1

TRNG I HC VINH
KHOA IN T VIN THNG

N
TT NGHIP I HC
ti:
B KHUCH I GHP LAI HFA
Gio vin hng dn : ThS. Nguyn Anh Qunh
Sinh vin thc hin : Nguyn ! Qu"ng
VINH - 2011
LI NI AU
th k 21 trong nc ta, vi s bng n v nhu cu ca cc loi h!nh
"#ch v$ vi%n th&ng nh int'rn't, tru(n h!nh h)i th*o+ ,-i h.i ng/nh vi%n
th&ng n0i chung v/ cc h1 th2ng th&ng tin 3uang n0i ri4ng 5h*i c0 nh6ng
nh6ng bc 5ht tri7n v c&ng ngh1 v/ k8 thu9t:
;2i vi h1 th2ng th&ng tin 3uang, sau <)t th=i "/i s> "$ng c&ng ngh1
?@A th! k8 thu9t ghB5 k4nh 5hCn chia th'o bc s0ng D@E v/ bc 5ht
tri7n ca n0 l/ k8 thu9t ghB5 k4nh 5hCn chia th'o bc s0ng <9t ,) cao
@D@E ,F ,Gc ,a v/o 5 "$ng thc t: Hi nh6ng u ,i7< ni b9t nh
bIng th&ng r)ng, Jt nhi%u, "ung lGng ln, + n4n th&ng tin sGi 3uang ,F trK
th/nh b) 5h9n c2t lLi trong h1 th2ng ,=ng tr$c ca 3u2c gia: Hi vi1c s>
"$ng nhiu bc s0ng tr4n cng <)t sGi 3uang, kM thu9t n/( ,F t9n "$ng
,Gc bIng th&ng khng lN ca sGi 3uang, cho 5hB5 OC( "ng ,Gc h1 th2ng
th&ng tin c0 "ung lGng ln Ph/ng trI< Qb5sR v/ kho*ng cch tru(n "/i
Ph/ng trI< k<R nhng kh&ng l/< tha( ,i nhiu ,2i vi h1 th2ng ,ang s>
"$ng:
Srong nh6ng nI< gn ,C(, ,7 ,5 Tng nhu cu th&ng tin li4n lc ng/(
c/ng gia tIng nhanh ch0ng vi nhiu loi h!nh "#ch v$ <i vi bIng r)ng
khc nhau, trong h1 th2ng th&ng tin 3uang @D@E ng=i ta ,F tin h/nh cc
thc nghi1< v/ s> "$ng b) khuch ,i ghB5 lai AUV l/ s kt hG5 gi6a
khuch ,i Wa<an 5hCn b2 v/ b) khuch ,i X@UV:
SY thc t ,0, trong ,N n n/( sZ tr!nh b/( l[ thu(t c\ b*n v h1 th2ng
@D@E v/ b) khuch ,i X@UV v/ khuch ,i Wa<an l/ th/nh 5hn to n4n
b) khuch ,i AUV: H/ nghi4n cTu sCu v c]u tr^c ca b) khuch ,i AUV
v/ nhi%u t5 C< tc ,)ng l4n tu(n th&ng tin 3uang @D@E <_c chu`i s>
"$ng b) khuch ,i AUV </ ,ac bi1t l/ nhi%u V?X, nhi%u tn O Wa(l'igh
kB5 v/ hi1u Tng tr)n b2n bc s0ng UDE:
Srong ,N n n/( n)i "ung gN< c0 b2n ch\ng saub
2
ch\ng 1b Sng 3uan v h1 th2ng th&ng tin 3uang @D@E:
ch\ng 2b d) khuch ,i ghB5 lai AUV:
ch\ng eb cc (u t2 *nh hKng ,n ch]t lGng h1 th2ng
@D@E:
ch\ng fb cc kt 3u* th> nghi1< b) khuch ,i AUV tr4n
g5tihav':
it 3u* ,t ,Gc ca ,N nb
d sung th4< kin thTc l[ thu(t v khi ni1<, ngu(4n l[ hot
,)ng, cc th/nh 5hn c\ b*n v/ nh6ng u ,i7<, nhGc ,i7< ca
h1 th2ng @D@E:
SJch lj( th4< kin thTc ca cc b) khuch ,i ca tu(n tru(n
"kn 3uang @D@E:
Srong 3u tr!nh l/< ,N n, ,ac bi1t ,Gc s hng "kn nhi1t t!nh ca
Shc ?M Nguyn Anh Quy nh cng cc th( c&, '< ,F ho/n th/nh b*n ,N n
t2t nghi15: Su( nhi4n "o th=i gian ng_n, s hi7u bit c-n hn ch, ,N n <i
ch "Yng li K nh6ng khi ni1< c\ b*n v/ ch_c ch_n kh&ng trnh kh.i nh6ng
sai s0t: iJnh <ong nh9n ,Gc s ch b*o, g05 [ chCn th/nh ca cc th( c&
gio:
#$ %in ch&n thnh c'$ (n)
Hinh , thng l nI< 2m11
Sinh Vin
Nguyn ! Qu"ng
e
MJC LJC
1:1: Qii thi1u ch\ng::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::11
A!nh 1:1b ?\ ,N chTc nIng h1 th2ng D@E:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::12
A!nh 1:2b ngu(4n lJ hot ,)ng ca k8 thu9t ghB5 k4nh D@E:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::12
A!nh 1:eb oh\ng thTc tru(n "kn ,\n hng:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1e
A!nh 1:fb oh\ng thTc tru(n "kn song hng:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1e
1:e: A1 th2ng @D@E::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1e
1:e:1: ihi ni1<:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1e
A!nh 1:lb pu tr!nh 5ht tri7n ca h1 th2ng @D@E::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1f
1:e:e: c]u tr^c h1 th2ng @D@E:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1f
A!nh 1:qb c]u tr^c h1 th2ng @D@E ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1f
1:e:e:1: ?Gi 3uang:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1f
A!nh 1:rb c]u to ca sGi 3uang::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1f
A!nh 1:sb c]u tr^c b) 5ht 3uang:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1q
A!nh 1:tb c]u tr^c b4n trong ca oun::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1r
A!nh 1:1mb c]u tr^c bn "kn ca Vo@:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1r
1:e:e:f: d) tchvghB5 k4nh w Exyv@XExy::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1r
A!nh 1:11b ?\ ,N kh2i b) tchvghB5 k4nh::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1s
A!nh 1:12b QhB5 tng th'o tYng bIng s0ng::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1s
A!nh 1:1eb QhB5 tng ,an O'n chzn l{:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1t
A!nh 1:1fb d) cou5l'r 2O2:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1t
A!nh 1:1lb d) chia 1O2:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1t
A!nh 1:1qb d) gV@E s> "$ng li dragg::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::2m
A!nh 1:1rb d) usolator::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::2m
A!nh 1:1sb d) circulator::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::21
1:f: it lu9n ch\ng::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::2e
cA|}nQ 2::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::2f
d~ iAxcA ;u QAo Vu AUV:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::2f
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::2f
2:1: Qii thi1u ch\ng::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::2f
Srong h1 th2ng th&ng tin 3uang tru(n vi kho*ng cch ln th! tn hao tr4n ,=ng
tru(n r]t ln, "o v9( vi1c cc tr< khuch ,i s> "$ng cc b) khuch ,i th&ng 3ua 3u
tr!nh chu(7n ,i 3uang ,i1n v/ ,i1n 3uang kh&ng ,5 Tng ,Gc (4u cu: H! v9( cc b)
khuch ,i 3uang ra ,=i: Srong ,0 b) khuch ,i X@UV v/ b) khuch ,i Wa<an l/ hai b)
khuch ,i 3uang 5h bin nh]t:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::2f
2:2: d) khuch ,i X@UV::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::2f
A!nh 2:1b c]u tr^c ca b) X@UV:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::2l
A!nh 2:2b c]u to ca sGi X@U:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::2l
A!nh 2:eb Qi*n ,N <Tc nIng lGng::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::2q
A!nh 2:fb pu tr!nh khuch ,i tJn hi1u ca X@UV:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::2s
A!nh 2:lb oh h1 s2 khuch ,i ca X@UV trc v/ sau khi l/< 5hng :::::::::::::::::::::::::::e1
A!nh 2:qb c&ng su]t ra bFo h-a th'o c&ng su]t b\<:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::e2
A!nh 2:rb c]u h!nh b) khuch ,i X@UV ,Gc b\< kB5::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::ef
2:e: d) khuch ,i Wa<an::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::el
A!nh 2:sb c]u tr^c ca b) khuch ,i Wa<an::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::eq
A!nh 2:tb Qi*n ,N chu(7n nIng lGng:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::er
A!nh 2:1mb A1 s2 khuch ,i Wa<an th'o ch4nh l1ch bc s0ng::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::es
f
A!nh 2:11b A1 s2 khu(ch ,i ca cc sGi 3uang:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::fm
A!nh 2:12b ii7u b\< thu9n::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::f1
A!nh 2:1eb ii7u b\< ngGc:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::f2
2:f: d) khuch ,i ghB5 lai AUV:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::f2
A!nh 2:1fb d*ng so snh ,ac ,i7< ca X@UV v/ Wa<an::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::fe
A!nh 2:1lb Ai1u Tng 5hi tu(n v/ nhi%u ca b) khuch ,i X@UV v/ Wa<an 5hCn b2::::::fe
A!nh 2:1qb c]u tr^c b) khuch ,i AUV :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::ff
A!nh 2:1qb oh khuch ,i ca b) khuch ,i X@UV::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::fl
A!nh 2:1rb c&ng su]t tJn hi1u ca <`i 5hCn ,on trong h1 th&ng s> "$ng X@UV P1R, h1
th2ng s> "$ng b) AUV P2R v/ h1 th2ng s> "$ng b) khuch ,i Wa<an hai hng ::::::::::fq
2:l: it lu9n ch\ng::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::fq
A!nh e:1b ?u( hao trong sGi 3uang:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::ft
A!nh e:2b ;ac tu(n su( hao cua sGi 3uang:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::ft
A!nh e:eb Sn s_c trong sGi 3uang::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::lm
A!nh e:fb di4n ,) nhi%u V?X th'o bc s0ng:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::l2
A!nh e:lb A1 s2 khuch ,i khi c0 nhi%u V?X:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::le
A!nh e:qb d) khuch ,i AUV::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::le
A!nh e:rb pu tr!nh tn O Wa(l'igh:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::ll
A!nh e:sb puan h1 gi6a h4 s2 nhi%u ca @W? v/ ,) khuch ,i Wa<an:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::lq
A!nh e:tb cc bc s0ng <i sinh ra "o hi1u Tng UDE :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::lr
A!nh e:1mb A1 th2ng @D@E <_c chu`i cc b) khuch ,i::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::lt
A!nh f:1b ?\ ,N Tng "$ng tr4n g5tihav' ca AUV khi b\< nhiu bc s0ng trong h1
th2ng 3uang s k4nh tru(n ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::qf
d*ng f:1b it 3u* thu ,Gc khi AUV ,Gc b\< nhiu bc s0ng::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::ql
v/ 1 bc s0ng :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::ql
A!nh f:2b ;N th# bi7u "i%n h1 s2 5h< ch]t tr4n cc k4nh tru(n :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::ql
A!nh f:eb ;N th# bi7u "i%n t s2 dXW tr4n cc k4nh tru(n::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::qq
A!nh f:fb ;N th# bi7u "i%n h1 s2 <K <_t tr4n cc k4nh tru(n::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::qq
f:e:2:2: cc ,N th#:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::qr
A!nh f:lb E2i 3uan h1 gi6a c&ng su]t 5ht v/ h1 s2 5h< ch]t p::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::qs
A!nh f:qb E2i 3uan h1 ca c&ng su]t 5ht v/ t s2 dXW::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::qs
A!nh f:rb E2i 3uan h1 gi6a c&ng su]t thu vi t s2 dXW::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::qs
A!nh f:sb S s2 dXW th'o c&ng su]t thu vi cc t2c ,) bit khc nhau:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::qt
A!nh f:tb S s2 dXW tr4n s k4nh tru(n ca X@UV v/ AUV:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::rm
A!nh f:1mb S s2 dXW tr4n 1q k4nh tru(n ca X@UV v/ AUV :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::rm
A!nh f:11b S s2 dXW trc v/ sau khi cCn bng:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::r1
l
DANH SCH HINH V
A!nh 1:1b ?\ ,N chTc nIng h1 th2ng D@E:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::12
A!nh 1:2b ngu(4n lJ hot ,)ng ca k8 thu9t ghB5 k4nh D@E:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::12
A!nh 1:eb oh\ng thTc tru(n "kn ,\n hng:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1e
A!nh 1:fb oh\ng thTc tru(n "kn song hng:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1e
1:e: A1 th2ng @D@E::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1e
1:e:1: ihi ni1<:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1e
A!nh 1:lb pu tr!nh 5ht tri7n ca h1 th2ng @D@E::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1f
1:e:e: c]u tr^c h1 th2ng @D@E:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1f
A!nh 1:qb c]u tr^c h1 th2ng @D@E ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1f
1:e:e:1: ?Gi 3uang:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1f
A!nh 1:rb c]u to ca sGi 3uang::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1f
A!nh 1:sb c]u tr^c b) 5ht 3uang:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1q
A!nh 1:tb c]u tr^c b4n trong ca oun::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1r
A!nh 1:1mb c]u tr^c bn "kn ca Vo@:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1r
1:e:e:f: d) tchvghB5 k4nh w Exyv@XExy::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1r
A!nh 1:11b ?\ ,N kh2i b) tchvghB5 k4nh::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1s
A!nh 1:12b QhB5 tng th'o tYng bIng s0ng::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1s
A!nh 1:1eb QhB5 tng ,an O'n chzn l{:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1t
A!nh 1:1fb d) cou5l'r 2O2:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1t
A!nh 1:1lb d) chia 1O2:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1t
A!nh 1:1qb d) gV@E s> "$ng li dragg::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::2m
A!nh 1:1rb d) usolator::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::2m
A!nh 1:1sb d) circulator::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::21
A!nh 2:1b c]u tr^c ca b) X@UV:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::2l
A!nh 2:2b c]u to ca sGi X@U:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::2l
A!nh 2:eb Qi*n ,N <Tc nIng lGng::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::2q
A!nh 2:fb pu tr!nh khuch ,i tJn hi1u ca X@UV:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::2s
A!nh 2:lb oh h1 s2 khuch ,i ca X@UV trc v/ sau khi l/< 5hng :::::::::::::::::::::::::::e1
A!nh 2:qb c&ng su]t ra bFo h-a th'o c&ng su]t b\<:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::e2
A!nh 2:rb c]u h!nh b) khuch ,i X@UV ,Gc b\< kB5::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::ef
A!nh 2:sb c]u tr^c ca b) khuch ,i Wa<an::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::eq
A!nh 2:tb Qi*n ,N chu(7n nIng lGng:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::er
A!nh 2:1mb A1 s2 khuch ,i Wa<an th'o ch4nh l1ch bc s0ng::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::es
A!nh 2:11b A1 s2 khu(ch ,i ca cc sGi 3uang:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::fm
A!nh 2:12b ii7u b\< thu9n::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::f1
A!nh 2:1eb ii7u b\< ngGc:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::f2
A!nh 2:1fb d*ng so snh ,ac ,i7< ca X@UV v/ Wa<an::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::fe
A!nh 2:1lb Ai1u Tng 5hi tu(n v/ nhi%u ca b) khuch ,i X@UV v/ Wa<an 5hCn b2::::::fe
A!nh 2:1qb c]u tr^c b) khuch ,i AUV :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::ff
A!nh 2:1qb oh khuch ,i ca b) khuch ,i X@UV::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::fl
A!nh 2:1rb c&ng su]t tJn hi1u ca <`i 5hCn ,on trong h1 th&ng s> "$ng X@UV P1R, h1
th2ng s> "$ng b) AUV P2R v/ h1 th2ng s> "$ng b) khuch ,i Wa<an hai hng ::::::::::fq
A!nh e:1b ?u( hao trong sGi 3uang:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::ft
A!nh e:2b ;ac tu(n su( hao cua sGi 3uang:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::ft
A!nh e:eb Sn s_c trong sGi 3uang::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::lm
A!nh e:fb di4n ,) nhi%u V?X th'o bc s0ng:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::l2
q
A!nh e:lb A1 s2 khuch ,i khi c0 nhi%u V?X:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::le
A!nh e:qb d) khuch ,i AUV::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::le
A!nh e:rb pu tr!nh tn O Wa(l'igh:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::ll
A!nh e:sb puan h1 gi6a h4 s2 nhi%u ca @W? v/ ,) khuch ,i Wa<an:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::lq
A!nh e:tb cc bc s0ng <i sinh ra "o hi1u Tng UDE :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::lr
A!nh e:1mb A1 th2ng @D@E <_c chu`i cc b) khuch ,i::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::lt
A!nh f:1b ?\ ,N Tng "$ng tr4n g5tihav' ca AUV khi b\< nhiu bc s0ng trong h1
th2ng 3uang s k4nh tru(n ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::qf
A!nh f:2b ;N th# bi7u "i%n h1 s2 5h< ch]t tr4n cc k4nh tru(n :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::ql
A!nh f:eb ;N th# bi7u "i%n t s2 dXW tr4n cc k4nh tru(n::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::qq
A!nh f:fb ;N th# bi7u "i%n h1 s2 <K <_t tr4n cc k4nh tru(n::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::qq
A!nh f:lb E2i 3uan h1 gi6a c&ng su]t 5ht v/ h1 s2 5h< ch]t p::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::qs
A!nh f:qb E2i 3uan h1 ca c&ng su]t 5ht v/ t s2 dXW::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::qs
A!nh f:rb E2i 3uan h1 gi6a c&ng su]t thu vi t s2 dXW::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::qs
A!nh f:sb S s2 dXW th'o c&ng su]t thu vi cc t2c ,) bit khc nhau:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::qt
A!nh f:tb S s2 dXW tr4n s k4nh tru(n ca X@UV v/ AUV:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::rm
A!nh f:1mb S s2 dXW tr4n 1q k4nh tru(n ca X@UV v/ AUV :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::rm
A!nh f:11b S s2 dXW trc v/ sau khi cCn bng:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::r1
r
DANH SCH BANG BIEU
d*ng f:1b it 3u* thu ,Gc khi AUV ,Gc b\< nhiu bc s0ng::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::ql
v/ 1 bc s0ng :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::ql
f:e:2:2: cc ,N th#:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::qr
s
CC T VIT TAT
D@E
Dav'l'ngth @ivision
Eulti5l'Oing
QhB5 k4nh 5hCn chia th'o
bc s0ng
@D@E
@'ns'n Dav'l'ngth @ivision
Eulti5l'Oing
QhB5 k4nh 5hCn chia th'o
bc s0ng <9t ,) cao
gS@E
g5tical Si<' @ivision
Eulti5l'Oing
QhB5 k4nh 3uang 5hCn chia
th'o th=i gian
X@UV
Xrbiu< @o5'" Uib'r
V<5lii'r
d) khuch ,i 3uang 5ha t5
Xrbiu<
AUV A(bri" Uib'r V<5lii'r
d) khuch ,i ghB5 lai gi6a
X@UV v/ Wa<an
V?X
V<5lii'" ?5ontan'ous
X<ission
nhi%u 5ht O t 5ht
UDE Uour hav' <iOing nhi%u tr)n b2n bc s0ng
@WV @istribut'" Wa<an V<5lii'r
d) khuch ,i Wa<an 5hCn
b2
?d?
?ti<ulat'" drillouin
?catt'ring
Sn O drillouin kJch thJch
?W? ?ti<ulat'" Wa<an ?cattering Sn O Wa<an kJch thJch
?oE ?'l ohas' Eo"ulation S ,iu ch 5ha
yoE cross ohas' Eo"ulation ;iu ch chBo 5ha
@W? @oubl' Wa(l'igh ?catt'ring Sn O Wa(l'igh kB5
g?nW g5tical ?ignal to nois' Watio
S s2 tJn hi1u tr4n nhi%u
3uang
@dW @istribut'" dragg W'l'ctor
as'r 5h*n O dragg 5hCn
tn
@Ud @istribut'" U''"back as'r hNi ti5 5hCn tn
n@?U
non'ro @is5'rsion ?hit
Uib'r
?Gi 3uang c0 ,) "#ch tn s_c
khc kh&ng
t
Exy Eulti5l'O'r b) ghB5 k4nh 3uang
@XExy @'<ultiol'O'r b) tch k4nh 3uang
Vo@ Vvalanch' 5hoto"io"' ohoto"io"' thc lj
SUU Shin Uil< Uilt'r
d) lc khoang </ng <.ng
,i1n <&i
HgV Hariabl' g5tical Vtt'nuator d) su( hao ,iu chnh ,Gc
QUU Qain Ulat Uilt'r
d) lc l/< 5hng h1 s2
khuch ,i
X@U Xrbiu< @o5'" Uib'r ?Gi 3uang 5ha t5 Xrbiu<
?X ?5otan'ous X<ission Ai1n tGng 5ht O t 5ht
dXW dit Xrror Wat' S l1 l`i bit
1m
CHONG 1
TONG QUAN VE H THNG THNG TIN QUANG DWDM
1.1. Gii thiu chuong
Hi s 5ht tri7n ca c&ng ngh1 v/ cc "#ch v$ <i ng/( na( nh thoi
vi"'o, tru(n h!nh, int'rn't bIng th&ng r)ng:::: ,-i h.i h1 th2ng th&ng tin
3uang cn 5h*i c0 "ung lGng ln ,7 5h$c v$ nhu cu: SY ,0 ,-i h.i cn 5h*i
thit l95 <ng th&ng tin to/n 3uang: @o ,0 h1 th2ng th&ng tin 3uang ,a k4nh
ra ,=i vi hai k8 thu9t ghB5 k4nh ch (u l/ gS@E v/ D@E:
Srong ch\ng n/( tr!nh b/(b
c]u tr^c, ngu(4n lJ hot ,)ng v/ cc 5h\ng thTc tru(n "kn trong h1
th2ng D@E:
ihi ni1<, 3u tr!nh 5ht tri7n v/ c]u to ca h1 th2ng th&ng tin
3uang @D@E:
1.2. H thng WDM
1.2.1. Gii thiu v h thng WDM
1.2.1.1. Khi nim
i8 thu9t ghB5 k4nh 3uang 5hCn chia th'o bc s0ng l/ k8 thu9t tru(n "kn
,Nng th=i nhiu bc s0ng tJn hi1u 3uang trong cng 1 sGi 3uang:
1.2.1.2. So d chc nng cua h thng WDM
11
*+nh ,.,: S chc nng h thng WDM
A1 th2ng D@E bao gN<b b) 5htvthu tJn hi1u, b) ghB5vtch tJn hi1u
3uang Exyv@XExy, cc b) khuch ,i v/ sGi 3uang tru(n "kn:
1.2.2. Nguyn l hot dng cua h thng WDM
*+nh ,.-: Nguyn l hot ng ca ! thu"t gh#$ nh WDM
Qi* s> cc nguNn 5ht 3uang l/< vi1c K cc bc s0ng khc nhau

1
,
2
,::::,
n
: SJn hi1u 3uang K cc bc s0ng khc nhau n/( ,Gc ghB5 v/o
cng <)t sGi "kn 3uang nh= b) ghB5 k4nh Exy: SJn hi1u sau ,0 sZ ,Gc
tru(n "c th'o sGi 3uang ,7 ti 5hJa thu: ,u thu, b) @XExy nh9n tJn
hi1u 3uang tY sGi v/ gi*i ghB5 cc bc s0ng th/nh cc bc s0ng
1
,
2
,::,
n
:
1.2.3. Cc phuong thc truyn dn cua h thng WDM
A1 th2ng D@E c0 hai 5h\ng thTc tru(n "kn saub
oh\ng thTc tru(n "kn th'o 1 hng b Sh'o 5h\ng thTc n/(, cc tJn
hi1u c0 bc s0ng khc nhau ,Gc kt hG5 ti <)t ,u rNi tru(n trong <)t
sGi 3uang, K ,u kia thc hi1n gi*i ghB5 rNi chu(7n ,n cc b) tch s0ng
12
3uang: Srong 5h\ng 5h5 n/( tJn hi1u ch tru(n th'o 1 hng trong sGi
3uang, "o v9( trong h1 th2ng cn 2 sGi 3uang ,7 tru(n th&ng tin :
*+nh ,..: %h&ng thc truy'n ()n n h&*ng
oh\ng thTc tru(n "kn th'o 2 hng b Srong 5h\ng thTc n/( cho tJn
hi1u tru(n "kn th'o hai chiu: oh\ng thTc n/( th! ch cn 1 sGi 3uang ,7
tru(n "kn nhng n0 ,at ra nhiu (4u cu 5hTc t5 cho cc thit b# ca h1
th2ng:
*+nh ,./: %h&ng thc truy'n ()n +ong h&*ng
1.3. H thng DWDM
1.3.1. Khi nim
QhB5 k4nh 5hCn chia th'o bc s0ng <9t ,) cao l/ <)t "ng c*i tin ca
k8 thu9t ghB5 k4nh D@E tr4n c\ sK s> "$ng cc b) khuch ,i X@UV l/<
vi1c trong c>a s h5 kho*ng fmn< Oung 3uanh bc s0ng 1llmn<:
1e
1.3.2. Qu trnh pht trin cua h thng DWDM
pu tr!nh 5ht tri7n ca h1 th2ng @D@E ,Gc th7 hi1n th'o s\ ,N saub
*+nh ,.0: ,u- tr.nh $h-t tri/n ca h thng DWDM
1.3.3. Cu trc h thng DWDM
*+nh ,.1: 01u tr2c h thng DWDM
1.3.3.1. Si quang
a3 01u to +4i 5uang6
H c\ b*n th! sGi 3uang bao gN< 2 l5b
5 trong c0 "ng h!nh tr$ tr-n l/< bng thu tinh ,Gc gi l/ lLi
5 ngo/i cjng c0 "ng h!nh tr$ bao 3uanh lLi ,Gc gi l/ l5 bc,
th=ng l/< bng thu tinh hoac 5lastic:
5 bc c0 chit su]t nh. h\n lLi sGi
*+nh ,.2: 01u to ca +4i 5uang
73 %h8n loi +4i 5uang6
1f
;7 5hCn loi sGi 3uang c0 th7 "a v/o 5hCn b2 chit hoac s2 <o"' tru(n
trong sGi 3uangb
Sh'o s 5hCn b2 chit su]tb
?Gi c0 chit su]t nh*( b9c ?ub c]u tr^c ,\n gi*n vi chit su]t lLi
v/ v. bc khc nhau rL r1t nh h!nh b9c thang: ihu(t ,i7< ca ca sGi ?u l/
c0 ,) tn s_c ln n4n kh&ng th7 "ng vi nh6ng ,=ng tru(n c0 kho*ng cch
ln:
?Gi c0 chit su]t gi*< "n Qub c0 "ng 5hCn b2 chit su]t lLi h!nh
5arabol n4n ,=ng tru(n cc tia nh sng gn nh bng nhau: ;) tn s_c ca
n0 nh. h\n sGi ?u:
Sh'o s2 <o"' tru(n trong sGib
?Gi ,a <o"'b l/ loi sGi 3uang cho 5hB5 tru(n nhiu <o"' s0ng
trong 1 sGi 3uang, n0 c0 th7 l/ sGi ?u ha( Qu: c0 ,=ng kJnh l5 bc v/ lLi
th=ng l/ 12l< v/ lm<:
?Gi ,\n <o"'b l/ loi sGi 3uang </ trong ,0 ch c0 <)t <o"'
s0ng c\ b*n ,Gc tru(n: Sh&ng th=ng l/ cc sGi ?u c0 ,=ng kJnh l5 bc
v/ lLi l/ 12l< v/ tv1m<: n0 c0 ,) tn s_c nh. v/ "*i th&ng r)ng h\n so
vi sGi ,a <o"' n4n n0 th=ng ,Gc s> "$ng trong cc h1 th2ng 3uang ng/(
na(:
c3 0-c chu9n ca +4i 5uang n :o(e
uSxS khu(n ngh# s> "$ng b2n chun sGi 3uang ,\n <o"' Q:ql2,
Q:qle, Q:qlf, Q:qllb
Q:ql2 Pn@?U w non @is5'rsion ?hit'" Uib'rRb / chun v sGi ,\n <o"'
thu)c tJnh t2i u cho bc s0ng 1e1mn< ha( sGi 3uang c0 ,) tn s_c kh&ng
tha( ,i:
Q:qle P@?U @is5'rsion ?hit'" Uib'rRb / chun v sGi 3uang ,\n <o"'
"#ch gi tr# tn s_c 'ro ,n bc s0ng 1llmn< ,7 ,t <Tc su( hao nh.
nh]t tr4n ,ac tu(n sGi 3uang: ngh8a l/ ti bc s0ng 1llmn< sGi 3uang n/(
1l
c0 su( hao nh. nh]t ,Nng th=i c0 gi tr# tn s_c 'ro: chun Q:qle ,Gc s>
"$ng cho cc ,=ng tru(n r]t "/i v/ t2c ,) r]t cao:
Q:qlfb / chun v sGi ,\n <o"' gi tr# tn s_c 'ro ti bc s0ng
1e1mn< ,7 t9n "$ng ,) tn s_c nh. nh]t: ?Gi Q:qlf ,Gc s> "$ng cho nh6ng
tu(n 3uang bi7n vi kho*ng cch gi6a cc tr< ti to l/ r]t ln:
Q:qllb ;n@?U w non'ro @is5'rsion ?hit'" Uib'r< / chun v sGi ,\n
<o"' vi tn s_c "#ch chu(7n ,n vng buc s0ng 1llmn< c0 gi tr# khc
kh&ng ,7 trnh hi1n tGng tr)n b2n bc s0ng khi tru(n th&ng tin bng cch
ghB5 nhiu bc s0ng: ;C( l/ chun thJch hG5 nh]t cho h1 th2ng @D@E:
1.3.3.2. B pht quang
d) 5ht 3uang c0 nhi1< v$ nh9n tJn hi1u ,i1n, bin tJn hi1u ,i1n th/nh tJn
hi1u 3uang v/ tru(n l4n sGi 3uang ,7 tru(n tJn hi1u ,i: n0 c-n ,Gc gi l/
nguNn 5ht 3uang:
c]u tr^c ca b) 5ht 3uang
*+nh ,.3: 01u tr2c 7 $h-t 5uang
Ai1n na( ng=i ta ,F ch to ra cc loi nguNn 5ht 3uang l/ "io"' 5ht
3uang X@ v/ las'r "io"' @: Srong h1 th2ng @D@E ,ang s> "$ng nguNn
5ht 3uang l/ las'r "io"':
1q
Ai1n na( c0 2 nguNn 5ht las'r ,ang ,Gc "ng 5h bin l/ las'r hNi ti5
5hCn b2 @Ud P@istribut'" U''"back as'rR v/ las'r 5h*n O dragg 5hCn b2
@dW P@istrribut'" dragg W'l'ctor as'rR:
1.3.3.3. B thu quang
d) thu 3uang c0 nhi1< v$ thu tJn hi1u 3uang v/ bin tJn hi1u 3uang th/nh
tJn hi1u ,i1n:
Ai1n na( cc b) thu 3uang th=ng s> "$ng cc linh ki1n tch s0ng 3uang
l/b
ounb loi "io"' thu 3uang gN< e l5 o, u, v/ n: trong ,0 o v/ n l/
2 l5 bn c0 5ha t5 c-n u l/ l5 kh&ng 5ha t5 hoac 5ha t5 nNng ,) th]5:
*+nh ,.4: 01u tr2c 7n trong ca %=N
Vo@ PV"valach' ohoto"io"'Rb @io"' thu 3uang c0 ,) nh( v/ t2c
,) cao:
*+nh ,.,5: 01u tr2c 7-n ()n ca >%D
1.3.3.4. B tch/ghp knh - MUX/DEMUX
1r
a3 ?h-i ni:b
Exyv@XExy l/ thit b# ch (u ca h1 th2ng @D@E, c0 nhi1< v$
ghB5 tch cc bc s0ng 3uang ,7 tru(n t*i tr4n sGi 3uang: n0 c0 th/nh 5hn
c\ b*n c]u to n4n l/ cc b) lc:
*+nh ,.,,: S hi 7 t-ch@gh#$ nh
73 0-ch gh#$ tAng c-c 7 MBC@DDMBC
QhB5 tng n2i ti5 ,\n k4nh Ps'rialRb thc hi1n ghB5 n k4nh </ <`i tng
ch ghB5vtch <)t k4nh bc s0ng:
QhB5 <)t tng P?ingl' ?tag'Rb t]t c* cc bc s0ng ,u ,Gc ghB5vtch
,Nng th=i tr4n <)t tng "u( nh]t:
QhB5 tng th'o tYng bIng s0ng PEultistag' dan"ingRb thc hi4n tr4n nv<
tng, <`i tng thc hi1n ghB5vtch < k4nh bc s0ng thu)c cng 1 bIng
s0ng:
*+nh ,.,-: Eh#$ tAng theo tFng 7ng +Gng
QhB5 tng ,an O'n chzn l{b Shc hi1n bng hai ha( nhiu tng: Sng <)t
ghB5v tch cc k4nh chn, l{ ra l/< hai bIng v/ ,a ,n tng hai: Sng hai
thc hi1n chTc nIng nh tng <)t hoac thc hi1n ghB5vtch ri4ng th/nh cc
k4nh ri4ng rZ:
1s
*+nh ,.,.: Eh#$ tAng an Hen chIn lJ
1.3.3.5. B tch/ghp tn hiu
a3 K cou$ler6
d) tchvghB5 tJn hi1u cou5l'r l/ thit b# 3uang "ng ,7 kt hG5 cc tJn
hi1u ,Gc tru(n ,n tY nh6ng sGi 3uang khc nhau: nu cou5l'r ch cho nh
sng ,i 3ua th'o <)t chiu, ta gi l/ cou5l'r ,\n hng: nu n0 cho c* hai
chiu ,i 3ua th! gi l/ cou5l'r song hng:
d) cou5l'r th&ng "$ng nh]t ,0 l/ b) cou5l'r UdS PUus'" diconical
Sa5'rR, n0 ,Gc ch to bng cch ,at 2 sGi 3uang gn nhau sau ,0 nung
n0ng ch*( ,7 ch^ng kt hG5 vi nhau v/ kBo "Fn ,7 to th/nh vng ghB5
Pcou5ling r'gionR:
*+nh ,.,/: K cou$ler LHL
73 K chia +$litter MN 7 ni co:7iner6
d) chia s5litt'r l/ thit b# 3uang chia <)t tJn hi1u 3uang ,u v/o th/nh 2
hoac nhiu h\n tJn hi1u 3uang ,u ra </ c0 th7 c0 c&ng su]t bng nhau: d)
chia 5h bin nh]t l/ b) chia 1O2:
*+nh ,.,0: K chia OOL
1t
d) n2i co<bin'r l/ thit b# 3uang ghB5 nhiu tJn hi1u ,u v/o to th/nh tJn
hi1u ,u ra </ c0 th7 c&ng su]t kh&ng ,i: d) n2i 5h bin nh]t ,0 l/ b) 1O2:
c3 K gh#$ nh Hen@r*t 5uang P>DM ;P$tical >(( Dro$ Multi$leHer<
gV@E l/ thit b# "ng trong h1 th2ng @D@E "ng ,7 tchvghB5 v/ ,#nh
tu(n cho cc tJn hi1u 3uang v/o ra trong sGi 3uang ,\n <o"':
Sh&ng th=ng gV@E bao gN< e kh2ib kh2i tch k4nh, kh2i ghB5 k4nh v/
kh2i ,0ng vai tr- nh chu(7n <ch 3uang ,7 to 1 ,=ng "kn cho 2 kh2i tr4n:
*+nh ,.,1: K P>DM +Q (Rng l&*i Kragg
1.3.3.6. B cch ly Isolators/Circulators
ohn ln cc linh ki1n 3uang l/ cc thit b# thu9n ngh#ch, ngh8a l/ thit b#
sZ hot ,)ng th'o cng <)t ki7u nu ,*o ,u v/o v/ ,u ra vi nhau: usolator
l/ thit b# kh&ng thu9n ngh#ch: n0 ch cho 5hB5 nh sng tru(n th'o <)t
chiu v/ kh&ng cho 5hB5 tru(n th'o chiu ngGc li: @o v9( n0 ,Gc s>
"$ng ti cc ,u ra thit b# 3uang ,7 trnh s 5h*n O ngGc trK li:
*+nh ,.,2: K =+olator
circulator cjng c0 chTc nIng nh usolator nhng s2 cng nhiu h\n,
th=ng l/ e ha( f cng:
2m
*+nh ,.,3: K 0irculator
,.....2. !6 78c 9u"ng
a3 ?h-i ni:6
d) lc 3uang l/ thit b# 3uang ch cho <)t k4nh bc s0ng ,i 3ua v/ kh0a
vi t]t c* cc k4nh khc: ngu(4n l[ c\ b*n nh]t ca b) lc l/ s giao thoa ca
cc tJn hi1u, bc s0ng hot ,)ng ca b) lc sZ ,Gc c)ng 5ha nhiu ln khi
,i 3ua c-n cc k4nh bc s0ng c-n li sZ b# tri1t ti4u:
73 Mt + 7 lSc ang (Tng hin nay6
d) lc cch t> ki7u sGi 3uangb oh bin l/ cc b) lc s> "$ng cch t>
dragg: n0 ,Gc chia thanh 2 loib cch t> chu k! ng_n v/ cch t> chu k! "/i:
cch t> chu k! ng_n c0 bc s0ng hot ,)ng kho*ng l

<, cch t> chu k! "/i

c0 bc s0ng hot ,)ng v/i trI<

< ,n v/i <<:

d) lc Uabr(o'rotb d) lc Uabr(o'rot gN< <)t khoang ,Gc to th/nh
tY 2 g\ng c0 h1 s2 5h*n O cao ,at song song vi nhau: nh sng ,i v/o
g\ng thT nh]t, <)t 5hn ,i 3ua g\ng thT hai, 5hn c-n li 5h*n O 3ua li
gi6a 2 <at ca 2 g\ng: n0 c-n ,Gc gi l/ giao thoa k ha( l/ v9t chun
Uabr(o'rot:
d) lc ,a khoang </ng <.ng ,i1n <&i PSUEURb d) lc </ng <.ng ,i1n
<&i PSUUR l/ <)t "ng giao thoa k Uabr(o'rot vi cc g\ng bao 3uanh h2c
c)ng hKng ,Gc thc hi1n bKi nhiu </ng <.ng ,i1n <&i 5h*n O ,Gc:
d) lc n/( l/ b) lc "*i th&ng ch cho <)t bc s0ng nh]t ,#nh ,i 3ua v/
5h*n O t]t c* nh6ng bc s0ng c-n li: d) lc ,a khoang </ng <.ng ,i1n
<&i c0 nhiu h2c c)ng hKng cch nhau bKi cc </ng <.ng ,i1n <&i 5h*n
O:
21
d) lc Each'hn"'rb d) lc Each'hn"'r l/ 1 loi giao thoa k: ?0ng
,i v/o trong b) ,Gc 5hCn th/nh nhiu ,=ng khc nhau sau ,0 giao thoa vi
nhau: n0 th=ng ,Gc s*n Ou]t "a tr4n cc <ch tJch hG5 3uang th-ng
gN< cc cou5l'r e"d ,Gc n2i vi nhau bng cc ,=ng c0 ,) "/i khc nhau:
d) lc cch t> 2ng "kn s0ng s0ng <a tr9n PVDQRb VDQ l/ tr=ng hG5
tng 3ut ca b) lc Each'hn"'r: d) lc n/( gN< 2 cou5l'r nhiu cng
,Gc kt n2i vi nhau bng <a tr9n 2ng "kn s0ng:
d) lc 3uang C< ,iu chnh ,Gc PVgSURb n0 ti4u bi7u cho nh6ng thit
b# ,Gc ch to bng c&ng ngh1 kt hG5 gi6a C< thanh v/ nh sng: @ng C<
thanh ,7 to ra cc cch t> dragg trong 2ng "kn s0ng, cc cch t> n/( thc
hi1n chTc nIng la chn bc s0ng: ;C( l/ b) lc c0 kh* nIng la chn 1 l^c
nhiu bc s0ng: @o v9( n0 l/ linh ki1n c\ b*n ,7 ch to ra cc b) kt n2i
chBo bc s0ng:
1.3.3.8. B suy hao diu chinh duc VOA
a3 ?h-i ni:6
HgV l/ thit b# ,Gc thit k ,7 l/< su( hao <Tc c&ng su]t ha( c=ng ,)
ca tJn hi1u v/o th'o s ,iu khi7n ca tJn hi1u K ,u ra nh< ngIn chan s
h h.ng ca thit b# thu 3uang gC( ra bKi s bin thi4n c&ng su]t 3uang ra
ngo/i 5h< vi cho 5hB5:
73 0-c ng (Rng chnh ca UP> trong :ng DWDM
or''<5hasis PEch tin nh]nRb ;u cu2i ca cc h1 th2ng @D@E ,-i
h.i rng c&ng su]t 3uang gi6a t]t c* cc k4nh bng nhau trc khi ch^ng
,Gc n2i ,n <)t sGi ,\n <o"': HgV ,Gc s> "$ng ,7 ,iu chnh c&ng su]t
k4nh v/ cho 5hB5 las'r "u( tr! vi1c t2i u ,) n ,#nh ca bc s0ng: Hi1c
,iu khi7n trc ti5 bng "-ng las'r l/ kh&ng kh* thi bKi v! nh6ng s tha( ,i
"-ng sZ gC( n4n s "#ch bc s0ng kh&ng ch]5 nh9n ,Gc:
cCn bng k4nhb Si nh6ng no"' O'nvrZ ca <ng, s cCn bng ca k4nh
l/ cn thit bKi v! tJn hi1u 3uang ,n ri4ng l{ tY nh6ng ,i7< khc nhau trong
<ng 3uang l/< cho vi1c 5r''<5hasis trK n4n kh&ng thc t:
22
S ,)ng ,iu chnh h1 s2 khuch ,ib ? su( hao ,Nng th=i ca nhiu
bc s0ng gi6a cc tng khuch ,i X@UV l/< n4n vi1c ,iu chnh h1 s2
khuch ,i th'o chiu "/i ca 5hCn ,on: ih* nIng n/( t2i u nh6ng <Tc
c&ng su]t trong su2t ,=ng tru(n "kn v/ gi*< ,) gGn ca 5h h1 s2 khuch
,i K trong X@UV bng cch tha( ,i c&ng su]t tJn hi1u 3uang:
1.4. Kt lun chuong
Srong ch\ng n/( ,F tr!nh b/( tng 3ut v h1 th2ng D@E v/ h1 th2ng
@D@E:
pua ,0 ta th]( ,Gc h1 th2ng tru(n "kn @D@E c0 nh6ng u ,i7< ni
b9t l/ bIng th&ng <K r)ng , tJnh trong su2t , tJnh kinh t v/ "% "/ng trong
nCng c]5 , cung c]5 kh* nIng OC( "ng <& h!nh gSn w Eng tru(n t*i
3uang: Hi nh6ng u ,i7< ,0 h1 th2ng tru(n "kn @D@E ,F trK th/nh <)t
h1 th2ng <ng ,=ng tr$c trong nc ta cjng nh tr4n to/n th gii: nhng
b4n cnh ,0 n0 cjng c-n c0 nh6ng tNn ti l/ vkn cha khai thc ht bIng tn
hot ,)ng c0 th7 ca sGi 3uang Pch <i t9n "$ng ,Gc bIng c v/ R , 3u
tr!nh khai thc, v9n h/nh, b*o "ng 5hTc t5 h\n so vi h1 th2ng ?@A , kh0
tri7n khai vi h1 th2ng s> "$ng sGi 3uang @?U chun Q:qle v! sZ b# *nh
hKng ln bKi nhi%u b2n bc s0ng:
Srong ch\ng ti5 th'o ch^ng ta sZ nghi4n cTu rL th4< v <)t th/nh
5hn chJnh ca h1 th2ng @D@E, ,0 l/ b) khuch ,i: dao gN< b) khuch
,i X@UV, b) khuch ,i Wa<an v/ s kt hG5 ca ch^ng to th/nh b)
khuch ,i ghB5 lai AUV:
2e
CHONG 2
B KHUCH I GHP LAI HFA
2.1. Gii thiu chuong
Srong h1 th2ng th&ng tin 3uang tru(n vi kho*ng cch ln th! tn
hao tr4n ,=ng tru(n r]t ln, "o v9( vi1c cc tr< khuch ,i s>
"$ng cc b) khuch ,i th&ng 3ua 3u tr!nh chu(7n ,i 3uang ,i1n
v/ ,i1n 3uang kh&ng ,5 Tng ,Gc (4u cu: H! v9( cc b) khuch
,i 3uang ra ,=i: Srong ,0 b) khuch ,i X@UV v/ b) khuch ,i
Wa<an l/ hai b) khuch ,i 3uang 5h bin nh]t:
Srong ch\ng n/( sZ tr!nh b/(b
ihi ni1<, c]u tr^c, ngu(4n lJ hot ,)ng, ,ac tJnh ca b) khuch ,i
X@UV:
ihi ni1<, c]u tr^c, ngu(4n lJ hot ,)ng, ,ac tJnh ca khuch ,i
Wa<an:
ihi ni1<, c]u tr^c, ngu(4n lJ hot ,)ng, ,ac tJnh ca b) khuch ,i
AUV:
2.2. B khuch di EDFA
2:2:1: ihi ni1<
d) khuch ,i X@UV thc ch]t l/ sGi 3uang 5ha t5 Xrbiu< c0 chTc nIng
khuch ,i tJn hi1u 3uang: ch^ng c0 th7 tha( ,i cc ,ac tJnh v9t lJ ca sGi
th'o nhi1t ,), 5 su]t v/ ch^ng cjng c0 tJnh ch]t bTc O nh sng: @o v9(
ch^ng c0 kh* nIng t khuch ,i hoac ti to tJn hi1u khi c0 kJch thJch 5h hG5:
2f
2.2.2. Cu to cua b khuch di EDFA
*+nh -.,: 01u tr2c ca 7 DDV>
2.2.2.1. Si quang pha dt him Erbium EDF
n0 l/ th/nh 5hn 3uan trng nh]t ca b) khuch ,i X@UV c0 chiu "/i
tY v/i <'t ,n v/i ch$c <'t: ?Gi X@U l/ sGi 3uang tJch cc v! n0 c0 kh* nIng
t khuch ,i v/ ti to tJn hi1u vi cc kJch thc 5h hG5:
c]u to ca sGi X@Ub
*+nh -.-: 01u to ca +4i DDV
Hng lLi trung tC<b c0 ,=ng kJnh kho*ng e

< ,Gc 5ha t5

ion Xr
e
vi nNng ,) 1mm 55<

2mmm 55<: n0 c0 c=ng ,) s0ng b\< v/ tJn

hi1u ln nh]t:
5 bc Pcla""ingRb ,=ng kJnh 12l

<, c0 chit su]t nh. h\n v/

bao 3uanh lLi trung tC<:
2l
5 5h PcoatingRb ,=ng kJnh 2lm

< bao 3uanh sGi 3uang, c0

chit su]t nh. h\n chit su]t ca l5 bc:
2.2.2.2. Laser bom
as'r b\< l/ nguNn nIng lGng 3uang cho 3u tr!nh khuch ,i trong b)
khuch ,i X@UV: cc as'r b\< cung c]5 nIng lGng cho 3u tr!nh ngh#ch
,*o nNng ,) trong vng tJch cc: dc s0ng b\< th=ng s> "$ng l/ tsmn<
hoac 1fsmn< vi c&ng su]t b\< ti4u bi7u l/ 1m<D

sm<D
2.2.2.3. WDM optical coupler
d) ghB5 sZ ghB5 tJn hi1u 3uang cn khuch ,i v/ tJn hi1u 3uang tY las'r
b\< v/o trong sGi 3uang: cc tJn hi1u ,Gc ghB5 c0 bc s0ng tsmv1llm v/
1fsmv1llm n<:
2.2.2.4. Optical Isolator
d) cch l( ngIn kh&ng cho tJn hi1u 3uang ,Gc khuch ,i ,Gc 5h*n O
ngGc v ,u 5ht hoac tJn hi1u 3uang tr4n ,=ng tru(n 5h*n O v Xo@V:
n0 c0 tc "$ng ln trong vi1c tIng h1 s2 khuch ,i v/ gi*< nhi%u:
2.2.3. Nguyn l hot dng cua b khuch di EDFA
2.2.3.1. Gian d mc nng lung cua Er
3+
*+nh -..: EiWn :c nng l&4ng
2q
cc ion Xr
e
c0 th7 tNn ti K nhiu <Tc nIng lGng nh saub
Hng nn PQroun" stat' ban"Rb l/ vng c0 <Tc nIng lGng th]5 nh]t v/
c0 kJ hi1u l/
f
u
1lv2
:
Hng si4u bn PE'stabl' ban"Rb l/ vng </ cc ion Xr
e
c0 th=i gian s2ng
lCu kho*ng 1m<s rNi <i chu(7n Ou2ng vng nn: Sh=i gian s2ng n/( 5h$
thu)c v/o loi t5 ch]t 5ha t5 v/o trong lLi ca X@U: Hng n/( c0 kJ hi1u l/
f
u
1ev2 :
Hng c0 <Tc nIng lGng caob l/ cc vng kJch thJch ha( l/ cc vng
b\<, c0 kJ hi1u l/
f
u
11v2
,
f
u
tv2
,
f
?
tv2
,
f
U
tv2
: Sh=i gian s2ng ca cc ion Xr
e
trong vng n/( r]t ng_n kho*ng 1

s:
2.2.3.2. Cc qu trnh chuyn di mc nng lung
ihi cc ion Xr
e
K vng nn nh9n ,Gc <)t <Tc nIng lGng bng ,)
ch4nh l1ch gi6a vng nn vi vng si4u bn ha( vng c0 <Tc nIng lGng cao
th! n0 sZ chu(7n l4n vng c0 <Tc nIng lGng cao h\n gi l/ s h]5 th$ nIng
lGng:
ihi cc ion Xr
e
chu(7n tY vng c0 <Tc nIng lGng cao Ou2ng vng nIng
lGng th]5 th! O*( ra 2 tr=ng hG5 saub
ohCn rF kh&ng bTc O Pnonra"iativ' "'ca(Rb nIng lGng ,Gc gi*i
5h0ng "i "ng 5hoton to s "ao ,)ng ca cc 5hCn t> trong sGi 3uang:
oht O nh sng Pra"iationRb nIng lGng ,Gc gi*i 5h0ng "i "ng
5hoton:
2.2.3.3. Nguyn l hot dng
2r
*+nh -./: ,u- tr.nh huXch i tn hiu ca DDV>
ngu(4n lJ khuch ,i ca X@UV "a v/o hi4n tGng 5ht O kJch thJch:
pu tr!nh khuch ,i ,Gc thc hi1n nh saub
ihi s> "$ng nguNn b\< las'r tsmn< th! cc ion Xr
e
K vng nn sZ h]5
th$ nIng lGng tY cc 5hoton vi X
5hoton
1:2r'H ,7 chu(7n l4n trng thi cao
h\n K vng b\< P1R: vng b\< cc ion Xr
e
5hCn rF kh&ng bTc O r]t nhanh
Ou2ng vng si4u bn P2R:
ihi s> "$ng nguNn b\< las'r 1fsmn< th! cc ion Xr
e
K vng nn sZ h]5
th$ nIng lGng tY cc 5hoton vi X
5hoton
m:sf1'H ,7 chu(7n l4n vng si4u
bn PeR:
cc ion Xr
e
trong vng gi* bn c0 khu(nh hng chu(7n Ou2ng vng c0
nIng lGng lGng th]5 h\n Pvng c0 <9t ,) caoR PfR: ?au kho*ng th=i gian
s2ng nu kh&ng ,Gc kJch thJch bKi cc 5hoton c0 nIng lGng thJch hG5 th!
cc ion Xr
e
sZ chu(7n Ou2ng vng nn v/ 5ht O ra cc 5hoton PlR:
ihi cho tJn hi1u 3uang v/o X@UV sZ ,Nng th=i O*( ra 2 tr=ng hG5b
cc 5hoton tJn hi1u sZ b# h]5 th$ bKi cc ion Xr
e
K vng nn PqR,
l^c n/( tJn hi1u b# su( hao:
cc 5hoton tJn hi1u sZ ,Gc kJch thJch bKi cc ion Xr
e
K vng si4u
bn: Ai1n tGng 5ht O kJch thJch O*( ra: ihi ,0, cc ion Xr
e
sZ chu(7n
trng thi nIng lGng K vng gi* bn Ou2ng vng nn v/ 5ht O ra 5hoton
<i c0 cng hng tru(n cng 5hCn cc cng bc s0ng: SJn hi1u ,Gc
khuch ,i:
2.2.4. Cc d}c tnh cua b khuch di EDFA
2.2.4.1. H s khuch di
A1 s2 khuch ,i ca b) khuch ,i X@UV l/ t s2 gi6a c&ng su]t tJn hi1u
,u ra v/ c&ng su]t tJn hi1u ,u v/ob
R logP 1m
in
out
(K
%
%
E
2s
;7 thit k b) khuch ,i X@UV th! tJnh ,) khuch ,i th'o c&ng thTc
saub
1
]
1

Y Y
+
a
+
e
+
(Z Z N Z N E
m m
R P
1
R P
2
R P R P 'O5
P2:1R
Srong ,0b
n
2
PR, n
1
PR l/ nNng ,) ca Xr
e
K trng thi kJch thJch v/ trng thi
nn ti v# trJ trong sGi X@U:
chiu "/i ca sGi X@U:
R P R P
,
a
+
e
+

l/ tit "i1n ngang h]5 th$ v/ 5ht O ca Xr
e
ti bc s0ng
tJn hi1u:
Qi
2 1
, N N
l/ nNng ,) ion Xr
e
trung b!nh ti <Tc nIng lGng nn v/
kJch thJch th! ,) khuch ,i ,Gc tJnh th'o c&ng thTcb
( ) [ ] Y N N E
+
a
+
e
+

R P
1
R P
2
'O5 P2:2R
Hi
2 1
, N N
,Gc tJnh nh saub

Y
(Z Z N
Y
N
m
1 1
R P
1
P2:eR

Y
(Z Z N
Y
N
m
2 2
R P
1
2:fR
H/ n
2
PR, n
1
PR ,Gc tJnh nh saub
N
Z %
> h[
Z %
> h[
Z %
> h[
Z %
> h[
Z N
$
$
$
e
$
a
$
+
+
+
e
+
a
+
$
$
$
a
$
+
+
+
a
+
R P
R P
R P
R P
R P R P
R P
R P R P
R P R P
R P
R P
2
+
+
+

P2:lR
n
1
PR n w n
2
PR P2:qR
Srong ,0b

b th=i gian s2ng ca Xr

e
K trng thi kJch thJch
f
u
1ev2
:
o
s
PR b c&ng su]t tJn hi1u ti v# trJ :
o
5
PR b c&ng su]t b\< ti v# trJ :
+

b h1 s2 chNng la5 ti bc s0ng tJn hi1u:

2t
$

b h1 s2 chNng la5 ti bc s0ng b\<:

V b "i1n tJch tit "i1n ngang hi1u "$ng:

s
b tn s2 tJn hi1u:

5
b tn s2 b\<:
n b nNng ,) Xr
e
tng c)ng:
R P R P
,
a
+
e
+

b tit "i1n ngang h]5 th$ v/ 5ht O ca Xr
e
ti bc
s0ng tJn hi1u:
R P R P
,
a
$
e
$

b tit "i1n ngang h]5 th$ v/ 5ht O ca Xr
e
ti bc
s0ng b\<:
h b hng s2 olanck vi h q:q2lO1m
ef
:s
SY c&ng thTc P2:1R ,n P2:qR ta th]( h1 s2 khuch ,i ca X@UV 5h$
thu)c v/o cc (u t2 b nNng ,) Xr
e
, c&ng su]t tJn hi1u v/o, c&ng su]t b\< v/
chiu "/i sGi X@U:
2.2.4.2. Ph khuch di
;C( l/ ,ac tJnh 3uan trng nh]t ca b) khuch ,i X@UV: ihi tJn hi1u
D@E ,Gc khuch ,i th! n0 3u(t ,#nh k4nh n/o sZ ,Gc khuch ,i:
oh khuch ,i ca b) X@UV kh r)ng nhng kh&ng bng 5hng "o vi1c
h]5 th$ v/ bTc O kh&ng ,Nng b) gi6a tJn hi1u 3uang v/ cc ion Xr
e
: ;iu
n/( sZ "kn ,n h1 s2 khuch ,i K nh6ng bc s0ng khc nhau K nh6ng bTc
s0ng khc nhau: nu h1 s2 khuch ,i ca cc k4nh tJn hi1u kh&ng ,Nng nh]t,
sau khi 3ua nhiu tng X@UV, sai s2 h1 s2 khuch ,i n/( sZ tJch lj( ,n <Tc
khi ti ,u thu sZ b# 3u t*i K k4nh bc s0ng c0 h1 s2 khuch ,i cao: Hi
k4nh c0 h1 s2 khuch ,i nh. th! t s2 ?nW li kh&ng ,t ,Gc (4u cu: ngo/i
ra s l/< 5hng "*i khuch ,i l/ cn thit ,7 loi b. s khuch ,i <Bo tJn
hi1u khi ghB5 tng X@UV:
;7 kh_c 5h$c ,iu n/( ta s> "$ng cc bi1n 5h5 saub
em
chn la cc bc s0ng c0 h1 s2 khuch ,i gn bng nhau: h1
th2ng D@E bIng c P1lem w 1lql n<R ng=i ta chn fm bc s0ng c&ng tc
c0 h1 s2 khuch ,i gn bng nhau:
Sha( ,i th/nh 5hn tr)n trong sGi 3uang Pnh th4< v/o nh&<,
5hot5ho, lo+R ,7 to ra b) khu(ch ,i c0 bIng tn r)ng h\n v/ bng 5hng
h\n:
h]5 th$ c&ng su]t bc s0ng c0 h1 s2 khuch ,i ln v/ b) khu(ch
,i ,7 tIng c&ng su]t ca bc s0ng c0 h1 s2 khuch ,i nh.: ?> "$ng cc b)
lc 5h, b) l/< 5hng 5h khuch ,i QUU hoac kt hG5 nhiu tng khuch
,i cjng l/ cc 5h\ng 5h5 Tng "$ng 5h bin trong h1 th2ng kho*ng cch
"/i:
*+nh -.0: %h\ h + huXch i ca DDV> tr&*c MN +au hi lN: $h]ng
2.2.4.3. Cng sut ra bo ha
? bFo h-a gC( ra khi c&ng su]t tJn hi1u v/o X@UV ln gC( ra s gi*< h1
s2 khuch ,i: n0 l/ gii hn c&ng su]t ra ca X@UV: ihi c&ng su]t tJn hi1u
tIng 3u cao, sZ O*( ra s ngh#ch ,*o tJch lj( l/< cho cc ion Xrbiu< kJch
thJch gi*< <)t cch ,ng k7, h1 s2 khuch ,i gi*< "o s kJch thJch cc ,i1n
e1
t> bng h]5 th$ b\< kh&ng b ,_5 ,Gc vi s chu(7n "=i bKi bTc O cng
bTc: ;C( chJnh l/ ch ,) bFo h-a:
ch ,) bFo h-a, ta c0 "*i khuch ,i 5hng h\n: Su( nhi4n, ch ,) n/(
c0 <)t nhGc ,i7<b ,2i vi bc s0ng nh]t ,#nh ca tJn hi1u, kh* nIng bFo
h-a <)t cch c$c b) h1 s2 khuch ,i to ra <)t s2 l` tr2ng trong "*i 5h
khuch ,i: Ai1n tGng n/( ,Gc gi l/ Qain ?5'ctral Aol' durning PQ?AdR:
Hi cc h1 th2ng ,=ng ng_n, hi1n tGng n/( l/ kh&ng ,ng k7: nhng vi
h1 th2ng ,=ng "/i h/ng ng/n k< nh trong h1 th2ng tru(n Ou(4n ;i SC(
@\ng, c0 nhiu X@UV <_c chu`i, th! cc l` tr2ng sZ ,Gc "u( tr! tr4n su2t
,=ng tru(n v/ l/< gi*< <nh c=ng ,) tJn hi1u K bc s0ng bFo h-a:
c&ng su]t ra bFo h-a kh&ng 5h*i l/ hng s2 </ tIng l4n tu(n tJnh vi
c&ng su]t b\<: c&ng su]t bFo h-a c0 th7 Oc ,#nh bng c&ng su]t tJn hi1u
ngL ra </ ti ,0 h1 s2 khuch ,i bng h1 s2 khuch ,i tJn hi1u nh. trY e"d:
*+nh -.1: 0^ng +u1t ra 7_o h`a theo c^ng +u1t 7:
2.2.4.4. Nhiu trong b khuch di EDFA
nhi%u trong b) khuch ,i l/ (u t2 ch (u l/< gii hn h1 th2ng tru(n
"kn: ;2i vi b) khuch ,i X@UV th! nhi%u ch (u ,0 l/ nhi%u V?X: d4n
cnh ,0 trong b) khuch ,i X@UV c-n ch#u *nh hKng ca cc hi1u Tng 5hi
tu(n </ ch (u l/ hi1u Tng tr)n b2n bc s0ng UDE: ;N n sZ th*o lu9n
e2
ch^ng trong ch\ng sau ,7 n0i rL *nh hKng ca ch^ng ,n h1 th2ng
@D@E:
2.2.5. Cc yu cu v ngun bom
2.2.5.1. Buc sng bom
SY gi*n ,N nIng lGng ta th]( bc s0ng c0 th7 "ng cho nguNn b\< l/
1fsm n<, tsm n<, smmn<, qlmn< t\ng Tng vi cc <Tc
f
u
1ev2
,
f
u
11v2
,
f
u
tv2,
f
U
tv2:
Su( nhi4n trong thc t ch s> "$ng 2 bc s0ng l/ 1fsmn< v/ tsmn<: Srong
,0 bc s0ng 1fsmn< ,Gc b\< trc ti5 c-n bc s0ng tsmn< ,Gc b\<
gin ti5:
d\< trc ti5b cc ion Xr e ch hot ,)ng K hai <Tc
f
u
1ev2
v/
f
u
11v2
: cc
ion n/( li4n t$c ,Gc chu(7n tY vng nn l4n vng si4u bn nh= nIng lGng
b\<: @o th=i gian s2ng K <Tc si4u bn "/i n4n ch^ng tJch lj( to ra s
ngh#ch ,*o nNng ,):
d\< gin ti5b cc ion Xr e sZ ,Gc kJch thJch tY vng nn l4n <Tc
f
u
11v2
, sau ,0 ch^ng sZ 5hCn rF Ou2ng vng
f
u
1ev2
nhng kh&ng 5ht O: SY vng
n/(, khi c0 nh sng kJch thJch th! cc ion sZ 5ht O bc s0ng <ong <u2n
P1llm w 1qmm n<R khi chu(7n v vng nn:
Ai1n na(, bc s0ng 1fsmn< ,Gc s> "$ng r)ng rFi h\n v! ch^ng c0 szn
h\n v/ c0 ,) tin c9( cao h\n: H/ <)t s2 X@UV ,Gc b\< ti c* 2 bc s0ng
,7 t9n "$ng u ,i7< ca c* 2 bc s0ng:
2.2.5.2. Hung bom
d) khuch ,i X@UV c0 th7 ,Gc b\< th'o ba cchb
d\< thu9n Pco"ir'ctional ou<5ingRb nguNn b\< ,Gc b\< cng chiu
vi hng tru(n tJn hi1u: n0 cho 5hB5 thu ,Gc s ngh#ch ,*o nNng ,)
<nh h\n K ,u sGi, ,iu n/( cho 5hB5 hn ch ,Gc hi1n tGng bTc O t
5ht ,Gc khuch ,i V?X v/ nh v9( hn ch ,Gc t5 C< ca b) khuch
,i: nhng hi1u su]t lGng t> kh&ng cao:
ee
d\< ngGc Pcount'r"ir'ctional ou<5ingRb nguNn b\< ,Gc b\< ngGc
chiu vi hng tru(n tJn hi1u: oh\ng 5h5 n/( c0 hi1u su]t lGng t> cao
nhng ,Nng th=i n0 cjng c0 h1 s2 nhi%u cao:
d\< hai chiu P@ual ou<5ingRb ?> "$ng hai nguNn b\< ,Gc b\< ngGc
chiu nhau: Sh&ng th=ng ng=i ta s> "$ng b\< ngGc vi bc s0ng
1fsmn< v/ b\< thu9n vi bc s0ng tsmn<: nh v9( sZ t9n "$ng nh6ng u
,i7< ca c* hai loi b\< tr4n:
*+nh -.2: 01u h.nh 7 huXch i DDV> &4c 7: #$
2.2.5.3. Cng sut bom
c&ng su]t b\< c/ng ln th! sZ c/ng c0 nhiu ion Xr
e
b# kJch thJch ,7 trao
,i nIng lGng vi tJn hi1u cn khuch ,i v/ sZ l/< h1 s2 khuch ,i tIng
l4n: Su( nhi4n h1 s2 khuch ,i kh&ng th7 tIng <Fi thao c&ng su]t b\< "o s2
lGng ion Xr
e
c]( trong sGi l/ c0 hn: ngo/i ra khi c&ng su]t b\< tIng th! h1
s2 nhi%u sZ gi*<:
Srong thc t, b) khuch ,i X@UV c0 5h h1 s2 khuch ,i bng 5hng
trong kho*ng bc s0ng 1lem1lqln< PbIng cR, 1lrm1qmmn< PbIng R vi
h1 s2 khuch ,i c 1mfm"d v/ ,)c l95 5hCn cc: A1 s2 nhi%u ca X@UV c
tY e ,n r"d: A1 th2ng "ng X@UV th=ng s> "$ng c]u h!nh b\< hai hng,
bc s0ng tsmn< hoac 1fsmn<, c&ng su]t b\< c 2m<D ,n 1mm<D:
ef
2.3. B khuch di Raman
2.3.1. Khi nim
ihuch ,i Wa<an "a tr4n hi1n tGng tn O Wa<an t kJch: ;C( l/ hi1n
tGng <)t ngu(4n t> h]5 th$ nIng lGng ca <)t 5hoton v/ sau ,0 to ra <)t
5hoton c0 nIng lGng khc:
c0 th7 chia ra hai loi b) khuch ,i Wa<anb ;0 l/ khuch ,i Wa<an
5hCn b2 v/ Wa<an r=i rc: ihi sGi 3uang ,ang ,Gc b\< l/ <)t sGi tru(n
"kn thc s, li4n kt hai ,i7< trong tu(n th! s\ ,N n/( ,Gc gi l/ khuch
,i Wa<an 5hCn b2: nu b) khuch ,i ,Gc chTa trong ,u thu ca h1 th2ng
th! gi l/ Wa<an r=i rc: d) khuch ,i Wa<an 5hCn b2 P@WVR c0 chiu "/i
,i7n h!nh l/ fmk<, b) khuch ,i Wa<an r=i rc c0 chiu "/i kho*ng lk<:
d) khuch ,i Wa<an 5hCn b2 @WV c*i thi1n h1 s2 nhi%u v/ gi*< hi1u
Tng 5hi tu(n ca b) khuch ,i, cho 5hB5 chiu "/i ca <)t b) khuch ,i
"/i h\n, t2c ,) bit cao h\n, kho*ng cch cc k4nh gn h\n: d) khuch ,i r=i
rc ,Gc s> "$ng ,7 tIng "ung lGng 3uang: chJnh v! lZ ,0, b) khuch ,i
Wa<an cung c]5 nh6ng (4u cu v khuch ,i ,=ng "/i, 5h khuch ,i
r)ng v/ 5hng:
2.3.2. Cu trc b khuch di Raman
?Gi 3uangb l/ n\i O*( ra 3u tr!nh khuch ,i: n0 l/ sGi 3uang b!nh
th=ng nh sGi 3uang tru(n tJn hi1u kh&ng c0 5ha t5 cc ch]t ,ac bi1t:
cou5l'r b l/ b) ghB5 ,7 ghB5 bc s0ng tJn hi1u v/o s0ng b\<:
usolator b l/ b) cch li th=ng ,at hai ,u sGi 3uang nh< ngIn chan tJn
hi1u 5h*n O K hai ,u b) khuch ,i: ;Nng th=i l/< gi*< nhi%u V?X th'o
hng ngGc v 5hJa ,u v/o c0 th7 gC( *nh hKng ,n tJn hi1u v/o:
as'r b\<b "ng ,7 cung c]5 nIng lGng cho cc 5hCn t> ca sGi 3uang
chu(7n l4n trng thi kJch thJch, gi^5 to ra s ngh#ch ,*o nNng ,):
el
*+nh -.3: 01u tr2c ca 7 huXch i aa:an
2.3.3. Nguyn l hot dng
ihuch ,i Wa<an "a tr4n hi4n tGng tn O Wa<an kJch thJch: Sn O
Wa<an kJch thJch l/ hi1n tGng <)t ngu(4n t> h]5 th$ nIng lGng ca <)t
5hoton, sau ,0 to ra 5hoton c0 nIng lGng khc:
;7 c0 khuch ,i Wa<an th! 5h*i to ra s ngh#ch ,*o nNng ,) tTc, ,7
thc hi1n ta cung c]5 nIng lGng cho cc ngu(4n t> ca sGi 3uang tY <)t
las'r b\< c0 bc s0ng th]5 h\n bc s0ng ca tJn hi1u: ihi ,0, cc ngu(4n
t> sGi 3uang sZ h]5 th$ nIng lGng b\< c0 nIng lGng cao v/ chu(7n l4n
<Tc nIng lGng cao h\n: ihi c0 tJn hi1u ,n, n0 sZ kJch thJch cc ngu(4n t>
,ang K <Tc cao chu(7n sang <Tc nIng lGng th]5 h\n v/ gi*i 5h0ng ra
5hoton c0 cng bc s0ng v/ cng 5ha vi tJn hi1u ,n: nh v9( tJn hi1u ,F
,Gc khuch ,i:
Qi*n ,N chu(7n nIng lGng trong b) khuch ,i Wa<an
eq
*+nh -.4: EiWn chuy/n nng l&4ng
SY gi*n ,N th! tn s2 b\< v/ tn s2 tJn hi1u khuch ,i ,Gc Oc ,#nh
nh saub

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b nIng lGng ca trng thi nIng lGng cao PSransition stat'R:
X
2
b nIng lGng ca trng thi nIng lGng trung b!nh PHibration
stat'R:
X
e
b nIng lGng ca trng thi nIng lGng th]5 PQroun" stat'R:
2.3.4. Cc d}c tnh cua b khuch di Raman
2.3.4.1. H s khuch di v bng thng
A!nh 2:1m bi7u "i%n s tha( ,i h1 s2 khuch ,i Wa<an th'o ,) ch4nh
l1ch gi6a bc s0ng tJn hi1u v/ nguNn b\<: A1 s2 khuch ,i Wa<an hu nh
tIng tu(n tJnh vi ,) ch4nh l1ch bc s0ng gi6a tJn hi1u v/ nguNn b\<
Phav'l'ngth os'tR, ,t gi tr# ,nh ti 1mmn< v/ gi*< nhanh ch0ng sau ,0:
H/ bIng th&ng ca h1 s2 khuch ,i cjng ,t ,Gc kho*ng fllmn<:
Hi "*i tn tJn hi1u cn khuch ,i ln h\n bIng th&ng h1 s2 khuch ,i
ca khuch ,i Wa<an Pfmn<R th! cn s> "$ng nhiu nguNn b\<: E`i nguNn
er
b\< c0 bc s0ng cch nhau fmn<: ihi ,0 bIng th&ng tng c)ng sZ c0 "ng
gGn s0ng "o ,ac tJnh khuch ,i v/ kho*ng cch bc s0ng nhng vkn ,*<
b*o khuch ,i hi1u 3u*:
*+nh -.,5: b + huXch i aa:an theo chnh lch 7&*c +Gng
Hi u ,i7< bIng th&ng ,) lGi ln khuch ,i Wa<an ,Gc 3uan tC< ,n
trong cc Tng "$ng th&ng tin 3uang: Su( nhi4n, hi1u su]t ,) lGi ca khuch
,i Wa<an kh&ng cao n4n ,7 ,t ,Gc h1 s2 khuch ,i ln cn 5h*i s> "$ng
c&ng su]t b\< ln:
?hWo +-t h + huXch i aa:anb
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SY kt 3u* tJnh ton ,) khuch ,i ca b) khuch ,i Wa<an ta th]( ,)
khuch ,i Wa<an 5h$ thu)c v/o c&ng su]t b\<, h1 s2 khuch ,i Wa<an,
chiu "/i v/ "i1n tJch hi1u "$ng ca sGi 3uang, trng thi 5hCn cc: cc loi
sGi 3uang sZ c0 h1 s2 khuch ,i khc nhau:
*+nh -.,,: b + huyXch i ca c-c +4i 5uang
2.3.4.2. Cc loi nhiu trong b khuch di Raman
Srong b) khuch ,i Wa<an c0 f loi nguNn nhi%u 5h bin l/ b
nhi%u tn O Wa(l'igh kB5, nhi%u V?Xb ;C( l/ 2 nguNn nhi%u c0 *nh
hKng ln nh]t, l/ (u t2 chJnh hn ch ch]t lGng ca h1 th2ng tru(n "kn
khi s> "$ng b) khuch ,i Wa<an:
nhi%u "o s ghB5 "ao ,)ng b\< vi tJn hi1ub y*( ra "o s khuch ,i
gn nh ,)t ng)t ca cc 5hCn t> K <Tc nIng lGng cao c0 th=i gian s2ng
ng_n ch c e ,n q 5s trong b) khuch ,i Wa<an: ;7 trnh v]n , n/(,
ng=i ta s> "$ng b\< ngGc, nh= ,0 th=i gian s2ng hi1u "$ng K cc <Tc
fm
nIng lGng cao bng vi th=i gian v9n chu(7n 3ua sGi: nu s> "$ng b\<
cng chiu th! cc las'r b\< 5h*i th9t n ,#nh: HJ "$ c0 th7 s> "$ng las'r
Uabr( o'rot tha( v! s> "$ng cc "io"' las'r cch t> ,Gc n ,#nh:
nhi%u 3uang 5honon b# kJch thJchb n0 ,Gc to ra khi cc bc s0ng ,ang
,Gc khuch ,i c0 5h gn vi bc s0ng b\< ,Gc "ng cho b) khuch
,i: cc 5honon n/( c0 th7 ,Gc khuch ,i tJch t 5ht tY cc b\<, l/< tIng
lGng nhi%u trong cc tJn hi1u gn vi bc s0ng b\<:
2.3.5. Cc yu cu v ngun bom
cjng nh trong b) khuch ,i X@UV, trong b) khuch ,i Wa<an cjng
c0 ba ki7u b\<: ;0 l/b
d\< Ou&ib l/ ki7u b\< </ hng ca tJn hi1u b\< cng hng lan tru(n
ca tJn hi1u: Srong ki7u b\< n/(, 3u tr!nh Wa<an gn nh O*( ra tTc th=i v/
s "ao ,)ng ca nguNn b\< l/< cho ,) lGi bin ,)ng v/ Ou]t hi1n nh l/
nhi%u Ou(4n k4nh ,2i vi tJn hi1u kh&ng <ong <u2n n4n 3uan trng l/ gi6
b\< ti c&ng su]t n ,#nh:
*+nh -.,-: ?i/u 7: thu"n
d\< ngGcb l/ ki7u b\< </ hng ca tJn hi1u b\< ngGc hng vi
hng tru(n ca tJn hi1u: Srong 5h\ng 5h5 b\< n/( l/< gi*< ,ng k7
nhi%u khuch ,i c)ng b\< "o s bin ,)ng ca nguNn b\< ,Gc trung b!nh
h0a th'o th=i gian lan tru(n ca sGi 3uang: ;C( l/ ki7u b\< ,Gc s> "$ng
5h bin trong thc t:
f1
*+nh -.,.: ?i/u 7: ng&4c
d\< hai hng b ;C( l/ ki7u b\< kt hG5 b\< ngGc v/ b\< Ou&i:
Srong khuch ,i Wa<an th! ki7u b\< n/( r]t Jt s> "$ng:
2.4. B khuch di ghp lai HFA
2.4.1. Kha nng ng dng cua HFA trong h thng thng tin quang
i7 tY khi ra ,=i, b) khuch ,i X@UV vi nh6ng u ,i7< ni b9t ,F ,Gc
s> "$ng <)t cch r)ng rFi: nhng vi nhu cu hi1n na( cn c0 "ung lGng
k4nh r]t ln th! b) khuch ,i X@UV kh&ng ,5 Tng ,Gc: @o v9( b) khuch
,i ghB5 lai AUV ra ,=i, ,C( l/ s kt hG5 gi6a b) khuch ,i X@UV v/ b)
khuch ,i Wa<an:
?hW nng Xt h4$ gica 7 huXch i DDV> MN 7 huXch i aa:an6
f2
*+nh -.,/: KWng +o +-nh dc i/: ca DDV> MN aa:an
SY b*ng so snh tr4n ta th]( rng b) khuch ,i Wa<an 5hCn b2 c0 h1 s2
nhi%u th]5 nh]t trong cc b) khuch ,i: @o hi1u su]t th]5 n4n hu ht c&ng
su]t b\< b# <]t <t "o su( hao th$ ,)ng ca sGi 3uang chT kh&ng 5h*i "o s
chu(7n ,i nIng lGng ca tJn hi1u: H! v9( </ b) khuch ,i Wa<an gn nh
l/ <&t b) khuch ,i tu(n tJnh gn l[ tKng vi c&ng su]t bFo h-a cao:
Srong khi ,0, X@UV c0 c&ng su]t bFo h-a th]5 n4n X@UV l/ <)t b)
khuch ,i h\i 5hi tu(n: Su( nhi4n v! X@UV c0 th=i gian 5ht 3uang lCu n4n
n0 cjng ,Gc "ng cho D@E:
@o v9( vi1c kt hG5 hai b) khuch ,i tr4n l/ gi*i 3u(t c0 hi1u 3u* nh]t
v nhu cu ,ang ,Gc ,at ra ng/( na(: n0 vYa c0 tJnh kinh t vYa ,*< b*o
tJnh k8 thu9t
*+nh -.,0: biu ng $hi tuyXn MN nhieu ca 7 huXch i DDV> MN aa:an
$h8n 7
fe
2.4.2. Cu trc b khuch di HFA
d) khuch ,i ghB5 lai AUV c0 2 "ng c]u tr^cb
d) AUV ch gN< 1 b) khuch ,i X@UV v/ 1 khuch ,i Wa<an
d) AUV gN< 2 b) khuch ,i X@UV v/ 1 khuch ,i Wa<an
Srong 5h< vi ,N n n/( ch tr!nh b/( loi c]u tr^c thT 2:
*+nh -.,1: 01u tr2c 7 huXch i bV>
d) @WV Pkhuch ,i Wa<an 5hCn b2Rb ,0ng vai tr- tin khuch ,i cho
b) X@UV r=i rc ,Gc b\< tY Oa:
Aai b) khuch ,i X@UVb ,0ng vai tr- l/ b) khuch ,i chJnh trong b)
AUV:
?Gi tru(n "knb ?Gi tru(n chJnh l/ n?@U ,Nng th=i l/< <&i tr=ng
khuch ,i Wa<an, sGi n/( c0 ,ac ,i7< l/ h1 s2 khuch ,i Wa<an ln h\n
so vi sGi ,\n <o"' chun: SJn hi1u lan tru(n tr4n sGi ,Gc khuch ,i ln
,u ti4n nh= h]5 th$ nIng lGng ca tJn hi1u b\< ,Gc 5ht ra tY b\<
Wa<an, K 5hJa thu n0 ,Gc b) khuch ,i X@UV khuch ,i th4< ,7 ,t
,Gc c&ng su]t , ln ,a v/o <( thu: Ang b\< ngGc 3ua b) ghB5 la
chn bc s0ng:
?Gi @cUb ,Gc s> "$ng ,7 b tn s_c:
d) lc 3uangb cc b) lc 3uang ,Gc s> "$ng sau <`i b) khuch ,i c0
bIng lc thJch hG5 ,7 lc bt cc th/nh 5hn nhi%u 5ht O t 5ht gi6a cc
tng khuch ,i K ,u ra b\< v/ ngIn kh&ng cho tJn hi1u 5h*n O ngGc trK
li b) khuch ,i: QUU l/ b) lc l/< 5hng h1 s2 khuch ,i ,u ra:
ff
2.4.3. Cc d}c tnh cua b khuch dai HFA
2.4.3.1. Ph khuch di
*+nh -.,1: %h\ huXch i ca 7 huXch i DDV>
Srong h!nh 2:1q ,=ng cong lin nBt <inh ha ,5 Tng ca hai b) khuch
X@UV v/ Wa<an ri4ng lZ c-n ,=ng cong ,Tt nBt bi7u "i%n ,5 Tng ca b)
khuch ,i ghB5 lai ,Gc t hG5 P,F ,Gc nCng l4n 1"d ,7 "% 3uan stR: WL
r/ng s kt hG5 bIng 5h ca X@UV v/ @WV to th/nh <)t bIng 5h r)ng
h\n:
2.4.3.2. Ti s nhiu trn tn hiu
c&ng su]t tJn hi1u tr4n h!nh 2:1r Pth'o ,\n v# "d<R ,Gc vZ th'o kho*ng
cch cho <)t h1 th2ng ,Gc khuch ,i th'o chu k!: 5hJa cu2i chu k!,
,=ng cong c&ng su]t ca h1 th2ng s> "$ng AUV P2R kh&ng b# h Ou2ng th]5
nh tr=ng hG5 ca X@UV P1R, "o ,0 t s2 tJn hi1u tr4n nhi%u sZ cao h\n:
fl
*+nh -.,2: 0^ng +u1t tn hiu ca :fi $h8n on trong h th^ng +Q (Rng
DDV> ;O<g h thng +Q (Rng 7 bV> ;L< MN h thng +Q (Rng 7 huXch i
aa:an hai h&*ng
2.5. Kt lun chuong
pua nghi4n cTu v c]u to, ngu(4n lJ hot ,)ng, ,ac tJnh ca b) khuch
,i X@UV, b) khuch ,i Wa<an: Sa th]( b) khuch ,i X@UV c0 nh6ng u
,i7< ni tr)i nh c]u tr^c h1 th2ng ,\n gi*n, c]u h!nh nh. gn cho 5hB5 vi1c
l_5 ,at nhiu X@UV trong cng <)t tr<, nguNn las'r b\< bn "kn ,) tin
c9(, gn, c&ng su]t cao, c&ng su]t nguNn nu&i nh., thu9n lGi cho cc tu(n
c5 3uang vGt bi7n, kh&ng c0 nhi%u Ou(4n k4nh khi khu(ch ,i tJn hi1u
D@E nh b) khuch ,i bn "kn, hu nh kh&ng 5h$ thu)c v/o 5hCn cc
ca tJn hi1u ,F trK th/nh b) hkuch ,i ,Gc Tng "$ng r)ng rFi trong thc t:
Su( nhi4n n0 vkn c-n nh6ng hn ch l/ 5h h1 s2 khuch ,i ca X@UV
kh&ng bng 5hng, bIng tn hi1n na( b# gii hn trong bIng c v/ bIng ,
nhi%u ,Gc tJch lj( 3ua nhiu chang khuch ,i gC( hn ch c l( tru(n "kn:
;7 gi*< hn ch trong b) khuch ,i X@UV v/ t9n "$ng nh6ng u ,i7<
ca b) khuch ,i X@UV v/ khuch ,i Wa<an b) khuch ,i AUV ra ,=i:
n0 ra ,=i kh&ng nh6ng gi*i 3u(t v v]n , k8 thu9t </ c-n c0 tJnh kinh t:
pua ch\ng ti5 th'o ch^ng ta sZ nghi4n cTu v <)t s2 *nh hKng ,n
cc b) khuch ,i l/< gi*< ch]t lGng ca tu(n tru(n "kn: Hi cc v]n ,
fq
ch (u sZ l/ nhi%u V?X, nhi%u tn O Wa(l'igh kB5, hi1u Tng UDE, tn
s_c+
fr
CHONG 3
CC YU T ANH HONG N CHT LNG H
THNG DWDM
3.1. Gii thiu chuong
Srong nh6ng ch\ng ,F tr!nh b/( ta th]( rng h1 th2ng th&ng tin 3uang
@D@E c0 nhiu u ,i7< ni tr)i so vi cc h1 th2ng th&ng tin khc: ;0
chJnh l/ lJ "o v! sao h1 th2ng th&ng tin 3uang @D@E hi1n na( ,ang ,Gc s>
"$ng <)t cch r)ng rFi: Sh nhng cjng nh bao h1 th2ng th&ng tin khc, h1
th2ng th&ng tin 3uang @D@E vkn c-n tNn ti nhiu (u t2 gC( *nh hKng
ca ,=ng tru(n, </ ,ac bi1t l/ cc ,=ng tru(n vi c li "/i:
Srong ch\ng n/( sZ tr!nh b/( v cc (u t2 *nh hKng ti h1 th2ng
th&ng tin 3uang @D@E, bao gN<b
Sr!nh b/( v cc (u t2 ca sGi 3uang *nh hKng ,n h1 th2ng
@D@E:
Sr!nh b/( chi tit v nhi%u V?X, tn O Wa(l'igh kB5, hi1u Tng UDE
l/ cc (u t2 chJnh *nh hKng ti t s2 tJn hi1u tr4n nhi%u ca h1 th2ng
@D@E c0 cc b) khuch ,i AUV <_c ghB5 chu`i:
SY ,0 tJnh t s2 g?nW ,7 ,nh gi ch]t lGng ca h1 th2ng:
3.2. Cc yu t cua si quang anh hung dn h thng DWDM
3.2.1. Suy hao
3.2.1.1.Khi nim
?u( hao tr4n sGi 3uang l/ tha< s2 c0 vai tr- r]t 3uan trng trong vi1c thit
k h1 th2ng, n0 "ng ,7 Oc ,#nh kho*ng cch gi6a 5hJa 5ht v/ 5hJa thu:
c&ng su]t 5hJa 5ht v/ 5hJa thu li4n h1 vi h1 s2 su( hao th'o bi7u thTcb
Y
in out
% %
1m
1m

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l/ h1 s2 su( hao, tJnh th'o "d:
fs
l/ chiu "/i sGi 3uang
*+nh ..,: Suy hao trong +4i 5uang
3.2.1.2. Cc nguyn nhn gy suy hao
c0 e ngu(4n nhCn chJnh gC( ra su( hao ,0 l/b
?u( hao "o h]5 th$b h]5 th$ ca cc t5 ch]t ki< loi, h]5 th$ ca cc ion
gA

h]5 th$ ca cc tia cc tJ< v/ cc tia hNng ngoi:

?u( hao "o tn Ob Sn O Wa(l'igh, tn O "o <at 5hCn cch gi6a lLi v/
l5 bc kh&ng th9t s ho/n h*o:
?u( hao "o u2n congb gN< u2n cong vi <& v/ u2n cong v8 <&:
3.2.1.3. }c tuyn suy hao
Sr4n h!nh e:2 l/ ,ac tu(n su( hao ,i7n h!nh tr4n sGi 3uang ,\n <o"'
,Gc c]u to bng ?ig
2
5ha hG5 ch]t Q'g
2
: Sr4n ,ac tu(n c0 e vng bc
s0ng c0 su( hao th]5 nh]t gi l/ e c>a s su( hao:
*+nh ..-: hdc tuyXn +uy hao cua +4i 5uang
c>a s thT nh]t K bc s0ng

slm n<b su( hao trung b!nh K bc s0ng

n/( tY 2

e "dvk<:
ft
c>a s thT hai K bc s0ng

1emm n<b su( hao K bc s0ng n/( t\ng

,2i th]5 v/o kho*ng m:f

m:l "dvk<:
c>a s thT ba K bc s0ng 1llm n<b hi1n na( su( hao K bc s0ng n/( l/
th]5 nh]t c0 th7 "i m:2 "dvk<:
3.2.2. Tn sc
3.2.2.1. Khi nim
S\ng t nh tJn hi1u ,i1n, tJn hi1u 3uang tru(n 3ua sGi 3uang cjng b#
bin "ng: Ai1n tGng n/( gi l/ tn s_c: ? tn s_c l/< <Bo "ng tJn hi1u
analog v/ l/< Oung b# chNng ch95 trong tJn hi1u "igital: Sn s_c "kn ,n s
co giFn Oung trong tru(n "kn 3uang gC( ra giao thoa gi6a cc kJ t, tIng l`i
bit K 5hJa thu, l/< gi*< kho*ng cch tru(n "kn:
*+nh ...: i-n +jc trong +4i 5uang
;ac trng cho hi1n tGng tn s_c l/ ,) tn s_c: ;) tn s_c tng c)ng ca
sGi 3uang ,Gc tJnh th'o c&ng thTcb
( )
2 2
i o
D Pe:2R
Srong ,0b
i

l/ ,) r)ng Oung v/o:

o

l/ ,) r)ng Oung ra
3.2.2.2. Cc loi tn sc
Sn s_c <o"'b "o nIng lGng ca nh sng 5hCn tn th/nh nhiu <o"',
<`i <o"' tru(n vi v9n t2c khc nhau n4n th=i gian tru(n cjng khc nhau:
Ai1n tGng n/( ch O*( ra K sGi ,a <o"':
lm
Sn s_c th7b "o tJn hi1u 3uang tru(n tr4n sGi kh&ng 5h*i l/ ,\n s_c </ l/
<)t kho*ng bc s0ng nh]t ,#nh: Srong tn s_c th7 chia th/nh hai loib
Sn s_c ch]t li1u
Sn s_c "kn s0ng
3.2.2.3. Vn d b tn sc cho tuyn DWDM
Ai1n na( tn s_c l/ l/ <)t trong nh6ng v]n , c2t lLi trong tu(n
@D@E: @o v9( vi1c b tn s_c l/ ,iu cn thit ,2i vi <`i h1 th2ng
@D@E: Sr4n thc t vi1c b tn s_c ,Gc thc hi1n bng cch chn cc ,on
sGi b tn s_c c0 chiu "/i thJch hG5 l4n tr4n ,=ng tru(n:
Hi1c b tn s_c cho to/n tu(n c0 th7 ,Gc thc hi1n th'o hai cchb tr4n
tYng 5hCn ,on hoac tr4n <)t v/i 5hCn ,on:P<`i 5hCn ,on chiu "/i Rb
d tr4n tYng 5hCn ,onb @
1

1
@
2

2
m Pe:eR
d tr4n tYng chu k u 5hCn ,onb

( )

+
=
Y D Y D
1
2 2 1 1
m R P R P

Pe:fR
3.2.3. Cc hiu ng phi tuyn
3.2.3.1. Khi nim
Ai1u Tng 3uang gi l/ 5hi tu(n nu cc tha< s2 ca n0 5h$ thu)c v/o
c=ng ,) nh sng Pc&ng su]tR: cc hi1u Tng 5hi tu(n c0 th7 b. 3ua ,2i vi
cc h1 th2ng th&ng tin 3uang hot ,)ng K <Tc c&ng su]t vYa 5h*i Pv/i <DR
vi t2c ,) bit l4n ,n 2:lQbvs: Su( nhi4n K t2c ,) bJt cao h\n nh 1mQbvs ha(
K <Tc c&ng su]t ln th! vi1c O'< OBt cc hi1u Tng 5hi tu(n l/ r]t 3uan trng:
Srong cc h1 th2ng @D@E th! cc hi1u Tng 5hi tu(n c0 th7 trK n4n 3uan
trng K t2c ,) bit v/ c&ng su]t vYa 5h*i:
3.2.3.2. Phn loi cc hiu ng phi tuyn
cc hi1u Tng 5hi tu(n c0 th7 chia th/nh 2 loi saub
cc hi1u Tng tn O 5hi tu(n, 5ht sinh "o tc ,)ng gi6a s0ng nh sng
v/ cc rung ,)ng 5hCn t> P5hononR trong <&i tr=ng silica:: Ai1u Tng 3uan
l1
trng nh]t cn O'< OBt K ,C( l/ tn O Wa(l'igh kB5 Ptn O drillouin kJch
thJch P?d?R, tn O Wa<an kJch thJch P?W?RR:
cc hi1u Tng sinh ra "o s 5h$ thu)c v/o c=ng ,) ,i1n tr=ng hot
,)ng, t l1 vi b!nh 5h\ng c=ng ,) ,i1n tr=ng nh hi1u Tng t ,iu ch
5ha P?oER, ,iu ch chBo 5ha PyoER::: Ai1u Tng 3uan trng nh]t cn O'<
OBt l/ hi1u Tng tr)n b2n bc s0ng UDE:
3.3. Khao st nhiu ASE
3.3.1. Khi nim
Ai1n tGng 5ht O t 5ht ?X P?5otan'ous X<issionR O*( ra khi <)t ,i1n
t> chu(7n tY trng thi <Tc nIng lGng cao Ou2ng <Tc nIng lGng th]5 v/
5ht ra <)t nIng lGng "i "ng 5hoton: pu tr!nh n/( O*( ra <)t cch t
nhi4n, cc 5hoton 5ht ra c0 5ha v/ hng ngku nhi4n: Sh&ng th=ng c0 Jt
h\n 1 ,Gc gi6 li trong <o"' 3uang n4n n0 trK th/nh nguNn nhi%u 3uang:
nhi%u n/( cjng sZ ,Gc khuch ,i v/ to ra bTc O t 5ht ,Gc khuch ,i
V?X:
nhi%u V?X ,Gc sinh ra tr4n c* "*i ca bc s0ng t\ng Tng vi 5h
khuch ,i ca b) khuch ,i v/ ch^ng sZ ,Gc khuch ,i khi ,i 3ua cc b)
khuch ,i X@UV v/ b) khuch ,i Wa<an
*+nh ../: Kin nhieu >SD theo 7&*c +Gng
l2
? c0 <at ca nhi%u V?X l/< cho b) khuch ,i nhanh ch0ng ,t ,n
vng bFo h-a:
*+nh ..0: b + huXch i hi cG nhieu >SD
Srong h1 th2ng @D@E, ,7 hn ch nhi%u V?X ng=i ta b2 trJ cc b) lc
bIng th&ng nga( sau cc b) khuch ,i:
3.3.2. Khao st nhiu ASE trong b khuch di HFA
*+nh ..1: K huXch i bV>
yBt b) khuch ,i AUV c0 c]u to nh h!nh e:q th! nhi%u V?X trong b)
khuch ,i AUV l/ tng ca e th/nh 5hnb nhi%u V?X ca b) khuch ,i
X@UV1, X@UV2 v/ nhi%u V?X ca b) khuch ,i Wa<an:
C#t nhieu >SD +inh ra trong 7 huXch i DDV>
c&ng su]t nhi%u V?X "o <)t b) X@UV sinh ra
i Di S% t Di >SD
K E h n : % R 1 P

Pe:lR
Srong ,0b
h l/ hng s2 olank h q:q2lO1m
ef
:s
le
<
t
l/

s2 <o"' tru(n ca 3u tr!nh 5hCn cc: Sh&ng th=ng
vi 5ht O t 5ht th! <
t
2:
n
?o
l/ h1 s2 5ht O t 5ht, ,Gc tJnh th'o c&ng thTc
1 2
2
N N
N
n
S%

Pe:qR
Hi n
1
, n
2
l/ nNng ,) ion Xr
e
K <Tc nIng lGng nn v/ kJch thJch:
Sh&ng th=ng n
?o
1

f:
Q
X
l/ ,) khuch ,i ca b) khuch ,i X@UV:
d
m
l/ bIng th&ng ca b) lc nga( sau b) khuch ,i X@UV:

l/ tn s2 tJn hi1u:
C#t nhieu >SD +inh ra trong 7 huXch i aa:an
?2 5hoton V?X trong <)t trng thi 5hCn cc K cu2i sGi b

Y
a
$ $
a S% a >SD
(Z
Z E
Z i
Y E n Y N
m

R , m P
R , m P
R , m P R P

Pe:rR
;) khuch ,i ca b) khuch ,i Wa<an

,
_

Y Y
?>
%
g
%
Y %
Y E
S e[[
e[[
a
S
S
a

m
'O5
R m P
R P
R , m P
Pe:sR

l/ h1 s2 Wa<an 5hi tu(n

$ e[[
$ a
>
% g

Pe:tR
$ e[[ $ a
> % g , , ,
m ln lGt l/ h1 s2 khuch ,i Wa<an, c&ng su]t b\<, "i1n
tJch hi1u "$ng v/ h1 s2 su( hao ca sGi K bc s0ng b\<:
S
5
P
1
,
2
R l/ ,) su( hao ca sGi 3uang K bc s0ng b\< tr4n ,on tY
1
,n

2
( ) [ ]
1 2 2 1
'O5 R , P Z Z Z Z i
$ $

Pe:1mR
n
?o
l/ h1 s2 5ht O t 5ht
1f : 1 'O5 1
1

'

,
_

i
h
n
K
S%

Pe:11R
lf
, , , i h
K
l/ hng s2 olanck, hng s2 dolt<ann, nhi1t ,) sGi 3uang v/
,) l1ch tn s2 b\< v/ tn s2 tJn hi1u:
c&ng su]t nhi%u V?X "o b) khuch ,i Wa<an to ra
m
R P R P K Y N h : Y %
a >SD + t a >SD

Pe:12R
c&ng su]t nhi%u V?X "o AUV to ra ti ,u ra ca n0

2
2
1
2
2 2 1
: : : : R: P
D >SD
Y
D D >SD
Y
D D a >SD b >SD
% e E % e E E Y % %
D0V D0V
+ +

Pe:1eR
3.4. Nhiu tn Rayleigh kp
3.4.1. Khi nim
Sn O Wa(l'igh l/ <)t loi tn O nh sng bKi cc ht ha( cc vng
kh&ng ,Nng nh]t trong <&i tr=ng c0 kJch thc r]t nh. h\n so vi bc
s0ng ca nh sng:
Sn O Wa(l'igh kB5 P@W?R O*( ra khi cc 5hoton va ch< vi cc 5hCn
t>, ngu(4n t> nhng kh&ng c0 s trao ,i nIng lGng vi 5hCn t>, ngu(4n t>:
;C( l/ 3u tr!nh t\ng tc ,/n hNi:
pu tr!nh tn O Wa(l'ighb
*+nh ..2: ,u- tr.nh t-n H aayleigh
A!nh e:r <& t* 3u tr!nh tn O Wa(l'igh tron sGi 3uang: nh sng b# tn
O hai ln trong lLi sGi, ln ,u th'o hng ngGc vi hng tJn hi1u gi l/
tn O Wa(l'igh ngGc PWdR, sau ,0 li tn O cng hng vi tJn hi1u: nh
ll
sng b# tn O Wa(l'igh kB5 P@W?R n/( ,i 3ua b) khuch ,i hai ln n4n n0
cjng ,Gc khuch ,i hai ln v/ Ou]t hi1n K <( thu nh l/ <)t nguNn nhi%u:
c&ng su]t nhi%u @W? ca 1 s2 loi sGi 3uang
*+nh ..3: ,uan h gica h + nhieu ca DaS MN huXch i aa:an
A!nh tr4n bi7u "i%n 3uan h1 gi6a h1 s2 nhi%u @W? v/ ,) khuch ,i
Wa<an ca cc loi sGi 3uang khc nhau: @i1n tJch hi1u "$ng ca sGi Sru'
Dav', XVU, ?EU2s ln lGt l/ ll<
2
, r2<
2
, sm<
2
: ?Gi Sru' Dav' c0
"i1n tJch hi1u "$ng nh. nh]t nhng c0 c&ng su]t @W? l/ ln nh]t: nhi%u @W?
sZ tin ,n vng ngu( hi7< nu ,) khuch ,i Wa<an , ln: ;iu n/( l/<
hn ch kh* nIng khuch ,i ca Wa<an so vi X@UV, Q
W
ln nh]t c0 th7 ,t
,Gc kho*ng 2e"d:
3.4.2. Khao st nhiu tn Rayleigh kp trong b khuch di HFA
c&ng su]t tJn hi1u ti v# trJ
R , m P R: m P R P Z E % Z %
a S S

Pe:1fR
c&ng su]t tJn hi1u khi b# tn O Wa(l'igh ,\n

Y
y
a S aS
(Z Z y E Z % r y % R , P R: P R: P R , P

Pe:1lR
Hib
R P r
l/ h1 s2 tn O Wa(l'igh
e
e 2l
: 1m : el , 2
R P
c
r

lq
c&ng su]t tn O Wa(l'igh kB5

Y
a aS DaS
(y Y y E y % r Y %
m
R , P R: P R: P R , P

Pe:1qR
Srong ,0b Q
W
l/ ,) khuch ,i Wa<an
c&ng su]t tn O Wa(l'igh kB5 ca b) khuch ,i AUV ti ,u ra ca n0
D0V
Y
D D DaS b DaS
e E E % %
:
2 1
2
: : :

Pe:1rR
3.5. Hiu ng trn bn buc sng FWM
3.5.1. Khi nim
Ai1u Tng UDE l/ hi1u Tng 5hi tu(n b9c ba, ,Gc sinh ra "o s 5h$
thu)c ca chit su]t ca sGi v/o c=ng ,) nh sng: ihi c0 2 ha( nhiu h\n 2
bc s0ng khc nhau ,Gc tru(n tr4n 1 sGi 3uang th! sZ sinh ra <)t bc
s0ng <i:
*+nh ..4: 0-c 7&*c +Gng :*i +inh ra (o hiu ng VWM
Ai1u Tng UDE sZ to <)t s0ng <i vi tn s2 l/
ik

i



k
khi ba
s0ng
i
,

,
k
cng tru(n ,i b4n trong sGi: ;2i vi <)t h1 th2ng n k4nh th! i,
, k c0 th7 tha( ,i tY 1 ,n n v/ c0 s2 bc s0ng <i ,Gc to th/nh tJnh
th'o c&ng thTc
2
R 1 :P R: 1 P +

N N N
S
Pe:1sR
3.5.2. Khao st nhiu FWM
c&ng su]t cc s0ng <i sinh ra t l1 vi c&ng su]t ca cc k4nh tha< gia
th'o bi7u thTcb
lr

Y
k i
e[[
e[[
k i k i
e % % %
>
Y
c n
(
%

,
_

+
2 2 f
m
2 q
1m2f
R , , P R P
Pe:1tR
Srong ,0b
n
m
b chit su]t tu(n tJnh ca sGi
b dc s0ng tJn hi1u P<R
c b H9n t2c nh sng P<vsR
" b A1 s2 su( gi*< Pnu i k th! " e i k th! " qR

b ,) nh( c*< 5hi tu(n b9c e P<

e
vD:sR
o
i, , k
b c&ng su]t cc k4nh ,Gc 5ht v/o ,u sGi 3uang PDR
b chiu "/i sGi c5 3uang P<R

'
b chiu "/i hi1u "$ng ca sGi 3uang
R , , P
k i

b hi1u su]t tr)n b2n bc s0ng
( )
1
1
1
1
]
1

+
+

Y
Y
k i
e
Y
e

1
2
sin
f 1 R , , P
2
2 2
2
Pe:2mR


bi7u "i%n s 5h2i hG5 5ha ca cc th/nh 5hn tr)n
[ ]

'

(
(D
c
D
c

k i k i

R P
2
R P
2
2 2
Pe:21R
SY Pe:1tR, Pe:21R ta th]( rng c&ng su]t tr)n b2n bc s0ng 5h$ thu)c v/o
nhiu tha< s2, Tng vi <Tc c&ng su]t n/o ,0 ca cc k4nh ,u v/o v/ tu(n
c0 ,) "/i c2 ,#nh th! c&ng su]t s0ng <i sinh ra sZ tha( ,i th'o h1 s2 tn s_c
sGi, v/ s khc nhau v tn s2 gi6a cc k4nh tJn hi1u:
Qi* s> c&ng su]t 3uang kh&ng b# <]t <t "o su( hao 5hi tu(n ca sGi,
th! c&ng su]t s0ng UDE tng c)ng ti tn s2
<
,Gc tJnh nh saub

+ +
+
: k i k i : k i k i
ik k i tong VWM
% % %

R P

Pe:22R
H! v9( ,7 tJnh c&ng su]t UDE ti <)t k4nh n/o ,0 tr4n h1 th2ng, ta 5h*i
t!< cho ,Gc t]t c* t hG5 cc bc s0ng thJch hG5 </ s0ng UDE ,Gc to
ra tY cc t hG5 n/( n< ti ,^ng bc s0ng cn tJnh ton:
ls
E)t ,ac ,i7< khc ca UDE l/ c&ng su]t ca n0 su( gi*< th'o chiu "/i
ca h1 th2ngb
Y
S
tong VWM
S
i tong VWM
i aD
e %
%
Y %
%
%

R P
R P
R P
Pe:2eR
H9( khi nh., hi1u su]t tr)n b2n bc s0ng tha( ,i th'o chiu "/i sGi
ha( l/ hi1n tGng UDE tc ,)ng ,ng k7: c-n trong tr=ng hG5 ln th!
c&ng su]t UDE ch su( gi*< "o su( hao tu(n tJnh sGi, su( ra hi1n tGng
UDE c0 th7 b. 3ua "o hi1u su]t tr)n s0ng r]t nh.: H9( hi1n tGng tr)n b2n
bc s0ng l/ kh&ng ,ng k7 khi c&ng su]t tJn hi1u gi*< ha( chiu "/i h1
th2ng tIng:
3.5.3. Khao st cng sut nhiu FWM trong h thng DWDM s dng
HFA
yBt h1 th2ng @D@E ,Gc <_c chu`i cc b) khuch ,i nh sau
*+nh ..,5: b thng DWDM :jc chufi c-c 7 huXch i
c&ng su]t s0ng UDE ti ,u cu2i ca h1 th2ng ,Gc tJnh bng tng cc
c&ng su]t s0ng UDE Po
i,,k
P<R
R ,Gc sinh ra trong nh6ng 5hCn ,on < khc
nhau, nh6ng th/nh 5hn s0ng UDE n/( ,Gc tru(n 3ua nh6ng 5hCn ,on,
cjng b# su( hao v/ cjng ,Gc khuch ,i khi 3ua cc b) khuch ,i: it 3u*
ta c0 tng c&ng su]t UDE ti tn s2
U

i

k
l/b
( ) ( )

1
]
1

M
:
:
l
l kl il
M
:
:
e[[
k i
ik
E E E >
>
% % %
(
c n
%
1
1
1 1
2
2
2 2 f
m
q
R 2 P 'O5
1m2f

lt
( )
( ) [ ]
+

+

1
]
1

1 1
1 1
1 1
1
'O5 1
2 P 'O5

i
Y i
E i >
l:
M
: l
Vl
:
l
l l
( ) [ ]
( ) [ ]
2
2 2
2 2 2
1
'O5 1
1 'O5
1
]
1

,
_

+
+ +



i
Y i
Y i
:
l: Pe:2fR
Srong ,0b

1,2
b A1 s2 su( hao sGi 1 v/ 2 trong <`i ,on 1v<:

1,2
b oh2i hG5 t\ng Tng vi sGi c5 1 v/ 2 ra"v<:
( )
: :
:
Y Y >
2 2 1 1
R P
2
1
+
b Sng su( hao 5hCn ,on <:
: : :
Y Y
2 2 1 1
+
b oh2i hG5 5ha tJch lj( trong 5hCn ,on <
ra":
Q
l<
Pl i,,k,UR b A1 s2 khuch ,i ca b) khuch ,i thT < ti tn
s2
l
:
c&ng su]t s0ng UDE 5h$ thu)c ch (u v/o h1 s2 5h2i hG5 5ha
P
i
R P

R P
k
R P
U
R Pe:2lR
Hib P
l
R l/ hng s2 tru(n s0ng ti bc s0ng
l
Pl i,,k,U R
A1 s2 5h2i hG5 5ha t\ng Tng vi sGi1 v/ 2 c0 th7 ,Gc tJnh gn ,^ng
nh sau
( ) [ ]
( )
1
]
1

(
(D
c
D
c

k i

k i
2 , 1
2
2 , 1
2
2 , 1
2
R RP P
2
R RP P
Pe:2qR
Srong ,0b @
1,2
l/ tn s_c sGi v/ "@
1,2
v" l/ ,) bin thi4n tn s_c sGi t\ng
Tng ca sGi 1 v/ 2 ti bc s0ng
k
Qi* s> h1 s2 khuch ,i ,Nng ,u ti t]t c* cc tn s2 v/ c0 th7 b ,
su( hao ca 5hCn ,on trc ,0 Q
<
'O5P2V
<
R 1, nu t]t c* cc 5hCn ,on
c0 su( hao bng nhau th! Pe:emR c0 th7 ,Gc vit lib
( ) ( )
2
1 1
2
2
2 2 f
m
'O5 2 'O5
q 1m2f


1
]
1

,
_

M
:
:
:
l
l
e[[
k i
ik
V i >
>
% % %
(
c n
%

Pe:2rR
Srong ,0
qm
( ) [ ]
( ) [ ]
( ) [ ]
2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1
1 1
1 1 1
'O5 1
'O5
'O5 1






+
+ +

+

i
Y i
Y i
i
Y i
V
:
:
:
: Pe:2sR
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ra
1<

1
,
2<

2
,
<

, v/ c&ng thTc Pe:2sR ,Gc vit li ,\n
gi*n nh saub
( ) ( )
2
1 1
2
2
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m
'O5 2 'O5
q 1m2f


1
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1

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_

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:
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:
l
l
e[[
k i
ik
V i >
>
% % %
(
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Pe:2tR
Hib
( ) [ ]
( ) [ ]
( ) [ ]
2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1
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1 1 1
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+
+ +

+

i
Y i
Y i
i
Y i
V
:
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nu vi1c b tn s_c ,Gc thc hi1n trong tYng 5hCn ,on, th! c&ng thTc
Pe:2tR ,Gc ,\n gi*n h0a nh saub
( ) ( )
2
2
2
2
2
2 2 f
m
R
2
P sin
R
2
P sin
2 'O5
q 1m2f
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k i
ik
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M
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>
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Pe:e1R
? 5h2i hG5 5ha cho h1 th2ng hot ,)ng ti vng tn s_c khc kh&ng sZ t
l1 vi tn s_c sGi: H! v9( 5h2i hG5 5ha tJch lj( <`i 5hCn ,on sZ t l1 vi tn
s_c sGi tJch lj( trong 5hCn ,on ,0b
2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1
Y D Y D Y Y
:
+ +
Pe:e2R
@o ,0 nu s*n 5h< tr)n b2n bc s0ng c0 bc s0ng </ ti ,0 tn s_c
,Gc b ho/n to/n ha( bc s0ng tn s_c bng kh&ng,
m
ti @
1

1
@
2

2
m,
th! s 5h2i hG5 5ha tJch lj(
P<R
bng kh&ng: ?u( ra trong tr=ng hG5 n/(b
2
2
2
R 2 v P sin
R 2 v P sin
M
M

it 3u* l/ c&ng su]t UDE sau E 5hCn ,on ,Gc khuch ,i l4n E
2
ln
c&ng su]t UDE trong <`i 5hCn ,on: H! c&ng su]t UDE tIng l4n r]t ln nh
v9( n4n *nh hKng ln ,n ch]t lGng h1 th2ng, "o ,0 cn kh_c 5h$c tr=ng
hG5 n/(:
q1
@o c&ng su]t tJn hi1u lu&n ,Gc tIng c=ng 3ua cc b) khuch ,i n4n
c&ng su]t UDE ln h\n nhiu so vi h1 th2ng kh&ng c0 khuch ,i 3uang:
3.6. Ti s tn hiu trn nhiu quang OSNR
3.6.1. Khi nim
g?nW l/ <)t tha< s2 3uan trng v/ c\ b*n trong khi thit k h1 th2ng
3uang: E)t th&ng s2 khc cjng ,Gc OBt ,n ,0 l/ h1 s2 p: A1 s2 p l/ h/<
ca g?nW, 5h*n nh <)t s <& t* ch]t lGng ca b) thu: A1 s2 p ch ,n tJn
hi1u tr4n nhi%u nh. nh]t ,-i h.i ,7 ,t <)t gi tr# dXW ,2i vi <)t tJn hi1u
cho trc: g?nW l/ 5hB5 ,o K ,\n v# "d: S2c ,) bit c/ng cao th! (4u cu
g?nW c/ng cao:
E)t g?nW t2t 5h*i ,Gc "u( tr! ,7 b) thu c0 th7 tch tJn hi1u <)t cch
chJnh Oc: Hi1c tIng h1 s2 khuch ,i ca b) khuch ,i sZ kh&ng ,t <$c
,Jch tIng g?nW bKi s c)ng th4< v/o nhi%u V?X v/ tIng c&ng su]t 3uang sZ
gC( n4n nh6ng hi1u Tng 5hi tu(n P</ ,ng k7 nh]t l/ UDER, v! v9( ch^ng
ta cn khuch ,i tJn hi1u ,u ,an v/ cCn bng h1 s2 khuch ,i ,7 ch2ng li
nhi%u V?X:
3.6.2. Khao st ti s OSNR cua HFA
S s2 tJn hi1u tr4n nhi%u g?nW ca h1 th2ng ,a k4nh s> "$ng b) khuch
,i AUV <_c chu`i l/b
b VWM b DaS b >SD
Sig
noi+e
Sig
% % %
%
%
%
PSNa

+ +

Pe:eeR
Srong ,0 b

( )

N
i
i Di N a Sin Sig
> E > E % %
1
1 :
:
Pe:efR
%
Sin
l/ c&ng su]t tJn hi1u K ,u v/o ,=ng tru(n Pc&ng su]t <(
5htR:
>
i
l/ tn hao c&ng su]t ca ,on s\i 3uang thT i:
Q
W
l/ ,) khuch ,i Wa<an:
Q
Xi
l/ ,) khuch ,i ca b) X@UV thT i:
q2
b >SD
%
l/ c&ng su]t nhi%u V?X ca AUV tJch luM K cu2i ,=ng
tru(n:
b DaS
%
l/ c&ng su]t nhi%u @W? ca AUV tJch luM K cu2i ,=ng
tru(n:
b VWM
%
l/ c&ng su]t nhi%u UDE ca AUV K cu2i ,=ng tru(n:
3.. Kt lun chuong
ch\ng n/( ,F "kn ra cc c&ng thTc tJnh c&ng su]t nhi%u cu2i ,=ng
tru(n ca tu(n th&ng tin sGi 3uang ,a k4nh s> "$ng b) khuch ,i AUV
<_c chu`i: SY ,0 tJnh ton t s2 tJn hi1u tr4n nhi%u ca h1 th2ng l/ c\ sK "7
,nh gi ch]t lGng ca h1 th2ng: Sa th]( t s2 g?nW 5h$ thu)c ch (u v/o
,) khuch ,i ca h1 th2ng: H9( b/i ton ,at ra l/ vi <)t tu(n c0 chiu "/i
c$ th7 th! gi tr# ,) khuch ,i l/ bao nhi4u ,7 t s2 tJn hi1u tr4n nhi%u g?nW
l/ ln nh]t tTc ha( l/ c&ng su]t nhi%u K <Tc th]5 nh]t: Eat khc ,) khuch
,i li 5h$ thu)c v/o nhiu (u t2 nhb ,i1n tJch hi1u "$ng ca sGi, su( hao
sGi, h1 s2 khuch ,i, c&ng su]t b\< trong ,0 c&ng su]t b\< l/ th&ng s2 "%
tha( ,i nh]t:
Srong ch\ng ti5 th'o '< s> "$ng g5tis(st'< r:m ,7 <& 5h.ng cho b)
khuch ,i AUV:
qe
CHONG 4
NG DJNG OPTIWAVE TRONG TNH TON
V THIT K B KHUCH I GHP LAI HFA
4.1. Gii thiu chuong
g5tihav' l/ <)t 5hn << thit k, th> nghi1< v h1 th2ng 3uang 5h
bin nh]t hi1n na( vi nhiu h` trG v/ cc thit b# <i: @o v9( trong ch\ng
n/( '< s> "$ng g5tis(st'< r:m ,7 <& 5h.ng cho b) khuch ,i AUV:
ch\ng n/( bao gN< cc 5hn saub
?\ ,N thit k
cc kt 3u* tJnh ton
4.2. So d thit k
*+nh /.,: S ng (Rng trn P$tilaMe ca bV> hi 7: nhi'u 7&*c +Gng
trong h thng 5uang m nh truy'n
qf
4.3. Cc kt qua tnh ton
4.3.1. Khi HFA s dng bom nhiu buc sng v bom 1 buc sng
4.3.1.1. Cc thng s du thu
!'ng /.,: ?Xt 5uW thu &4c hi bV> &4c 7: nhi'u 7&*c +Gng
v/ 1 bc s0ng
i4nh
d\< nhiu bc s0ng d\< 1 bc s0ng
p logPdXWR
X('
h'ight
p logPdXWR
X('
h'ight
1 s:2e 1q:mq e:ll s:2e 1q:mf e:ef
2 r:fq 1e:et e:ef r:ff 1e:eq e:1e
e r:t1 1f:t2 e:fr r:st 1f:t1 e:2q
f s:me 1l:ef e:ft s:mm 1l:e2 e:2t
l s:ml 1l:f1 e:ft s:m1 1l:es e:e2
q r:r2 1f:2l e:ef r:qs 1f:er e:22
r r:s1 1f:lr e:ee r:r2 1f:l1 e:2f
s s:2l 1q:11 e:fm s:21 1q:mm e:eq
4.3.1.2. Cc d th
*+nh /.-:
h thn
7i/u (ien
h +
$h9: ch1t
trn c-c
nh
truy'n
ql
*+nh /..: h thn 7i/u (ien to + KDa trn c-c nh truy'n
*+nh /./: h thn 7i/u (ien h + :p :jt trn c-c nh truy'n
qq
?Xt lu"n6 SY cc kt 3u* tr4n ta th]( rng khi s> "$ng b\< nhiu bc
s0ng c0 cc ch s2 v h1 s2 5h< ch]t p, t s2 dXW t\ng ,\ng vi b\< 1
bc s0ng: nhng h1 s2 <K <_t khi b\< nhiu bc s0ng ln nh. h\n nhiu
so vi b\< 1 bc s0ng: Sa thu ,Gc nh6ng kt 3u* tr4n "o vi b) khuch
,i AUV th! hot ,)ng t2t nh]t khi tn s2 b\< v/ tn s2 tJn hi1u l1ch nhau
1e:2SA, "o v9( khi b\< nhiu bc s0ng t2t h\n khi b\< 1 bc s0ng: pua
,0 th7 hi1n ,Gc u ,i7< ca b) khuch ,i AUV l/ kh* nIng <K r)ng bIng
th&ng v/ s> "$ng b\< nhiu bc s0ng:
4.3.2. S ph thuc ti s BER v h s phm cht Q theo cng sut pht
cng sut thu cua HFA chi t trn knh 1
4.3.2.1. Bang kt qua
Bang 4.2 it 3u* c&ng su]t thu, t s2 dXW, h1 s2 5h< ch]t thu ,Gc khi
tha( ,i c&ng su]t b\< v/ t2c ,) bit
c&ng
su]t
oht
P"d<R
S2c ,) bit 1mQbvs S2c ,) bit 2:lQbvs
S s2 dXW
logPdXWR
p
c&ng su]t
thu
P<DR
S s2 dXW
logPdXWR
c&ng
su]t thu
P<DR
1m 1m:2r q:fl m:es 22:eq m:f2
t 1m:sq q:ql m:fs 2l:2m m:l1
s 12:ml r:mf m:qm 2q:tt m:ql
r 1e:me r:el m:rf 2t:m2 m:s2
q 1e:ef r:fl m:tf e1:1s 1:me
l 1e:se r:lt 1:1s el:me 1:em
f 1f:l1 r:rt 1:ft eq:l2 1:qf
e 1f:ss r:tm 1:sr er:ql 2:mr
2 1l:2t s:m2 2:eq et:rf 2:lq
1 1l:f2 s:mq 2:tq f1:qs e:2l
m 1q:mq s:2e e:r2 f2:eq f:mt
4.3.2.2. Cc d th
qr
*+nh /.0: Mi 5uan h gica c^ng +u1t $h-t MN h + $h9: ch1t ,
*+nh /.1: Mi 5uan h ca c^ng +u1t $h-t MN to + KDa
*+nh /.2: Mi 5uan h gica c^ng +u1t thu M*i to + KDa
qs
*+nh /.3: io + KDa theo c^ng +u1t thu M*i c-c tc 7it h-c nhau
?Xt lu"n6 pua cc ,N th# tr4n ta th]( rng c&ng su]t 5ht tIng th! t s2 dXW
gi*< v/ h1 s2 5h< ch]t tIng, v9( c&ng su]t 5ht c/ng ln th! ch]t lGng h1
th2ng c/ng tIng: d4n cnh ,0 ta c-n th]( rng khi c&ng su]t thu c/ng ln th!
t s2 dXW cjng c/ng nh.: Eat khc khi t2c ,) bit tIng th! ti gi tr# dXW cho
trc c&ng su]t thu cjng tIng: dKi v! khi t2c ,) bJt tIng l4n th! kho*ng cch
gi6a cc bit gn li n4n khi Oung giFn ra sZ "% gC( ra l`i bJt n4n t l1 dXW tIng
l4n: @o v9( cn thit 5h*i thit k sao cho vYa ,*< b*o ch]t lGng vYa c0
tJnh kinh t:
4.3.3. So snh b khuch di EDFA va HFA
4.3.3.1. Khi c 8 knh truyn
qt
*+nh /.4: io + KDa trn m nh truy'n ca DDV> MN bV>
4.3.3.2. Khi c 16 knh
*+nh /.,5: io + KDa trn Oq nh truy'n ca DDV> MN bV>
?Xt lu"n6 SY hai ,N th# tr4n ta th]( rng, khi tru(n tr4n 1q k4nh th! s
ch4nh l1ch gi6a t s2 dXW ca b) khuch ,i AUV v/ b) khuch ,i X@UV
rm
ln h\n s ch4nh l1ch gi6a t s2 dXW ca b) khuch ,i AUV v/ b) khuch
,i X@UV khi tru(n tr4n s k4nh: STc l/ khi s2 k4nh tru(n c/ng tIng thi s>
"$ng b) khuch ,i AUV c0 hi1u 3u* h\n b) khuch ,i X@UV: dKi v! nh
ch^ng ta ,F bit th! bIng 5h s> "$ng ca AUV r)ng h\n nhiu so vi bIng
5h ca X@UV n4n khi s2 k4nh tru(n tIng l4n th! t s2 dXW ca X@UV gi*<
c-n ca AUV tIng l4n:
4.4. Cn bng ti s BER
Srong cc h1 th2ng 3uang th! vi1c cCn bng c&ng su]t v/ t s2 dXW l/
nh6ng (4u cu ht sTc 3uan trng nh< b*o ,*< ch]t lGng cho tru(n "kn
3uang: ;7 tIng t s2 dXW th! th&ng th=ng ha( tha( ,i c&ng su]t 5ht ha( b
tn s_c cho tu(n tru(n "kn: c-n ,2i vi h1 th2ng 3uang s> "$ng b) khuch
,i 3uang s> "$ng b) khuch ,i 3uang AUV th! ta c-n c0 th7 ,iu chnh
th4< tn s2 b\< v/ c&ng su]t b\<: @i ,C( l/ kt 3u* so snh t s2 dXW
trc v/ sau khi tha( ,i cc th&ng s2b c&ng su]t b\<, tn s2 b\< v/ c&ng
su]t 5ht
*+nh /.,,: io + KDa tr&*c MN +au hi c8n 7rng
r1
SY kt 3u* tr4n ta th](, khi tha( ,i cc th&ng s2 tr4n th! s ,Nng ,u ca
t s2 dXW ,F ,Gc c*i thi1n <)t cc ,ng k7:
c-n ,2i vi vi1c cCn bng c&ng su]t th! trong h1 th2ng tru(n "kn th&ng
tin 3uang hi1n na( th=ng "ng ,0 l/ b) cCn bng X3uali'r
4.5. Kt lun chuong
Srong ch\ng n/( ,N n ,F tr!nh b/( nh6ng <& 5h.ng ,7 cho th]( ,Gc
nh6ng u ,i7< ca b) khuch ,i AUV trong ,=ng tru(n "kn 3uang: pua
ch\ng n/( ta th]( rng b) khuch AUV c0 cng ,ac ,i7< nh cc b) khuch
,i 3uang khc l/ tIng t2c ,) bit th! ,) nh( thu cjng tIng: ngo/i ra ta c-n
th]( ,Gc kh* nIng s> "$ng nhiu bc s0ng v/ <K r)ng bIng th&ng ca
AUV: ;C( l/ tin , cho vi1c 5ht tri7n h1 th2ng th&ng tin 3uang trong t\ng
lai:
r2
KT LUN CHUNG
?au <)t th=i gian nghi4n cTu l[ thu(t vi s ch "kn t9n t!nh ca th(
ngu(%n Vnh punh '< ,F hi7u bit th4< nhiu v]n , v h1 th2ng th&ng tin
3uang: H! v9( trong ,N n n/( '< ,F tr!nh b/( <)t s2 l[ thu(t v h1 th2ng
th&ng tin 3uang bao gN< cc n)i "ung saub
1: Sr!nh b/( v c]u tr^c, ngu(4n l[ hot ,)ng, th/nh 5hn c\ b*n v/ u
,i7< nhGc ,i7< ca h1 th2ng D@E cng vi h1 th2ng @D@E: ;C( l/ h1
th2ng th&ng tin 3uang ,Gc s> "$ng 5h bin trong nc ta hi1n na(: n0 l/
<)t h1 th2ng <ng ,=ng tr$c c2t lLi ca nc ta:
2: Sr!nh b/( rL v c]u to, ngu(4n lJ hot ,)ng v/ cc ,ac tJnh ca cc
b) khuch ,i s> "$ng trong tu(n tru(n "kn 3uang @D@E: ;0 l/ cc b)
khuch ,i X@UV, khuch ,i Wa<an v/ s kt hG5 ca ch^ng th/nh b)
khuch ,i AUV: cng vi ,0 tr!nh b/( v c]u tr^c h1 th2ng @D@E <_c
chu`i s> "$ng b) khuch ,i AUV v/ cc (u t2 *nh hKng ,n ch]t lGng
ca h1 th2ng n/(: H/ nghi4n cTu sCu v nhi%u V?X, nhi%u tn O Wa(l'igh
kB5, hi1u Tng tr)n b2n bc s0ng UDE l/ cc nhCn t2 *nh hKng chJnh ,n
ch]t lGng ca tu(n tru(n "kn @D@E:
e: Srong ch\ng cu2i tr!nh b/( <)t kt 3u* th> nghi1< b) khuch ,i
AUV trong tu(n tru(n "kn ,7 chTng <inh cc u ,i7< ca b) khuch ,i
AUV, ,0 l/ kh* nIng t9n "$ng bIng th&ng v/ tru(n "kn tr4n nhiu k4nh ca
b) khuch ,i AUV:
S0< li trong ,N n n/( ,F tr!nh b/( s\ b) l[ thu(t ca b) khuch ,i
AUV: ;7 rNi tY ,0 OC( "ng lu ,N thu9t ton v/ ch\ng tr!nh tJnh ton t2i u
cho b) khuch ,i AUV trong tu(n tru(n "kn: ;Nng th=i ,N n tr!nh b/( v/i
5h\ng 5h5 th> nghi1< b) khuch ,i AUV "a tr4n 5hn << g5ti?(st'<
r:m ca g5tihav':
re
HNG PHT TRIEN E TI

;7 ti5 t$c nh6ng kt 3u* tr4n nh< s> "$ng b) khuch ,i ghB5 lai
AUV PWa<an v/ X@UVR c0 hi1u 3u* h\n cho cc Tng "$ng ,a "ng trong
th&ng tin 3uang, ,N n ,a ra <)t s2 hng nghi4n cTu <K r)ng nh sau
nghi4n cTu sCu h\n v nhi%u v/ hi1u Tng 5hi tu(n trong h1 th2ng
D@E s> "$ng AUV nh l/ bhi1u Tng t ,iu ch 5ha chBo ?oE, ,iu
ch 5ha ngang yoE, tn O drillouin nh< t2i thi7u h0a cc *nh hKng
O]u ca 5hi tu(n sGi:
Si5 t$c ,i sCu v/o nghi4n cTu trong cc <( thu 3uang, l^c ,0 ch ti4u
,nh gi ch]t lGng h1 th2ng l/ t s2 tJn hi1u tr4n nhi%u ,i1n '?nW v/
t s2 l`i bit dXW:
SJnh ton ,7 s> "$ng AUV trong h1 th2ng th&ng tin 3uang <_c chu`ib
v# trJ ,at AUV t2i u, s2 k4nh tru(n t2i ,a ,7 s> "$ng ,*< b*o ch]t
lGng v/ c0 hi1u 3u* kinh t cao nh]t
rf
TI LIU THAM KHAO
1 A1 th2ng D@E c0 X@UV <_c chu`i "i tc ,)ng hi1u Tng UDE v/
nhi%u V?X tJch Ss: ngu(%n HIn Su]n, is: ngu(%n S]n Ang, inh
to-n + nh truy'n csc i trong h lty, chu(4n san t5 chJ du chJnh
vi%n th&ng, s2 12, thng s nI< 2mmf, trang 2l:
2 Ss: ngu(%n HIn Su]n, is: ngu(%n Srn S^ nhi, inh to-n ti &u tuyXn
th^ng tin +4i 5uang +Q (Rng 7 huXch i bV> tc cao, chu(4n san
t5 chJ du chJnh vi%n th&ng, s2 1, nI< 2mmr, trang e:
e Ss: ngu(%n HIn Su]n, Ao/ng Sh# oh\ng Vnh, EiWi $h-$ n8ng cao
ch1t l&4ng tn hiu h thng th^ng tin 5uang Huyn 7i/n, chu(4n san
t5 chJ du chJnh vi%n th&ng, s2 2, nI< 2mmt, trang e1:
f Ss: ohng HIn H9n, Srn ANng puCn, ngu(4n canh SuCn, oha< A&ng
i(, ngu(4n Aoai na<, bu th^vng th^ng tin +ui 5uang , nyd ihoa hoc
va k( thuCt A/ n)i 2mm2:
l Ss:Hj HIn ?an, b thng th^ng tin 5uang, nyd du ,i1n A/ n)i
2mme:
q d'rar" acpui'r, Yinh in tch csc lN: 7rng +4i 5uang $ha t$, 5
hc chu(4n , oh5 Hi1t v cc ngu(4n l[ c\ b*n ca 3uang ,i1n t> hc
v/ vi%n th&ng 3uang hc, ;N ?\n, Hi1t na<, thng 112mmf, Srang 1tr:
r @o<ini3u' da(art, b thng truy'n th^ng 5uang hSc (Tng 7 gh#$
nhi'u 7&*c +Gng WDM, 5 hc chu(4n , oh5 Hi1t v cc ngu(4n l[
c\ b*n ca 3uang ,i1n t> hc v/ vi%n th&ng 3uang hc, ;N ?\n, Hi1t
na<, thng 112mmf, Srang 2qr:
s Q:o: Vgrahal, Vi7er P$tic 0o::unication Sy+te:+, Shir" '"ition,
ohn Dil'( ?ons, 2mm2:
t Eari D: Ea'"a, Dillia< d: ?'ssa, Dinston ungshih Da(, V: ian,
(n curtis, W?5ic'r, an" W:u: a<ing, ihe e[[ect o[ VourwWaMe MiHing
rl
in [i7er+ on P$tical Vre5uencywDiMi+ion Multi$leHe( Sy+te:+, ournal
o ighthav' t'chnolog(, Hol:s, no:t, ?'5t'<b'r 1ttm, oag' 1fm2:
1m Eoha<<'" n:usla<, aa:an a:$li[ier+ [or teleco::unication+, uXXX
ournal o s'l't'" to5ics in 3uantu< 'l'ctronics, vol:s, no:e, Ea(vun'
2mm2:
11 E:iaras'r, E:E'ni, V:d'll'<ar', De+ign o[ li(e7an( hy7ri(
a:$li[er+ [or local area netlor+, uXX oroc g5to'l'ctron, Hol:1fs,
no:e, un' 2mm1, oag' 1lm:
rq