong MATLAB th
ng vin trong khng gian hai chiu tng t nh trong khng gian ba chiu nhng hm
gi ca n l contour3 contour3 contour3 contour3. th s dng cc lnh s c minh ho trong bng khc mu.

141
18.3 Thao t 18.3 Thao t 18.3 Thao t 18.3 Thao tc vi th c vi th c vi th c vi th

MATLAB cho php bn khai bo gc t quan st c th trong khng gian
ba chiu. Hm view(azimuth, elevation ) view(azimuth, elevation ) view(azimuth, elevation ) view(azimuth, elevation ) thit lp gc xem bng vic khai bo azimuth azimuth azimuth azimuth v
elevation elevation elevation elevation. Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation m t v tr ngi quan st, xem nh l gc o bng trn h trc
x-y. Azimut Azimut Azimut Azimut m t gc trong h trc ni ngi quan st ng.
Azimuth Azimuth Azimuth Azimuth c o bng t phn m trc y. Pha m trc y c th quay theo chiu kim
ng h mt gc -37.5 t pha bn. Elevation Elevation Elevation Elevation l gc m ti mt bn thy c mt
phng x-y. S dng hm view view view view cho php bn c th quan st hnh v t cc gc khc
nhau. V d nu elevation elevation elevation elevation thit lp l m, th view view view view s nhn hnh t pha di ln. Nu azimuth azimuth azimuth azimuth
thit lp dng, th hnh s quay ngc chiu kim ng h t im nhn mc nh.Thm ch
bn c th nhn trc tip t trn bng cch thit lp view(0,90 ) view(0,90 ) view(0,90 ) view(0,90 ). Thc ra th y l im nhn
mc nh 2 chiu, trong x tng t tri qua phi, v y tng t trn xung di, khun dng
view(2) view(2) view(2) view(2) hon ton ging nh mc
nh ca view(0, 90 ) view(0, 90 ) view(0, 90 ) view(0, 90 ), v view(3) view(3) view(3) view(3) thit lp mc nh trong khng gian 3 chiu.
Lnh view view view view c mt dng khc m rt tin ch khi s dng l view([X,Y,Z ]) view([X,Y,Z ]) view([X,Y,Z ]) view([X,Y,Z ]) cho php bn
quan st trn mt vector cha h trc to decac trong khng gian 3 chiu. Khong cch
t v tr bn quan st n gc to khng b nh hng. V d, view([0 10 0 ]) view([0 10 0 ]) view([0 10 0 ]) view([0 10 0 ]), view([0 view([0 view([0 view([0 - -- -1 1 1 1
0 ]) 0 ]) 0 ]) 0 ]) v view(0, 0 ) view(0, 0 ) view(0, 0 ) view(0, 0 ) cho cc kt qu nh nhau. Cc thng s azimuth azimuth azimuth azimuth v elevation elevation elevation elevation m bn
ang quan st c th ly li c bng cch dng [az, e] = [az, e] = [az, e] = [az, e] = view view view view. Vd:

>> view([-7 -9 7])
>> [az,el] = view
az =
-37.8750
el =
31.5475

Mt cng c hu dng khc l quan st th khng gian 3 chiu bi hm rotate3d. rotate3d. rotate3d. rotate3d. Cc
thng s Azimtuh Azimtuh Azimtuh Azimtuh v elevation elevation elevation elevation c th c tc ng bi chut, rotate3d rotate3d rotate3d rotate3d on on on on cho php chut
can thip, rotate3d off rotate3d off rotate3d off rotate3d off khng cho php.
Lnh hidden hidden hidden hidden du cc nt khut. Khi bn v th, th mt s phn ca n b che khut
bi cc phn khc, khi nu dng lnh ny th cc nt khut s b du i, bn ch c th
nhn phn no trong tm nhn ca bn. Nu bn chuyn n hidden off hidden off hidden off hidden off, bn c th thy
phn khut qua mng li. Di y l v d:

>> mesh(peaks(20)+7)
>> hold on
>> pcolor(peaks(20))
>> hold off
>> title('Mesh with hiden on')
142

Hnh 18.8 Hnh 18.8 Hnh 18.8 Hnh 18.8
By gi hy b ch du cc nt khut i ta s thy s khc nhau:

>> hidden off
>> title('Mesh with Hidden Off ')

Hnh 18.9 Hnh 18.9 Hnh 18.9 Hnh 18.9

143

18.4 Cc c im khc ca th trong khng gian 3 chiu 18.4 Cc c im khc ca th trong khng gian 3 chiu 18.4 Cc c im khc ca th trong khng gian 3 chiu 18.4 Cc c im khc ca th trong khng gian 3 chiu

Hm ribbon(x, y ) ribbon(x, y ) ribbon(x, y ) ribbon(x, y ) tng t nh plot(x, y ) plot(x, y ) plot(x, y ) plot(x, y ) ngoi tr ct ca y c v nh l mt di ring
bit trong khng gian ba chiu. Di y l th hnh sine:

>> x=linspace(0,10,50);
>> y=sin(pi*x);
>> ribbon(y,x)

Hnh 18.10 Hnh 18.10 Hnh 18.10 Hnh 18.10
Hm clabel clabel clabel clabel tng thm cao cho th ng vin. C ba mu clabel(cs) clabel(cs) clabel(cs) clabel(cs), clabel(cs, V ) clabel(cs, V ) clabel(cs, V ) clabel(cs, V )
v clabel( cs, manual) clabel( cs, manual) clabel( cs, manual) clabel( cs, manual). clabel(cs) clabel(cs) clabel(cs) clabel(cs), trong cs cs cs cs l cu trc ng vin c tr v t lnh
contour contour contour contour, cs=contour(z) cs=contour(z) cs=contour(z) cs=contour(z), ly nhn tt c cc th ng vin vi cao ca n. V tr
ca nhn c ly ngu nhin. clabel (c, manual) clabel (c, manual) clabel (c, manual) clabel (c, manual) nh v nhn ng vin v tr kch
chut tng t nh lnh ginput ginput ginput ginput ni trn. Nhn phm Return Return Return Return kt thc vic to nhn
ny.
Hm contourf contourf contourf contourf s v mt th ng vin kn, khng gian gia ng vin c lp y
bng mu.
Hai mu trng thi ca lnh mesh mesh mesh mesh dng vi th li l: meshc meshc meshc meshc v th li v thm -
ng vin bn di, meshz meshz meshz meshz v th li v th c dng nh mn che.
Hm waterfall waterfall waterfall waterfall c xem nh mesh mesh mesh mesh ngoi tr mt iu l hm mesh mesh mesh mesh ch xut hin h-
ng x.
C hai mu trng thi ca lnh surf surf surf surf, ,, , l surfc surfc surfc surfc v mt th su su su surf rf rf rf v thm ng bao
bn di, surflvex surflvex surflvex surflvex v mt th surf surf surf surf nhng thm vo s chiu sng b mt t ngun
sng. Cu trc tng qut l surfl( X,Y, Z, S, K ) surfl( X,Y, Z, S, K ) surfl( X,Y, Z, S, K ) surfl( X,Y, Z, S, K ) trong X, Y,v Z tng t nh surf surf surf surf, S l
mt vector tu chn trong h to decac (S=[Sx Sy Sz]) hoc trong to cu
(S=[az,el]) ch ra hng ca ngun sng. Nu khng khai bo, gi tr mc nh ca S l
45 theo chiu kim ng h t v tr ngi quan st, S l mt vector tu chn ch ra
144
phn ng gp tu thuc vo ngun sng bao quanh, s phn chiu nh sng v h s
phn chiu (K=[ka,kd,ks,spread]).

>> colormap(gray)
>> surfl(peaks)
>> title('surf1 plot of peaks with default lighting')

Hnh 18.11 Hnh 18.11 Hnh 18.11 Hnh 18.11

fill3 fill3 fill3 fill3, phin bn 3 chiu ca fill fill fill fill, v mt a gic u trong khng gian ba chiu. Khun
dng tng qut ca n l fill3(x, y, z, c) fill3(x, y, z, c) fill3(x, y, z, c) fill3(x, y, z, c), trong chiu ng ca a gic c ch bi ba
thnh phn x, y, z. Nu c l mt k t, a gic s c lp y mu nh bng mu. c
cng c th l mt vector hng c 3 thnh phn ([r g b]) trong r, g v b l cc gi tr
gia 0 v 1 thay cho cc mu , xanh l cy v xanh da tri. Nu c l mt vector hoc
ma trn, n c s dng nh mt ch s ch ra s mu. Nhiu a gic c th c
to ra bng cch cho thm nhiu i s nh fill3 (x1, y1, z1,c1, fill3 (x1, y1, z1,c1, fill3 (x1, y1, z1,c1, fill3 (x1, y1, z1,c1, x2, y2, z2, c2, ....) x2, y2, z2, c2, ....) x2, y2, z2, c2, ....) x2, y2, z2, c2, ....). V
d sau s v ngu nhin 4 tam gic vi mu:

>> color(cool)
>> fill3(rand(3,4),rand(3,4),rand(3,4),rand(3,4))

bar3 bar3 bar3 bar3 v bar3h bar3h bar3h bar3h l phin bn 3 chiu ca bar bar bar bar v vv v barh barh barh barh, ,, , bie3 bie3 bie3 bie3 l phin ban ca pie. pie. pie. pie.

18.5 Bng mu 18.5 Bng mu 18.5 Bng mu 18.5 Bng mu

Mu v biu mu c cp n trong mt s v d phn trc. Trong phn ny
chng ta s ni r v chng. MATLAB nh ngha mt biu mu nh l mt ma trn c 3
ct. Mi hng ca ma trn nh ngha mt mu ring bit s dng cc s trong di 0 v 1.
Nhng s ny ch ra cc gi tr RGB, nhy ca cc mu thnh phn , xanh l cy, v
145
xanh da tri trong mt mu do cc thnh phn to ra. Mt s mu c bn c cho trong
bng di y:

Xanh l cy Xanh l cy Xanh l cy Xanh l cy Xanh da tri Xanh da tri Xanh da tri Xanh da tri mu mu mu mu
0 0 0 en
1 1 1 trng
1 0 0
0 1 0 xanh l
cy
0 0 1 xanh da tri
1 1 0 vng
1 0 1 tm
0 1 1 lam xm
-5 -5 -5 xm trung bnh
-5 0 0 ti
1 -62 -40 ng
-49 1 -83 ngc
xanh bin

Di y l mt s hm ca MATLAB to ra bng mu trn:

Function Function Function Function M t bng mu M t bng mu M t bng mu M t bng mu
hsv Gi tr mu bo ho (HSV)
hot en--vng-trng
gray xm cn bng tuyn tnh
bone xm c pha nh vi mu xanh
copper sc thi ca mu ng
pink mu hng nht nh
white trng hon ton
flag xen k , trng, xanh da tri, v en
jet s thay i mu bo ho
prism c mu sc lng knh
cool mu xanh tm
lines mu ca nt v
summe Bng ca xanh l cy v vng
autumn Bng ca v vng
winter Bng ca xanh l cy v xanh da tri
spring Bng ca magenta v yellow

18.6 S dng bng mu 18.6 S dng bng mu 18.6 S dng bng mu 18.6 S dng bng mu

Cu lnh colormap(M) colormap(M) colormap(M) colormap(M) ci t ma trn M nh l bng mu c s dng bi hnh hin ti.
V d: colorma colorma colorma colormap(cool) p(cool) p(cool) p(cool) ci t mt version 64 u vo ca bng mu cool cool cool cool. .. .
Hm plot plot plot plot v plot3 plot3 plot3 plot3 khng dng bng mu trn, chng s dng cc mu lit k trong
bng kiu ng, im nh du, mu ca plot plot plot plot. Phn ln cc hm v khc nh mesh, surf, mesh, surf, mesh, surf, mesh, surf,
contour, fill, pcol contour, fill, pcol contour, fill, pcol contour, fill, pcolor or or or v cc bin ca n, s dng bng mu hin ti.
Sau y l mt v d dng tham s mu cho hm surf surf surf surf hin th gc quan st :
146

>> [X,Y,Z]=peaks(30);
>> surf(X,Y,Z,atan2(X,Y))
>> colormap(hsv),shading flat
>> axis([-3 3 -3 3 -6.5 8.1]),axis off
>> title('using a color Argument to surf')

Hnh 18.12 Hnh 18.12 Hnh 18.12 Hnh 18.12

18.7 S dng mu thm thng tin 18.7 S dng mu thm thng tin 18.7 S dng mu thm thng tin 18.7 S dng mu thm thng tin

Mu c th c dng thm thng tin vo th 3 chiu nu n c s dng to
thnh chiu th t. Cc hm nh mesh mesh mesh mesh v surf surf surf surf bin i mu dc theo trc z, tr khi mt
i s mu c a ra nh surf surf surf surf(X,Y,Z) hon ton tng ng vi surf(X,Y,Z,t ) surf(X,Y,Z,t ) surf(X,Y,Z,t ) surf(X,Y,Z,t ) trong
thnh phn th t c dng nh mt ch s trong biu mu. iu ny khin cho th
y mu nhng li khng thng tin khi m trc z tn ti.
Di y l mt s cch s dng i s mu thm thng tin hoc nhn mnh thng
tin tn ti trong th

>> x=-7.5: .5:7.5; y=x % create a data set
>> [X,Y]=meshgrid(x,y); %create plaid data
>> R=sqrt(X.^2+Y.^2) +eps % create radial data
>> Z=sin(R)./R; % create a sombrero
>> subplot(2,2,1),surf(X,Y,Z),
>> title('Color Varies with the Z_axis')
>> subplot(2,2,2),surf(X,Y,Z,R),
>> title('Color Varies With the Radius')
>> subplot(2,2,3),surf(X,Y,Z,del2(Z)),
>> title('Color Varies with Curvature')
>> [dZdx,dZdy]=gradient(Z); %compute the slope
147
>> dZ=sqrt(dZdx.^2+dZdy.^2) %compute the slope's manitude
>> subplot(2,2,4),surf(X,Y,Z,dZ)
>> title('Color Varies With the slope Magnitude')

Hnh 18.13 Hnh 18.13 Hnh 18.13 Hnh 18.13

18.8 Hin th bng mu. 18.8 Hin th bng mu. 18.8 Hin th bng mu. 18.8 Hin th bng mu.

Bn c th hin th bng mu theo mt s cch sau. Mt trong nhng cch l xem tt
c cc phn t trong trong mt ma trn bng mu mt cch trc tip:

>> hot(8)
ans =
0.3333 0 0
0.6667 0 0
1.0000 0 0
1.0000 0.3333 0
1.0000 0.6667 0
1.0000 1.0000 0
1.0000 1.0000 0.5000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

Thm vo , hm pcolor pcolor pcolor pcolor c th c s dng biu din mt bng mu. Hy th
v d ny mt vi ln bng cch dng cc hm colormap colormap colormap colormap khc nhau v thay i tham s n:

>> colormap(jet(n))
>> n=8;
>> colormap(jet(n))
148
>> pcolor([1:n+1;1 :n+1]')
>> title('using pcolor to display a colormap')

Hnh 18.4 Hnh 18.4 Hnh 18.4 Hnh 18.4
Hm colorbar colorbar colorbar colorbar thm mt thanh mu ng hoc thanh mu ngang (cn chnh mu ) vo
ca s hnh v ca bn, a ra biu mu cho trc hin ti. colorbar( h) colorbar( h) colorbar( h) colorbar( h) nh v thanh mu
ngang di hnh v hin ti ca bn. colorbar( v) colorbar( v) colorbar( v) colorbar( v) nh v thanh mu ng v bn phi hnh
v ca bn. colorbar colorbar colorbar colorbar khng c i s th l thm mt thanh mu ngang, nu thanh mu
ny khng tn ti hoc l cp nht nu n tn ti.
>> [X,Y,Z] = peaks;
>> mesh(X,Y,Z );
>> colormap(hsv)
>> axis([-3 3 -3 3 -6 8])
>> colorbar

Hnh 18.5
18.9 Thit lp v thay i bng mu. 18.9 Thit lp v thay i bng mu. 18.9 Thit lp v thay i bng mu. 18.9 Thit lp v thay i bng mu.

149
Thc t colormaps colormaps colormaps colormaps l cc ma trn, c ngha l bn c th thao tc chng ging nh bt
k mt ma trn no khc. Hm brighten brighten brighten brighten nh vo c im ny thay i colormap tng
hoc gim nhy ca cc mu m. bighten(n) bighten(n) bighten(n) bighten(n) cng vi bighten( bighten( bighten( bighten(- -- -n) n) n) n) phc hi colormap
ban u. Lnh newmap newmap newmap newmap=brighten(n) brighten(n) brighten(n) brighten(n) to mt thanh mu sng hn hoc ti hn ca
colormap hin ti m khng lm thay i bi mu hin ti. Lnh
newmap newmap newmap newmap=brighten(cmap,n) brighten(cmap,n) brighten(cmap,n) brighten(cmap,n) iu chnh phin bn ca thanh mu c khai bo m
khng lm nh hng n colormap colormap colormap colormap hin ti hoc cmap cmap cmap cmap. .. . brighten(gcf, n) brighten(gcf, n) brighten(gcf, n) brighten(gcf, n) lm sng tt c
cc i tng trong hnh v hin ti.
Bn c th to mt colormap ca ring bn bng cch a ra mt ma trn mymap mymap mymap mymap m
hng,3 ct v ci t n cng vi colormap(mymap) colormap(mymap) colormap(mymap) colormap(mymap) mi gi tr trong mt ma trn colormap
phi thuc khong t 0 n 1. Nu bn c gng s dng mt ma trn vi nhiu hn hoc t
hn 3 ct hoc cha mt gi tr no b thua 0 hoc ln hn1 colormap s a ra thng
bo li.
Bn c th kt ni cc colormap theo kiu ton hc. Mc d kt qu i khi khng th
on trc c. V d, biu c tn gi l pink :
>> pinkmap = sqrt (2/3*gray+1/3*hot); >> pinkmap = sqrt (2/3*gray+1/3*hot); >> pinkmap = sqrt (2/3*gray+1/3*hot); >> pinkmap = sqrt (2/3*gray+1/3*hot);
Bi v colormap colormap colormap colormap l cc ma trn, chng c th c v th. Lnh rgbplot rgbplot rgbplot rgbplot s v th
cc gi tr ca colormap colormap colormap colormap tng t nh lnh plot plot plot plot, nhng s dng mu , mu xanh l cy v
xanh da tri cho nt v. rgbplot(gray) rgbplot(gray) rgbplot(gray) rgbplot(gray) cho bit c ba mu tng tuyn tnh v ng u. Lnh
rgbplot rgbplot rgbplot rgbplot vi mt s colormap colormap colormap colormap khc nh jet jet jet jet, , , , hsv hsv hsv hsv, v prism prism prism prism. .. .
Gi tr hin ti ca cmin cmin cmin cmin v cmax cmax cmax cmax c tr li bng caxis caxis caxis caxis khng c i s. Chng th-
ng l nhng gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca d liu, caxis([cmin cmax ]) s dng
colormap colormap colormap colormap nguyn bn cho d liu trong di gia cmin cmin cmin cmin v cmax, cmax, cmax, cmax, nhng im d liu ln hn
cmax cmax cmax cmax s b chia ra thnh cc mu kt hp vi cmax cmax cmax cmax. V nhng im d liu c gi tr nh
hn cmin cmin cmin cmin s b chia ra thnh cc mu kt hp vi cmin. Nu cmin cmin cmin cmin nh hn min(data) min(data) min(data) min(data) hoc
cmax cmax cmax cmax ln hn max(data ) max(data ) max(data ) max(data ), th cc mu kt hp vi cmin cmin cmin cmin hoc cmax cmax cmax cmax s khng bao gi c
s dng ; ch mt phn nh ca colormap colormap colormap colormap c s dng. caxis(auto) caxis(auto) caxis(auto) caxis(auto) s hi phc gi tr mc
nh ca cmin cmin cmin cmin v cmax. cmax. cmax. cmax.
V d sau c minh ho trong colorplate4 colorplate4 colorplate4 colorplate4 .

>> pcolor([1:17;1:17]')
>> title('Default color range')
>> colormap(hsv(8))
>> axis('auto')
>> colorbar
>> caxis
ans =
1 17

150

Hnh 18.6
Chng19
Mng t bo v cu trc

MATLAB 5.0 gii thiu 2 loi d liu mi c tn gi l mng t bo v cu trc. Mng
t bo c xem nh mt mng ca cc s nh phn hoc l nh b cha c th lu gi
nhiu kiu d liu khc nhau. Cu trc l nhng mng d liu hng i tng xy dng
cng vi tn cc trng c th cha nhiu kiu d liu khc nhau, bao gm mng t bo v
cc cu trc khc. Cu trc cung cp cho ta phng tin thun li nhm cc kiu d liu
khc nhau. Nhng kiu d liu mi ny, mng t bo v cu trc to cho bn kh nng t
chc d liu thnh cc gi rt thun tin.

19.1 M 19.1 M 19.1 M 19.1 Mng t bo ng t bo ng t bo ng t bo

Mng t bo l nhng mng MATLAB m cc phn t ca n l cc t bo. Mi t
bo trong mng t bo cha cc kiu d liu ca MATLAB bao gm mng s, vn bn, i
tng c trng, cc mng t bo v cu trc. V d mt t bo ca mng t bo c th l
mng s, loi khc l kiu chui vn bn, loi khc l vector cc gi tr s phc. Cc mng
t bo c th c xy dng vi s chiu ln hn 2, tuy nhin cho thun tin khi xt ng-
i ta ly s chiu l 2 .

19.2 Xy dng v hin th mng t 19.2 Xy dng v hin th mng t 19.2 Xy dng v hin th mng t 19.2 Xy dng v hin th mng t bo bo bo bo

Mng t bo c th c xy dng bng cch dng cu lnh gn, hoc ch nh
mng trc bng cch s dng hm t bo sau gn d liu cho mng.
Nh mi loi mng khc, mng t bo c th to ra bng cch gn d liu cho tng
t bo c lp cng mt thi im. C hai cch khc nhau thm nhp vo mng t bo.
Nu bn s dng c php mng tiu chun, bn phi cc t bo trong du ngoc { }.
V d:

>> A(1, 1) = {[1 2 3: 4 5 6 : 7 8 9]};
151
>> A(1, 2) = {2 + 3 i};
>> A(2, 1) = {' A text string '};
>> A(2, 2,) = {12: -2 :0};
Du ngoc nhn bn pha phi ca du bng ch ra rng biu thc l mt t bo, hay
cn gi l ch s t bo. Cch vit sau tng ng vi cch vit trn:
>> A{1, 1 } = [1 2 3 : 4 5 6 : 7 8 9 ];
>> A{1, 2 } = 2+3i ;
>> A{2, 1 } = 'A text string ' ;
>> A{2, 2 } = 12 : -2 : 0 ;
Du ngoc nhn bn tri ch ra rng A l mt mng t bo v biu thc t bn trong l
khai bo t bo.
MATLAB hin th mng A nh sau:
>> A
A =
[3X3 double] 2.0000+ 3.0000 i
' A text string '[1x7 double ]
hin th ni dung ca mi t bo trong mng t bo ta dng hm celldisp celldisp celldisp celldisp, hin th
ni dung ca ring mt t bo, truy nhp vo t bo c s dng du ngoc nhn.Vi d :
>> A{2,2}
MATLAB hin th s cu trc ho mng t bo trong mt ca s bng vic gi
hm cellplot cellplot cellplot cellplot. .. .
Hm cell cell cell cell lm vic vi mng t bo bng vic to ra cc mng trng theo kch c ca
mng. V d :

>> C= cell ( 2, 3 )
C=
[ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ] [ ]

19.3 T hp v khi phc m 19.3 T hp v khi phc m 19.3 T hp v khi phc m 19.3 T hp v khi phc mng t bo ng t bo ng t bo ng t bo

Nu bn gn d liu cho t bo ngoi s chiu hin c ca mng. MATLAB s t
ng m rng mng v in vo gia ma trn s rng. Ch khi nim { } thay cho ma
trn t bo rng v [ ] thay cho mng s ma trn rng.
S dng du mc vung kt ni mng t bo:

>> C= [A B]
C=
[3x3 double ] 2.0000+ 3.0000i [1x2 double] ' John Smith'
'A text string ' [1x7 double] [2.0000+3.0000i] [ 5 ]

>> C=[A;B]
C =
[3x3 double ] 2.0000 + 3.0000 i
' A text string ' [ 1x7 double ]
[ 1x2 double ] ' John Smith'
[ 2.0000+ 3.0000i ] [ 5 ]

152
Mt tp con cc t bo c th c tch ra to thnh mt mng t bo mi. Nu D l
mt mng t bo 3x3, ngi ta c th tch ra to thnh mt mng t bo mi 2x2 nh
sau:

>> F = D(2:2,2:3);

Hm reshape reshape reshape reshape c th c s dng thay i cu hnh ca mt mng t bo nhng
khng th dng thm vo hoc bt i t bo.

>> X = cells(3,4);
>> size(X)
ans =
3 4
>> X= reshape(X,6,2);
>> size(Y)
ans =
6 2

19.4 Truy nhp v 19.4 Truy nhp v 19.4 Truy nhp v 19.4 Truy nhp vo trong mng t bo o trong mng t bo o trong mng t bo o trong mng t bo

truy nhp d liu cha trong cc phn t ca mng t bo, s dng du ngoc
nhn. Dng du ngoc n thm nhp mt phn t nh l mt t bo. truy nhp ni
dung ca phn t trong mng t bo, kt ni cc biu thc nh sau:

>> x = B{2,2} % truy nhp ni dung ca t bo.
x =
5
>> class(x)
ans=
double
>> y = B[2,2] % truy nhp vo bn thn t bo.
y =
[5]
>> class(y)
ans=
cell
>> B{1,1} (1,2) % truy nhp vo phn t th hai ca
% vector trong t bo
ans=
2
truy nhp di cc phn t trong mng t bo, s dng hm deal deal deal deal
>> [a,b] = deal(B{2,:1})
a =
2.0000+ 3.0000i
b =
5
Hm deal deal deal deal cn mt danh sch cc bin phn bit nhau bi du phy. Biu thc B{2, :} c
th s dng mi ni v du phy dng phn tch danh sch cc bin. Do , B{2, :} t-
ng ng vi B(2,1) v B(2,2).
153

19.5 Mng t bo ca chui k t 19.5 Mng t bo ca chui k t 19.5 Mng t bo ca chui k t 19.5 Mng t bo ca chui k t

Mt trong nhng ng dng ph bin ca mng t bo l xy dng mt mng vn
bn. Mng chui k t tiu chun i hi tt c cc chui u c chung di. Bi v mng
t bo c th cha nhiu kiu d liu khc nhau trong mi phn t, chui k t trong mng t
bo khng c gii hn ny. V d:
>> T = {' Tom';' Disk'}
T=
'Tom'
'Disk'

19.6 Cu 19.6 Cu 19.6 Cu 19.6 Cu trc trc trc trc

Cu trc l nhng i tng MATLAB c tn b cha d liu cn gi l fields fields fields fields. Nh
mi phn t ca mng t bo, trng cu trc c th c bt c mt kiu d liu no.
Chng khc ch cu trc trng c truy nhp bng tn ph bin hn l ch s, v khng
c s hn ch no v ch s cng nh cu hnh ca cc trng cu trc. Cng ging nh
mng t bo, cu trc c th c nhm li vi nhau to thnh mng v mng t bo. Mt
cu trc n l mt mng cu trc 1x1.

19.7 Xy dng m 19.7 Xy dng m 19.7 Xy dng m 19.7 Xy dng mng cu trc ng cu trc ng cu trc ng cu trc

Cu trc s dng du . truy nhp vo trng. Xy dng mt cu trc n
gin nh gn d liu vo cc trng c lp. V d sau to mt bn ghi client client client client cho th vin
kim tra.

>> client.name = ' John Doe';
>> client.cost = 86.50;
>> client.test.AIC = [6.3 6.8 7.1 7.0 6.7 6.5 6.3 6.4]
>> client.test.CHC = [2.8 3.4 3.6 4.1 3.5];
>> client
client =
name L ' John Doe '
cost :86.50
test : [1x1 struct]
>> client.test
ans=
AIC:6.3000 6.8000 7.1000 7.0000 6.7000 6.5000 6.3000 6.4000
CHC:2.8000 3.4000 3.6000 4.1000 3.5000

By gi to bn ghi client client client client th hai:

>> client(2).name = ' Alice Smith ';
>> client(2).cost = 112.35;
>> client(2).test.AIC = [5.3 5.8 7.0 6.5 6.7 5.5 6.0 5.9 ]
>> client(2).test.CHC =[ 3.8 6.3 3.2 3.1 2.5 ]
>> client
client =
154
1x2 struct array with field
name
cost
test
Cu trc cng c th c xy dng bng cch dng hm struct struct struct struct to trc mt
mng cu trc. C php l: ( field. V1, field2, V2, .... ) trong field1, field2, .v.v...
l cc trng, v cc mng V1, V2, v.v.... phi l cc mng t bo c cng kch thc., cng
s t bo, hoc gi tr. V d, mt mng cu trc c th c to ra nh sau:

>> N ={' John Doe ', ' Alice Smith'};
>> C = {86.50, 112.35 };
>> P = {[10.00 20.00 45.00];
>> bills = struct('name',N,'cost',C,'payment',P)
bils=
1x2 struct array with fields
name
cost
payment

19.8 19.8 19.8 19.8 Truy nhp vo cc tr Truy nhp vo cc tr Truy nhp vo cc tr Truy nhp vo cc trng cu trc ng cu trc ng cu trc ng cu trc

Bi v ni dung cu trc l tn nhiu hn l ch s, nh trong trng hp mng t
bo, tn ca cc trng trong cu trc phi c bit n truy nhp d liu cha trong
chng. Tn ca cc trng c th c tm thy trong trong ca s lnh, n gin l ch
vic nhp vo tn ca cu trc. Tuy nhin trong M-file, mt hm cn thit c to ra
cp nht cc tn trng . Hm fieldname fieldname fieldname fieldname tr li mt mng t bo c cha tn ca cc tr-
ng trong mt cu trc.

>> T = fieldnammes(bills)
T =
' name '
' cost '
' payment '
C hai phng php truy nhp vo trng cu trc. Ch s trc tip s dng k
thut ch mc thch hp, nh phng php truy nhp trng cu trc, v ch s mng thch
hp truy nhp vo mt s hoc mt mng t bo. Sau y l mt v d da trn cu trc
bills bills bills bills v client client client client xt trn:
>> bills.name
ans =
John Doe
ans=
Alice Smith
>> bills(2).cost
ans=
112.3500
>> bills(1)
ans=
name : ' John Doe '
cost : ' 86.5000 '
155
payment: 10.000 20.0000 45.0000
>> baldue = bills(1).cost - sum(bills(1).payment )
baldue=
6.5000
>> bills(2).payment(2)
ans =
12.3500
>> client(2).test.AIC(3)
ans=
7.000
Phng php ch mc trc tip thng c s dng truy nhp gi tr trng. Tuy
nhin, cc M-file nu tn cc trng c gi ra t hm fieldnames fieldnames fieldnames fieldnames, th hm getfi getfi getfi getfield eld eld eld v
setfield setfield setfield setfield c th c s dng truy nhp d liu trong cu trc. V d :

>> getfield(bills,{1},'name' ) % tng t nh bills(1).name
ans=
John Doe
>> T = fieldnames(bills);
>> getfriend(bills,{2},T{3},{2})%tng t nh s(2),payment(2)
ans=
12.3500
V d sau tr li cu trc c cha cng kiu d liu nh cu trc nguyn thu vi mt gi
tr b thay i. Dng lnh tng ng ca client(2).test.AIC(3) = 7.1. l:

>> client = setfield(client,{2 },'test', 'AIC ',{3},7.1)
client=
name
cost
test
>> client(2).test.AIC(3)
ans=
7.1000
Mt trng c th c thm vo trong mt mng cu trc ch n gin bng cch
gn gi tr cho trng cu trc mi.

>> client(1).addr = {' MyStreet';' MyCity '}
client =
name
cost
test
addr
Mt trng c th c b i khi cu trc ( hoc mt mng cu trc ) bng lnh
rmfield rmfield rmfield rmfield. S= rmfield ( S, field ) S= rmfield ( S, field ) S= rmfield ( S, field ) S= rmfield ( S, field ) s b i trng field t cu trc S. S= rmfield ( S, F ) S= rmfield ( S, F ) S= rmfield ( S, F ) S= rmfield ( S, F ), trong
F l mt mng t bo ca tn cc trng, b i nhiu hn mt trng t cu trc S ti
mt thi im.
>> client = rmfield( client,' addr ')
client =
156
name
cost
test
19.9 S nghch o v hm kim tra 19.9 S nghch o v hm kim tra 19.9 S nghch o v hm kim tra 19.9 S nghch o v hm kim tra

S nghch o gia cc mng t bo v cc cu trc bng cch dng hm
struct2cell struct2cell struct2cell struct2cell v cell2struct cell2struct cell2struct cell2struct . Tn trng phi c cung cp y cho cell2struct cell2struct cell2struct cell2struct v b mt i
khi chuyn thnh mt mng t bo t mt cu trc. S chuyn i t mng s v mng xu
k t thnh mng t bo bng cch s dng hm num2cell num2cell num2cell num2cell v cellstr cellstr cellstr cellstr. .. . Ngc li chuyn i
t mt mng t bo thnh mng k t bng hm char char char char.
Mc d hm class class class class tr v kiu kiu d liu ca i tng, class class class class vn khng thun tin s
dng kim tra kiu d liu. Hm isa isa isa isa(x, class ) tr li true true true true nu x l mt i tng kiu
class. V d, isa isa isa isa ( client, struct ) s tr li true true true true. thun tin, mt s hm kim tra
s khc c sn trong th vin chng trnh nh: isstruct, iscell, ischar, isnumeric, isstruct, iscell, ischar, isnumeric, isstruct, iscell, ischar, isnumeric, isstruct, iscell, ischar, isnumeric, v
islogical. islogical. islogical. islogical.

---------------------oOo----------------------

Chng 20
Biu tng ca hp cng c ton hc

Cc chng trc, bn bit c MATLAB mnh ra sao trn phng din lp trnh,
tnh ton. Mc d kh nng tnh ton ca n rt mnh, tuy nhin n vn cn c nhng hn
ch. Nh mt my tnh, MATLAB c s s dng cc con s. N nhn cc s (123/4) hoc
cc bin (x =[ 1 2 3 ]).
Hp cng c ton hc l mt tp hp cc cng c ( hm ) MATLAB s dng
nhm gii cc bi ton. C cc cng c t hp, n gin ho, tch phn, vi phn v gii
cc php ton i s v php ton vi phn. Cc cng c khc s dng trong i s hc
tuyn tnh chuyn i chnh xc dng nghch o, nh thc v cc khun mu tiu
chun.
Cc cng c trong Symbo Symbo Symbo Symbolic Math Tollbox lic Math Tollbox lic Math Tollbox lic Math Tollbox c to nn t chng trnh phn mm
mnh c tn l Maple
@
pht trin khi u t trng i hc Waterloo Ontario, Canada v
by gi l phn mm ca hng Waterloo Maple Software. Khi bn yu cu MATLAB thc
hin mt php ton, n s s dng cc hm ca Symbolic Math Tollbox Symbolic Math Tollbox Symbolic Math Tollbox Symbolic Math Tollbox lm vic ny
v tr li kt qu ca s lnh.

20.1 Biu thc v cc i t 20.1 Biu thc v cc i t 20.1 Biu thc v cc i t 20.1 Biu thc v cc i tng c tr ng c tr ng c tr ng c trng ng ng ng

MATLAB c s s dng mt s cc kiu i tng khc nhau lu tr gi tr. Bin
s hc dng lu tr gi tr s hc, v d nh x=2, mng k t lu tr chui vn bn, v
nh : t = A text string . Hp cng c ton hc c trng dng nhng i tng ton hc
thay th cc bin v cc ton t, v d: x = sym ( x ). Cc i tng ton hc c s
dng bi MATLAB trong nhiu trng hp tng t nh cc bin s hc v chui c s
dng. Biu thc ton hc l nhng biu thc c cha i tng ton hc thay th cho cc
s, hm, ton t.v cc bin. Cc bin khng yu cu phi nh ngha trc. Thut ton l
cng c thc hnh gii quyt nhng bi ton trn c s bit c nhng quy lut v s
157
nhn dng cc biu tng c a ra, chnh xc nh ci cch bn gii bng i s hc v
s tnh ton.. Cc ma trn ton hc l nhng mng m phn t ca n l cc i tng
ton hc hoc cc biu thc.

20.2 To v s dng cc i t 20.2 To v s dng cc i t 20.2 To v s dng cc i t 20.2 To v s dng cc i tng c tr ng c tr ng c tr ng c trng ng ng ng

i tng c trng c xy dng t nhng chui k t hoc cc bin s hc s dng
hm sym sym sym sym. V d x = sym ( x ) to ra mt bin c trng x, y = sym ( y ) to ra mt
bin c trng y, y = sym ( 1/3 ) to ra mt bin c trng y mang gi tr 1/3. Gi s
bin c trng c nh ngha, n c th c s dng trong cc biu thc ton hc tng
t nh cc bin s hc c s dng trong MATLAB . Nu nh cc bin x, y c to ra tr-
c th lnh z= (x+y) / ( x-2 ) s to mt bin mi z bi v biu thc m n thay th c
mang mt hay nhiu bin c trng x hoc y.
Mt i tng s hc c th chuyn thnh i tng c trng. Di y l mt v d:

>> m = magic(3) % to mt ma trn s
m =
8 1 6
3 5 7
4 9 2
>> M = sym(m) % to mt ma trn c trng t m
M =
[ 8, 1, 6 ]
[ 3, 5, 7 ]
[ 4, 9, 2 ]
>> det(M) % xc nh nh thc ca ma trn c trng M
ans =
-360
V d ny xy dng mt ma trn vung 3x3, chuyn i thnh ma trn c trng, v
tm nh thc ca ma trn.
Hm sym sym sym sym cho php bn la chn nh dng cho s hin thi c trng ca gi tr s. C
php l: S = sym sym sym sym ( A, fmt ) trong A l gi tr s hoc ma trn cn fmt l mt c tnh nh
dng tu chn, c th l f , r , e , hoc d . Gi tr mc nh l r . Nu
chn f tng ng h ch s lc phn, r tng ng ch s hu t, e tng t nh
r nhng dng chnh tc hm m, cn d tng ng ch s h thp phn.

Di y l mt s v d v s hin th ca mt s nh dng tu chn:

Lnh Dng hin th 1/3 Lp
format short 0.3333 double
format long 0.333333333333333 double
format short e 3.3333e
-001
double
format long e 3.333333333333333e
-001
double
format short g 0.33333 double
format long g 0.333333333333333 double
format hex 3fd5555555555555 double
format bank 0.33 double
format rat 1/3 double
format + + double
158
sym ( 1/3, f ) 1.555555555555 *2^(-2) sym
sym ( 1/3, r ) 1/3 sym
sym ( 1/3, e ) 1/3-eps/12 sym
sym ( 1/3, d ) .333333333333333333314829616256 sym

S khc nhau gia cc nh dng c trng c th gy ra mt s hn n. V d:
>> sym(1/3)- sym(1/3,'e') % li du m s hu t
ans =
1/12*eps
>> double(ans) % nh dng thp phn
ans =
1.8504e
-17

20.3 20.3 20.3 20.3 S biu din biu thc c tr S biu din biu thc c tr S biu din biu thc c tr S biu din biu thc c trng ca MATLAB ng ca MATLAB ng ca MATLAB ng ca MATLAB

MATLAB c cc biu thc c trng ging nh l biu thc c cha i tng c tr-
ng khc nhau gia chng v bin s, biu thc, php ton nu khng chng gn ging
nh biu thc MATLAB c bn. Sau y l mt vi v d ca biu thc c trng.

Biu thc tng trng S trnh by trong MATLA
x=sym( x ) y= M=syms(a,b,c,d);
x=sym(x) cos(x
2
)-sin(2x) f=syms x a b
x=sym(x) f=int(x^3/sqrt(1-x),a,b)
Cc hm c trng ca MATLAB cho php bn thao tc nhng biu thc ny theo nhiu
cch khc nhau. V d:

>> x = sym('x') % to mt bin c trng x
>> diff(cos(x)) % i ca cos(x ) vi bin s l x
ans =
-sin(x)

>> sym('a','b','c','d' )% to bin s c trng a, b, c v d
>> M = [a, b, c, d] % to mt ma trn c trng
M =
[a, b]
[c, d]
>> det(M) % tm nh thc ca ma trn c trng M
ans =
a*b - b*c

Trong v d u tin, x c nh ngha nh mt bin c trng trc khi n c s
dng trong biu thc, tng t nh vy bin s phi c gn mt gi tr trc khi chng -
c s dng. iu ny cho php MATLAB xem xt cos(x) nh mt biu thc c trng, v do
vy dif dif dif dif( (( (cos(x)) l mt php ton c trng hn l mt php ton s hc. Trong v d s 2,
hm syms syms syms syms thng c nh ngha l mt s bin s c trng. syms syms syms syms(a, b ) tng -
ng vi a = sym('a'); b= sym('b' ); . MATLAB bit rng M=[a, b; c, d ] l mt ma trn c
trng bi v n cha ng mt bin s c trng, v do d dd det(M) et(M) et(M) et(M) l mt php ton c
trng.
Trong MATLAB, cu lnh func arg func arg func arg func arg tng ng vi func(arg) func(arg) func(arg) func(arg), trong func func func func l mt
hm, cn arg arg arg arg l mt chui i s k t. MATLAB phn bit syms a b c d syms a b c d syms a b c d syms a b c d v syms syms syms syms(a,
159
b, c, d ) l tng ng nhng nh cc bn bit cng thc u tin d thc hin
hn.

Chng ta xem xt k hn v d th hai nu trn:

>> a = 1; b = 2; c = 3; d = 4 % nh ngha bin s a n d
>> M = [a,b;c,d] % M l mt ma trn s
M=
1 2
3 4
>> size(M) %M l mt ma trn bc hai
ans =
2 2
>> class(M) % C nhng loi i tng no l M?
ans =
double
>> M = '[a, b; c, d ]' % M l mt chui c trng
M =
[a, b :c, d ]
>> size(M) % M l mt vector hng ca 9 k t
ans =
1 9
>> class( M )

ans =
char
>> M = sym('[a,b;c,d ]') % mt i tng c trng nhng

% khng phi l mt ma trn
M=
[a,b;c,d]
>> size(M) % M l mt vector 3 phn t (2 du phy )
ans =
1 3
>> class(M)
ans =
sym
>> syms a b c d % nh ngha bin s c trng a n d
>> M = [a,b;c,d] % M l mt ma trn c trng
M =
[a, b]
[c, d]
>> size(M)
ans =
2 2
>> class(M)
ans =
sym
160
>> a = 1; b = 2 ; syms c d % nh ngha mt bin c nh t a

>> M = [a,b;c,d] % M l mt ma trn c trng t a n d
M=
[1, 2]
[c, d]
>> size(M)
ans=
sym

Trong v d ny, M c nh ngha theo 5 cch:
Kiu th nht: n gn ging vi ma trn bc hai.
Kiu th hai l mt chui k t.
Kiu th ba l mt i tng c trng hp l, nhng n khng th s dng trong mi
trng hp.
Kiu th t l mt ma trn bc hai.
Kiu cui cng cho thy bin s l bin c trng c kt hp trong biu thc c trng
to thnh ma trn c trng.
Biu thc c trng khng c bin c gi l hm c trng. Khi hm c trng hin
th, chng i khi kh m phn bit c vi s nguyn. V d:

>> f=sym(3) %to mt hng c trng
f=
3
>> class(f) % kiu ca i tng f l g
ans=
sym
>> g = sym(pi)
g=
pi
>> class(g)
ans=
sym
>> h = sym(sin(pi/4))
h=
sqrt(1/2)
>> class(h)
ans=
sym

20.4 Bin c tr 20.4 Bin c tr 20.4 Bin c tr 20.4 Bin c trng ng ng ng

Khi lm vic vi biu thc c trng c nhiu hn mt bin c trng, chnh xc hn
mt bin l bin c lp. Nu MATLAB khng ch ra u l bin c lp th n s nhn bin
no gn x nht theo th t ch ci.
Bin c lp i khi cn c gi l bin t do. Bn c th yu cu MATLAB ch ra
bin no trong biu thc c trng. bit c ta s dng hm findsym findsym findsym findsym:

>> syms a s t u omega i j % nh ngha cc bin c trng
161
>> findsym(a*t+s/(u+3),1) % u l gn x nht
ans =
u
>> findsym(sin(a+omega),1) % omega gn x nht
ans =
omega
>> findsym(3*i + 4*j) % i v j tng t nh sqrt(-1)
ans =
' '

Nu findsym findsym findsym findsym khng tm thy bin c trng, n s tr li chui rng.

20.5 Php ton trn biu thc c tr 20.5 Php ton trn biu thc c tr 20.5 Php ton trn biu thc c tr 20.5 Php ton trn biu thc c trng ng ng ng

Gi s bn to to c biu thc c trng, bn rt c th mun thay i n
bng bt c cch no. Bn mun ly ra mt phn ca biu thc, kt hp hai biu thc hoc
tm mt gi tr s ca mt biu thc c trng. C rt nhiu cng c cho php bn lm iu
ny.
Tt c cc hm c trng, ( vi vi im c bit s ni phn sau) da trn cc
biu thc c trng v cc mng c trng. Kt qu ging nh mt s nhng n l mt biu
thc c trng. Nh chng ta ni trn, bn c th tm ra u l kiu s nguyn, mt
chui c trng hoc mt i tng c trng bng cch s dng hm class class class class t MATLAB c
s.

20.6 20.6 20.6 20.6 Tch cc t s v mu s Tch cc t s v mu s Tch cc t s v mu s Tch cc t s v mu s

Nu biu thc ca bn l mt a thc hu t hoc c th m rng ti mt a thc hu
t tng ng ( bao gm ton b cc phn t ca t s c chung mu s), bn c th tch
t s v mu s bng cch s dng hm numden numden numden numden. .. . V d:
m = x
2
, f = a x
2
/( b-x) g = 3 x
2
/2 + 2 x /3 -3/5.
h = (x
2
+ 3)/ ( 2 x - 1 ) + 3x/(x-1)
numden numden numden numden t hp hoc hu t ho biu thc nu cn thit, v tr li kt qu t s v mu s.
Cu lnh MATLAB c thc hin nh sau:
>> sym x a b % to mt s bin c trng
>> m = x^2 % to mt biu thc n gin
m =
x^2
>> [n,d] = numden(m) % tch t s v mu s.
n =
x^2
d =
1
>> f = a*x^2/(b-x) % to mt biu thc lin quan
f =
a*x^2/(b-x)
>> [n d] = numden(f) % tch t s v mu s.
m =
-a*x^2
d=
162
-b + x
Hai biu thc u tin cho ta kt qu nh mong mun

>> g = 3/2*x^2 + 2*x - 3/4 % to mt biu thc khc.
g =
3/2*x^2 + 2*x - 3/4
>> [n,d] = numden(g) % hu t ho v tch cc phn
n =
6*x^2 + 8*x - 3
d =
4
>> h = (x^2 + 3)/(2*x - 1) + 3*x/(x - 1) % tng ca a thc hu t
h =
x^3 + 5*x^2 - 3
d= (2*x - 1)*(x - 1)
>> h2 = n/d % to li biu thc cho h
h2 =
(x^2 + 3)/(2*x - 1) + 3*x/(x - 1)
Hai biu thc g v h c hu t ho hoc tr v biu thc n gin vi mt t s v mu
s, trc khi cc phn t c tch c th chia t s cho mu s to li biu thc nguyn
gc.

20.7 Php ton i s tiu chun 20.7 Php ton i s tiu chun 20.7 Php ton i s tiu chun 20.7 Php ton i s tiu chun

Mt s php ton tiu chun c th biu din trn biu thc c trng s dng cc
ton t quen thuc. V d cho hai hm:

f = 2x
2
+ 3x - 5 g = x
2
- x + 7

>> sym('x') % nh ngha mt bin s c trng
>> f = (2*x^2 + 3*x - 5) % nh ngha biu thc c trng f v g
f=
(2*x^2 + 3*x - 5 )
>> x^2 - x + 7
g =
x^2 - x + 7
>> f +
ans =
3*x^2 + 2*x + 2
>> f - g % tm biu thc ca f-g
ans =
x^2 + 4*x - 12
>> f*g % tm mt biu thc ca f*g
ans =
(2*x^2 + 3*x -5 ) *( x^2 - x + 7)
>> f/g % tm mt biu thc ca f/g
ans =
(2*x^2 + 3*x - 5 )/(x^2 - x + 7)
>> f ^(3*x) % tm nt biu thc cho f
3x

163
ans =
(2*x^2 + 3*x - 5)*3*x

Thc s l mt php ton trn bt c biu thc no cha t nht mt bin s c tr-
ng s cho kt qu ca mt biu thc c trng, bn hy t hp cc biu thc c nh to
nhng biu thc mi. V d:

>> a = 1; b = 3/2 ; x = sym('x'); % to mt s v nhng bin s c trng
>> f = sin(a - x) % to mt s biu thc
ans=
-sin(x-1)
>> g = sin(b*x^2)
ans=
sin(3/2*x^2)
>> b*f/(g - 5)+ x % kt hp chng
ans =
-3/2*sin(x - 1)/(sin(3/2*x^2)- 5 )+ x )

Tt c cc php ton ny u thc hin tt vi cc i s l mng.

20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 Cc php ton nng cao Cc php ton nng cao Cc php ton nng cao Cc php ton nng cao

MATLAB c th biu din nhiu php ton nng cao hn biu thc c trng. Hm
compose compose compose compose kt hp f(x ) v g ( x) thnh f ( g(x)). Hm finverse finverse finverse finverse tm hm nghch o ca mt
biu thc v hm symsum symsum symsum symsum tm tng c trng ca mt biu thc. V d :

f = 1/ ( 1 + x
2
) g = sin ( x ) h = x/ ( 1 + u
2
) k = cos ( x+v )

>> syms x u v % nh ngha 3 bin c trng
>> f = 1/(1+x^2) % to 4 biu thc
>> g = sin(x)
>> h = x/(1 + u^2)
>> k = cos(x + v)
>> compose(f,g) % tm biu thc ca f( g ( x ))
ans =
sym(1/(1 + x^2))

compose compose compose compose c th c s dng cc hm m c cc bin c lp khc nhau.

>> compose(h,k) % cho h( x), k ( x ), tm h( k(x) )
ans=
cos(x + v)/(1 + u^2)
>> compose(h,k,u,v) % cho h( u), k( v ), tm h( k( v))
ans =
x/(1 + cos(2*v)^2)

Hm nghch o ca mt biu thc, gi l f(x), l biu thc g (x) m tho mn iu
kin
164
g( f (x)) = x. V d hm nghich o ca e
x
l ln(x), do vy ln(e
x
) =x. Hm nghch o ca
sin(x) l arcsin(x), v hm nghch o ca 1/tan(x) l arctan(1/x). Hm finverse finverse finverse finverse tr thnh
hm nghch o ca mt biu thc. Ch finverse finverse finverse finverse tr li duy nht mt kt qu thm ch nu
kt qu khng l duy nht.

>> syms x a b c d z % nh ngha mt s bin c trng
>> finverse(1/x) % nghch o ca 1/x l x
ans =
1/x
>> finverse(x^2) % tm mt trong cc gii php g(x
2
) =x
ans =
x^(1/2)
>> finverse(a*x + b) % tm gii php g(f(x)) = x
ans =
-(b - x)/a
>> finver rr rse(a*b + c*d - a*z,a) %tm gii php g(f(a))=a
ans=
-(c*d - a)/(b - z)

Hm symsum symsum symsum symsum tm tng c trng ca mt biu thc. C 4 c php ca hm:
symsum(f) symsum(f) symsum(f) symsum(f) tr li tng , symsum(f,s) symsum(f,s) symsum(f,s) symsum(f,s) tr li tng , symsum(f,a,b) symsum(f,a,b) symsum(f,a,b) symsum(f,a,b) tr li tng , cn hm
symsum(f, a, b, s) symsum(f, a, b, s) symsum(f, a, b, s) symsum(f, a, b, s) tr li tng .
Chng ta cng xem xt tng , tr li x
3
/3-x
2
/2+x/6
>> syms x n
>> symsum(x^2)
ans =
1/3*x^3 - 1/2*x^2 + 1/6*x

20.9 Hm nghch o 20.9 Hm nghch o 20.9 Hm nghch o 20.9 Hm nghch o

Mc ny trnh by cc cng c chuyn i biu thc c trng sang gi tr s v
ngc li. C mt s rt t cc hm c trng c th tr thnh gi tr s.
Hm sym sym sym sym c th chuyn i mt chui hoc mt mng s thnh s biu din c
trng; hm double double double double thc hin ngc li. duble uble uble uble chuyn i mt hng c trng ( mt biu thc
c trng khng c bin) thnh gi tr s c kiu xc nh double double double double.

>> phi = sym('(1 + sqrt(5))/2')
phi =
(1 + sqrt(5))/2
>> double(phi) % nghch o ca gi tr s
ans =
1.6180
Hai cch trn cho ta cng mt kt qu.
Bn lm vic vi a thc trn MATLAB c bn, s dng vector m cc phn t ca
n l cc h s ca a thc. Hm c trng sym2poli sym2poli sym2poli sym2poli chuyn i mt a thc c trng
thnh vector ca h h s . Hm poli2sym poli2sym poli2sym poli2sym th lm ngc li, v bn hy khai bo bin
s dng trong php ton cui cng.

>> x = sym('x')
165
>> f = x^3 + 2*x^2 - 3*x + 5 % f l a thc c trng
f =
x^3 + 2*x^2 - 3*x + 5
>> n = sym2poli(f) % tch vector cc h s
n =
1 2 -3 5
>> poly2sym(n) % to li a thc ca x ( mc nh )
ans =
x^3 + 2*x^2 - 3*x + 5
>> s = sym('s') % nh ngha s nh l bin c trng
>> poly2sym(n,s) % to li a thc ca f
ans=
s^3 + 2*s^2 - 3*s + 5

20.10 S thay th bin s 20.10 S thay th bin s 20.10 S thay th bin s 20.10 S thay th bin s

Gi s bn c mt biu thc c trng ca x, v bn mun i bin thnh y.
MATLAB cung cp cho bn cng c thay i trong biu thc c trng, gi l subs subs subs subs. C
php l:
subs subs subs subs( f, old, new ), trong f l mt biu thc c trng, old l bin hoc biu thc c tr-
ng, v new l bin c trng, biu thc hoc ma trn hoc mt gi tr s hoc ma trn. Ni
dung ca new s thay th old trong biu thc f. Di y l mt s v d:

>> syms a alpha b c s x % nh ngha mt vi bin c trng
>> f = a*x^2 + b*x + c % to mt hm f(x)
f =
a*x^2 + b*x + c
>> subs(f,x,s) % thay th xbng s trong biu thc ca f
ans=
a*s^2 + b*s + c
>> subs(f,a,[alpha;s]) % thay th a bng ma trn c trng a
ans=
[alpha*x^2 + b*x + c]
[s*x^2 + b*x + c]
>> g= 3*x^2 + 5*x - 4 % to mt hm khc
g=
3*x^2 + 5*x - 4
>> h = subs(g,x,2) % new l mt gi tr s
h =
18
>> class(h) % biu din kt qu l mt ni dung c trng
ans =
sym
V d trc biu din cch subs subs subs subs to h s, v sau lm n gin ho biu thc. T
kt qu ca h s l mt ni dung c trng, MATLAB c th rt gn n thnh mt gi tr
n. Ch rng subs subs subs subs l mt hm c trng, n tr thnh mt biu thc c trng, mt ni
dung c trng thm ch n l mt s. nhn mt s chng ta cn s dng hm double double double double
chuyn i chui .

166
>> double(h) % chuyn i mt biu thc c trng thnh mt s
ans=
18
>> class(ans) % biu din kt qu l mt gi tr s
ans=
double

20.11 Php ly vi phn 20.11 Php ly vi phn 20.11 Php ly vi phn 20.11 Php ly vi phn

Php ly vi phn ca mt biu thc c trng s dng hm diff diff diff diff theo mt trong 4
mu sau:

>> syms a b c d x s % nh ngha mt vi bin c trng
>> f = a*x^3 + x^2 - b*x - c % nh ngha mt biu thc c trng
f =
a*x^3 + x^2 - b*x - c
>> diff(f) % ly vi phn ca f vi x l bin mc nh
ans =
3*a*x^2 + 2*x - b
>> diff(f,a) % ly vi phn ca f vi a thay cho x
ans =
x^3
>> diff(f,2) % ly vi phn f hai ln vi ?
ans=
6*a*x + 2
>> diff(f,a,2) % vi phn 2 ln vi ?
ans=
0

Hm diff diff diff diff cng c th thao tc trn mng. Nu f l mt vector c trng hoc ma trn,
diff( f) diff( f) diff( f) diff( f) ly vi phn mi phn t trong mng:

>> f = [a*x,b*x^2;c*x^3,d*s] % to mt mng c trng
f =
[ a*x b* x^2 ]
[ c*x^3 d*s ]

Ch rng hm diff diff diff diff cng s dng trong MATLAB c bn tnh php vi phn s hc
ca mt vector s v ma trn.

20.12 Php tch phn 20.12 Php tch phn 20.12 Php tch phn 20.12 Php tch phn

Hm tch phn int(f ) int(f ) int(f ) int(f ) trong f l biu thc tng trng, s tm ra mt biu thc tng
trng F khc sao cho diff(F)=f diff(F)=f diff(F)=f diff(F)=f. Nh bn thy trong phn nghin cu php tnh, php tch phn
phc tp hn php vi phn.Tch phn hoc o hm khng tn ti di mt hnh dng khp
kn; hoc n c th tn ti nhng phn mm khng tm ra n hoc phn mm c th tm ra
n nhng khng b nh hoc thi gian chy. Khi MATLAB khng tm thy php tnh
o hm n a ra cnh bo v s thay th tng trng php tch phn khng th s
dng vi hm pretty pretty pretty pretty. .. .
167

>> x = sym('x');
>> p = int(log(x)/exp(x^2)) % ly tch phn
Warning:Explicit integral could not be found.
In C:\MATLAB\toolbox\symbolic\@sym\int.m at line 58
p = int(....
>> pretty(p)
ans =
output from pretty

Hm tch phn, cng nh hm vi phn u c nhiu hn mt c php. int(f) int(f) int(f) int(f) s tm
mt php tnh tch phn theo cc bin c lp mc nh, cn int(f, s ) tm php ly tch phn
theo bin c trng s. Khun mu int( f, a, b ) int( f, a, b ) int( f, a, b ) int( f, a, b ) v int (f, s, a, b ) int (f, s, a, b ) int (f, s, a, b ) int (f, s, a, b ), trong a, b l cc bin s,
tm ra biu thc c trng cho php ly tch phn theo cn t a n b. Tng t cho hm
int(f, m, n ) int(f, m, n ) int(f, m, n ) int(f, m, n ) v
int ( f, s, m, n ) int ( f, s, m, n ) int ( f, s, m, n ) int ( f, s, m, n ).

>> syms x s m n % nh ngha mt s bin
>> f = sin(s + 2*x) % to mt hm tng trng
f=
sin(s+2*x)
>> int(f) % php ly tch phn theo bin x
ans=
-1/2*cos(s+2*x)
>> int(f,s) % php ly tch phn theo i s s
ans=
-cos(s + 2*x)
>> int(f,pi/2,pi) % ly tch phn theo bin x vi cn t pi/2 n pi
ans=
-cos(s)
>> int(f,s,pi/2,pi) % ly tch phn theo s, cn t pi/2 n pi
ans=
2*cos(x)^2 - 1 - 2*sin(x)*cos(x)
>> g = simple(int(f,m,n)) % ly tch phn theo x, cn t m n n
g =
-1/2*cos(s + 2*n) + 1/2*cos(s + 2*m)

Trong v d ny, hm simple simple simple simple c s dng n gin ho kt qu ca php ly tch phn.
Chng ta s nghin cu thm v hm simple simple simple simple sau ny.
Cng nh hm diff diff diff diff, hm ly tch phn int int int int trn mi phn t ca mng c trng:

>> syms a b c d x s % nh ngha mt s bin c trng
>> f = [a*x,b*x^2;c*x^3,d*s] % xy dng mt mng c trng
f=
[a*x, b*x^2 ]
[c*x^3, d*s ]
>> int(f) % ly tch phn mng cc phn t theo i s x
ans =
[1/2*a*x^2, 1/3*b*x^3]
168
[1/4*c*x^4, d*s*x]

V d : Gii php c trng ca mt phng php tnh ton c in

Fox Mulder, ang gim st trn mt mi nh ca mt to cao c Roswell, New
Mex ex ex exico, trong khi ang n ba tra th anh ta cht pht hin ra mt vt c hnh dng k l
trn khng cao 50 m. Anh ta ly mt qu c chua chn ra khi chic ti eo sau l-
ng, t vo cnh ca mi nh ri nm mnh qu c chua vo khng trung. Qu c chua c
bay ln vi vn tc ban u l v
0
= 20 m/s. Mi cao 30 m so vi mt t, thi gian bay ca
n l t giy. Hi khi no n t n cao cc i, cao m qu c chua t ti so vi
mt t? Khi no th qu c chua chm ti mt t? Gi s rng khng c lc cn ca
khng kh v gia tc ph thuc vo sc ht l khng i l a =-9.7536 m/s
2
.
Chng ta chn mt t cao l 0, y = 0 l mt t v y = 30 l nh ca to nh. Vn
tc tc thi s l v = dy/dt, v gia tc s l a = d
2
y/dt
2
. Do nu ly tch phn mt ln gia
tc, ta s c vn tc tc thi, cn tch phn vn tc ta s c cao y.

>> t = sym('t'); % nh ngha bin dc trng thi gian
>> digits(5); % chnh xc 5 ch s
>> a = sym('-9.7536') % gia tc o bng m/s
2

a =
-9.7536
>> v = int(a,t) %vn tc xem nh hm thi gian
v =
-9.7536*t
>> v = v + 20 % thi im t=0 vn tc l 20m/s
v =
-9.7536*t + 20
>> y = int(v,t) %tm cao y thi im t bng cch ly tch phn
y =
-4.8768*t^2+20.*t
>> y = y + 30 % cao khi t=0 l 30 m
y =
-4.8768*t^2 + 20.*t + 30

Kim tra xem kt qu c ng khng, nu nh chng ta thay t=0 vo trong biu thc, ta
c:

>> yo = subs(y,t,0)
yo =
30.
kt qu ng nh cao qu c chua trc khi n c nm.

By gi chng ta c vn tc v v tr l hm ca thi gian t. cao cc i khi m
qu c chua ngng ln v bt u ri xung. tm im ny, ta tm gi tr ca t khi v=0
bng cch dng hm solve solve solve solve. .. . Hm ny tm im khng ca biu thc c trng, hay ni cch
khc, solve(f) solve(f) solve(f) solve(f), trong f l hm ca x, tm x khi cho f(x) =0.

>> t_top = solve(v) % tm gi tr ca t khi v(t)=0
t_top =
169
2.0505

Bi v solve solve solve solve l mt hm c trng, n tr li mt hng c trng ( thm ch n trng
nh mt s). By gi chng ta tm cao cc i, thi im t = 2.0505 s.

>> y_max = subs(y, t, t_top ) % thay th t bi t_top trong y
y_max =
50.505
Ch rng hm subs subs subs subs c cng gi tr nh chng ta lm trc khi chng ta kim tra
biu thc y, subs subs subs subs s thay bin c trng 2.0505 vo cc gi tr t trong biu thc.

By gi chng ta tm thi gian qu c chua chm mt t.

>> t_splat = solve(y) % qu c chua chm mt t khi y =0
t_splat =
[ -1.1676 ]
[ 5.2686 ]

Do kt qu l s m v qu c chua khng th chm t trc khi n c nm i,
v nghim th hai mi l nghim c ngha. T suy ra cao ca qu c chua thi im
t giy c cho bi phng trnh y = -9.7536t
2
+ 20t + 30, qu c chua t ti cao cc i
50.505m so vi mt t v thi im t = 2.0505 s, v n chm mt t thi im t =
5.2686 s

20.13 V th biu thc c tr 20.13 V th biu thc c tr 20.13 V th biu thc c tr 20.13 V th biu thc c trng ng ng ng

c mt tng tt hn v chuyn g xy ra vi qu c chua, chng ta v kt qu
ca tr chi ny. Gi v tr ca qu c chua ( cao) c miu t bng biu thc

y = (- 4.8768)*t^2 + 20*t + 30

>> ezplot(y) % v cao qu c chua

170
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
t
-4.8768*t^2+20.*t+30

Nh bn thy, ezplot ezplot ezplot ezplot v th hm c trng trong di -2 t 2.

20.14 nh dng v n gin ho biu thc 20.14 nh dng v n gin ho biu thc 20.14 nh dng v n gin ho biu thc 20.14 nh dng v n gin ho biu thc

i khi MATLAB tr li mt biu thc c trng qu kh c th c. Mt s cng c
c sn tr gip lm cho biu thc d c hn. Trc tin l hm pretty pretty pretty pretty. Lnh ny hin th
biu thc c trng theo mt khun mu tng t nh ku ton hc. Chng ta hy xem s
m rng chui Taylor:

>> x = sym('x');
>> f = taylor(log(x+1)/(x-5))
f =
-1/5*x+3/50*x^2-41/750*x^3+293/7500*x^4-1207/37500*x^5

>> pretty(f)

2 41 3 293 4 1207 5
-1/5 x + 3/50 x - --- x + ---- x - ----- x
750 7500 37500

Biu thc c trng c th a ra di nhiu dng tng t nhau. MATLAB s dng
mt s lnh n gin ho hoc thay i khun mu trong biu thc c trng.

>> x = sym('x');
>> f = (x^2 - 1)*(x - 2)*(x - 3) % to mt hm
f =
(x^2 - 1)*(x - 2)*(x - 3)
>> collect(f) % gom tt c cc mc nhnhau
ans =
x^4 - 5*x^3 + 5*x^2 + 5*x - 6
>> horner(ans)
ans =
-6 + (5 + (5 + (-5 + x)*x)*x)*x
>> factor(ans) % biu din di dng mt a thc
171
ans =
(x - 1)*(x - 2)*(x - 3)*(x + 1)
>> expand(f)
ans =
x^4 - 5*x^3 + 5*x^2 + 5*x - 6

simplify simplify simplify simplify l mt cng c rt mnh, mc ch c bn l n gin ho biu thc di
nhiu kiu khc nhau nh: tch phn v lu tha phn s; lut s m v hm log; v Bessel,
hnh hc v hm gamma. Mt vi v d s minh ho iu ny:

>> syms x y a
>> simplify(sin(x)^2 + 3*x + cos(x)^2 - 5)
ans =
-4 + 3*x
>> simplify(log(2*x/y))
ans =
log(2) + log(x/y)
>> simplify((-a^2 + 1)/(1 - a))
ans =
a + 1

20.15 Tm tt v mt s c im khc 20.15 Tm tt v mt s c im khc 20.15 Tm tt v mt s c im khc 20.15 Tm tt v mt s c im khc

Biu thc c trng s phc trong c php MATLAB c th c trnh by theo mt hnh
mu m ta c th d ng c bng vic s dng hm pretty pretty pretty pretty.
C th c nhiu kiu tng t nhau ca biu thc c trng, mt s chng th d dng
s dng hn mt s khc trong nhng tnh hung khc nhau. MATLAB a ra mt s
cng c thay i khun dng trong biu thc. l :

Cng c Cng c Cng c Cng c M t M t M t M t
collect Gom tt c cc mc ging nhau
factor Biu din di dng mt a thc
expand M rng tt c cc mc
simplify n gin ho cc biu thc
simple Tm biu thc tng ng c chui k t ngn nht

Hm c trng MATLAB c th c s dng chuyn biu thc c trng thnh
phn thc., cho mt a thc hu t th int( f ) int( f ) int( f ) int( f ) s ly tch phn hm ny, v diff( f ) diff( f ) diff( f ) diff( f ) s ly vi
phn hm ny. V d:

>> s = sym('s');
>> Y =(10*s^2 + 40*s + 30 )/(s^2 + 6*s + 8)
Y =
(10*s^2 + 40*s + 30)/(s^2 + 6*s + 8)
>> diff(int(Y))
ans =
10 - 15/(s + 4) - 5/(s + 2)
>> pretty(ans)
15 5
172
10 - ----- - -----
s + 4 s + 2

K thut ny cng tht l hu ch khi ta mun ti gin a thc trong c bc cao
hn mu s.

>> x = sym('x');
>> g = (x^3 + 5)/(x^2 - 1)
g =
(x^3 + 5)/(x^2 - 1)
>> diff(int(g))
ans =
x + 3/(-1+ x) - 2/(x + 1)
>> pretty(ans)

3 2
x + ------ - -----

-1 + x x + 1
20.16 T lm 20.16 T lm 20.16 T lm 20.16 T lm

Tm gi tr ca e vi chnh xc 18,29,30 v 31 s. Ch rng kt qu gn vi mt
gi tr s nguyn nht, nhng khng hon ton l mt s nguyn.

>> vpa('exp(pi*sqrt(163))',18)

20.17 Gii ph 20.17 Gii ph 20.17 Gii ph 20.17 Gii phng trnh ng trnh ng trnh ng trnh

Phng trnh c trng c th c gii bng cng c ton hc c sn trong
MATLAB. Mt s c gii thiu, mt s s c chng minh phn sau.

20.18 Gii ph 20.18 Gii ph 20.18 Gii ph 20.18 Gii phng trnh i s n gin ng trnh i s n gin ng trnh i s n gin ng trnh i s n gin

Hm solve solve solve solve gn biu thc c trng v 0 trc khi gii n:

>> syms a b c x
>> solve(a*x^2 + b*x + c)
ans =
[1/2/a*(-b + (b^2 - 4*a*c)^(1/2))]
[1/2/a*(-b - (b^2 - 4*a*c)^(1/2))]

Kt qu l mt vecto c trng m cc phn t ca n c dng nh trn . gii
php ton c cha du bng, gii mt chui c cha biu thc:

>> solve('a*x^2 + b*x - (-c)')
ans =
[1/2/a*(-b + (b^2 - 4*a*c)^(1/2))]
[1/2/a*(-b -
(b^2 - 4*a*c)^(1/2))]
173

Nu nh bn mun gii i s khc so vi bin s mc nh th bn c th khai bo trong
solve solve solve solve nh sau:

>> solve(a*x^2 + b*x + c,b)
ans =
-(a*x^2 + c)/x
Php ton c th gii bng cch gn biu thc cho 0. By gi chng ta s gii
cos(x)=sin(x) v tan(x) =sin(2x) theo x, v qui kt qu ca chng v bin f v t:

>> f = solve(cos(x)- sin(x))
f =
1/4*pi
>> t = solve(tan(x)- sin(2*x))
t =
[ 0]
[ pi]
[ 1/4*pi]
[ -3/4*pi]

Kt qu di dng s:

>> double(f)
ans =
0.7854
>> double(t)
ans =
0
3.1416
0.7854
-2.3562

20.19 Mt vi php ton i s 20.19 Mt vi php ton i s 20.19 Mt vi php ton i s 20.19 Mt vi php ton i s

C th gii vi php ton cng mt lc. Cu lnh [a1, a2, ..., an ] = solve(f1, f2, ...,fn )
gii n php ton cho cc bin mc nh v tr li kt qu trong a1, a2, ..., an. Tuy nhin bin
mc nh s c lu tr . V d:

>> syms x y
>> [a1 a2] = solve(x^2 + x^y + y - 3, x^2 - 4*x + 3)
a1 =
[ 1]
[ 3]
a2 =
[ 1]
[ -(6*log(3)+lambertw(1/729*log(3)))/log(3)]
20.20 Php ton 20.20 Php ton 20.20 Php ton 20.20 Php ton vi phn vi phn vi phn vi phn

174
Thng thng php ton vi phn rt kh gii, MATLAB cung cp cho bn mt s
cng c mnh tm kt qu ca php ton vi phn.
Hm dsolve dsolve dsolve dsolve s gii cc php ton vi phn v cho ta kt qu. C php ca dsolve dsolve dsolve dsolve
khc vi phn ln cc hm khc. i s ca hm phi l xu k t thay v biu thc, v nh
xu cha mt du =. iu ny r rng l khc so vi hm solve solve solve solve, m i s ca n phi l
mt biu thc c trng khng c du =.
Php ton vi phn c nhn ra bng k hiu ch hoa D v D2, D3, v.v... .Bt k mt
ch no theo sau Ds u ph thuc vo bin. Php ton ( d
2
y/dt
2
) c thay bi chui k t
D2y=0. cc bin c lp c th c ch ra, hoc nu khng s mc nh l t. V d gii
php ton
(dy,dt) - 1+2y
2
:

>> clear
>> dsolve('Dy=1+y^2')
ans =
tan(t - C1)

trong C1 l hng s. Cng bi ton trn nhng cho gi tr ban u l y(0) =1 th s c kt
qu sau:

>> dsolve('Dy=1+y^2, y(0)=1')
ans =
tan(t+1/4*pi)

20.21 Mt vi php ton tch phn 20.21 Mt vi php ton tch phn 20.21 Mt vi php ton tch phn 20.21 Mt vi php ton tch phn

Hm dsolve dsolve dsolve dsolve c th gii nhiu php ton vi phn cng mt lc. Khi gii nhiu php
ton vi phn dsolve dsolve dsolve dsolve tr cc bin vo mt cu trc hoc mt vector nh solve solve solve solve lm. Ch
dsolve dsolve dsolve dsolve xp xp cc bin trc khi c lp trc khi tr. V d:
Gii php ton sau:
df/dt = 3f + 4g dg/d = -4f + 3g

>> [f,g] = dsolve('Df = 3*f + 4*g, Dg = -4*f + 3*g')
f =
exp(3*t)*cos(4*t)*C1 + exp(3*t)*sin(4*t)*C2
g =
-exp(3*t)*sin(4*t)*C1 + exp(3*t)*cos(4*t)*C2

20.22 Ma trn v i s tuyn tnh 20.22 Ma trn v i s tuyn tnh 20.22 Ma trn v i s tuyn tnh 20.22 Ma trn v i s tuyn tnh

Ma trn c trng v vector l cc mng m phn t ca n l cc biu thc c tr-
ng. chng c th c to bi hm sym sym sym sym: :: :

>> syms a b c s t
>> A = [a,b,c;b,c,a;c,a,b]

A =
[ a, b, c]
[ b, c, a]
175
[ c, a, b]
>> G = [cos(t),sin(t);-sin(t),cos(t)]
G =
[ cos(t), sin(t)]
[ -sin(t), cos(t)]

Kch thc ca ma trn c trng c th tm c bng hm chun size size size size v length length length length. V d:

>> syms a b c d e f
>> S = [a,b,c;d,e,f]
S =
[ a, b, c]
[ d, e, f]
>> h = size(S)
h =
2 3
>> [m,n] = size(S)
m =
2
n =
3
>> length(S)
ans =
3
Phn t ca mng c trng cng c truy nhp tng t nh mng s
>> syms ab cd ef gh
>> G = [ab,cd,ef,gh]
G =
[ ab, cd, ef, gh]
>> G(1,2)
ans =
cd

20.23 Php ton i s tuyn tnh 20.23 Php ton i s tuyn tnh 20.23 Php ton i s tuyn tnh 20.23 Php ton i s tuyn tnh

Php nghch o v nh thc ca ma trn c tnh bi hm: inv inv inv inv v det det det det

>> H = sym(hilb(3))
H =
[1, 1/2, 1/3]
[1/2, 1/3, 1/4]
[1/3, 1/4, 1/5]
>> det(H)
ans =
1/2160
>> J = inv(H)
J =
[ 9, -36, 30]
[-36, 192, -180]
176
[ 30, -180, 180]
>> det(J)
ans =
2160
20.24 Hm b 20.24 Hm b 20.24 Hm b 20.24 Hm bc v xung c v xung c v xung c v xung

Hm step step step step, u(t) v hm impulse, impulse, impulse, impulse, (t) thng c dng trong h thng. Hm bc Ku(t Ku(t Ku(t Ku(t- -- -
a ) a ) a ) a ) trong K l hng s c nh ngha nh sau: Ku(t-a) =0 nu t<a v Ku(t-a)= K nu
T>=a. Di y l hm bc:

20.25 Bin i Laplace 20.25 Bin i Laplace 20.25 Bin i Laplace 20.25 Bin i Laplace

Php bin i laplace bin i t min t sang min s. Hm ca n nh sau:

L(s) =
>> syms a s t w
>> f = exp(-a*t)*cos(w*t)
f =
exp(-a*t)*cos(w*t)
>> L = laplace(f,t,s)
L=
(s + a)/((s + a)^2 + w^2)
>> pretty(L)
s + a
-------------
2 2
s + a) + w

20.26 Bin i Fourier 20.26 Bin i Fourier 20.26 Bin i Fourier 20.26 Bin i Fourier

Hm bin i Fourier v Fourier ngc nh sau:

F() = f(t)=
MATLAB dng w thay cho trong biu thc c trng

>> syms t w
>> f=t*exp(-t^2)
f =
t*exp(-t^2)
>> f=fourier(f,t,w) % bin i fourier s dng tham s t v w
f =
-1/2*i*pi^(1/2)*w*exp(-1/4*w^2)
>> ifourier(f,w,t) % timbin i fourier ngc
ans =
1/2*4^(1/2)*t*exp(-t^2)
>> simplify(ans)
ans =
t*exp(-t^2)

177
--------------------------oOo-------------------------

chng 21
hp cng c h thng iu khin

21.1 S biu din bng th 21.1 S biu din bng th 21.1 S biu din bng th 21.1 S biu din bng th

Phn ln cc cng c trong Hp cng c h thng iu khin Hp cng c h thng iu khin Hp cng c h thng iu khin Hp cng c h thng iu khin u c lun gii d
hiu trn c 2 phng din hm truyn v khng gian trng thi. Thm vo h thng
nhiu u vo, nhiu u ra (MIMO) c sinh ra t vic to ra ma trn B, C, v D c i
hi s chiu. S biu din hm truyn MIMO c hnh thnh do s dng ma trn t bo lu
tr trong nhng a thc hm truyn tng ng. V d :

>> num = { 10, [ 1 10]; -1, [3 0 ] } ; % mng t bo
>> den= { [ 1 10 ], [1 6 10 ]; [ 1 0 ], [1 3 3 ] ; %mng t
% bo bc hai thay cho h thng c 2 u vo v 2 u
ra.
Hm truyn Hm truyn Hm truyn Hm truyn
Lin tc
H(s)= = m<=n MATLAB: :num = [ N
1
N
2
...N
m+1
], den =[ D
1
D
2
... D
n+1
]
Ri rc
H(z) = = m<=n MATLAB: num [N
1
N
2
... N
n+1
], den = [ D
1
D
2
..... D
n+1
]
( mu z
-1
)
H(z) == MATLAB: num = [ N
1
N
2
. N
n+1
], den =[ D
1
D
2
... D
n+1
]

Zero Zero Zero Zero- -- -pole pole pole pole- -- -Gain Gain Gain Gain
Lin tc H(s)== m<n MATLAB: K, Z = [Z
1
; Z
2
; ....Z
m
], P=[ P
1
; ......P
n
]
Ri rc H(z)= = m<= n MATLAB: K, Z = [Z
1
; Z
2
; ....Z
m
], P=[ P
1
;
......P
n
]

Khng gian trng thi Khng gian trng thi Khng gian trng thi Khng gian trng thi
Lin tc
x= Ax + Bu y = Cx + Du MATLAB : A, B, C, D
Ri rc
x[n+1] = Ax[n] + B u[n] y[n] = C x[n] + Du[n] MATLAB : A, B, C, D

=

C mt s tng quan t nhin 1-1 gia ch s mng t bo v ch s ma trn hm
truyn.

21.2 i t 21.2 i t 21.2 i t 21.2 i tng LTI ng LTI ng LTI ng LTI

178
MATLAB cung cp mt cch tm lc mng d liu tng quan thnh cc i t-
ng tuyn tnh, bt bin theo thi gian, hoc cc i tng LTI. iu ny gip cho vic
qun l chng c d dng. V d:

>> my_sys= zpk( z, p, k )
Zero/ pole / gain from input 1 to output:
1
-
s
Zero / pole / gain from input 2 to output:
3 ( s+1 )
--------------
(s+10) (s+2)

xy dng mt i tng LTI zero-pole-gain c tn l my_sys c cha h thng 2 u vo v
mt u ra. Cng nh vy:

>> H = tf( num, den )
Transfer function from input 1 to output...
10
#1: .........
s+10
-1
#2: .....
s
Transfer function from input 2 to output ...
s+10
#1:..............
s^2+6 s+10
3s+1
#2: ............
s^2 + 3 s + 3

to mt hm truyn i tng LTI t mng t bo num num num num v den den den den nhp vo trc . Cng nh
vy h thng hin ti hin th mt ch d hiu.
Cui cng, i tng LTI khng gian trng thi c hnh thnh nh sau:

>> a = [ 0 1 ; -2 -4 ] ; b = [ 0 1 ]; c = [ 1 1 ] ; d =0;
% inh ngha ma trn khng gian trng thi
>> system2=ss( a, b, c, d)
a=
x1 x2
x1 0 1.00000
x -2.00000 -4.00000

b =
u1
x1 0
x2 1.00000
179

c =
x1 x2
y1 1.00000 1.00000

d=
u1
y1 0
H thng lin tc theo thi gian
Trong trng hp ny, h thng s xc nh cc thnh phn bin gn vi mi phn t v
xc nhn h thng l lin tc theo thi gian.
xy dng mt h thng gin on theo thi gian, s dng hm zpk, tf, zpk, tf, zpk, tf, zpk, tf, v hm ss, ss, ss, ss,
bn nht thit phi khai bo chu k ly mu km theo vi h thng c xem nh l mt i
s u vo cui cng.V d:

>> dt_sys = tf ( [ 1 0.2 ], [ 1 -1 ], 0.01 )
hm truyn
z+0.
...........
z-1
thi gian ly mu : 0.01
H thng ri rc theo thi gian ny c chu k ly mu l : 0.01

21.3 Khi phc d liu 21.3 Khi phc d liu 21.3 Khi phc d liu 21.3 Khi phc d liu

Gi s i tng LTI c to dng, th d liu trong c th tch ra bng cch
s dng hm tfdata, zpkdata tfdata, zpkdata tfdata, zpkdata tfdata, zpkdata, ,, , v ssdata ssdata ssdata ssdata. V d :

>> [nz, dz ]= tfdata (dt_sys ) % tch ra nh l mng t bo
nz =
[1x2 double ]
dz =
[1x2 double ]
>> [ n z, dz ] = tfdata (dt_sys, 'v' ) % chch ra nh l vector
z =
[ -0.2 ]
p =
[ 1 ]
k =
1
>> [z, p, k ] =zpkdata ( dt_sys, 'v' ) % chch ra nh l vector
z =
-0.2
p =
1
k =
1
>> [ a, b, c, d ] = ssdata(dt_sys) % chch ra ma trn khng gian trng
%thi s
180
a =
1
b =
1
c =
1.2
d =
1

Nu nh mt i tng LTI c xy dng th n c th c tch ra theo bt c mt
mu no.

21.4 S nghch o i t 21.4 S nghch o i t 21.4 S nghch o i t 21.4 S nghch o i tng LTI ng LTI ng LTI ng LTI

Bn cnh vic tch cc i tng LTI thnh nhiu kiu khc nhau, chng cn c th
c chuyn i thnh cc dng khc nhau bng cch s dng cc hm t to. V d :
>> t = tf ( 100, [1 6 100]) % xy dng mt hm truyn.
Hm truyn :
100
.................
s^2 + 6 s + 100
>> sst = ss(t )
a = x1 x2
x1 -6.00000 -6.25000
x2 16.00000 0
b = u1
x1 2.00000
x2 0
c = x1 x2
y1 0 3.12500
d = u1
y1 0
H thng lin tc theo thi gian.
>> zpkt = zpkt(t)
Zero / pole / gain:
100
.................
(s^2+ 6 s + 100 )

21.5 Thut ton i t 21.5 Thut ton i t 21.5 Thut ton i t 21.5 Thut ton i tng LTI ng LTI ng LTI ng LTI

S dng i tng LTI cng cho php bn thit lp thut ton s khi. V d, hm
truyn lp ca mt h thng hi tip l G( s ) . Th hm truyn lp gn nht ca l : T(s ) =
G(s ) ( 1 + G(s) ). Trong MATLAB, iu ny bt u:
>> g = tf( 100, [1 6 0]) % hm truyn lp
Hm truyn:
100
............
181
s^2 + 6 s
>> t = g/(1+g)
hm truyn:
100 s^2 + 600 s
...............................
s^4 + 12 s^3 + 136 s^2 + 600 s
>> t = minreal(t) % thit lp hm hu pole-zero
Hm truyn:
100
...................
s^2 + 6 s + 100

21.6 Phn tch h thng 21.6 Phn tch h thng 21.6 Phn tch h thng 21.6 Phn tch h thng

Hp dng c h thng iu khin( The Control System Toolbox ) The Control System Toolbox ) The Control System Toolbox ) The Control System Toolbox ) c cp n vic
phn tch h thng s v thit k hm. hon thin ti liu ny, hy xem help help help help trc tuyn.
hiu c mt s c im ca, hy tham chiu n i tng LTI open-loop v closed-
loop.

>> g = zpk ( [ ], [ 0, -5, -10 ], 100 ) % h thng open-loop
Zero/pole/gain :
100
....................
s (s+5 ) ( s+ 10 )
>>t =minreal ( g /( 1 +g ) ) H thng closed-loop
Zero / pole/ gain:
100
.....................................
(s+11.38 ) ( s^2 + 3.62 s ) + 8.789 )

Poles ca h thng ny l:
>>pole( t )
ans =
-11.387
-1.811 + 2.3472 i
-1.811 + 2.3472 i

th Bode ca h thng c cho nh hnh v:
>>bode(g)
182

Hnh 21.1 Hnh 21.1 Hnh 21.1 Hnh 21.1
th Bode n gin ca h thng closed-loop l:

>> bode(t)

Hnh 21.2 Hnh 21.2 Hnh 21.2 Hnh 21.2
p ng xung ca h thng

>> step(t)
183

Hnh 21.3 Hnh 21.3 Hnh 21.3 Hnh 21.3

Ngoi cc phng php nu trn, hp cng c h thng iu khin cn a ra thm cho
bn lnh tr gip ltiview. ltiview. ltiview. ltiview. Hm ny cho php bn la chn cc i tng LTI t ca s lnh
v quan st cc p ng khc nhau trn mn hnh.
21.7 Danh sch cc hm ca hp cng c h thng iu khin 21.7 Danh sch cc hm ca hp cng c h thng iu khin 21.7 Danh sch cc hm ca hp cng c h thng iu khin 21.7 Danh sch cc hm ca hp cng c h thng iu khin

S hnh thnh cc kiu LTI S hnh thnh cc kiu LTI S hnh thnh cc kiu LTI S hnh thnh cc kiu LTI
ss Xy dng kiu khng gian trng thi
zpk Xy dng kiu zero-pole-gain
tf Xy dng kiu hm truyn
dss Ch r kiu ho php khng gian trng
thi
filt ch r b lc s
set Thit lp hoc sa i c th ca LTI
ltiprops Tr gip tri tit cho c tnh TTI

Phn tch d liu Phn tch d liu Phn tch d liu Phn tch d liu
ssdata Tch ma trn khng gian trng
thi
zpkdata Tch d liu zero-pole-gain
tfdata Tch t s v mu s
dssdata Ch ra verion ca ssdata
get Truy nhp c tnh gi tr ca
LTI

184
c tnh ca cc loi c tnh ca cc loi c tnh ca cc loi c tnh ca cc loi
class kiu model ( ss , zpk , or tf )
size S chiu ca u vo/ u ra
isempty True cho kiu LTI rng
isct True cho kiu lin tc theo thi gian
isdt True cho loi gin on theo thi gian
isproper True cho kiu LTI ci tin
issiso True cho h thng mt u vo/ mt u ra
isa Kim tra Loi LTI c a ra

S nghch o S nghch o S nghch o S nghch o
ss Chuyn i thnh khng gian trng thi
zpk Chuyn i thnh zero-pole-gain
tf Chuyn i thnh hm truyn
c2d Chuyn i t lin tc sang gin on
d2d Ly mu li h thng ri rc hoc thm tr u
vo

Cc php ton Cc php ton Cc php ton Cc php ton
+ v - Cng v tr h thng LTI ( mc song song
)
* Nhn h thng LTI (mc ni tip )
\ Chia tri: sys1\sys2 ngha l: inv
(sys1)*sys2
/ Chia phi: sys1/sys2 c ngha
sys1*inv(sys2 )
Hon v ngc
. Hon v u vo/u ra
[...] S kt ni h thng LTI ngang/ dc
inv Nghch o h thng LTI

ng hc ng hc ng hc ng hc
pole, eig H thng poles
tzero S truyn h thng cc s 0
pzma Biu Pole-Zero
dcgai nh hng DC ( tn s thp)
norm Ch tiu h thng LTI
covar Covar of response ln nhiu trng
damp Tn s t nhin v s suy gim cc h
thng
esort Xp xp cc tnh lin tc bi phn thc
dsort Xp xp cc tnh ri rc bi bin
pade Xp x pade ca thi gian tr

p ng thi gian p ng thi gian p ng thi gian p ng thi gian
step p ng bc
185
impulse p ng xung
inittial p ng h thng khng gian trng thi vi
trng thi khi to
lsim p ng u vo tu
Ltiview p ng phn tch GUI
gensig Pht sinh tn hiu u vo cho lsim
stepfun Pht sinh u vo n v -bc

p n p n p n p ng tn s g tn s g tn s g tn s
bode th Bode ca p ng tn s
sigma th gi tr tn s duy nht
nyquist th Nyquist
nichols Biu Nichols
ltiview p ng phn tch GUI
evalfr p ng tn s ti mt tn s nht
nh
margin Gii hn pha v tng ch

Lin kt h thng Lin kt h thng Lin kt h thng Lin kt h thng
append Nhm h thng LTI bi vic thm cc u ra v u vo
parallel Kt ni song song ( tng t overload + )
series Kt ni ni tip ( tng t overload * )
feeback Kt ni hi tip hai h thng
star Tch s star( kiu lin kt LFT )
connect Chuyn ho t kiu khng gian trng thi sang c tnh biu
khi

Dng c thit k c in Dng c thit k c in Dng c thit k c in Dng c thit k c in
rlocus Qu tch nghim
acker S thay th cc SISO
place S thay th cc MIMO
estime Khun dng b nh gi

Cng c thit k LQG Cng c thit k LQG Cng c thit k LQG Cng c thit k LQG
lqr, dlqr B iu chnh hi tip v phng trnh bc hai tuyn
tnh
lqry B iu chnh LQ vi u ra ph
lqrd B bin i LQ ri rc sang lin tc
kalman B nh gi Kalman
lqgrreg B bin i LQG c a ra t tng ch LQ v b
nh gi Kalman

186
Gii quyt php ton ma trn Gii quyt php ton ma trn Gii quyt php ton ma trn Gii quyt php ton ma trn
lyap Gii phng trnh Lyapunop lin tc
dlyap Gii ph ng trnh Lyapunop ri rc
care Gii phng trnh i s Riccati lin tc
dare Gii phng trnh i s Riccati ri rc

S S S S biu din biu din biu din biu din
crtldemo Gii thiu n hp cng c h thng iu khin
jetdemo Thit k kinh in b chng suy gim m ca
phng tin vn chuyn trc thng
diskdemo Thit k b iu khin s a cng
milldemo iu khin LQG SISO v MIMO ca h thng
cn thp trn
kalmdemo Thit k b lc Kalman v m phng

-----------------------oOo----------------------

Chng 22
Hp dng c x l tn hiu

22.1 Phn tch tn hiu 22.1 Phn tch tn hiu 22.1 Phn tch tn hiu 22.1 Phn tch tn hiu

Hp cng c x l tn hiu cung cp cng c cho kim tra v phn tch tn hiu; kim tra
v phn tch tn s ca n hoc ph v xy dng b lc.
chng ta xy dng mt tn hiu nhiu sau phn tch n.

>> t = linspace(0,10,512); % trc thi gian
>> x = 3*sin(5*t)- 6*cos(9*t)+ 5*randn(size(t));
% tn hiu vi nhiu Gaussian
>> plot(t,x) % th tn hiu
187

Hnh 22.1 Hnh 22.1 Hnh 22.1 Hnh 22.1
>> x = fft(x);
>> X = fft(x);
>> Ts = t(2)- t(1);
>> Ts = t(2)- t(1)

Ts =

0.0196

>> Ws = 2*pi/Ts;
>> Wn = Ws/2

Wn =

160.5354

>> W = linspace(0,Wn,length(t)/2);
>> Xp = abs(X(1:length(t)/2));
>> plot(w,Xp)

th c v hnh 22.2
188

Hnh 22.2
>> i = find(w<=20);
>> plot(w(i),Xp(i))
>> grid
>> xlabel('tan so, rad/s')
>> titile('Pho bien do cua tin hieu nhieu')

0 5 10 15 20
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
tan so, rad/s
Pho bien do cua tin hieu nhieu

Hnh 22.3 Hnh 22.3 Hnh 22.3 Hnh 22.3
189
chng 23
tr gip

23.1 Ca s lnh tr gip 23.1 Ca s lnh tr gip 23.1 Ca s lnh tr gip 23.1 Ca s lnh tr gip

MATLAB tr gip mt s lnh gip bn truy nhp thng tin nhanh chng v cc
lnh ca MATLAB hoc cc hm bn trong ca s lnh, bao gm hel hel hel help pp p, lookfor lookfor lookfor lookfor,whatsnew whatsnew whatsnew whatsnew,
v info info info info. .. .

23.1.1 Lnh help 23.1.1 Lnh help 23.1.1 Lnh help 23.1.1 Lnh help

Lnh help help help help ca MATLAB l cch n gin nht nhn tr gip nu bn bit c
topic ca ci cn tr gip. Nhp vo lnh help help help help topic, mn hnh s hin th ni dung ca topic
nu nh n tn ti. V nh:

>> help sqrt
SQRT Square root.
SQRT(x) is the square root of the elements of x. complex results are produced
if X is not positive
See also SQRT

Bn s nhn c tr gip ca MATLAB v hm cn bc hai. Mt khc, nu nh
bn nhp vo dng lnh sau:

>> help cows
cows not found

th MATLAB s khng bit g v cows. Bi v hm ny khng c trong th vin mu.
Ch : trong v d trn, SQRT c vit ch hoa. Tuy nhin khi s dng sqrt khng bao gi
l ch in, do MATLAB l mt ngn ng cht ch nn SQRT s khng c bit n v
qu trnh s sinh ra li.

>> SQRT (2)
??? SQRT (
|
Missing operator, coma, or semicolon.

tm tt, tn hm c in hoa cho d c nhng khi s dng, hm s dng k t thng
thng.
Lnh help help help help hot ng tt nu nu nh bn bit chnh xc topic m bn mun tr gip
m iu ny thng kh thc hin, help help help help hng dn bn trc tip truy tm chnh xc cc topic
m bn mun, bn ch n gin nhp vo help help help help m khng c topic.

>> help
HELP topics
MATLAB : general - mc ch chung ca cu lnh
MATLAB : ops - cc ton t v cc k hiu c bit
MATLAB : lang - xy dng ngn ng lp trnh.
MATLAB : elphun - cc hm ton hc s ng
190
MATLAB : specfun - cc hm ton hc c bit
MATLAB : matfun - hm ma trn - i s hc tuyn tnh
MATLAB : datafun - hm bin i fourier v phn tch d liu
MATLAB : polyfun - cc a thc v php ni suy
MATLAB : funfun - phng n gii cc ODE v cc hm ca hm
MATLAB : sparfun - ma trn sparfun
MATLAB : graph2d - ho 2 chiu
MATLAB : graph3d - ho 3 chiu
MATLAB : specgraph - th ph
MATLAB : graphics - thao tc ho
MATLAB : uitools - cc cng c giao tip ngi s dng v ho
MATLAB : strfun - xu k t
MATLAB : iofun - tp vo / ra
MATLAB : timefun - ngy thng v thi gian
MATLAB : datattypes - cu trc v kiu d liu
MATLAB : MacOS - cc hm trong Macintosh
MATLAB : demos - v d v minh ho
MATLAB : specmat - ma trn c bit
MATLAB : local - tham chiu
MATLAB : cntol - hp cng c h thng iu khin
MATLAB : signal - hp cng c x l tn hiu
MATLAB : symbolic - hp cng c ton hc

Thm tr gip trong th mc: topic, nhp vo help topic help topic help topic help topic

23.1.2 Lnh lookfor 23.1.2 Lnh lookfor 23.1.2 Lnh lookfor 23.1.2 Lnh lookfor

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topic topic topic topic,v cc M-file trn ng dn m MATLAB ang tm, v tr li danh sch tt c cc file
cha t kho m bn khai bo..Mt iu rt quan trng l t kho khng cn thit l mt
lnh ca MATLAB. V d:

>> lookfor complex
CONJ complex conjugate
IMAG complex imaginary part
REAL complex real part
CDF2RDF complex diagonal form to real block diagonal form
RSF2CSF real block diagonal form to complex diagonal form
CPLXPAIR sort numbers into complex conjugata pairs

T kho complex complex complex complex khng phi l mt lnh ca MATLAB, nhng n vn c tm ra
phn help help help help gm 6 lnh ca MATLAB. Nu mun bit thng itn v cc lnh ny, hy nhp vo
t lnh help help help help. V d:

>> help CONJ
CONJ complex
CONJ (x) is the complex conjugate of X
For a complex x, CONJ(X ) = REAL (X) - i * IMAG( X)
191
See also : REAL, IMAG, I, J

23.1.3 Lnh whatsnew v info 23.1.3 Lnh whatsnew v info 23.1.3 Lnh whatsnew v info 23.1.3 Lnh whatsnew v info

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i v nhng s ci tin MATLAB v hp dng c ca n, nu dng m khng c i s, th
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tin Toolbox Toolbox Toolbox Toolbox s hin th, nu n tn ti.

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thanh sng n mc no m bn quan tm. Nu dng lnh helpwin helpwin helpwin helpwin m khng c tham s,
th ca s help help help help c dng nh hnh sau:

Hnh 23.1 Hnh 23.1 Hnh 23.1 Hnh 23.1

Nhn kp vo bt c topic no hin th trong ca s help help help help, s hin th mt ca s mi
cha cc topic con hoc cc hm gn vi n.
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192
cc M cc M cc M cc M- -- - File ca Student File ca Student File ca Student File ca Student Edition ion ion ion
HELP Topic

Th mc MATLAB

Mc ch chung ca cu lnh Mc ch chung ca cu lnh Mc ch chung ca cu lnh Mc ch chung ca cu lnh

Thng tin chung Thng tin chung Thng tin chung Thng tin chung
help Tr gip trc tuyn, hin th vn bn ti cc dng lnh
helpwin Tr gip trc tuyn,ca s truy xut
helpdesk Tra nhanh thng tin v cc thc mc
demo Chy cc chng trnh mu
whatsnew Hin th cc file Readme
Readme Thng tin mi cp nht MATLAB 5

Qun l khng gian lm vic Qun l khng gian lm vic Qun l khng gian lm vic Qun l khng gian lm vic
who Danh sch cc bin hin ti
whos Danh sch cc bin hin ti, khun dng di
clear Xo b cc bin v hm khi b nh
pack Hp nht khng gian lm vic
load Np cc bin vo khng gian lm vic t a
save Lu cc bin vo a
quit Thot khi mc hin ti MATLAB

Qun l Qun l Qun l Qun l ng dn ng dn ng dn ng dn
path Nhn/to ng dn
addpath Thm th mc theo ng dn
rmpath Ri th mc t t ng dn
editpath Sa i ng dn

Qun l cc hm v lnh Qun l cc hm v lnh Qun l cc hm v lnh Qun l cc hm v lnh
what Danh sch cc file c trng ca MATLAB trong th mc
type Danh sch file-M
edit Son tho filr-M
lookfor Tm kim tt c cc file-M theo t kho
which Xc nh cc hm v file
pcode To file-P
inmem Danh sch cc hm trong b nh
mex Bin dch hm MEX

Cu lnh i Cu lnh i Cu lnh i Cu lnh iu khin u khin u khin u khin
echo Ly li lnh t
file-M
more Kim sot u ra
cc trang ca s lnh
diary Lu gi vn bn
193
format Thit lp nh
dng cho u ra

Hot ng ca lnh h thng Hot ng ca lnh h thng Hot ng ca lnh h thng Hot ng ca lnh h thng
cd Thay i th mc
lm vic hin ti
pwd Hin th th mc
lm vic hin ti
dir Danh sch th
mc
delete Xo file
getenv Ly li bin mi
trng
! Thc hin cu
lnh ca h iu hnh
dos Thc hin lnh
dos v tr li kt qu
unix Thc hin lnh
unix v tr li kt qu
vms Thc hin lnh
VMS DCL v tr li kt qu
web M trnh xt
duyt Web
computer Loi my tnh

M MM M- -- -file g ri file g ri file g ri file g ri
debug Danh sch
cc lnh g ri
dbstop To im
ngt
dbclear Di chuyn
im ngt
dbcont Tip tc thc
hin lnh
dbstack Hin th cc hm gi ngn xp
dbstatus Danh sch
cc im ngt
dbstep Thc hin
mt hoc nhiu dng
dbtype Danh sch file-M vi s lng dng
dbup Thay i phm vi khng gian lm vic a phng
dbquit Thot khi ch g ri
dbmex file- MEX g
ri ( ch cho UNIX )

Cc ton t v cc k t Cc ton t v cc k t Cc ton t v cc k t Cc ton t v cc k t c bit c bit c bit c bit

194
Cc ton t Cc ton t Cc ton t Cc ton t
plus (+) Cng
uplus (+) Cng unary
minus ( - ) Tr
uminus (-) Tr unary
mtimes(. *) Nhn ma trn
times (*) Nhn mng
mpower (^) Lu tha ma trn
power (. ^ ) Lu tha mng
mldivide (\ ) Chia tri ma trn
mrdivide /) Chia phi ma trn
ldivide (.\ ) Chia tri mng
mdivide (./ ) Chia phi ma trn
kron Sn phm c cng

Ton t Ton t Ton t Ton t quan h quan h quan h quan h
eq (== ) Bng
ne ( ~= ) Khng bng
lt (< ) Nh thua
gt (>) Ln hn
le (<= ) Nh thua hoc bng
ge (>= ) Ln hn hoc bng

Ton t logic Ton t logic Ton t logic Ton t logic
and ( & ) Logic v
or ( | ) Logic hoc
not ( ~ ) Logic ph nh
xor Logic hoc ph nh
any True nu mi phn t ca vector khc khng
all True nu tt c cc phn t khc khng

Cc ton t Bitwise Cc ton t Bitwise Cc ton t Bitwise Cc ton t Bitwise
bitand Bitwise and
bitcmp Bit hon thnh
bitor Bitwise OR
bitmax Maximum floating point integer
bitset Thit lp bt
bitget Nhn bt
bitshift Dch bit

Thit lp cc k t Thit lp cc k t Thit lp cc k t Thit lp cc k t
union Thit lp lin kt
unique Ch s duy nht
intersect Thit lp s giao nhau
setdiff To s khc nhau
setxor Thit lp hoc ph nh
ismember True nu thit lp cc thnh vin
195

Cc k t c bit Cc k t c bit Cc k t c bit Cc k t c bit
colon Du hai chm
() Du ngoc n
[ ] Du ngoc vung
{ } Du ngoc nhn
. Chm thp phn
. Truy nhp cu trc trng
.. Th mc m
... S tip tc
, Du phy
; Du chm phy
% Ch thch
! Lin quan cu lnh ca h iu hnh
= Gn
Nhy
transpose(.) Chuyn v
ctranspose( ) Chuyn v s pc lin hp
horzcat [, ] Gp chui theo chiu ngang
vertcat[; ] Gp chui theo chiu ng
subsasgn Gn subscripted
bsref Tham chiu subscripted
subsindex Ch s subscripted

Cu Trc ngn ng lp trnh

Cu lnh iu khin Cu lnh iu khin Cu lnh iu khin Cu lnh iu khin
if iu kin thc hin cu lnh
elseif Dng vi if
else Dng vi if
end Kt thc lnh if, for, while
for Lp li cu lnh mt s ln
while vng lp while
break Thot khi vng lp for v while
return Tr v t hm gi
pause Tm dng cho ti khi nhn mt phm bt k

Thi hnh v nh gi Thi hnh v nh gi Thi hnh v nh gi Thi hnh v nh gi
eval Thc hin xu vi biu thc MATLAB
feval Thc hin hm ch ra bi xu
evalin nh gi cc biu thc trong khng gian lm vic
builtin Thc hin cc hm c to bi phng php xp chng
assignin Gn cc bin trong khng gian lm vic
run Chy script

196
Script, hm, v cc bin Script, hm, v cc bin Script, hm, v cc bin Script, hm, v cc bin
script V script MATLAB v file-M
function Thm hm mi
global nh ngha bin ton cc
mfilename Tn v cc M-file ang thc hin hin ti
lists Du phy phn chia cc danh sch
exist Kim tra xem cc bin hoc cc hm c c nh ngha
hay khng
isglobal True nu l bin ton cc

Thao tc vi cc i s Thao tc vi cc i s Thao tc vi cc i s Thao tc vi cc i s
nargchk Cng nhn s lng cc i s u vo
nargin S lng hm cc i s u vo
nargout S lng hm cc i s u ra
varagin Danh sch cc i s u vo, di cc bin
varaout Danh sch cc i s u ra, di cc bin
inputname Tn i s u vo

Hin th thng bo Hin th thng bo Hin th thng bo Hin th thng bo
error Hin th thng bo li v hm hu
warning Hin th thng bo cnh bo
lasterr Thng bo li trc
errortrap B qua li trong qu trnh kim tra
disp Hin th mt mng
fprintf Hin th thng bo nh dng
sprintf Ghi d liu nh dng vo mt xu
u vo t u vo t u vo t u vo tng h ng h ng h ng h
input Nhc ngi s dng nhp vo
keyboard Gi bn phm t M-file
pause i ngi s dng nhp d liu vo
uimenu To giao din bng chn-ngi s dng
uicontrol To giao din ngi iu khin

Ma trn c bn v Thao tc vi ma trn Ma trn c bn v Thao tc vi ma trn Ma trn c bn v Thao tc vi ma trn Ma trn c bn v Thao tc vi ma trn

Ma trn c bn Ma trn c bn Ma trn c bn Ma trn c bn
zeros Mng s khng
ones Mng s 1
eye Nhn dng ma trn
repmat Ti to v mng
rand S ngu nhin xp xp ng u
randn S ngu nhin xp xp thng thng
linspace Vector khng gian tuyn tnh
logspace Vector khng gian logarthm
meshgrid Mng X-Y cho th 3 chiu
197
: Vector khng gian thng thng v ch s trong ma trn

Thng tin mng c s Thng tin mng c s Thng tin mng c s Thng tin mng c s
size Kch c ma trn
length di vector
ndims S chiu
disp Hin th ma trn hoc vn bn
isempty True nu l ma trn trng
isequal True nu ma trn l ng nht
isnumaric True cho mng s
islogical True cho mng logic
logical Chuuyn i gi tr s thnh logic

Thao tc vi ma trn Thao tc vi ma trn Thao tc vi ma trn Thao tc vi ma trn
reshape Thay i kch c
diag Ma trn ng cho v ng cho ca ma trn
tril Trch pha di ra ma trn tam gic
triu Trch pha trn ra ma trn tam gic
fliplr Ma trn flip theo hng tri /phi
flippud Ma trn flip theo hng trn/ di
flipdim Ma trn flip dc theo chiu khai bo
rot90 Quay i mt gc 90
find Tm ch s phn t khc khng
end Ch s cui
sub2ind Ch s tuyn tnh t multiple subscripts
ind2sub Multiple subscripts t ch s tuyn tnh
Hng v cc bin c bit Hng v cc bin c bit Hng v cc bin c bit Hng v cc bin c bit
ans Tr li kt qu khi biu thc khng c gn
eps Vit di dng du phy ng
realmax S du phy ng dng ln nht
realmin S du phy ng dng nh nht
pi 3.1415926535897...
i, j n v o
inf V cng
NaN Khng phi l mt s
isNaN True nu NaN
isinf True nu s phn t l khng v cng
isfinite True nu s phn t l v cng
flops m s ch s sau du phy ng

Cc bin c bit Cc bin c bit Cc bin c bit Cc bin c bit
ans Tr li kt qu khi biu thc khng c gn
eps chnh xc sau du phy ng
198
pi
i, j
inf
NaN Khng phi dng s
clock ng h tng
date Ngy
flops m s hot ng ca du phy ng
nargin S lng cc i s ca hm vo
narout S lng cc i s hm ra

Cc loi ma trn c bit Cc loi ma trn c bit Cc loi ma trn c bit Cc loi ma trn c bit
comban Bu bn
diag ng cho
eye Nhn dng
gallery B mt
hadamar Hadamard
hankel Hankel
hilb Hilbert
invhilb Hilbert o
linspace Vector
logspace Vector
magic Vung Magic
meshdom Thc hin cho mesh plots
ones Hng
rand Cc phn t ngu nhin
toeplitz Toeplitz
vander Vandermonde
zeros Khng

Cc hm ton hc thng th Cc hm ton hc thng th Cc hm ton hc thng th Cc hm ton hc thng thng ng ng ng
Cc hm l Cc hm l Cc hm l Cc hm lng gic ng gic ng gic ng gic
sin Hm sine
cos Hm cosine
tan Hm tangent
asin Hm arcsine
acos Hm arccosine
atan Hm arctangent
atan2 Hm arctan gc phn t
sinh Sine hyperpolic
cosh Cosine hyperpolic
tanh Tangent hyperpolic
asinh Arcsine hyperpolic
acosh Arccosine hyperpolic
atanh Arctangent hyperpolic

199
Cc hm ton hc Cc hm ton hc Cc hm ton hc Cc hm ton hc
abs Tr tuyt i hoc bin s phc
angle Gc pha
sqrt Cn bc hai
real Phn thc
imag Phn o
conj Phc lin hp
round Lm trn n s nguyn gn nht
fix Lm trn n khng
floor Lm trn n m v cng
ceil Lm trn n v cng
sign Hm du
rem S lu li hoc cc khi ( modulus)
exp Hm m c s e
log Logarithm t nhin
log
10
Log 10 c s

Cc hm c bit Cc hm c bit Cc hm c bit Cc hm c bit
airy Hm airy
besselj Hm Bessel loi th nht
bessely Hm Bessel loi th hai
besselh Hm Bessel loi th ba ( hm Hankel )
besseli Sa i hm Bessel loi th nht
besselk Sa i hm Bessel loi th hai
beta Hm beta
betainc Hm beta khng hon ton
betaln Hm logarithm beta
erf Hm li
erfc Hm li thnh phn
ellipk Php tch phn elliptic
ellipj Hm elliptic Jacobian
gamma Hm gamma
gammaln Hm logarithm gamma
inverf Hm li ngc
rat Xp x
Hm l thuyt s hc Hm l thuyt s hc Hm l thuyt s hc Hm l thuyt s hc
factor H s s khai
isprime True nu l s s khai
primes Danh sch cc s s khai
gcd B chia chung ln nht
lcm Php nhn chung nh nht
rat Xp x hu t
rats u ra hu t
perms S hon v
nchoosek S t hp chp K ca N phn t

ho ho ho ho

200
Trang ho Trang ho Trang ho Trang ho
plot th tuyn tnh X-Y
loglog th loglog X-Y
semilogx th semi-log X-Y
semilogy th semi-log X-Y
polar th to cc
mesh Mt li khng gian 3 chiu
contour th ng bao
meshdom Min trong ca th li
bar Biu hnh ch nht
errorbar Thm vo errorbars
title Tiu th
xlabel Nhn trc x
ylabel Nhn trc y
grid K ng li trong th
text Vn bn v tr bt k
gtext Vn bn v tr con tr
ginput Nhp ho

iu khin ca s ho iu khin ca s ho iu khin ca s ho iu khin ca s ho
axis Cn chnh trc to v hnh dng ca n
zoom Co vo hoc dn ra th
hold Gi th trn mn hnh
shg Hin th th nn mn hnh
clg Xo th trn mn hnh
subplot Tch ca s ho

ho TRONG KHNG GIAN 3 chiu ho TRONG KHNG GIAN 3 chiu ho TRONG KHNG GIAN 3 chiu ho TRONG KHNG GIAN 3 chiu

Lnh Lnh Lnh Lnh ho thng th ho thng th ho thng th ho thng thng ng ng ng
plot3 V ng thng v im trong khng gian 3 chiu
mesh B mt khng gian 3 chiu
surf T mu b mt khng gian 3 chiu
fill3 in y a gic 3 chiu

Cn chnh mu Cn chnh mu Cn chnh mu Cn chnh mu
colormap Tra ca bng mu
caxis S phn chia bng mu gi
shading Ch lm bng
hidden Ch du cc nt
brighten Bng tra cu mu ti hoc sng

Chiu sng Chiu sng Chiu sng Chiu sng
surfl Lm bng b mt khng gian 3 chiu bng chiu sng
lighting Ch chiu sng
material Ch phn chiu t nhin
specular S phn chiu
201
diffuse S phn chiu khuch tn
surfnorm B mt thng thng

Bng mu Bng mu Bng mu Bng mu
hsv Bng gi tr mu bo ho
hot Bng mu en- trng- - vng
gray Bng mu chia theo xm tuyn tnh
pink Mu hng
white Mu trng
bone Mu xm pha ln xanh da tri
.
..
iu chnh trc iu chnh trc iu chnh trc iu chnh trc
axis iu chnh hnh dng v phn chia
zoom Co vo hoc dn ra th
grid ng k li
box Hp cha trc to
hold Lu th hin ti
axes Xy dng trc mt v tr bt k

Ch thch ho Ch thch ho Ch thch ho Ch thch ho
title Tiu ho
xlabel Nhn trc x
ylabel Nhn trc y
zlabel Nhn trc z
colorbar Hin th thanh mu
text Ch thch vn bn
gtext Di vn bn n v tr chut

chui k t chui k t chui k t chui k t

Khi qut chung Khi qut chung Khi qut chung Khi qut chung
char To mt chui k t
double Chuyn chui sang m s k t
cellstr To mng chui t bo t mng k t
blanks Xu rng
deblank Di chuyn cc xu rng
eval Thc hin xu vi biu thc MATLAB

Kim tra ch Kim tra ch Kim tra ch Kim tra chui ui ui ui
schar True nu l chui k t ( xu )
iscellstr True nu l mng chui t bo
isletter True nu l ch hoa trong bng ch ci
isspace True nu l k t rng

Cc php ton vi chui Cc php ton vi chui Cc php ton vi chui Cc php ton vi chui
strcat Kt ni xu
strvcat Kt ni dc xu
strcmp So snh chui
202
strncmp So snh N k t u tin ca chui
findstr Tm mt xu bn trong xu khc
strjust Mng k t ng u
strrep Thay th chui bng chui khc
strtok Tm th bi trong chui
upper Chuyn chui sang ch hoa
lower Chuyn chui sang k t thng thng

Chui v vn bn Chui v vn bn Chui v vn bn Chui v vn bn
abs Chuyn i t chui sang gi tr ASCII
num2str i t s thnh chui
int2str i s nguyn sang chui
settr Thit lp c ch rng ma trn l mt chui
sprintf i s sang chui
hex2num Chuyn i chui t h 16 sang dng s

file input/output file input/output file input/output file input/output

M v M v M v M v ng file ng file ng file ng file
fopen M file
fclose ng file

File nh phn i/o File nh phn i/o File nh phn i/o File nh phn i/o
fread c d liu nh phn t file
fwrite
Vit d liu nh phn ln file
File i/o nh dng File i/o nh dng File i/o nh dng File i/o nh dng
fscanf c d liu nh dng t file
fprintf Ghi d liu nh dng ln file
fgetl c dng lnh t file, thay bng dng mi
fgets c dng lnh t file, gi nguyn dng mi
input Hin th ngi dng nhp vo

V tr file V tr file V tr file V tr file
ferror Kim ra trng thi file
feof Kim tra xem kt thc file hay cha
fseek Thit lp b ch th v ch file
ftell Nhn t b ch th v tr file
frewind Rewind file

Cc hm xut nhp fi Cc hm xut nhp fi Cc hm xut nhp fi Cc hm xut nhp file le le le
load Np khng gian lm vic t file-MAT
save Lu gi khng gian lm vic vo file - MAT
dlmread c file phn nh ASCCI
dlmwrite Ghi file phn nh ASCCI

Xut nhp file o Xut nhp file o Xut nhp file o Xut nhp file o
imread c phn o t file ho
203
imwrite Ghi phn o ln file ho
imfinfo Tr li thng tin v file ho

Xut nhp file audio Xut nhp file audio Xut nhp file audio Xut nhp file audio
auwrite Ghi file m thanh NEXT/ SUN ( . au )
auread Ghi file m thanh NEXT/ SUN ( . au )
wavwrite Ghi file Microsoft WAVE ( . wav )
wavread c file Microsoft WAVE ( . wav )

Ca s lnh I / O Ca s lnh I / O Ca s lnh I / O Ca s lnh I / O
clc Xo ca s lnh
home a con tr v u vn bn
disp Hin th mng
input Thng bo cho ngi s dng nhp vo
pause i t ngi s dng tr li

thi gian v ngy thi gian v ngy thi gian v ngy thi gian v ngy

Gi v ngy hin ti Gi v ngy hin ti Gi v ngy hin ti Gi v ngy hin ti
now Gi v ngy hin ti hin th dng s
date Gi v ngy hin ti hin th dng chui
clock Gi v ngy hin ti hin th dng vector

Cc hm c bn Cc hm c bn Cc hm c bn Cc hm c bn
datenum S ngy ni tip
datestr Chui thay th ngy
datevec Thnh phn ngy thng

Hm ngy thng Hm ngy thng Hm ngy thng Hm ngy thng
calendar Lch
weekday Ngy trong tun
eomday Kt thc thng
datetick Du tick nh dng cho ngy thng

Hm m Hm m Hm m Hm m
cputime Thi gian cpu tnh theo n v giy
tic, toc B m ngng hot ng
etime Thi gian thit lp
pause Dng trong mt giy

kiu d liu v cu trc kiu d liu v cu trc kiu d liu v cu trc kiu d liu v cu trc

Kiu d liu Kiu d liu Kiu d liu Kiu d liu
double Chuyn i thnh double
sparse Tto mt ma trn khng lin tc
char Xy dng mng k t
204
cell To mng t bo
struct Xy dng hoc chuyn i thnh mng cu trc
uint8 Chuyn i thnh s nguyn khng du 8 bit
inline Xy dng i tng INLINE

Hm ca mng nhiu chiu Hm ca mng nhiu chiu Hm ca mng nhiu chiu Hm ca mng nhiu chiu
cat Mng kt ni
ndims S chiu
ndgrid To thnh mng cho cc hm N-D v php ni suy
permute Php ni suy s chiu ca mng
ipermute Nghch o php ni suy s chiu ca mng
shiftdim Chuyn dch s chiu

H H H Hm ca mng t bo m ca mng t bo m ca mng t bo m ca mng t bo
cell To mng t bo
celldisp Hin th ni dung ca mng t bo
cellplot Hin th thut ho mng t bo
num2cell Chuyn i mng s thnh mng t bo
deal Phn pht u vo n u ra
cell2struct Chuyn i mng t bo thnh mng cu trc
struct2cell Chuyn i mng cu trc thnh mng t bo
iscell True nu l mng t bo

Hm cu trc Hm cu trc Hm cu trc Hm cu trc
struct To hoc chuyn i thnh mng cu trc
fieldsnames Nhn tn trng cu trc
getfield Nhn li ni dung ca trng cu trc
setields Thit lp ni dung trng cu trc
isfield True nu trng trong mng cu trc
istruct True nu l mng t bo

chuyn i d liu ng chuyn i d liu ng chuyn i d liu ng chuyn i d liu ng

Hm t DDE Hm t DDE Hm t DDE Hm t DDE
ddeadv Thit lp b gim st lin kt
ddeexec a xu ra thc hin
ddeinit Khi to s giao tip DDE
ddereq Yu cu d liu t cc ng dng
ddeterm Kt thc s giao tip DDE
ddeunadv Ci b b gim st lin kt

V d v s th hin V d v s th hin V d v s th hin V d v s th hin

MATLAB/matrn MATLAB/matrn MATLAB/matrn MATLAB/matrn
intro Gii thiu php ton ma rn c bn trong MATLAB
inverter Gii thch ma trn o
matmanip Gii thiu php nhn ma trn
205

Ca s lnh Ca s lnh Ca s lnh Ca s lnh
clc Xo ca s lnh
home a con tr v u dng
format Thit lp dng hin th kt qu
disp Hin th ma trn hoc vn bn
fprintf In s c nh dng
echo Cho php gi li cu lnh

General General General General
hlep Phng tin tr gip
demo Chy cc chng trnh mu
who Danh sch cc bin trong b nh
what Danh sch cc M-file trn a
size S chiu ca hng v ct
lengh di vector
clear Xo khng gian lm vic
computer Loi my tnh
^C Hu bin a phng
quit Lt thc chng trnh
exit Tng t nh quit

(Lp trnh )Programming v file (Lp trnh )Programming v file (Lp trnh )Programming v file (Lp trnh )Programming v file- -- -M MM M
input Nhp s t bn phm
keyboard Gi bn phm nh M-file
error Hin th thng bo li
function nh ngha hm
eval Vn bn c gii thch trong cc bin
feval Hm nh gi c gi ra bi chui
echo Cho php gi li cu lnh
exist Kim tra xem c bin tn ti hay khng
casesen Thit lp nhy ca case
global nh ngha cc bin ton cc
startup Khi to M-file
getenv Nhn chui mi trng
menu La chn t bng chn
etime Elapsed time (khng k n thi gian)

Cc file trn a Cc file trn a Cc file trn a Cc file trn a
chdir i th mc hin ti
delete Xo file
diary Ghi mc
dir Th mc ca file trn a
load Np cc bin t file
save Lu cc bin nn file
type Lit k hm hoc file
what Hin th cc M-file trn a
fprintf Vit vo file
pack Nn b nh qua save
206

a thc a thc a thc a thc
poly a thc c trng
roots Nghim a thc- phng php ma trn bu bn
roots1 Nghim a thc- phng php Laguerre
polyval c lng a thc
polyvalm c lng a thc ma trn
conv Php nhn
deconv Php chia
residue Khai trin a thc
polyfit S diu chnh chnh lch a thc

Cc hm ma trn v i s tuyn tnh Cc hm ma trn v i s tuyn tnh Cc hm ma trn v i s tuyn tnh Cc hm ma trn v i s tuyn tnh

Phn tch ma trn Phn tch ma trn Phn tch ma trn Phn tch ma trn
norm Ch tiu ma trn hoc vector
normest nh gi ma trn hai ch tiu
rank Hng ma trn
det nh thc
trace Tng cc phn t trn ng cho chnh
null Khng gian trng
orth Tnh trc giao
rref Rt gn hng theo hnh bc thang
subspace Gc gia hai s m

Php ton tuyn tnh Php ton tuyn tnh Php ton tuyn tnh Php ton tuyn tnh
\ v / Li gii php ton tuyn tnh; s dng help slash
inv Ma trn o
cond S iu kin i vi ma trn o
condest nh gi s iu kin mt ch tiu
lu S tm tha s LU
luinc Tim tha s LU khng hon thnh

Gi tr duy nht Gi tr duy nht Gi tr duy nht Gi tr duy nht
svd S phn tch gi tr duy nht
svds Mt s gi tr duy nht
poly a thc c trng
polyeig Vn ca a thc
condeig S iu kin vi hy vng
qz S tm tha s cho hm suy rng
schur S phn tch chui

Hm ma trn Hm ma trn Hm ma trn Hm ma trn
expm Ma trn theo hm m
logm Ma trn logarithm
sqrtm Ma ttrn bc hai
funm nh gi chung hm ma trn
207

Tm tha s tiu chun Tm tha s tiu chun Tm tha s tiu chun Tm tha s tiu chun
qrdelete Xo b th mc t s tm th mcQR
qrinsert Gi vo th mc trong s tm tha s QR
rsf2csf Mu ng cho thc ti mu ng cho phc tp
balance Cn bng tng chnh xc

Bin i fourier v phn tch d liu Bin i fourier v phn tch d liu Bin i fourier v phn tch d liu Bin i fourier v phn tch d liu

Php ton c bn Php ton c bn Php ton c bn Php ton c bn
max Thnh phn ln nht
min Thnh phn nh nht
mean Gi tr trung bnh
median Gi tr trung tuyn
std lch gc chun
sum Tng ca cc s hng
prod Kt qu ca cc phn t
hist Biu
trapz Hnh thang s nguyn
cumsum Tng tch lyca cc phn t
cumprod Kt qu tch luca cc phn t
cumtrapz S nguyn tch lu bc thang

Sai phn c hn Sai phn c hn Sai phn c hn Sai phn c hn
diff Sai phn v o hm xp x
gradient Gradient xp x
del2 Laplacien ri rc

Filtering and convolution ( np, cun ) Filtering and convolution ( np, cun ) Filtering and convolution ( np, cun ) Filtering and convolution ( np, cun )
filter B lc s mt chiu
filter2 B lc s 2 chiu
conv Php nhn a thc v s nn li
conv2 Nn 2 chiu
convn Nn n chiu
deconv Gii nn v chia a thc

Bin i fourier Bin i fourier Bin i fourier Bin i fourier
fft Bin i fourier ri rc
fft2 Bin i fourier ri rc 2 chiu
fftn Bin i fourier ri rc n chiu
ifft Bin i fourier ri rc ngc
ifft2 Bin i fourier ri rc hai chiu
ifftn Bin i fourier ri rc n chiu
a thc v php ni suy a thc v php ni suy a thc v php ni suy a thc v php ni suy

208
Php ni suy Php ni suy Php ni suy Php ni suy
interpl Php ni suy mt chiu ( tra bng )
interplq Php ni suy tuyn tnh mt chiu nhanh
interpft Php ni suy mt chiu s dng phng php FFT
interp2 Php ni suy hai chiu ( tra bng )
interp3 Php ni suy ba chiu ( tra bng )
interpn Php ni suy n chiu ( tra bng )
griddata iu chnh b mt v li d liu

hm v gii php ODE hm v gii php ODE hm v gii php ODE hm v gii php ODE

Optimization and Root Finding Optimization and Root Finding Optimization and Root Finding Optimization and Root Finding
fmin Ti thiu hm mt bin
fmins Ti thiu hm vi bin
fzero Tm hm mt bin khng

Numaric Integration Numaric Integration Numaric Integration Numaric Integration
quad Tch phn nh gi v s lng, phng php trt t thp
quad8 Tch phn nh gi v s lng, phng php trt t cao hn
dblquad Tch phn hai ln nh gi v s lng

i t i t i t i tng hm inline ng hm inline ng hm inline ng hm inline
inline Xy dng i tng INLINE
argnames Tn i s
formula Th thc hm
char Chuyn i i tng INLINE thnh mng k t

ma trn ri rc ma trn ri rc ma trn ri rc ma trn ri rc

Cc ma trn khng lin tc c bn Cc ma trn khng lin tc c bn Cc ma trn khng lin tc c bn Cc ma trn khng lin tc c bn
speye Ma trn ng nht thc khng lin tc
sprand Ma trn ngu nhin phn chia mt cch khng lin tc ng nht
sprandn Ma trn ngu nhin phn chia mt cch khng lin tc thng thng
sprandsy Ma trn i xng ngu nhin khng lin tc
spdiags Ma trn khng lin tc c to thnh t ng cho

Full to Sparse Conversion Full to Sparse Conversion Full to Sparse Conversion Full to Sparse Conversion
sparse To ma trn khng lin tc
full Chuyn i ma trn khng lin tc thnh ma trn y
find Tm ch s cc phn t khc khng
spconvert Nhp vo t nh dng ma trn khng lin tc bn ngoi

209
mc lc mc lc mc lc mc lc
Matlab ton tp ..................................................................................................................1
ci t................................................................................................................................1
1. MATLAB for WIN........................................................................................................1
a) CD ROM.1
b ) B nh1
chng 1: GII THIU chung..............................................................................................2
1.1 Cc php ton n gin 1.1 Cc php ton n gin 1.1 Cc php ton n gin 1.1 Cc php ton n gin............................................................................................3
1.2 Khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB 1.2 Khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB 1.2 Khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB 1.2 Khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB ..........................................................................4
1.3 Bin 1.3 Bin 1.3 Bin 1.3 Bin .........................................................................................................................5
1.4 Cu gii thch (comment) v s chm cu 1.4 Cu gii thch (comment) v s chm cu 1.4 Cu gii thch (comment) v s chm cu 1.4 Cu gii thch (comment) v s chm cu................................................................6
1.5 S phc 1.5 S phc 1.5 S phc 1.5 S phc ...................................................................................................................7
chng 2: CC C tnh K THUT...................................................................................9
2.1 Cc hm ton hc thng th 2.1 Cc hm ton hc thng th 2.1 Cc hm ton hc thng th 2.1 Cc hm ton hc thng thng ng ng ng...............................................................................9
chng 3: NHNG C IM CA CA S LNH.......................................................... 15
3.1 Qun l khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB 3.1 Qun l khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB 3.1 Qun l khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB 3.1 Qun l khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB.............................................................. 15
3.2 Ghi v phc hi d liu 3.2 Ghi v phc hi d liu 3.2 Ghi v phc hi d liu 3.2 Ghi v phc hi d liu ........................................................................................... 16
3.3 Khun dng hin th s 3.3 Khun dng hin th s 3.3 Khun dng hin th s 3.3 Khun dng hin th s........................................................................................... 17
chng 4: Script M_files................................................................................................. 18
chng 5: QUN L Tp.................................................................................................. 21
5.1 MATLAB khi khi ng 5.1 MATLAB khi khi ng 5.1 MATLAB khi khi ng 5.1 MATLAB khi khi ng ........................................................................................... 24
chng 6: cc php ton vi MNg................................................................................. 25
6.1 Mng n 6.1 Mng n 6.1 Mng n 6.1 Mng n................................................................................................................ 25
6.2 a ch ca mng 6.2 a ch ca mng 6.2 a ch ca mng 6.2 a ch ca mng.................................................................................................... 25
6.3 Cu trc ca mng 6.3 Cu trc ca mng 6.3 Cu trc ca mng 6.3 Cu trc ca mng ................................................................................................. 26
6.4 Vector hng v vector ct 6.4 Vector hng v vector ct 6.4 Vector hng v vector ct 6.4 Vector hng v vector ct ....................................................................................... 28
6.5 Mng c cc phn t l 0 hoc 1. 6.5 Mng c cc phn t l 0 hoc 1. 6.5 Mng c cc phn t l 0 hoc 1. 6.5 Mng c cc phn t l 0 hoc 1. ........................................................................... 33
6.6 Thao tc i vi mng 6.6 Thao tc i vi mng 6.6 Thao tc i vi mng 6.6 Thao tc i vi mng ............................................................................................ 34
6.7 Tm kim mng con 6.7 Tm kim mng con 6.7 Tm kim mng con 6.7 Tm kim mng con ................................................................................................ 38
6.8 So snh mng 6.8 So snh mng 6.8 So snh mng 6.8 So snh mng ........................................................................................................ 39
6.9 Kch c ca mng 6.9 Kch c ca mng 6.9 Kch c ca mng 6.9 Kch c ca mng................................................................................................... 42
6.10 Mng nhiu chiu 6.10 Mng nhiu chiu 6.10 Mng nhiu chiu 6.10 Mng nhiu chiu ................................................................................................. 43
chng 7 cc php tnh vi mng.................................................................................... 48
7.1 To phng trnh tuyn tnh. 7.1 To phng trnh tuyn tnh. 7.1 To phng trnh tuyn tnh. 7.1 To phng trnh tuyn tnh. ................................................................................... 48
7.2 Cc hm ma trn . 7.2 Cc hm ma trn . 7.2 Cc hm ma trn . 7.2 Cc hm ma trn . .................................................................................................. 50
7.3 Ma trn c bit 7.3 Ma trn c bit 7.3 Ma trn c bit 7.3 Ma trn c bit ...................................................................................................... 51
chng 8 cc php tnh LOGIC V QUAN H................................................................. 55
8.1 Ton t quan h 8.1 Ton t quan h 8.1 Ton t quan h 8.1 Ton t quan h...................................................................................................... 55
8.2 Ton t Logic 8.2 Ton t Logic 8.2 Ton t Logic 8.2 Ton t Logic.......................................................................................................... 57
8.3 Cc hm logic v hm quan h 8.3 Cc hm logic v hm quan h 8.3 Cc hm logic v hm quan h 8.3 Cc hm logic v hm quan h .............................................................................. 57
chng 9 VN Bn.......................................................................................................... 58
9.1 Xu k t 9.1 Xu k t 9.1 Xu k t 9.1 Xu k t.................................................................................................................. 59
9.2 Chuyn i xu 9.2 Chuyn i xu 9.2 Chuyn i xu 9.2 Chuyn i xu....................................................................................................... 61
9.3 Cc hm v xu 9.3 Cc hm v xu 9.3 Cc hm v xu 9.3 Cc hm v xu...................................................................................................... 62
9.4 Ma trn t bo ca xu 9.4 Ma trn t bo ca xu 9.4 Ma trn t bo ca xu 9.4 Ma trn t bo ca xu........................................................................................... 63
chng 10 thi gian......................................................................................................... 65
10.1 Ngy v gi hin ti 10.1 Ngy v gi hin ti 10.1 Ngy v gi hin ti 10.1 Ngy v gi hin ti .............................................................................................. 65
10.2 S chuyn 10.2 S chuyn 10.2 S chuyn 10.2 S chuyn i gia cc kiu i gia cc kiu i gia cc kiu i gia cc kiu................................................................................ 65
10.3 Cc hm v ngy 10.3 Cc hm v ngy 10.3 Cc hm v ngy 10.3 Cc hm v ngy................................................................................................. 67
210
10.4 Cc hm v thi gian 10.4 Cc hm v thi gian 10.4 Cc hm v thi gian 10.4 Cc hm v thi gian........................................................................................... 68
10.5 V th vi hm ngy v thi gian 10.5 V th vi hm ngy v thi gian 10.5 V th vi hm ngy v thi gian 10.5 V th vi hm ngy v thi gian..................................................................... 70
chng 11 VNG LP IU KHIN................................................................................. 74
11.1 Vng lp for 11.1 Vng lp for 11.1 Vng lp for 11.1 Vng lp for ......................................................................................................... 74
11.2 Vng lp while 11.2 Vng lp while 11.2 Vng lp while 11.2 Vng lp while ..................................................................................................... 76
11.3 Cu trc if 11.3 Cu trc if 11.3 Cu trc if 11.3 Cu trc if- -- -else else else else- -- -end end end end ............................................................................................. 77
11.4 Cu trc switch 11.4 Cu trc switch 11.4 Cu trc switch 11.4 Cu trc switch- -- -case case case case ............................................................................................ 78
chng 12 HM M_FILE ................................................................................................. 82
12.1 Cc quy lut v thuc tnh 12.1 Cc quy lut v thuc tnh 12.1 Cc quy lut v thuc tnh 12.1 Cc quy lut v thuc tnh .................................................................................... 83
chng 13 PHN TCH D LIU.................................................................................... 88
13.1 Cc hm phn tch d liu 13.1 Cc hm phn tch d liu 13.1 Cc hm phn tch d liu 13.1 Cc hm phn tch d liu ................................................................................... 95
chng 14 A THC....................................................................................................... 96
1 11 14.1 Cc nghim ca a thc 4.1 Cc nghim ca a thc 4.1 Cc nghim ca a thc 4.1 Cc nghim ca a thc....................................................................................... 96
14.2 Nhn a thc 14.2 Nhn a thc 14.2 Nhn a thc 14.2 Nhn a thc ....................................................................................................... 96
14.3 Php cng a thc 14.3 Php cng a thc 14.3 Php cng a thc 14.3 Php cng a thc............................................................................................... 97
14.4 Chia hai a thc 14.4 Chia hai a thc 14.4 Chia hai a thc 14.4 Chia hai a thc.................................................................................................... 98
14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 o hm o hm o hm o hm............................................................................................................ 98
14.6 Tnh gi tr ca mt a thc 14.6 Tnh gi tr ca mt a thc 14.6 Tnh gi tr ca mt a thc 14.6 Tnh gi tr ca mt a thc .................................................................................. 98
14.7 Phn thc hu t 14.7 Phn thc hu t 14.7 Phn thc hu t 14.7 Phn thc hu t.................................................................................................... 99
chng 15 php ni suy v mn ho ng cong.......................................................... 101
15.1 Mn ho ng cong 15.1 Mn ho ng cong 15.1 Mn ho ng cong 15.1 Mn ho ng cong .......................................................................................... 101
15.2 Ni im mt chiu 15.2 Ni im mt chiu 15.2 Ni im mt chiu 15.2 Ni im mt chiu............................................................................................ 104
15.3 Xp x ho hai chiu 15.3 Xp x ho hai chiu 15.3 Xp x ho hai chiu 15.3 Xp x ho hai chiu .......................................................................................... 109
chng 16 phn tch s liu........................................................................................... 111
16.1 V th 16.1 V th 16.1 V th 16.1 V th ............................................................................................................. 112
16.2 Cc tr ca mt hm 16.2 Cc tr ca mt hm 16.2 Cc tr ca mt hm 16.2 Cc tr ca mt hm............................................................................................ 114
16.3 Tm gi 16.3 Tm gi 16.3 Tm gi 16.3 Tm gi tr khng tr khng tr khng tr khng................................................................................................. 116
16.4 Php ly tch phn 16.4 Php ly tch phn 16.4 Php ly tch phn 16.4 Php ly tch phn ............................................................................................. 116
16.5 Php ly vi phn 16.5 Php ly vi phn 16.5 Php ly vi phn 16.5 Php ly vi phn................................................................................................ 117
16.6 Phng trnh vi phn 16.6 Phng trnh vi phn 16.6 Phng trnh vi phn 16.6 Phng trnh vi phn.......................................................................................... 119
chng 17 ho trong h to phng...................................................................... 121
17.1 S dng lnh Plot 17.1 S dng lnh Plot 17.1 S dng lnh Plot 17.1 S dng lnh Plot ............................................................................................... 121
17.2 Kiu ng, du v mu 17.2 Kiu ng, du v mu 17.2 Kiu ng, du v mu 17.2 Kiu ng, du v mu................................................................................... 123
17.3 Kiu th 17.3 Kiu th 17.3 Kiu th 17.3 Kiu th.......................................................................................................... 124
17.4 th li, hp cha trc, nhn, v l 17.4 th li, hp cha trc, nhn, v l 17.4 th li, hp cha trc, nhn, v l 17.4 th li, hp cha trc, nhn, v li ch gii i ch gii i ch gii i ch gii ................................................. 124
17.5 Kin to h trc to 17.5 Kin to h trc to 17.5 Kin to h trc to 17.5 Kin to h trc to ....................................................................................... 127
17.6 In hnh 17.6 In hnh 17.6 In hnh 17.6 In hnh................................................................................................................ 130
17 17 17 17.7 .7 .7 .7 Thao tc vi th Thao tc vi th Thao tc vi th Thao tc vi th............................................................................................ 131
17.8 Mt s c im khc ca th trong h to phng 17.8 Mt s c im khc ca th trong h to phng 17.8 Mt s c im khc ca th trong h to phng 17.8 Mt s c im khc ca th trong h to phng .................................. 133
chng 18 hotrong khng gian 3 chiu .................................................................. 137
18.1 th ng thng. 18.1 th ng thng. 18.1 th ng thng. 18.1 th ng thng. ........................................................................................... 137
18.2 th b mt v li 18.2 th b mt v li 18.2 th b mt v li 18.2 th b mt v li ........................................................................................... 138
18 18 18 18.3 Thao tc vi th .3 Thao tc vi th .3 Thao tc vi th .3 Thao tc vi th .............................................................................................. 141
18.4 Cc c im khc ca th trong khng gian 3 chiu 18.4 Cc c im khc ca th trong khng gian 3 chiu 18.4 Cc c im khc ca th trong khng gian 3 chiu 18.4 Cc c im khc ca th trong khng gian 3 chiu..................................... 143
18.5 Bng mu 18.5 Bng mu 18.5 Bng mu 18.5 Bng mu .......................................................................................................... 144
18.6 S dng bng mu 18.6 S dng bng mu 18.6 S dng bng mu 18.6 S dng bng mu ............................................................................................ 145
18.7 S dng mu thm thng tin 18.7 S dng mu thm thng tin 18.7 S dng mu thm thng tin 18.7 S dng mu thm thng tin......................................................................... 146
18.8 Hin th bng mu. 18.8 Hin th bng mu. 18.8 Hin th bng mu. 18.8 Hin th bng mu............................................................................................... 147
18.9 Thit lp v thay i bng mu. 18.9 Thit lp v thay i bng mu. 18.9 Thit lp v thay i bng mu. 18.9 Thit lp v thay i bng mu.......................................................................... 148
211
chng 19 Mng t bo v cu trc .............................................................................. 150
19.1 Mng t bo 19.1 Mng t bo 19.1 Mng t bo 19.1 Mng t bo....................................................................................................... 150
19.2 Xy dng v hin th mng t bo 19.2 Xy dng v hin th mng t bo 19.2 Xy dng v hin th mng t bo 19.2 Xy dng v hin th mng t bo ..................................................................... 150
19.3 T hp v khi phc mng t bo 19.3 T hp v khi phc mng t bo 19.3 T hp v khi phc mng t bo 19.3 T hp v khi phc mng t bo ..................................................................... 151
19.4 Truy nhp vo trong mng t bo 19.4 Truy nhp vo trong mng t bo 19.4 Truy nhp vo trong mng t bo 19.4 Truy nhp vo trong mng t bo....................................................................... 152
19.5 Mng t bo ca chui k t 19.5 Mng t bo ca chui k t 19.5 Mng t bo ca chui k t 19.5 Mng t bo ca chui k t............................................................................... 153
19. 19. 19. 19.6 Cu trc 6 Cu trc 6 Cu trc 6 Cu trc.............................................................................................................. 153
19.7 Xy dng mng cu trc 19.7 Xy dng mng cu trc 19.7 Xy dng mng cu trc 19.7 Xy dng mng cu trc..................................................................................... 153
19.8 19.8 19.8 19.8 Truy nhp vo cc trng cu trc Truy nhp vo cc trng cu trc Truy nhp vo cc trng cu trc Truy nhp vo cc trng cu trc ..................................................................... 154
19.9 S nghch o v hm kim tra 19.9 S nghch o v hm kim tra 19.9 S nghch o v hm kim tra 19.9 S nghch o v hm kim tra ....................................................................... 156
chng 20 Biu tng ca hp cng c ton hc ......................................................... 156
20.1 Biu thc v c 20.1 Biu thc v c 20.1 Biu thc v c 20.1 Biu thc v cc i tng c trng c i tng c trng c i tng c trng c i tng c trng.................................................................. 156
20.2 To v s dng cc i tng c trng 20.2 To v s dng cc i tng c trng 20.2 To v s dng cc i tng c trng 20.2 To v s dng cc i tng c trng............................................................. 157
20.3 20.3 20.3 20.3 S biu din biu thc c trng ca MATLAB S biu din biu thc c trng ca MATLAB S biu din biu thc c trng ca MATLAB S biu din biu thc c trng ca MATLAB ................................................ 158
20.4 Bin c trng 20.4 Bin c trng 20.4 Bin c trng 20.4 Bin c trng..................................................................................................... 160
20.5 Php ton trn biu thc c trng 20.5 Php ton trn biu thc c trng 20.5 Php ton trn biu thc c trng 20.5 Php ton trn biu thc c trng.................................................................... 161
20. 20. 20. 20.6 66 6 Tch cc t s v mu s Tch cc t s v mu s Tch cc t s v mu s Tch cc t s v mu s.................................................................................. 161
20.7 Php ton i s tiu chun 20.7 Php ton i s tiu chun 20.7 Php ton i s tiu chun 20.7 Php ton i s tiu chun .............................................................................. 162
20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 Cc php ton nng cao Cc php ton nng cao Cc php ton nng cao Cc php ton nng cao.................................................................................... 163
20.9 Hm nghch o 20.9 Hm nghch o 20.9 Hm nghch o 20.9 Hm nghch o................................................................................................. 164
20.10 S thay th bin s 20.10 S thay th bin s 20.10 S thay th bin s 20.10 S thay th bin s......................................................................................... 165
20.11 Php ly vi phn 20.11 Php ly vi phn 20.11 Php ly vi phn 20.11 Php ly vi phn ............................................................................................. 166
20.12 Php tch phn 20.12 Php tch phn 20.12 Php tch phn 20.12 Php tch phn................................................................................................. 166
20.13 V th biu thc c trng 20.13 V th biu thc c trng 20.13 V th biu thc c trng 20.13 V th biu thc c trng............................................................................ 169
20.14 nh dng 20.14 nh dng 20.14 nh dng 20.14 nh dng v n gin ho biu thc v n gin ho biu thc v n gin ho biu thc v n gin ho biu thc .............................................................. 170
20.15 Tm tt v mt s c im khc 20.15 Tm tt v mt s c im khc 20.15 Tm tt v mt s c im khc 20.15 Tm tt v mt s c im khc..................................................................... 171
20.16 T lm 20.16 T lm 20.16 T lm 20.16 T lm............................................................................................................... 172
20.17 Gii phng trnh 20.17 Gii phng trnh 20.17 Gii phng trnh 20.17 Gii phng trnh ............................................................................................. 172
20.18 Gii phng trnh i s n gin 20.18 Gii phng trnh i s n gin 20.18 Gii phng trnh i s n gin 20.18 Gii phng trnh i s n gin.................................................................... 172
20.19 Mt vi php ton i s 20.19 Mt vi php ton i s 20.19 Mt vi php ton i s 20.19 Mt vi php ton i s.................................................................................. 173
20.20 Php ton vi phn 20.20 Php ton vi phn 20.20 Php ton vi phn 20.20 Php ton vi phn............................................................................................ 173
20.21 Mt vi php ton tch phn 20.21 Mt vi php ton tch phn 20.21 Mt vi php ton tch phn 20.21 Mt vi php ton tch phn.............................................................................. 174
20.22 20.22 20.22 20.22 Ma trn v i s tuyn tnh Ma trn v i s tuyn tnh Ma trn v i s tuyn tnh Ma trn v i s tuyn tnh............................................................................. 174
20.23 Php ton i s tuyn tnh 20.23 Php ton i s tuyn tnh 20.23 Php ton i s tuyn tnh 20.23 Php ton i s tuyn tnh ............................................................................. 175
20.24 Hm bc v xung 20.24 Hm bc v xung 20.24 Hm bc v xung 20.24 Hm bc v xung............................................................................................ 176
20.25 Bin i Laplace 20.25 Bin i Laplace 20.25 Bin i Laplace 20.25 Bin i Laplace............................................................................................... 176
20.26 Bin i Fourier 20.26 Bin i Fourier 20.26 Bin i Fourier 20.26 Bin i Fourier ................................................................................................ 176
chng 21 hp cng c h thng iu khin................................................................. 177
21.1 S biu din bng th 21.1 S biu din bng th 21.1 S biu din bng th 21.1 S biu din bng th ..................................................................................... 177
21.2 i tng LTI 21.2 i tng LTI 21.2 i tng LTI 21.2 i tng LTI ...................................................................................................... 177
21.3 Khi phc 21.3 Khi phc 21.3 Khi phc 21.3 Khi phc d liu d liu d liu d liu................................................................................................ 179
21.4 S nghch o i tng LTI 21.4 S nghch o i tng LTI 21.4 S nghch o i tng LTI 21.4 S nghch o i tng LTI............................................................................... 180
21.5 Thut ton i tng LTI 21.5 Thut ton i tng LTI 21.5 Thut ton i tng LTI 21.5 Thut ton i tng LTI..................................................................................... 180
21.6 Phn tch h thng 21.6 Phn tch h thng 21.6 Phn tch h thng 21.6 Phn tch h thng.............................................................................................. 181
21.7 Danh sch cc hm ca hp cng c h thng iu khin 21.7 Danh sch cc hm ca hp cng c h thng iu khin 21.7 Danh sch cc hm ca hp cng c h thng iu khin 21.7 Danh sch cc hm ca hp cng c h thng iu khin................................ 183
S hnh thnh cc kiu LTI..........................................................................................183
Phn tch d liu ........................................................................................................183
c tnh ca cc loi ...................................................................................................184
S nghch o .............................................................................................................184
212
Cc php ton.............................................................................................................184
ng hc.....................................................................................................................184
p ng thi gian........................................................................................................184
p ng tn s............................................................................................................185
Lin kt h thng.........................................................................................................185
Dng c thit k c in..............................................................................................185
Cng c thit k LQG..................................................................................................185
Gii quyt php ton ma trn......................................................................................186
S biu din................................................................................................................186
chng 22 Hp dng c x l tn hiu ............................................................................ 186
22.1 Phn tch tn hiu 22.1 Phn tch tn hiu 22.1 Phn tch tn hiu 22.1 Phn tch tn hiu............................................................................................... 186
chng 23 tr gip......................................................................................................... 189
23.1 Ca s lnh tr gip 23.1 Ca s lnh tr gip 23.1 Ca s lnh tr gip 23.1 Ca s lnh tr gip........................................................................................... 189
23.1.1 Lnh help ........................................................................................................189
23.1.2 Lnh lookfor ...................................................................................................190
23.1.3 Lnh whatsnew v info.....................................................................................191
23.2 Ca s tr gip 23.2 Ca s tr gip 23.2 Ca s tr gip 23.2 Ca s tr gip .................................................................................................. 191
cc M- File ca Student Edition...................................................................................... 192
HELP Topic.................................................................................................................... 192
Mc ch chung ca cu lnh......................................................................................... 192
Thng tin chung ..........................................................................................................192
Qun l khng gian lm vic ........................................................................................192
Qun l ng dn.......................................................................................................192
Qun l cc hm v lnh..............................................................................................192
Cu lnh iu khin ....................................................................................................192
Hot ng ca lnh h thng......................................................................................193
M-file g ri .................................................................................................................193
Cc ton t v cc k t c bit .................................................................................... 193
Cc ton t..................................................................................................................194
Ton t quan h..........................................................................................................194
Ton t logic ...............................................................................................................194
Cc ton t Bitwise .....................................................................................................194
Thit lp cc k t ........................................................................................................194
Cc k t c bit.........................................................................................................195
Cu lnh iu khin ....................................................................................................195
Thi hnh v nh gi....................................................................................................195
Script, hm, v cc bin..............................................................................................196
Thao tc vi cc i s ...............................................................................................196
Hin th thng bo.......................................................................................................196
u vo tng h........................................................................................................196
Ma trn c bn v Thao tc vi ma trn........................................................................ 196
Ma trn c bn ............................................................................................................196
Thng tin mng c s..................................................................................................197
Thao tc vi ma trn ...................................................................................................197
Hng v cc bin c bit ...........................................................................................197
Cc bin c bit ........................................................................................................197
Cc loi ma trn c bit ............................................................................................198
Cc hm ton hc thng thng .................................................................................... 198
Cc hm lng gic ....................................................................................................198
213
Cc hm ton hc.......................................................................................................199
Cc hm c bit ........................................................................................................199
Hm l thuyt s hc....................................................................................................199
ho............................................................................................................................ 199
Trang ho...............................................................................................................200
iu khin ca s ho............................................................................................200
ho TRONG KHNG GIAN 3 chiu.......................................................................... 200
Lnh ho thng thng ..........................................................................................200
Cn chnh mu............................................................................................................200
Chiu sng..................................................................................................................200
Bng mu....................................................................................................................201
iu chnh trc ............................................................................................................201
Ch thch ho.........................................................................................................201
chui k t....................................................................................................................... 201
Khi qut chung ..........................................................................................................201
Kim tra chui .............................................................................................................201
Cc php ton vi chui..............................................................................................201
Chui v vn bn ........................................................................................................202
file input/output ............................................................................................................... 202
M v ng file............................................................................................................202
File nh phn i/o...........................................................................................................202
File i/o nh dng.........................................................................................................202
V tr file .......................................................................................................................202
Cc hm xut nhp file ...............................................................................................202
Xut nhp file o .........................................................................................................202
Xut nhp file audio ....................................................................................................203
Ca s lnh I / O.........................................................................................................203
thi gian v ngy ............................................................................................................ 203
Gi v ngy hin ti ....................................................................................................203
Cc hm c bn..........................................................................................................203
Hm ngy thng..........................................................................................................203
Hm m ....................................................................................................................203
kiu d liu v cu trc................................................................................................... 203
Kiu d liu .................................................................................................................203
Hm ca mng nhiu chiu ........................................................................................204
Hm ca mng t bo.................................................................................................204
Hm cu trc...............................................................................................................204
chuyn i d liu ng ................................................................................................. 204
Hm t DDE................................................................................................................204
V d v s th hin........................................................................................................ 204
MATLAB/matrn..........................................................................................................204
Ca s lnh.................................................................................................................205
General .......................................................................................................................205
(Lp trnh )Programming v file-M...............................................................................205
Cc file trn a ...........................................................................................................205
a thc........................................................................................................................206
Cc hm ma trn v i s tuyn tnh........................................................................... 206
Phn tch ma trn........................................................................................................206
Php ton tuyn tnh ...................................................................................................206
214
Gi tr duy nht............................................................................................................206
Hm ma trn ...............................................................................................................206
Tm tha s tiu chun................................................................................................207
Bin i fourier v phn tch d liu ............................................................................... 207
Php ton c bn........................................................................................................207
Sai phn c hn ..........................................................................................................207
Filtering and convolution ( np, cun ) ........................................................................207
Bin i fourier ............................................................................................................207
a thc v php ni suy................................................................................................. 207
Php ni suy ...............................................................................................................208
hm v gii php ODE................................................................................................... 208
Optimization and Root Finding....................................................................................208
Numaric Integration.....................................................................................................208
i tng hm inline ...................................................................................................208
ma trn ri rc ................................................................................................................ 208
Cc ma trn khng lin tc c bn..............................................................................208
Full to Sparse Conversion...........................................................................................208
mc lc........................................................................................................................... 209

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