HƯNG

n chuyn ngnh k s polyme v{ compozit
Trnh Tun Hng SHSV: 20091395 Trang 1

M U
Sn, hay cht ph b mt, l mt loi vt liu c dng trang tr m thut hoc
bo v cc b mt vt liu cn sn. Tuy cc loi sn th s c con ngi s dng t
trn 25000 nm trc, ngnh cng nghip sn ch mi thc s pht trin t cui th k 18
do tc ng ca cch mng khoa hc k thut chu u. Mt trong nhng ng dng
quan trng ca ca sn v mng ph trong cng nghip l bo v cc kt cu kim loi,
c bit l st v cc hp kim, khi s n mn ca mi trng. cc nc cng nghip
pht trin, chi ph bnh qun cho cng tc chng r st v n mn kim loi thng ri vo
khong 4% GDP hng nm ca quc gia. Theo c tnh, nu khng c chi ph , hng
nm s c ti 10 - 15% lng kim loi khai thc c b n mn, dn ti khng s dng
c gy lng ph ln cho x hi. Tuy nhin, hin nay nc ta th chi ph dnh cho
cng tc ny cn thp, ch yu tp trung cho cc phng php chng n mn thng
thng nn nhiu cng trnh sau vi nm s dng xung cp gy mt an ton cho
ngi s dng, lm tng chi ph duy tu bo dng. Nguyn nhn ca thc trng ny mt
phn l do nc ta cn ngho trong khi a phn sn chng n mn hin nay u phi
nhp khu vi gi thnh t gy kh khn cho ngun vn u t ban u, bn cnh
nhiu loi sn nhp khu c thit k s dng trong iu kin ca nc s ti, khi
a sang Vit Nam gp nhiu vn khng mong mun do iu kin thi tit nng m,
nhiu ni c phn khc nghit, lm nh hng ti qu trnh a mng sn ln trn b mt
cn bo v cng nh lm gim ng k tui th ca mng sn.
Cht to mng sn ph bin v quan trng bc nht hin nay l nha epoxy, mt
loi nha c nghin cu t rt lu, c ng dng rng khp trong cc ngnh cng
nghip. Vic ng rn epoxy to mng sn nhit thng ng vai tr quyt nh
cho vic la chn loi nha ny lm cht to mng. Epoxy ng rn nhit thng,
thng s dng cc cht ng rn polyamin mch thng hoc polyamit. Tuy nhin khi
ng rn trong iu kin m cao th phng php trn li khng hiu qu v polyamin


rt nhy cm vi m, c bit l kh CO
2
, cc amin chuyn ha thnh cc mui
cacbamat, lm sn b m c v c bm dnh km trn b mt m t.
Mt trong nhng phng php tng tnh cht c l v tnh bo v chng n mn l
b sung nanoclay vo mng sn[28,29].
Cng vi su hng trn cng trnh ny: Nghin cu ch to sn epoxy chng n
mn s dng ph gia c ch n mn nanoclay.



PHN I: TNG QUAN

I. N MN KIM LOI [1]
1. nh ngha v s n mn kim loi v c ch ca qu trnh n mn kim loi
n mn kim loi l s ph hy t pht ca kim loi gy ra bi cc qu trnh ha hc
hoc in ha hc xy ra trn b mt kim loi khi kim loi tip xc trc tip vi mi
trng bn ngoi. a phn cc loi kim loi u c th b n mn di tc ng ca iu
kin mi trng khng qu khc nghit, tuy nhin dng n mn ph bin nht v gy
nhiu thit hi nht cho con ngi chnh l s n mn ca st cng cc hp kim ca n
m c bit l thp cacbon. Trong cc dng n mn ca st v thp, dng c tc ng tiu
cc nht l g st Fe
2
O
3
.nH
2
O do n to thnh lp g khng bn v xp, khng c kh
nng bo v cho lp vt liu bn di khin cho qu trnh n mn d dng tin su vo
trong lng vt liu gy ph hy nhanh chng kt cu ca vt liu.
C ch n mn cc loi kim loi khc nhau l khc nhau, ph thuc vo nhiu yu t
nh bn cht ha hc ca kim loi, thnh phn ha hc ca mi trng n mn, iu kin
nhit v p sut ca mi trng... Tuy vy, ta vn c th chia c ch n mn kim loi
thnh hai dng chnh l n mn ha hc v n mn in ha. Qu trnh n mn ha hc,
ni mt cch n gin, l qu trnh n mn do phn ng ha hc trc tip gia kim loi
vi cc hp cht ha hc c trong mi trng, ch yu xy ra khi vt liu tip xc trc
tip vi cc cht c tnh xm thc trong mi trng kh hoc cht lng khng phn cc
nh Cl
2
, O
2
, Br
2
dng lng, lu hunh nng chy, lu hunh v cc hp cht gc sunfua
ln trong nhin liu lng.... Hai hin tng n mn ha hc ph bin nht l hin tng
oxy ha kim loi di tc dng ca oxy khng kh nhit cao v hin tng mt
cacbon thp cacbon. Hin tng mt cacbon thp cacbon xy ra iu kin thng
di tc ng ca mt s hp cht khc nhau, khin cho mt phn cacbon trn b mt vt
liu i vo mi trng to gradient nng ko cacbon bn trong vt liu ra ngoi v tip


tc thot ra mi trng, hu qu l hm lng cacbon ca khi vt liu gim, vt liu b
suy gim cng, chu mi mn v gii hn n hi.
Fe
3
C + 1/2 O
2
3Fe + CO
Fe
3
C + CO
2
3Fe + 2CO
Fe
3
C + H
2
O 3Fe + CO + H
2

Ngc li, qu trnh n mn in ho l qu trnh n mn gy ra bi s khng ng
u ca cc thnh phn bn trong vt liu dn n mt s vng trn b mt tr thnh anot
trong khi cc vng khc tr thnh catot, s phn vng ny to iu kin cho s n mn
in ha xy ra khi vt liu tip xc vi hi m trong khng kh hoc cc dung dch c
tnh dn in. Xt v d v s n mn in ha thng dng nht l s n mn to g st
ca thp cacbon thng thng trong mi trng kh quyn, khi st s ng vai tr anot
cn cacbon s ng vai tr catot v s n mn xy ra di s c mt ca hi m.
2H
2
O 2H
+
+ 2OH
Ti anot: Fe Fe
2+
+ 2e
Ti catot: 2H
+
+ 2e H
2
hoc O
2
+ 2H
2
O + 4e 4OH
Phn ng tng th ca qu trnh l:
2Fe + O
2
+ H
2
O 2Fe
2+
+ 4OH
Sau , di s oxy ha ca oxy khng kh, hydroxit st (II) b oxy ha thnh g st
:
4Fe(OH)
2
+ 2O
2
2Fe
2
O
3
.H
2
O + H
2
O
2. Phn loi cc qu trnh n mn kim loi
C nhiu cch phn loi cc qu trnh n mn kim loi da trn cc tiu ch khc
nhau, trong c cc tiu ch thng dng sau y:


Theo c ch ca s n mn: n mn ha hc v n mn in ha.
Theo iu kin ca qu trnh n mn: n mn trong kh quyn, n mn trong kh
nng, n mn trong dung mi, n mn do tip xc, n mn do dng in d...
Theo c trng ca dng n mn: n mn ton b v n mn cc b.
3. Cc phng php chng n mn kim loi
Da theo cc c im ca qu trnh n mn kim loi, ngi ta pht trin c
mt s phng php chng n mn kim loi ph bin sau:
iu chnh iu kin mi trng: S dng cc thit b, my mc nhm iu chnh
cc thng s ca mi trng s dng nh nhit , m.. nhm hn ch s n
mn kim loi. y l mt phng php kh n gin v r tin nu yu cu khng
qu cao, tuy nhin tc dng thu c thng khng cao v khng p dng c
cho iu kin nhng chm, thu c tc dng tt th chi ph li rt cao.
S dng cc loi hp kim chng n mn: a mt s loi kim loi c tnh chng
n mn vo vt liu nhm lm tng kh chng n mn ca vt liu. y l mt
phng php tin dng v cho hiu qu cao, tuy nhin hp kim thu c thng
kh gia cng v c gi thnh cao hn nhiu so vi vt liu thng thng.
Phng php bo v in ha: S dng mt kim loi c tnh kh mnh, thng l
km, lm vt hi sinh chu n mn bo v vt liu kim loi khc. y l mt
phng php n gin v tin dng, cho hiu qu cao nhng yu cu tnh ton lp
t ban u chnh xc v c s kim tra bo dng thng xuyn, thng ch p
dng cho cc cng trnh nhng chm trong nc.
Phng php che ph b mt: Ph ln b mt kim loi mt lp vt liu khc nh
sn, du m, cht do hoc mt kim loi khc nhm ngn cch vt liu vi mi
trng. y l mt phng php tin dng v r tin, cho s bo v ton din
nhng yu cu phi c thc hin theo ng mt s quy trnh nht nh t


c hiu qu mong mun v kh nhy cm vi cc khuyt tt, do vy cn phn
tch cn thn trc khi s dng.
4. C ch bo v kim loi ca mng sn
Mng sn, do l mt loi tc nhn che ph b mt, c tc dng bo v c bn l to
thnh mt lp mng ngn cch gia b mt vt liu v cc tc nhn gy n mn ca mi
trng. Trn thc t, tt c cc loi mng sn u t nhiu th hin kh nng bo v ny,
tuy nhin nu xt mt mng sn n vi dy bnh thng th tc dng bo v ny l
khng ng k do n khng th ngn cn hon ton cc tc nhn xm thc di chuyn qua
tip xc vi b mt vt liu, c bit l cc tc nhn c kch thc b nh O
2
hay m
trong khng kh. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp n mn in ha, cc mng sn khng ch
ng vai tr l mt lp ngn cch n thun m chng cn ng vai tr l mt in tr,
ngn cn s dch chuyn ca ionkim loi nh Fe
2+
thot ra khi b mt vt liu, do cn
tr qu trnh n mn in ha ca vt liu. Hai tc dng bo v ny ca mng sn ph
thuc vo nhiu yu t nh:
Bn cht ca cht to mng: Cc cht to mng c kh nng to thnh cu trc c
kht c kh nng ngn cn tt s dch chuyn ca cc phn t cht qua n, tuy
nhin cu trc cng c kht th lp mng to thnh li cng c xu hng gin, d
b ph hy gy mt kh nng bo v. Bn cnh , bn cht ca cht to mng cn
nh hng ti kh nng bm dnh ca mng sn ln trn b mt cn bo v, nh
hng nhiu ti kh nng bo v ca mng sn.
Cc thnh phn ph gia, cht n, bt mu: S hin din ca cc thnh phn ny
trong mng sn c th gip lm tng kh nng cn tr ca mng sn.
dy ca lp mng sn: Mng sn cng dy cng c kh nng cn tr tt, tuy
nhin khi dy mng sn tng th chi ph cng tng theo, ng thi nhiu yu t
k thut khc cng b nh hng.


B mt cn bo v: Mc sch s ca b mt cn bo v cng nh m ca
mi trng khi tin hnh sn ng vai tr quan trng ti kh nng bm dnh ca
mng sn ln trn b mt cn bo v, do vy nh hng nhiu ti kh nng bo v
ca mng sn.
Bn cnh hai kh nng bo v chung ni trn, mt mng sn cn c th cung cp cc
kh nng bo v khc ph thuc vo thnh phn ca sn, bao gm:
S dng mt kim loi khc c tnh kh mnh ng vai tr anot thay th cho kim
loi cn bo v. Trong cng ngh sn v mng ph, bt km l mt loi bt mu
c kh nng bo v in ha rt tt, c ng dng nhiu trong sn chng n mn.
Bt km kim loi c tc dng nh mt anot thay th, ng vai tr cht hi sinh cho
b mt kim loi cn bo v. Sn phm n mn ca km to thnh mt lp bo v
th cp gip ngn chn cc tc nhn n mn t mi trng i qua lp mng, gip
duy tr lu di kh nng bo v ca bt km. Bn cnh bt km, ngi ta cn c
th s dng bt nhm, tuy nhin tc dng bo v in ha ca n ch thc s ng
k khi lp mng sn b tn thng.
S dng cc loi bt mu c tc dng lm dy thm hoc hon thin lp mng oxit
trn b mt cn bo v, gip bo v b mt ny khi cc tc nhn n mn in ha.
Chng c th l cc loi bt mu th ng ch c tc dng che ph n thun nh
TiO
2
hay Fe
2
O
3
, hoc cc loi bt mu th ng ha c kh nng to mui khng
tan vi ion kim loi sinh ra do qu trnh in ha nh km photphat, km cromat
hay km molybdat.
II. SN EPOXY [2]
Sn l mt h gm c nhiu thnh phn: cht to mng, cht ng rn (vi h sn hai
thnh phn), bt mu v bt n, dung mi, ph gia.[10]



II.1 NHA EPOXY
Nha epoxy l mt nhm cc hp cht cao phn t c cha nhiu hn mt nhm th
epoxy trn mch i phn t. Ngoi tn epoxy, nhm th ny cn c cc tn gi khc nh
nhm epoxit, nhm oxiran hay nhm ethoxylin. Nhm epoxy l mt nhm th c hot
ng ha hc rt cao m nguyn nhn l do sc cng ln ca lin kt vng ba cnh cng
nh phn cc ca lin kt CO cng ha tr:

Mt cch cht ch, nha epoxy ch c dng ch cc oligome hay cc monome
cha cc nhm epoxy cha khu mch. Tuy nhin, trn thc t, nha epoxy cn c
dng ch cc h epoxy ng rn, l cc h bao gm cc i phn t c phn t c
phn t khi ln, cha rt t hoc hon ton khng cha nhm epoxy.
a phn cc loi nha epoxy thng phm u c tng hp t phn ng cng hp
tch loi hydro clorua gia epiclohydrin vi mt hp cht cha t nht hai nguyn t
hydro linh ng. Cc sn phm nha epoxy tng hp t epiclohydrin cn c gi l cc
loi nha epoxy nhm glycidyl. Monome cng tham gia phn ng vi epiclohydrin c
th l cc amino phenol, cc monoamin v diamin, cc imit v amit d vng, cc diol v
polyol mch thng, cc axit bo khng no, cc hp cht a nhn phenol, ... Trong s ,
nha epoxy ca bisphenol A, hay nha diglycidyl ete ca bisphenol A nha DGEBA,
c s dng rng ri nht, chim ti hn 75% th phn nha epoxy do gi c phi chng
v tnh cht p ng tt cc yu cu s dng.


Bn cnh , nha epoxy cn c th c tng hp thng qua phn ng epoxy ha
cc hp cht dien s dng cc loi peraxit.

Nha epoxy khi cha ng rn l loi nha nhit do khng mu hoc c mu vng
sng. tu vo khi lng phn t m c th tn ti cc dng :
- Lng : Khi lng phn t M nh hn 450
- c : khi lng phn t M t 450 n 800
- Rn : Khi lng phn t M ln hn 800
Nha epoxy tan tt trong cc dung mi hu c nh : xeton, hydrocacbon clo ho,
dioxan, axetat nhng khng tan trong cc hydrocacbon mch thng (xng, white
spirit). L phn t c cc nn nha epoxy c kh nng phi trn tt vi cc loi nha
khc nh phenol fomandehyt, polyeste, polysunfit
Nha epoxy c hai nhm chc hot ng l nhm epoxy v nhm hydroxyl. Tu khi
lng phn t m nhm chc no s chim u th. Nha epoxy c khi lng phn t
thp ( M<1200) nhm epoxy chim u th, nha c khi lng phn t ln ( M>3000)
nhm hydroxyl chim u th. Vng epoxy c tnh phn cc v sc cng vng ln, do
n d dng b ph v v tham gia vo nhiu loi phi ng, c bit vi cc tc nhn
nucleophil. i vi cc tc nhn electrophil, phn ng xy ra khi c mt xc tc proton,
nhm hydroxyl hot ng km hn nhm epoxy nn phn ng phi tin hnh trong iu
kin nhit cao hoc c xc tc.


Cc thng s quan trng ca nha epoxy
- Hm lng nhm epoxy ( HLE) : Trng lng nhm epoxy c trong 100g nha.
- ng lng nhm epoxy (DLE): Lng nha tnh theo gam cha 1 ng lng
oxy epoxy.
- Gi tr epoxy (GTE): S ng lng oxy epoxy c trong 100g nha.
Hm lng oxy epoxy
GTE =
16
Hm lng oxy epoxy =
.16
43
HLE

- Quan h gia cc thng s:
DLE=
100
GTE
HLE =
100.43
DLE

- Khi lng phn t nhm epoxy : 43
Nha epoxy c cng, tui th, bn ho hc, c hc cao, kh nng chu nhit
cao tt hn nhiu loi nha nhit rn khc nn c ng dng trong cc loi sn, mng
ph cht lng cao, keo dn, lt trong cc loi b cha, tu thuyn, lm bng in
Nha epoxy sau khi ng rn c nhiu c tnh tt ni bt nh: kh nng bm dnh tt
vi nhiu loi vt liu, bn ho hc, bn c hc, bn nhit, cch in cao. Tnh cht
ca sn phm epoxy ph thuc vo vic s dng cht ng rn, do vic la chn cht
ng rn cho nha epoxy cn phi gii quyt tu theo tng trng hp c th. [11, 12]
II.1.2 Cc thng s chnh ca nha epoxy cha ng rn
Trn thc t, cc loi epoxy thng phm khng ch cha mt thnh phn epoxy m
cn cha nhiu cht khc nh cc loi ph gia, cht n... Do vy, vic xc nh cc
thng s ca nha epoxy l ht sc quan trng xc nh loi nha epoxy ph hp cho
tng ng dng cng nh qu trnh gia cng cho loi nha . Vic s dng cc thng s


khc nhau phi ph hp vi tng loi nha khc nhau nhm nh gi tt nht tnh cht
cng nh kh nng gia cng ca loi nha .
ng lng epoxy: ng lng epoxy EEW l mt trong nhng thng s
quan trng nht ca nha epoxy, c nh ngha l s gram nha epoxy cha 1 gram
gc epoxy. Thng s ny c s dng tnh ton lng cht ng rn ph hp trong
qu trnh ng rn da trn c s phn ng vi gc epoxy.
nht: nht cng l mt thng s ht sc quan trng ca nha epoxy. Nu
nht ca nha qu cao th s gy kh khn trong qu trnh gia cng trn hp, ngc
li nu nht qu thp th li c th gy nh hng ti tnh cht s dng sau ng rn
trong mt s ng dng.
ng lng este ha: ng lng este ha l mt ch s quan trng xc
nh lng cht ng rn ph hp khi ng rn trn c s cht ng rn c kh nng tc
dng vi gc hydroxyl. N c nh ngha l s gram nha c th c este ha bi 1
mol axit n chc.
II.1.3 ng rn nha epoxy
Ngoi tr cc loi nha epoxy cao phn t, cc loi nha epoxy thng thng c
th s dng c cn phi tri qua qu trnh ng rn chuyn t cc loi nha nhit
do thnh cc loi nha nhit rn khng nng chy, khng ha tan vi cu trc mng ba
chiu. Vic la chn cht ng rn c nh hng khng nh ti cc tnh cht sau ny ca
nha epoxy ng rn do n nh hng ti bn cht v mt ca cu trc khng gian
bn trong nha.
Nh cp, nha epoxy cha ng rn c cha hai gc hot ng ha hc l gc
epoxy v gc hydroxyl. i vi nhng loi nha epoxy mch rt ngn nh nha epoxy
lng qu trnh ng rn ch yu da trn phn ng ca gc epoxy. Tuy nhin, khi phn t
khi tng ln, hm lng nhm epoxy s c xu hng gim i trong khi hm lng nhm
hydroxyl li c xu hng tng ln, ngi ta c th ng rn nha epoxy da trn phn


ng ca c gc hydroxyl ln gc epoxy hoc ch da trn phn ng ca mt gc ty theo
yu cu ca sn phm.
Nhm epoxy l mt nhm c hot ng ha hc rt cao m nguyn nhn l do sc
cng ln ca lin kt vng ba cnh cng nh phn cc ca lin kt CO. Do vy, c
th c hai phng php ng rn nha epoxy da trn c s phn ng ca gc epoxy:
S dng cht xc tc cho phn ng trng hp nha epoxy v s dng tc nhn kt hp
trc tip vo mch phn t epoxy. Cc cht ng rn xc tc thng khng c s dng
ng rn trc tip nha epoxy m c s dng tng tc cho phn ng ng rn
ca cht ng rn cng hp, khi ngi ta gi chng l cc cht xc tin. Cc phn ng
ng rn c th l phn ng ca tc nhn electrophil tn cng vo nguyn t oxy hoc
ca tc nhn nucleophil tn cng vo nguyn t cacbon. Cc loi nha epoxy thm v
nha epoxy brom ha thng c xu hng tc dng vi tc nhn nucleophil trong khi cc
loi nha epoxy mch thng li thin v phn ng vi tc nhn electrophil. Bn cnh ,
tc phn ng ng rn ca epoxy thm tng cao trong mi trng pH cao trong khi
nha epoxy mch thng li ng rn nhanh trong mi trng pH thp. Da vo nhng
iu trn, ngi ta c th quyt nh loi cht ng rn v mi trng ng rn thch hp
cho tng loi nha epoxy nht nh.
I I .1.3.1 ng rn bng amin
Nha epoxy c th c ng rn da trn phn ng gia nhm epoxy vi hydro linh
ng trn nhm amin bc 1 hoc bc 2. Theo ghi nhn, c trn 50% lng nha epoxy ti
M c ng rn bng amin, trong cc cht ng rn nhm amin a chc mch
thng c s dng nhiu nht do c nht thp, gi thnh r, t to mu cho sn phm
v ng rn c nhit thng. Tuy nhin, chng cng c nhc im l d ht m
v c c tnh, thi gian lu ngn v ta nhiu nhit khi ng rn, sn phm thu c c
kh nng chu nhit km. Do vy, trong nhiu trng hp, ngi ta phi tin hnh bin
tnh cc amin mch thng trc khi s dng ng rn.


Bn cnh , p ng cc yu cu ca tng ng dng c th, ngi ta cn c th
ng rn nha epoxy bng amin thm hoc amin mch vng. Nhng cht ny c u im
l thi gian lu cao hn, gip tng cng mt s tnh cht ca sn phm sau ng rn.
Tuy nhin, chng c nhc im l gi thnh cao, ngoi ra cc amin thm cn kh c,
yu cu ng rn nhit cao v kh trn hp vi nha do dng rn.
I I .1.3.2 ng rn bng axit
Bn cnh cht ng rn amin, cht ng rn axit hu c cng l mt nhm cht ng
rn ph bin, c s dng ng rn cho trn 36% lng nha epoxy ti M, i vi
nha epoxy dng trong vt liu compozit kt cu th t l ny t 70%. Cc cht ng rn
axit thng l cc axit hu c a chc cng cc anhydrit ca chng, qu trnh ng rn
da trn phn ng ca gc cacboxylic vi gc epoxy hoc gc hydroxyl.
Cc cht ng rn axit c u im l r, khng c hi, cho sn phm c bn un
tt v chu thi tit. Trong gia cng compozit, ngi ta thng s dng cht ng rn
anhydrit m khng dng cht ng rn axit a chc do cht ng rn anhydrit gip tng
cc tnh cht c nhit in ca vt liu trong khi sn phm ng rn bng axit a chc
thng km bn ha cht. Bn cnh , cht ng rn anhydrit cn c u im l nht
thp, t gy bin mu sn phm, sn phm t b co ngt v qu trnh ng rn t ta nhit.
Nhc im ln nht ca cht ng rn anhydrit l yu cu nhit ng rn cao hoc


phi s dng thm xc tc nu ng rn nhit khng cao (< 200
0
C) v thi gian
ng rn di.

I I .1.4 nh hng ca qu trnh ng rn n tnh cht ca nha epoxy
Qu trnh ng rn l mt yu t quan trng khc nh hng ti tnh cht ca nha
sau ng rn. Mt trong nhng phng php hu hiu xc nh qu trnh ng rn
thch hp l s dng biu Thi gian Nhit Trng thi nh biu din di y:


T
g
nha l nhit ha thy tinh ca nha cha ng rn. Di nhit ny nha
cha ng rn trng thi thy tinh, do phn ng ng rn gn nh khng th
xy ra.
T
g
nha ng rn l nhit tng ng vi giao im ca ng ha thy tinh
vi ng ng rn. Di nhit ny, nha s ha thy tinh trc khi xy ra
ng rn, do vy phn ng ng rn xy ra rt kh khn.
T
g
l nhit ha thy tinh ca nha ng rn hon ton. Di nhit ny,
nha s ha thy tinh trc khi qu trnh ng rn din ra hon ton, do vy nha
s khng c ng rn hon ton.


Vng thy tinh cha ng rn l vng m nha b ha thy tinh trc khi qu
trnh ng rn c th xy ra lm cn tr qu trnh ng rn, do vy nha gn nh
hon ton dng cha ng rn trong trng thi thy tinh.
Vng lng l vng nha cha ng rn trng thi lng. Trong vng ny a phn
l nha cha ng rn c nht thp, do vy phn ng ng rn c th xy ra d
dng vi tc ng rn cao, tun theo quy lut ng hc nht nh.
Vng cao su l vng nht bt u tng cao khin cho qu trnh ng rn din ra
kh khn hn, tc ng rn gim dn, c s cnh tranh gia phn ng ng hc
v phn ng hn lon. Nu nhit ng rn trong vng ny thp hn T
g
th
qu trnh ng s b dng li trc khi sn phm c ng rn hon ton, tuy
nhin s dng ny c th b loi b nu tng nhit ng rn ln trn T
g
. Cng
cn ch rng trong vng cao su c cha vng phn hy, do cn trnh vic
ng rn nhit cao trong thi gian qu di.
Vng thy tinh ng rn l vng m h ng rn chuyn sang trng thi thy
tinh do nht tng cao, qu trnh ng rn xy ra hn lon vi tc gim nhanh
ti khi ngng hn v khng th o ngc.
Vic hiu r qu trnh ng rn l rt quan trng do qu trnh ng rn khng hon
thin c th nh hng trc tip ti nhiu tnh cht s dng ca vt liu m c bit l
tnh cht nhit, ng thi c kh nng to thnh cc khuyt tt trong lng sn phm, to
thnh ng sut ni gy ph hy vt liu trong qu trnh s dng.
II.2 SN EPOXY
II.2.1 ng dng ca nha epoxy trong lnh vc sn v mng ph [2]

ng dng trong sn v mng ph l ng dng chim t trng tiu th nha epoxy
cao nht trong s cc ng dng ca nha epoxy do nha epoxy c kh nng ng rn
to thnh lp mng ph lin tc bm dnh tt trn nhiu loi vt liu, cung cp cho vt


liu kh nng chu ha cht v chu n mn tt. Tuy nhin, sn epoxy c nhc im l
kh nng chu tia UV km, d b ng vng v to phn khi tip xc lu di vi mi trng.
Sn epoxy thng c cung cp di cc dng sau:
Sn dung mi truyn thng: Cha hm lng rn di 60% th tch, u im l
s dng c nhng thit b gia cng c sn, sn kh v ng rn nhanh nhit
thng, cho lp mng ph c tnh cht tt, tuy nhin nhc im l s dng
nhiu dung mi nn khng thn thin vi mi trng.
Sn dung mi c hm lng rn cao: Cha hm lng rn 60 - 85% th tch, ch
yu s dng nha epoxy khi lng phn t thp, u im ni bt l kh nng to
mng ph tt, tuy nhin cn phi s dng cc bin php lm gim nht ca sn.
Sn khng dung mi: S dng nha epoxy c khi lng phn t v nht
thp, u im l gi thnh thp hn, thn thin hn vi mi trng, lp mng to
thnh t khuyt tt hn vi kh nng chu nhit, chu ha cht tt. Nhc im c
bn ca chng l nht cao, kh to thnh cc lp mng mng, mng ph c tnh
nhy m, chu va p km, km mm do v thi gian lu ngn.
Sn nh tng: S dng nha epoxy khi lng phn t thp phn tn trong
nc, c nht thp, khng c hi nhng gi thnh cao, ng rn chm trong
iu kin nhit thng v m cao, d b chy nhanh bt thng v yu cu
thit b gia cng bng thp khng g t tin.
Sn bt: S dng nha epoxy khi lng phn t trung bnh hoc nha epoxy
ng rn bng nhm hydroxyl, sn phm c bm dnh tt, kh nng chu ha
cht, n mn v ma st tt. Sn epoxy bt c th ng rn iu kin nhit
khong 150
o
C, cho lp mng t mng (30 - 40 m) ti dy (50 - 150 m) vi
bao ph tt v kh nng thu hi lng vt liu d cao.
Do nhng tnh cht c bit cng nh kh nng s dng a dng, sn epoxy c s
dng trong nhiu lnh vc trong ni bt l:


Sn hng hi v sn thit b cng nghip: Kh nng chu ha cht, chu n mn
v chu ma st tt ca mng ph epoxy khin cho mng ph epoxy c s
dng rng ri trong lnh vc hng hi v thit b cng nghip do gip ko di thi
gian gia cc ln bo tr, tit kim khng nh chi ph do khng hot ng ca cc
loi tu thuyn, my mc. Nhc im chnh ca sn loi ny l kh nng chu
thi tit khng cao, do cn c cc phng php bo v lp sn chng li tc
ng tiu cc t thi tit.
Sn kim loi: Dng sn ln kim loi trong nhiu thit b dn dng cng nh
cc chai, hp ng thc phm v ung, ch yu s dng epoxy khi lng
phn t trung bnh v cht ng rn oligome - polyme do yu cu kh nng chu
ha cht, dung mi, nhit v n mn cao, bm dnh tt ln b mt kim loi,
mm do cao m li khng gy nh hng ti nhng th cha bn trong nh thc
phm hay nc ung.
Sn xe hi: Ch yu c s dng lm sn lt hoc sn bn ni tht do kh nng
chu tia UV km.
II.2.2 Cc thnh phn chnh ca sn epoxy
1. Cht to mng [2]
Mc ch chnh ca cht to mng l to thnh mt lp mng lin tc bm dnh trn
b mt cn bo v, va c tc dng bo v va c tc dng gi cc thnh phn khc nm
trong lp mng sn. Cht to mng cho sn epoxy l nha epoxy c ng rn.
y ta xt cht to mng epoxy SER trong dung dch ng rn bng amin mch thng v
polyamit. Nha epoxy SER khi ng rn cho mt khu mng ln, di gia cc v tr
khu mng nh, do vy c cng cao, bn ko ln, bn ha cht tt, kh nng
bm dnh rt tt nhng li kh gin v km bn va p. Vic s dng cht ng rn amin
mch thng v polyamit cho kh nng ng rn nhit thng thch hp cho ng
dng sn, tuy nhin li lm gim kh nng chu nhit cho lp mng sn. Cc loi amin


mch thng c nht thp, gi r v t gy bin mu cho lp mng sn, tuy nhin li c
tnh ht m v tnh c hi, cho thi gian lu ngn v ta nhit mnh khi ng rn, ng
thi c ngng s ti hn. Ngc li, cc loi polyamit li c nht cao, gi thnh cao
v c th gy bin mu cho lp mng sn, tuy vy li kh bay hi v t c hi, cho thi
gian lu tt v qu trnh ng rn din ra m du, ng thi gip b sung mm do
cho lp mng sn. Do , trong ng dng sn, vic s dng kt hp hai loi cht ng
rn amin mch thng v polyamit l mt gii php tt thu c cng thc sn vi tnh
cht ti u. Bn cnh , sn epoxy cn c nhc im l kh nng chu tia UV km, d
b ng vng v to phn khi tip xc lu di vi mi trng.
2. Bt mu [3]
Mc ch chnh ca bt mu l to mu cho lp mng sn, tuy nhin nhiu loi bt
mu cn c s dng nhm tng tnh cht c - l cng nh kh nng bo v ca mng
sn, c bit l kh nng bo v kim loi. Da vo tc dng bo v kim loi, c th chia
bt mu ra lm 3 nhm:
Cc loi bt mu th ng, bao gm bt than en, bt mu trng TiO
2
hay bt
mu Fe
2
O
3
... Nhng loi bt mu ny khng c tc dng bo v c bit ngoi
tr kh nng lm tng tnh chng thm kh cho lp mng sn. Bn cnh kh nng
to mu, nhng loi bt mu ny cn c th lm tng mt s tnh cht khc ca
mng sn nh kh nng chu tia UV, kh nng bn ha cht hay kh nng chng
mi mn...
Cc loi bt mu bo v ha hc, ch yu l bt km kim loi. Bt km kim loi
c tc dng nh mt anot thay th, ng vai tr cht hi sinh cho b mt kim loi
cn bo v. Sn phm n mn ca km to thnh mt lp bo v th cp gip ngn
chn cc tc nhn n mn t mi trng i qua lp mng, gip duy tr lu di kh
nng bo v ca bt km. Bn cnh bt km, ngi ta cn c th s dng bt
nhm, tuy nhin tc dng bo v in ha ca n ch thc s ng k khi lp mng
sn b tn thng.


Cc loi bt mu bo v th ng ha b mt kim loi, ch yu l cc loi mui
km nh km photphat, km cromat hay km molybdat... Nhng loi bt mu ny
c kh nng in ly to thnh ion khi mng sn b nc xm nhp, cc anion to
thnh i ti b mt kim loi to mui khng tan lm th ng ha b mt kim loi,
gip bo v b mt kim loi khi s n mn in ha. Mt nhc im ca cc
loi bt mu ny l a phn u c c tnh nht nh, c bit l km cromat.
Mt s tnh cht k thut ca bt mu.
Kh nng che ph
L kh nng bt mu to ra mt lp ph khng trong sut, kh nng che ph l lng
bt mu cn thit che ph cho mt n v din tch b mt c ph, c n v l
g/m
2
. Kh nng che ph cng ln th lng bt mu cn dng cng t. Kh nng che ph
ca bt mu ph thuc vo kch c bt mu, lng ht bt mu trong cht to mng. Do
, ph ph thuc vo mc phn tn ca bt mu trong cht to mng.
Lng bt mu trong sn c xc nh bng nng th tch bt mu:
V
p

PVC = x 100% (%)
V
p
+ V
b

Trong : PVC: nng th tch bt mu (%).
V
p
: th tch bt mu, bt n (cm
3
).
V
b
: th tch cht to mng, ha do, ph gia (cm
3
).
ngm du
L lng du sn c tnh bng gam dng ngm t 100g bt mu to thnh bt
nho, ngm du ca bt mu cng b cng tn t du sn. Trong thc t, lng du
sn cn thit pha sn thng dng gp i ngm du ca bt mu s dng.


Kch thc ht.
L mt yu t quan trng c trng cho s tn x nh sng ca bt mu. Tuy nhin
cng s c mt gii hn, khng th gim kch thc ht n v hn. Mt khc, s tn x
nh sng cng cn ph thuc vo nng th tch bt mu.
3. Bt n [4]
Khc vi cc loi bt mu, cc loi bt n c ch s khc x xp x ch s khc x
ca cht to mng, do vy khng lm nh hng ti cc tnh cht quang hc nh mu sc
ca lp mng sn. Bt n c s dng nhm mc ch chnh l gim gi thnh cho sn
phm sn, bn cnh cn c th nh hng ti mt s tnh cht khc ca lp mng sn.
Hai loi bt n thng dng nht trong ng dng sn v mng ph l bt BaSO
4
v bt
Talc.
Bt BaSO
4
c t trng khong 4,1 g/cm
3
v ch s khc x 1,64. Bt BaSO
4

c th
thu c t khong barit c trong t nhin vi lng tp cht ln ti 10% hoc t
qu trnh tng hp kt ta vi ng u v tinh khit cao. Bt BaSO
4
c u
im l gi thnh r, khng gy nh hng ti mu sc ca mng sn, hon ton
tr vi kim v axit, kh nng chng chu thi tit v nh sng tuyt vi.
Bt Talc l mt loi bt n thu c t khong vt trong t nhin vi t trng
khong 2,8 g/cm
3
v kch thc ht khong 10 - 40 m. Mt c tnh ni bt ca
bt Talc l cu trc bao gm cc lp tinh th dng a d dng trt ln nhau to
cho bt Talc cng thp v kh nng lm suy yu cu trc ca lp mng sn,
chuyn s ph hy ti b mt lin kt sn - nn thnh s ph hy bn trong lng
lp mng sn. Bn cnh , bt Talc rt tr ha hc, rt k nc nhng li a du,
do d dng phn tn trong cc h sn dung mi v lm tng tnh chng thm
kh cng nh chng thm nc cho mng sn. Cng nh bt BaSO
4
khong vt,
bt Talc c th cha mt s tp cht, ch yu l khong clorit v dolomit.
4. Ph gia


4.1. Ph gia phn tn [4, 13]
Ph gia phn tn l loi ph gia c tc dng gip tng s phn tn ca bt n v bt
mu vo h dung mi - cht to mng. Chng thng l cc hp cht phn on vi cc
on a nc v k nc xen k nhau gip lin kt cc phn t c tnh cht i nghch
nhau trong h sn m thng dng nht l cc copolyme block vi khi lng phn t v
thnh phn cc block xc nh. Cc loi ph gia phn tn tiu biu l polyglycol ete, axit
bo etoxy ha v cc loi polyuretan phn on.
Trong qu trnh ch to sn cn ch t c s phn tn ng u ca hn hp
bt n v bt mu trong mi trng sn lng. phn tn ng u phi nghin cc cc
bt mu b vn v thm t ng u tng ht bt mu vi mi trng sn lng. lm
t b mt sn, cc bt kh v nc hp th trn b mt ca bt mu phi c thay th
bng mi trng sn. Trn thc t, b mt ca bt mu khc nhau v kh nng thm t.
Mt s d dng thm t vi nc l nhng cht a nc. Cc b mt khc ch thm
rt t vi nc nhng li thm d vi du l nhng hp cht a du. Nhn chung i a
s loi bt n v bt mu l nhng cht a du. Tuy nhin trong thc t c nhiu bt
mu- mi trng rt kh phn tn v d: bt mu hu c trong nc, trong cc loi nh
tng, than en trong sn dung mi
Qu trnh thm t c th tin hnh d dng hn bng cch a vo nhng cht phn
tn bt mu hay cn gi l nhng cht hot tnh b mt. Cc cht hot tnh b mt l
nhng cht hu c c cha cc nhm c cc (a nc) v khng cc (k nc, a du).
C nhiu giai on xy ra trong qu trnh phn tn bt mu. C th phn qu trnh
ny thnh 3 bc nh sau:
Bc 1: Thm t bt mu. Tt c kh v hi m trn b mt bt mu c
thay th bi dung dch nha. Tng tc b mt rn kh gia bt mu v kh c
thay th bi tng tc rn lng gia bt mu v dung dch nha. Dung dch nha
phi thm t ton b khng gian gia cc ht bt mu.


Bc 2: Phn tn bt mu. Nh nng lng c hc (va chm hoc lc ct),
cc khi bt mu kt t ph v v gim kch thc.
Bc 3: n nh phn tn. Cc ht bt mu sau khi phn tn cn c n
nh ngn chn s kt t khng mong mun. Cc ht bt mu cn c gi
khong cch ph hp vi nhau chng khng th to c kt t. Trong hu ht
cc ng dng, s n nh mong mun l s phn tch ca cc ht bt mu, tuy
nhin trong mt s trng hp, s n nh thu c nh kt t c iu chnh.
Bc 1 v bc 3 chu nh hng ca ph gia. Cc loi ph gia thm t xc tin
qu trnh thm t bt mu bi nha, cc loi ph gia phn tn n nh s phn tn bt
mu. Thng thng cc ph gia c c chc nng thm t ln n nh phn tn bt mu.
S thm t bt mu ca dung dch nha b nh hng ca nhiu yu t: bn knh
mao qun trong cc khi bt mu, nht dung dch nha, sc cng b mt ca nha,
gc tip xc gia nha v bt mu. Ph gia thm t l nhng cht c kh nng lm gim
gc tip xc gia bt mu v dung dch nha v kt qu l lm tng tc qu trnh thm
t ca nha vo trong cu trc ca ht bt mu. c trng ca cc cht ny l cu trc
hot ng b mt ca chng. l s kt hp ca mt phn phn cc- i nc vi mt
phn khng phn cc k nc. V mt ho hc, cc loi ph gia thm t c chia
thnh loi ion v phi ion.
Ph gia phn tn hp th ln b mt bt mu v duy tr khong cch thch hp gia
cc ht bt mu nh hiu ng y tmh in hoc cn tr khng gian, do gim xu
hng kt t ca bt mu.
Hiu ng y tnh in: Cc ht bt mu trong sn lng mang in tch trn b
mt. Qua vic s dng ph gia, in tch c th tng v hn na cc ht bt mu c
tch in cng du. Cc cp ion tp chung st b mt ht bt mu (trong pha lng) to
thnh mt lp in tch kp. n nh tng theo chiu dy lp in tch kp. C ch n
nh nh lc y tnh in c bit hu ch i vi h nh tng. V ho hc, cc ph gia


ny l nhng cht in ly khi lng phn t cao c cha nhiu in tch ti cc nhnh.
Do cu trc ho hc, cc ph gia phn tn ny cng th hin tnh cht thm t, do
trn thc t khng cn kt hp chng vi cc ph gia thm t khc.
Hiu ng cn tr khng gian: Cc ph gia phn tn kiu cn tr khng gian c cu
trc c trng. Th nht, tt c cc ph gia loi ny u cha mt hay nhiu nhm i lc
nhm kt dnh m to ra s hp ph bn ln b mt ht bt mu. Th hai, tt c cc ph
gia cha cc mch hydrocacbon tng hp nha. Sau khi ph gia c hp ph trn b
mt bt mu, cc chui ny dui ra, hng vo dung dch nha xung quanh. Lp hp ph
phn t ca ph gia vi cc mch nh ra c gi l hiu ng cn tr khng gian. Hiu
ng n nh trn c tng thm bi tng tc ca cc segment trong phn t ca ph gia
v nha theo cch lm tng lp bao quanh ht bt mu. C ch n nh ny xy ra trong
cc h dung mi. Vi cu trc c bit bao gm s kt hp ca cc nhm i bt mu
(phn cc) v cc nhm tng hp nha (khng phn cc), cc ph gia ny cng th hin
tnh cht hot ng b mt, hay ni mt cch khc l chng khng ch n nh phn tn
bt mu, m chng cn c chc nng ca ph gia thm t.
Mt s loi ph gia phn tn thng c s dng
o Texaphor: ph gia phn tn ca c
o Disperbyk: Ph gia phn tn ca hng BYK ca c
o Anti-Terra: Ph gia phn tn ca hng BYK ca c
4.2. Ph gia ci thin s thm t b mt [4]
Ty thuc vo loi sn v iu kin s dng, sc cng b mt c th sinh ra trn b
mt phn cch sn - nn gy cn tr s chy ca sn cha khu mng trn nn. khc
phc iu ny, ngi ta cn phi b sung cc cht ph gia hot ng b mt nhm ci
thin s thm t b mt m thng dng nht l polyacrylat v polysiloxan cng nh cc
hp cht polysiloxan bin tnh. Khi cn tng kh nng thm t trn cc b mt cn sn


cha nhiu tp cht, ph gia nhm florin c s dng nhm tng cng kh nng thm
t b li sc cng b mt sinh ra bi tp cht.
4.3. Ph gia lu bin [4]
Tnh lu bin l mt tnh cht quan trng ca hn hp sn. Khi lu kho, hn hp sn
cn phi c nht cao chng lng cn khi s dng, hn hp sn li cn phi c
nht thp c th t c qu trnh ti u, tuy nhin khi c a ln b mt nn,
hn hp sn li cn phi c nht ln khng b chy dc trn b mt nn. Nhng
iu trn c th t c nh tnh xc bin v tnh gi do ca hn hp sn, cc loi ph
gia lu bin c tc dng iu chnh nhng tnh cht ca hn hp sn. Nhng ph gia
lu bin thng dng cho sn bao gm cc loi nha polyuretan, polyure v polyacrylat
bin tnh, axit silicic dng khi, bentonit, laponit, cc loi xenlulo bin tnh m c bit l
xenlulo ete... Tnh xc bin ca hn hp sn c th hin ch khi b tc dng mt
ngoi lc, nht ca hn hp gim dn t l vi ngoi lc , sau khi khng chu tc
dng ca ngoi lc na th nht ca hn hp li tng dn ti mt gi tr thp hn so
vi gi tr nht ban u. S thay i nht ny ca hn hp sn cn phi c iu
chnh mt cch hp l nhm p ng yu cu i vi tng giai on ca qu trnh sn.
4.4. Ph gia ph bt [5]
S to bt xy ra khi cc bt kh thm nhp vo hn hp sn, c thm t v n
nh tt tng t cc thnh phn bt mu - bt n, to thnh cc khuyt tt trn lp
mng sn sau khi khu mng. S to bt ny thng xy ra cc hn hp sn nc hn
l cc hn hp sn dung mi, bt ny c n nh nh s c mt ca cc loi ph gia
hot ng b mt c trong thnh phn sn. Cc cht ph bt l cc cht c sc cng b
mt thp, c tc dng lm gim tnh n nh ca lp mng bo v bt khin cho bt b
ph hy nh cc loa du silicon v du khong.


Bt c to ra trong sut qu trnh sn xut sn, dn ti thng cha khng s dng
c ht th tch lm vic v gy ra nhiu vn v ng ng dn. Bt cng c to
ra trong qu trnh thi cng gy ra cc h hng b mt. Bt trong mng sn khng ch gy
mt tnh thm m m cn lm gim hiu qu bo v ca mng sn. V th, cht chng to
bt l mt thnh phn c mt trong hu ht cc cng thc sn. Cc thnh phn trong h
sn c nh hng n kh nng to bt, c th tng cng hoc lm xuy gim. Cc tnh
cht b mt cn sn v cc thng s ca qu trnh p dng cng c nh hng nhiu n
vic to bt. Bt l trng thi phn tn ca pha kh trong pha lng vi c im l b mt
phn chia pha cc ln. Cht lng to thnh mng bao quanh mt th tch ring r ca cc
bt kh. V mt nng lng, mi h cht lng u c xu hng gim sc cng b mt cn
nh nht c th. V vy bt tn ti trng thi nng lng cao v ch c th duy tr nu
c s n nh bt. Ngay khi c to ra, cc bt kh ni ln b mt cht lng. Khi bt kh
di chuyn n b mt cht lng, cht lng bt u chy khi lp mng bao quanh bt kh.


Qu trnh chy ny lm cho lp mng mng dn v n khi chiu dy lp mng nh hn
10nm, lp mng b mt i tnh ton vn ca n v bt kh b v ra. Cc cht lng tinh
khit khng th c bt do trng thi n nh ca bt khng c to ra. to ra bt n
nh, cn phi c cht n nh bt trong pha lng. Ni chung cc cht n nh bt l cc
cht hot ng b mt c c tnh l c c nhm k nc v i nc trong cng mt phn
t. Nh c thnh phn cu trc ny, cc phn t cht hot ng b mt t nh hng trn
b mt phn chia pha, lm gim sc cng b mt, to ra cc iu kin cn thit cho s n
nh bt.
Do khng th loi b cc cht n nh bt ra khi h sn, cc cht chng to bt c
nhim v ngn chn s to thnh bt hay ph v bt c hnh thnh. Cht chng to
bt l cc cht lng c sc cng b mt nh v c 3 c tnh sau:
- Khng ho tan trong mi trng.
- C h s xm nhp dng.
- C h s phn tn dng.
Vi h s xm nhp dng, cc cht chng to bt c th xm nhp vo gia cc lp
mng. Vi h s phn tn dng, cc cht chng to bt c th phn tn u khp b mt
phn chia pha. Do c hiu ng khuych tn, cc phn t cht hot ng b mt chim ch
trn b mt phn chia pha v lp mng n hi v n nh ban u b chuyn thnh mt
mng mng vi cc lc tng tc gim i rt nhiu. Hiu qu ca cc cht chng to bt
cn c tng cng nu thm vo cc ht k nc c phn tn mn. Cc cht chng
to bt ng vai tr cht mang vn chuyn cc ht ny vo trong cc mng cht lng. Cc
ht ny nh l cc d vt lm gim s n nh ca lp mng bng cch lm gim cc lc
lin kt. Thm vo , cc ht ny cng hp th cc phn t cht hot ng b mt nh
hng trn b mt phn chia pha, do lm lp mng b ph hu.
Mt s loi ph gia chng to bt hay c s dng:
o Dehydran: Ph gia chng to bt ca M.
o FOAMASTER PD1: Ph gia chng to bt (du khong)- Trung Quc.
o Cht ph bt khng cha silicon PB4 ca hng BYK.


4.5 Cht chng sa lng [4, 5]
Ci thin s lu bin nhm ngn chn s sa lng ca bt mu khi bo qun sn. C
tc dng nh cht hot ng b mt gip s phn tn ca bt mu, bn n vo sn tt
hn.
Mt s cht chng lng:
- Stearatecoated calcium carbonates
- Modified hydrogenerated castor oils
- Aluminium stearate
- Aerosil
- Bentone
4.6. Dung mi [4]
Dung mi l mt thnh phn rt quan trng trong hn hp sn. Vic la chn dung
mi ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh kh nng ha tan, nht, khong nhit v tc
bay hi, im chp chy, bn cht ha hc v gi thnh, bn cnh cc nc pht
trin th c tnh v mi ca dung mi l hai yu t ng vai tr ngy cng quan trng
trong la chn dung mi. Thng thng, hn hp sn s dng kt hp gia cc loi dung
mi - cht pha long c tc bay hi khc nhau, trong cc cht c tc bay hi
thp gip lm gim s to bt khi khu mng, cho mng sn n nh hn cn cc cht c
tc bay hi cao gip lm gim s chy x ca lp mng sn.
Cc loi hydrocacbon thm ng vai tr cht pha long. Chng l cc loi cht
pha long c gi thnh r, gip lm gim nht ca hn hp sn h tr cho qu
trnh phun sn, tuy nhin khi dng vi hm lng cao c th khin cho hn hp
sn km n nh.
Cc loi ru, glycol ete v este ng vai tr dung mi thc.


Tetralin v du thng l cc loi dung mi bay hi rt chm, thng c b
sung vi lng nh nhm kim sot qu trnh bay hi ca dung mi.
II.3 Nanoclay
gia nano l cc loi ph gia m c t nht mt kch thc nh hn 100nm. nh ngha ny
da trn c s s thay i mt cch ng k cc tnh cht ca vt liu khi kch thc ca
n gim xung kch thc nano.

Hnh 1. Tng tc ngoi phn t trong (a) vt liu thng thng v (b) vt liu
nano
S d c s thay i ny l do khi xung ti kch thc nano, nh hng ca cc
tng tc ngoi phn t nh tng tc Van der Waals, tng tc hydro, tng tc tnh
in v tng tc khng gian ln cc tnh cht ca vt liu tr nn mnh m hn. Nh
chng ta bit, nhng tng tc trn c phm vi tc dng rt thp, c vi Angstrom ti
vi nanomet, nh c biu din trn Hnh 1. vi cc chm trn nh tng trng cho cc
phn t ca vt liu v cc vng trn ln tng trng cho phm vi tc dng ca cc tng
tc ngoi phn t. Khi xung quanh mt phn t c mt lng ln cc phn t khc, l


cc phn t nm bn trong khi vt liu nh phn t A v B, tng tc ngoi phn t tc
dng ln n c cn bng khin cho trng thi ca n khc vi trng thi ca cc phn
t khng c cc phn t khc xung quanh, l cc phn t nm gn b mt vt liu nh
phn t C, D v E. i vi cc vt liu thng thng, s lng cc phn t nm gn b
mt vt liu l khng ng k so vi cc phn t nm bn trong khi vt liu, do tnh
cht ca vt liu c quyt nh ch yu bi trng thi ca cc phn t nm bn trong
khi vt liu. Ngc li, i vi vt liu nano, a phn cc phn t u nm gn b mt
vt liu, do vy nh hng ca chng ti tnh cht ca vt liu l rt ln, to nn s khc
bit ca vt liu nano so vi cc vt liu thng thng khc. Ngoi ra, hiu ng kch
thc ny cn c nh hng ti tng tc b mt gia vt liu nano vi cc vt liu khc.
Bn cnh , vt liu nano cn c mt s tnh cht lng t c bit khc m chng ta s
khng cp y.

Hnh 2. So snh gia (a) vt liu compozit thng thng v (b) vt liu nano
compozit
Khi c a vo bn trong mt vt liu nn, vt liu nano cng c nhng ng x
khc bit so vi cc vt liu thng thng do hiu ng kch thc ca n. Nh thy
trn Hnh 2., vi cng mt lng vt liu, vt liu nano cho b mt lin kt vi vt liu


nn cao hn nhiu so vi cc vt liu thng thng. V d, vi hm lng n 30% th
tch v chiu dy lp b mt tng tc vi vt liu nn l 10nm, vt liu c ng knh
ht 300nm ch cho thnh phn vt liu b mt l 3% trong khi i vi vt liu c ng
knh ht 50nm th con s ny ln ti 22%. Do vy, vt liu nano c kh nng pht huy tt
hn cc tnh cht tng cng i vi vt liu nn so vi cc vt liu thng thng khc.
Bn cnh , do kch thc nh hn nhiu so vi bc sng ca nh sng trong vng
nhn thy (400 - 800nm), vt liu nano tn x rt t nh sng trong vng ny, do vy gim
thiu ti a nh hng ca n ln trong ca vt liu nn. iu ny khin cho vt liu
nano rt thch hp s dng lm ph gia cho cc ng dng sn v mng ph.
Nhiu nghin cu c tin hnh nhm ng dng vt liu nano vo sn xut sn
v mng ph. Ty thuc vo bn cht ca vt liu nano m kh nng tng cng cc tnh
cht ca chng i vi mng sn l khc nhau, do vy ngi ta c th s dng cc loi
vt liu nano khc nhau p ng nhng yu cu v tnh cht xc nh ca mng sn.
Mt s ng dng ni bt ca ph gia nano c lit k trong Bng 1.
Bng 1. Mt s ng dng ni bt ca ph gia nano

Tnh cht c tng cng ca mng sn Ph gia nano
Kh nng khng khun CuO, TiO
2
, ZnO
Kh nng chng thm kh Nanoclay
Kh nng chng n mn Nanoclay, boemit
Kh nng dn in v gii ta in tch ITO, ATO, SnO
2



Kh nng chng chy v chu nhit Nanoclay
Kh nng hp th hay phn x tia hng
ngoi
ITO, ATO, TiO
2
, In
2
O
3
Tnh cht t Fe
2
O
3
Kh nng chng try xc v chu mi
mn
Al
2
O
3
,SiO
2
, ZrO
2
Kh nng t lm sch TiO
2
, ZnO
Kh nng chu tia UV TiO
2
, ZnO, BaSO
4
, CeO
2

II.3.1 Kh nng chng try xc v chu mi mn [6][7]
Kh nng chng try xc v chu mi mn ca mng sn l rt quan trng do n
nh hng nhiu ti vn thm m cng nh kh nng bo v vt liu bn di ca
mng sn. Tnh cht ny ca mng sn c th c tng cng bng cch tng mc
khu mng ca mng sn, tuy nhin khi th mng sn li mt i mm do, gim
kh nng chu va p cng nh kh nng chng lu du vn tay. Mt hng i khc l b
sung cc loi cht n cng nhm tng kh nng chng chu ca mng sn, tuy nhin khi
s dng cc loi cht n c micron th bng, trong sut v mm do ca mng
sn cng b suy gim mt cch ng k. Nhng vn ny c th c gii quyt d
dng thng qua vic s dng ph gia nano.
Do c kch thc nh, cc ht ph gia nano c th tng cng kh nng chng try
xc v chu mi mn trong khi t gy nh hng ti cc tnh cht khc ca mng sn.


Hai loi ph gia nano thng dng nht trong ng dng ny l nano silica v nano
alumina. Theo thang Mohs, alumina c cng l 9 trong khi ca silica l 7, do nano
alumina c kh nng tng cng tt hn so vi nano silica, lng ph gia nano alumina
cn s dng t c yu cu nht nh l thp hn so vi ph gia nano silica. Tuy
nhin, nano silica vn c s dng rng ri hn trong cc ng dng v sn v mng ph
do n t gy nh hng ln tnh trong sut ca mng sn hn so vi nano alumia. Nguyn
nhn ca iu ny l do alumina c h s khc x khong 1,72 cn silica c h s khc
x khong 1,55 trong khi a phn cc loi cht to mng c h s khc x vo khong
1,50 m ta c cng thc tnh cng phn tn nh sng ca vt liu compozit:

Trong :
P Cng phn tn nh sng ca vt liu compozit.
P
0
Cng phn tn nh sng ca vt liu nn.
f Hm lng cht n trong vt liu compopzit.
n' H s khc x ca ht cht n.
n H s khc x ca vt liu nn.
v Th tch ht cht n n l.
Bc sng nh sng ti.
Kh nng tng cng ca cc loi ph gia nano c th tip tc c ci thin thng
qua vic s dng b sung ph gia hot ng b mt polysiloxan hoc bin tnh b mt
ph gia nano bng polysiloxan. Khi c bin tnh, nano silica c th t c kh nng
tng cng ngang vi nano alumina m khng gy nh hng ti tnh chnh quang hc
ca mng sn.


1. Kh nng chng n mn v chng thm kh [6][7]
Mt trong nhng tnh nng quan trng ca mng sn l bo v vt liu bn di n,
iu ny c bit quan trng nu vt liu l kim loi. Vi kch thc ca mnh, ph
gia nano c th lm tng ng k kh nng chng thm nhp ca mng sn, t nng
cao hiu qu bo v ca mng sn. Trong ng dng ny, vt liu nano c th c hai dng
l dng ht v dng tm. i vi vt liu nano dng ht, c ch chng thm nhp da trn
kh nng to thnh din tch tip xc pha ln v kh nng tng tc mnh m vi cht to
mng gip gim mt khong trng trong cu trc mng sn, khin cho cc phn t
ngoi lai khng th i thng qua lp mng sn m phi i vng qua cc ht ph gia, ko
di ng k ng i ca chng, do vy hn ch s tip xc ca cc phn t ny i vi
vt liu cn bo v. Ngoi ra, ph gia nano cn gip hn ch cc khuyt tt sinh ra trong
cu trc mng sn cng nh ngn cn s pht trin ca cc vt nt nhng v tr d b
cc phn t ngoi lai xm nhp do vy cng gip tng kh nng bo v ca mng sn.
i vi ph gia nano dng tm, c ch bo v cng tng t ph gia nano dng ht, tuy
nhin hiu qu thu c c th cao hn nhiu ln nu gia cng ng cch.
i vi cc loi ph gia nano dng tm nh nanoclay hay boemit, tc dng tng
cng hiu qu bo v ca mng sn thu c cao nht khi t c cu trc trc lp trt
t vi cc lp song song b mt cn bo v. Mt khi thu c cu trc trc lp, s
hnh thnh cu trc trc lp trt t vi cc lp song song b mt cn bo v c th d
dng t c do s nh hng trong qu trnh gia cng mng sn.


Hnh 3. Cc cu trc ca ph gia dng tm trong mng sn
[7]
2. Kh nng chu tia UV
[3][6]

Mt nhc im chnh ca a phn cc loi mng sn hu c, c bit l sn epoxy,
l kh nng chu tia UV km, d dng b ng vng, to phn v cui cng l b ph hy,
gy nh hng ln ti tnh thm m cng nh kh nng bo v ca mng sn. Trc khi
vt liu nano c tm ra v ng dng, ngi ta thng gim thiu tc ng ca tia UV
ti mng sn bng cch s dng cc tc nhn chng phn hy quang nh cc cht n
nh quang amin cn tr khng gian HALS. Tuy nhin, cng vi s ra i ca cng ngh
nano, cc loi ph gia nano nh TiO
2
, ZnO, BaSO
4
, CeO
2
... ngy cng c ng dng
rng ri trong bo v mng sn khi tc ng ca tia UV.
u im ln nht ca vic s dng ph gia nano so vi cc loi tc nhn chng phn
hy quang l chng khng b tiu hao trong qu trnh s dng, tuy nhin kh nng bo v
ca chng thng khng bng cc loi tc nhn chng phn hy quang hu c nh
HALS, do vy thng thng ngi ta vn s dng kt hp c hai loi ph gia t c
hiu qu bo v ti u. C ch bo v ca ph gia nano l hp th cc nh sng trong di
t ngoi, vi hai loi ph gia thng dng nht l CeO
2
vi kh nng hp th nh sng
trong ton di UV v ZnO vi kh nng hp th tt nh sng trong di UV-B. Ngoi ra,


TiO
2
dng rutile v anatase cng c s dng bo v mng sn khi tc ng ca tia
UV vi tc dng ngang vi cc ph gia hu c nh HALS, tuy nhin chng c h s
khc x kh ln khong 2,5 - 2,7 nn t c s dng do d gy nh hng ti trong
quang hc ca mng sn.



PHN II: THC NGHIM V CC PHNG PHP NGHIN CU
I. NGUYN LIU
1. Cht to mng v ng rn
a. Cht to mng
Nha epoxy 1001x75 ca hng Momentive.
b. ng rn
Versamid 115 ca hng Cognis c ch s amin 230 246 mg KOH/g nha.
2. Bt mu v bt n
a. Bt mu

b. Bt n
- Bt talc, Trung Quc.
- BaSO4, Trung Quc

3. Ph gia cho sn
- Cht ha do DOP, Trung Quc.
- Ph gia phn tn Texaphor ca hng Cognis.
- Cht ph bt PB 4 ca hng BYK.
- Ph gia chng chy Perenol F40 ca hng Cognis.
- Ph gia ci thin s thm t b mt TND 141 ca hng BYK.
4.Dung mi
- Xylen, Trung Quc.


- Toluen, Trung Quc.
- Axeton, Trung Quc.
- Butyl Xenlozol, Trung Quc.
- Butyl axetat, Trung Quc.
- Butanol, Trung Quc.
II: CC PHNG PHP NGHIN CU
II.1 Kho st qu trnh ng rn ca nha epoxy
Giy lc c trch ly bng axeton trong dng c shoxlet khong 3 gi. Ri sy
kh n khi lng khng i v c bo qun trong bnh ht m.
Ly 0,1 0,2 g t hp nha epoxy v cht ng rn, pht mt lp mng ln giy
lc, ri mu c ng rn nhit phng vi thi gian thch hp. Sau , mu c
trch ly bng axeton trong dng c shoxlet vi thi gian 15 20 gi. Khi t thi gian
trch ly, mu c ly ra v sy kh n khi lng khng i. Hm lng phn gel (G)
c tnh theo cng thc:
G =

Trong : G Hm lng phn gel , %
a: l khi lng mu trc trch ly, g
b: l khi lng mu sau trch ly, g
c: l khi lng giy lc, g
II.2 PHNG PHP TO MU MNG SN [8][9]
Cc tm mu sn l cc tm thp phng cn ngui v cc tm knh c kch thc
v iu kin trc khi sn ph hp vi tiu chun ISO 1514 v tm chun th, tiu
chun TCVN 2094 v phng php gia cng mng, cc tiu chun tng ng vi tng
phng php xc nh tnh cht ca mng sn cng nh khuyn ngh ca nh sn xut
thit b o lng Erichsen. Cc tm thp u tin c lm sch s b bng dung mi


axeton, sau c tin hnh x l mi mn bng tay, cui cng c lm sch li b
mt bng dung mi axeton, ton b qu trnh c tin hnh tun th cc quy nh trong
tiu chun ISO 1514 v tm chun th. Cc tm knh ch cn lm sch b mt bng
dung mi axeton da theo tiu chun ISO 1514.
Phng php gia cng mng s dng l phng php qut bng chi lng v phng
php phun bng my phun kh nn, hai phng php k trn u tin hnh tun theo cc
quy nh trong tiu chun TCVN 2094 v phng php gia cng mng. Mu sau khi sn
c a vo n nh trong t m ( m c to bi dung dch NaCl bo ha) t nht
24 gi, sau c em i sy 70
o
C trong 2 gi ri tip tc c a vo n nh
trong t m sao cho mu c n nh tng cng t nht 168 gi trc khi c s dng
xc nh tnh cht ca mng sn.
II. PHNG PHP XC NH BN VA P CA MNG SN
[8][9]

1. Dng c v mu th
bn va p ca mng sn c xc nh theo tiu chun ASTM D 2794 trn dng
c xc nh bn va p ti trng ri c th iu chnh cao ERICHSEN Model 304
ASTM phin bn tiu chun.
Dng c bao gm mt ti trng nng 2 pound c kh nng chuyn ng t do bn
trong mt ng nh hng thng ng, mt e nh hnh bin dng, chn v tay cm.
Tay cm hnh ch L c mt u c c nh vo chn , u kia c tay kp kp c
nh ng nh hng. ng nh hng l mt ng c rnh, dc theo ng c thang o t 0
n 80 inch.pound vi chia nh nht 2 inch.pound tng ng vi gi tr bn va p
xc nh theo tiu chun ASTM D 2794, ng c kp c nh sao cho gi tr ca cc
vch chia trn ng tng ng vi hai ln khong cch t cc vch chia ti mt trn
ca e. e nh hnh bin dng l mt tm thp dy hnh vnh khn c ng knh trong
0,64 inch. e c gn c nh vo chn sao cho l nh hnh bin dng ca n ng
tm vi u to hnh bin dng bn di ca ti trng. Ti trng l mt khi hnh tr


ng, trn mt bn c tay cm nh ra, tay cm ny c kh nng di chuyn t do trong
rnh ca ng nh hng gip d dng iu chnh cao ca ti trng, cn mt di c
u to hnh bin dng dng bn cu ng knh 0,625 inch.
Mu th l cc tm thp kch thc 70 x 140 mm vi chiu dy khong 0,7 mm c
phun mt lp mng sn c chiu dy khong 40 - 50 m.
2. Quy trnh th
Chun b mu th v dng c.
t mu th ln e pha di u to hnh bin dng vi mt c sn hng ln
trn sao cho tm vng chu va p cch mp tm thp t nht 35 mm v cch tm
vng chu va p khc t nht 70 mm.
Nng ti trng ln mt chiu cao nht nh ri th ti trng ri t do va p vi
mu th bn di gy bin dng trn mu th.
Sau khi va p nng ti trng ln, ly mu th ra v quan st mng sn di knh
lp hoc bng mt thng pht hin cc vt nt, v hay bong trc trn mng
sn. Nu khng quan st thy xut hin nhng khuyt tt k trn th trn tin hnh
th li chiu cao ln hn cho ti khi xut hin khuyt tt hoc cho ti khi t gi
tr ln nht trn dng c l 80 inch.pound cn nu quan st thy xut hin nhng
khuyt tt k trn th trn tin hnh th li chiu cao nh hn cho ti khi khng
cn xut hin khuyt tt. Mi ln th phi tin hnh mt vng mi trn tm mu,
mi chiu cao nh trc tin hnh xc nh khng di 3 ln.
3. X l kt qu
bn va p ca mng sn trong tiu chun ASTM D 2794 c n v l inch.pound,
th hin hai ln chiu cao cc i tnh theo inch m t ti trng c khi lng 2 pound
ri t do va p vi mu th m khng gy ra s ph hu c th quan st c trn mng


sn. Nu gi tr xc nh c trn cc mu th khc nhau l khc nhau th c th ly
trung bnh cc kt qu vi iu kin sai s gia cc kt qu khng qu 2 inch.pound.
III. PHNG PHP XC NH BN UN CA MNG SN
[8][9]

1. Dng c v mu th
bn un ca mng sn c xc nh theo tiu chun ASTM D 522 trn dng c
xc nh bn un dng gp vi trc hnh tr ERICHSEN Model 266.
Dng c bao gm mt tay gp, b trc gp vi cc ng knh khc nhau t 2 ti 32
mm v chn . Tay gp c gn vo chn sao cho n c th quay t do quanh trc
c nh nm ngang, khong quay ca tay gp c gii hn l 180
o
nh cc mu trn
chn . Trn tay gp c trc lp trc gp v b ba con l bng PVC c kh nng di
chuyn tnh tin nh c cu vt xoay trn tay gp. Trn chn c h thng kp c th di
chuyn t do trong mt khong c nh theo c ch trt ngang v c iu chnh gi -
nh nh c cu vt xoay. Cc trc gp hnh tr c chiu di khong o l 100 mm, ng
knh khc nhau t 2 ti 32 mm, hai u mi trc gp c u hnh tr vi ng knh
nh nhau lp vo trc trn tay gp, trn u c ghi ng knh ca trc gp.
2. Quy trnh th
Xoay tay gp v v tr nm ngang vi trc hng ln trn, la chn mt trc gp
thch hp v lp trc gp c la chn vo trc.
a mu th vo gia trc gp v b ba con l theo chiu dc sao cho mt c sn
hng v pha b ba con l, iu chnh h thng kp kp gi c nh tm mu.


iu chnh h thng kp v b ba con ln sao cho mu c kp cht thng ng
gia b ba con ln v trc gp. Quay tay gp mt gc 180
o
cho ti khi chm mu
chn bn kia ca chn , chuyn ng quay cn din ra mt cch u n trong 1
- 2 giy.
Quay tay gp v v tr ban u, vn cc vt xoay trn tay gp v h thng kp
ly mu ra. Quan st mng sn di knh lp phng i 4 ln pht hin cc vt
nt hay bong trc trn mng sn. Nu khng quan st thy xut hin nhng khuyt
tt k trn th trn tin hnh th li vi trc gp nh hn cho ti khi xut hin
khuyt tt hoc cho ti khi s dng n trc nh nht l 2 mm cn nu quan st
thy xut hin nhng khuyt tt k trn th trn tin hnh th li vi trc gp ln
hn cho ti khi khng cn xut hin khuyt tt hoc cho ti khi s dng n
trc ln nht l 32 mm.
3. X l kt qu
bn un ca mng sn trong tiu chun ASTM D 522 c n v l mm, th hin
ng knh trc gp ln nht m ti vn gy ra s ph hu c th quan st c trn
mng sn. Nu gi tr xc nh c trn cc mu th khc nhau l khc nhau th c th
ly trung bnh cc kt qu vi iu kin sai s gia cc kt qu khng qu mt bc kch
thc ca trc.
IV. PHNG PHP XC NH CNG TNG I CA MNG SN
[8][9]
1. Dng c v mu th
cng tng i ca mng sn c xc nh theo tiu chun ASTM D 4366 trn
dng c xc nh cng tng i da theo dao ng tt dn ca con lc ERICHSEN
Model 299/300.
Dng c bao gm mt gi mu gn c nh trn chn , mt con lc Koenig v
hp bo v. Bn trong gi mu c khay cha mu c kh nng iu chnh cao


thng qua c cu tay xoay. Con lc Koenig c g cn bng trn gi mu. Trn chn
c gn mt thc o gc vi cc vch o 0
o
, 3
o
, 4
o
, 6
o
v 12
o
vi vch 0
o
nm v tr
cn bng ca con lc. Ton b b dng c c t trong hp bo v bng nha acrylic.
Trn hp c gn c cu cn gt xoay c nh con lc khi cn thit.
Mu th l cc tm knh kch thc 100 x 100 mm vi chiu dy khong 5 mm c
phun mt lp mng sn c chiu dy khong 40 - 50 m. Bn cnh cn c mt tm
knh vi kch thc tng t nhng khng sn dng lm mu so snh.
2. Quy trnh th
M hp bo v dng c, t mu th ln gi bn di u t ca con lc Koenig.
Kim tra v iu chnh s cn bng ca b dng c bng vt cn bng. Nng khay
cha mu ln sao cho mu tip xc vi hai u t ca con lc.
S dng cn gt xoay a con lc v v tr vch 6
o
. Nh con lc v bt u bm
gi cho ti khi bin dao ng ca con lc nh hn 3
o
. Ghi li khong thi gian
dao ng tt dn ca con lc. Vi mi mu tin hnh th t nht 3 ln ba v tr
khc nhau ca mu.
3. X l kt qu
cng tng i ca mng sn so vi thy tinh X c xc nh l t s gia thi
gian dao ng tt dn t 6
o
ti 3
o
(hoc 12
o
ti 6
o
) ca con lc c u t t trn mu th
c mng sn t v thi gian dao ng tt dn t 6
o
ti 3
o
(hoc 12
o
ti 6
o
) ca con lc c
u t t trn mu knh khng sn t
0
.

Cc kt qu thu c trn mi mu nu khng chnh lch nhau qu 3% th c xem
l chp nhn c v c ly trung bnh thu c kt qu cui cng.


V. PHNG PHP XC NH BM DNH CA MNG SN
[8][9]

1. Dng c v mu th
bm dnh ca mng sn c xc nh theo tiu chun ASTM D 3359 trn dng
c xc nh bm dnh kiu ct cho cm tay ERICHSEN Model 295/I.
Dng c bao gm mt tay cm c lp u ct tho ri c. u ct ny bao gm
mt b li 6 ct sc bng thp cng c kh nng ct xuyn qua mng sn, mi li ct
cch nhau 1 mm.
2. Quy trnh th
S dng dng c ct thnh 6 ng song song trn b mt mu th. Cc ng
ny cn su xuyn qua lp mng sn nhng khng c n qu su vo tm
thp.
S dng dng c ct thm 6 ng na vung gc vi cc ng va ct to
thnh mt mng li 25 vung.
S dng mt thng hoc knh lp nh gi s bong trc ca mng sn v so
snh vi quy chun c sn.
3. X l kt qu
bm dnh ca mng sn trong tiu chun ASTM D 3359 c nh gi theo
thang im t 0 ti 5 ty thuc vo s bong trc ca mng sn bn trong mng li 25
vung thu c.
0 im: Khng c s bong trc ca mng sn.


1 im: Xut hin s bong trc nh ti cc im giao nhau gia cc vt ct, tng
lng bong trc khng qu 5% mng sn.
2 im: Xut hin s bong trc ti cc im giao nhau gia cc vt ct hoc dc
theo cc vt ct, tng lng bong trc khng qu 15% mng sn.
3 im: Xut hin s bong trc dc theo cc vt ct hoc s bong trc ln bn
trong cc vung, tng lng bong trc khng qu 35% mng sn.
4 im: Xut hin s bong trc dc theo cc vt ct hoc s bong trc ln bn
trong cc vung, tng lng bong trc khng qu 65% mng sn
5 im: S bong trc ln hn mc 4 im.
VI. PHNG PHP XC NH BN CO XC CA MNG SN
[8][9]

1. Dng c v mu th
bn co xc ca mng sn c xc nh theo tiu chun ISO 1518 trn dng c
xc nh bn co xc ERICHSEN Model 239/I.
Dng c bao gm mt khay trt c th iu chnh c nh mu, mt thanh ti
trng v chn . Khay trt c gn sao cho c th di chuyn t do dc theo chiu di
ca chn , trn khay trt c c cu cht - thanh trt nhm c nh mu trn khay
trt khi o. Mt u thanh ti trng c gn vo mt trc c nh trn chn v c
th quay t do quanh trc ny cn u kia c gn mt que vch vi u vch dng hnh
cu ng knh 0,1 mm. Trn thanh ti trng c gn mt ti trng, ti trng ny c kh
nng di chuyn dc theo thanh ti trng to thnh ti trng trn que vch t 1 ti 20 N.
Trn thanh ti trng cn c cc vch th hin ti trng to thnh trn que vch m ti
trng ti v tr to ra.


2. Quy trnh th
Nhc thanh ti trng ln. t mu ln khay trt sao cho mt c sn hng ln ri
vn c nh mu, a khay trt v v tr sao cho khi thanh ti trng th u vch
nm mp ngoi cng ca khay trt v pha tay ko ca khay trt.
H thanh ti trng, a ti trng v v tr gi tr thch hp ri ko khay trt u
vch vch mt ng thng trn b mt mu.
Nng thanh ti trng ln, ly mu th ra v quan st mng sn bng mt thng.
Nu khng quan st thy xut hin vt xc vo thp trn b mt mu th trn tin
hnh th li ti trng ln hn cho ti khi xut hin vt xc vo thp hoc cho
ti khi t gi tr ln nht trn dng c l 20 N cn nu quan st thy xut hin vt
xc vo thp th trn tin hnh th li ti trng nh hn cho ti khi khng cn
xut hin vt xc vo thp. Mi ln th phi tin hnh mt vng mi trn tm
mu, mi chiu cao nh trc tin hnh xc nh khng di 3 ln.
3. X l kt qu
bn co xc ca mng sn trong tiu chun ISO 1518 c n v l N, th hin ti
trng nh nht tnh theo N m ti u vch to thnh vt xc c th quan st c
trn mng sn. Nu gi tr xc nh c trn cc mu th khc nhau l khc nhau th c
th ly trung bnh cc kt qu vi iu kin sai s gia cc kt qu khng qu 1 N.
VII. PHNG PHP XC NH BN P DN CA MNG SN
[8][9]

1. Dng c v mu th
bn p dn ca mng sn c xc nh theo tiu chun ISO 1520 trn thit b
xc nh bn p dn ERICHSEN Model 200.


Thit b bao gm mt thn bng thp c v c cu o t bn trong thn. C cu ny
bao gm hai phn ch yu l mt tay xoay kp cht mu v mt tay xoay to bin
dng trn mu. Tay xoay to bin dng c gn mt u to hnh dng bn cu ng knh
20 mm to bin dng, u to hnh ny c th di chuyn ln trn khi xoay tay xoay
thun chiu kim ng h, khong dch chuyn ca n c truyn ti hin th trn thit b
vi chnh xc 0,1 mm. Trn thn thit b, gia hai tay quay, c mt khe h a
mu vo.
Mu th l cc tm thp kch thc 100 x 100 mm vi chiu dy khong 0,3 mm
c phun mt lp mng sn c chiu dy khong 40 - 50 m.
2. Quy trnh th
Xoay tay xoay kp ngc chiu kim ng h, a mu vo khe trn thn thit b
sao cho mt c sn hng ln trn ri xoay theo chiu ngc li kp cht mu.
Nhn nt a gi tr trn thn thit b v 0. Tin hnh xoay tay xoay to bin
dng theo chiu kim ng h mt cch chm ri, va xoay va quan st b mt
mng sn pht hin s ph hy.
Tin hnh cho ti khi mng sn bt u b ph hy th dng li, ghi li gi tr hin
th trn thit b.
3. X l kt qu
bn p dn ca mng sn trong tiu chun ISO 1520 c n v l mm, th hin
chiu su nh nht m u to hnh c th to c trn mng sn m ti c th quan
st c s ph hy trn mng sn. Nu gi tr xc nh c trn cc mu th khc nhau
l khc nhau th c th ly trung bnh cc kt qu vi iu kin sai s gia cc kt qu
khng qu 3%.




TI LIU THAM KHO

1. L Ngc Trung (ch bin), Gio trnh n mn v bo v kim loi (2005).

2. Herman F. Mark (ch bin), Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology
3
rd
Edition, Volume 9, trang 678 - 795, John Wiley & Sons Inc. (2004).

3. R. Fernando, Nanotechnology Applications in Coatings, trang 2 - 18, ACS
Publications (2009).

4. Hans-Joachim Streitberger, Karl-Friedrich Dossel (ch bin), Automotive Paints
and Coatings 2
nd
Edition, trang 129 - 209, Wiley VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.
KgaA (2008).

5. Johan Bieleman, Additives for Coatings, trang 100 - 111, Wiley VCH Verlag
GmbH (2000).

6. Ti liu gii thiu ca BYK Additives & Instruments (2007).
http://www.byk.com/

7. A. Mathiazhagan v Rani Joseph, Nanotechnology A New Prospective in
Organic Coating Review, International Journal of Chemical Engineering and
Applications, Volume 2, trang 225 - 235, IACSIT Press (2011).

8. Ti liu gii thiu ca ERICHSEN GmbH & Co. KG (2001 - 2010).


http://www.erichsen.de/

9. Tng cc tiu chun o lng cht lng Vit Nam, B tiu chun quc gia Vit
Nam.
10. Nguyn Vn Lc (2007),
K thut sn, Nh xut bn Gio dc.
11. Nguyn Chu Giang (1999),
Lun vn tt nghip cao hc,
H Ni, tr. 14 28.
12. Bch Trng Phc (1996),
Lun n Ph Tin s Khoa hc K thut.
13. Dng Th Hy,
Cng ngh sn vecni,
Khoa ha i hc Bch khoa Nng.

HƯNG

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