Mat Lab Toan Tap

1
Matlab ton tp

ci t

1. MATLAB for WIN
Yu cu h thng

H thng IBM hoc tng thch 100% vi b vi x l 486 Intel cng vi b ng x l ton hc
487 ( ngoi tr 486 DX c b x l bn trong ), Pentium hoc Pentium Pro Processor.
Microsoft Window 95 hoc Window NT.

a) CD ROM

- B iu phi ho 8 bit v card mn hnh ( 256 mu ng thi )
- Khong trng a ci t v chy cc tu chn. S yu cu a cng thay i tu theo kch
c cc partition v cc tp tr gip help c ci t trc tip theo tu chn. Qu trnh ci t s thng
bo cho bn bit t m v dung lng a yu cu. V d:
Partition vi mt lin cung mt 0 cn 25 MB cho ring MATLAB v 50 MB cho c MATLAB
v HELP.
Partition vi lin cung 64 KB cn 115 MB cho ring MATLAB v 250 MB cho c MATLAB
v HELP.

b ) B nh.

Microsoft WIndow 95: 8 MB ti thiu v 16 MB khuyn ngh.
Microsoft WIN NT 3.51 hoc 4.0: 12 MB ti thiu v 16 MB khuyn ngh.

Cc khuyn ngh
B nh ph vo (B nh b sung: additional Memory).
V mch tng tc ho b tr cho Microsoft Window.
My in tr gip cho Microsoft Window.
V mch m thanh tr gip cho Microsoft Window.
Microsoft Word 7.0 hoc hn ( nu bn c nh s dng MATLAB NoteBook ).
Trnh bin dch Watcom C, Borland, Microsoft (xy dng file MEX).
Netscape Navigator 2.0 hoc version cao hn hoc Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.0 chy
MATLAB Help Desk.

Qu trnh ci t

1. t a vo CD. Trn WIN 95 chng trnh SETUP bt u chy t ng nu nh MATLAB
cha c ci t trc. Cn khng, nhn p vo biu tng setup.exe bt u qu trnh ci t.
2. Chp nhn hay b i nhng khuyn co v cp ng k phn mm trn mn hnh. Nu chp
nhn bn mi c th bt u qu trnh ci t.
3. Trn Custumer Information, nhp vo tn bn, a ch ca bn. Tn khng c qu 30 k t.
Nhn nt NEXT.
4. Nhn vo cc hp trng thnh phn du v nu nh bn mun tu chn v nhn tip nu
bn c nh khng mun tu chn ( c th thm vo sau ny nu mun ). Trn mn hnh hin th
C:\MATLAB l th mc ch mc nh ca qu trnh ci t. Nu bn mun ci t vo th mc khc
hoc i tn th mc th bn la chn Browse.
MATLAB cho Macintosh.
2
MATLAB cho my Macintosh chy c trn:
Mi my Macintosh c cu hnh mnh ( power Macintosh ).
Mi Macintosh c trang b b vi x l 68040 ( b ng x l ton hc bn trong ).
Mi my Macintosh c trang b b vi x l 68020 hoc 68030 v b ng x l ton hc 68881
hoc 68882.
Yu cu ti thiu chy MATLAB.
a cng trng ti thiu 26 MB, cn thm 60 MB cho h thng tu chon HELP trc tuyn.
16 MB cho phn vng b nh.
CD ROM.
Color Quick Draw.

---------------oOo----------------

Chng1
GII THIU chung

Bygi bn ci t xong, chng ta hy xem MATLAB c th lm c nhng g. Trong phn
ny chng ta s trnh by mt s nhng ng dng ca n; v trnh by tt c nhng ng dng ca
MATLAB s rt di v tn thi gian. Nu bn c quyn hng dn ny, bn s thy MATLAB l
ngn ng rt mnh gii quyt nhng vn quan trng v kh khn ca bn. N s rt hu ch khi
bn c phn hng dn c bn v n s cung cp cho bn nhng kin thc c bn bn hiu r
MATLAB v pht trin c nhng kh nng ca mnh sau ny.
C l cch d nht hng dung v MATLAB l n c y cc c im ca my tnh c
nhn: ging nh cc my tnh c bn, n lm tt c cc php tnh ton hc c bn nh cng, tr, nhn,
chia; ging nh my tnh k thut, n bao gm: s phc, cn thc, s m, logarithm, cc php ton l-
ng gic nh sine, cosine, tang; n cng ging nh my tnh c kh nng lp trnh, c th lu tr,
tm kim li d liu, cng c th to, bo v v ghi trnh t cc lnh t ng php ton khi gii
quyt cc vn , bn c th so snh logic, iu khin thc hin lnh m bo tnh ng n ca
php ton. Ging nh cc my tnh hin i nht, n cho php bn biu din d liu di nhiu dng
nh: biu din thng thng, ma trn i s, cc hm t hp v c th thao tc vi d liu thng
cng nh i vi ma trn.
Trong thc t MATLAB cn ng dng rt rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc v n cng s dng rt
nhiu cc php tnh ton hc. Vi nhng c im v kh nng thn thin vi ngi s dng nn
n d dng s dng hn cc ngn ng khc nh Basic, Pascal, C.
N cung cp mt mi trng phong ph cho biu din d liu, v c kh nng mnh m v
ho, bn c th to cc giao din ring cho ngi s dng(GUIs) gi quyt nhng vn ring cho
mnh. Thm vo MATLAB a ra nhng cng c gii quyt nhng vn c bit, gi l
Toolbox (hp cng c). V d Student Edition ca MATLAB bao gm c Toolbox iu khin h
thng, Toolbox x l tn hiu, Toolbox biu tng ton hc. Ngoi ra bn c th to Toolbox cho
ring mnh.
Vi nhng kh nng mnh m, rng ln ca MATLAB nn n rt cn thit cho bn bt u t
phn c bn. Sau y chng ta s nghin cu tng phn, v cun sch ny s gip bn hiu c
chng. Trc tin, mt cch n gin nht l chng ta quan nim nh l mt my tnh c bn, tip
theo l nh my tnh k thut v nh my tnh c th lp trnh c, cui cng l nh my tnh hin
i nht. Bng cch quan nim ny bn s d dng hiu c nhng cch m MATLAB gii quyt
nhng vn thng thng v xem MATLAB gii quyt nhng vn v s phc mm do nh th
no.
Tu thuc vo kin thc ca bn, bn c th tm thy nhng phn trong cun sch hng dn ny
hng th hay bun t...
3
Khi bn chy chng trnh MATLAB, n s to mt hoc nhiu ca s trn mn hnh ca bn, v
ca s lnh (command) l ca s chnh bn giao tip vi MATLAB, ca s ny xut hin nh hnh
di y.
Cc k t EDU>> l du nhc ca MATLAB trong student MATLAB. Trong cc version khc
ca MATLAB, du nhc n gin ch l >>. Khi ca s lnh xut hin, l ca s hot ng, con tr
xut hin bn phi du nhc nh hnh di. Con tr v du nhc ny ca MATLAB bo rng
MATLAB ang i thc hin lnh.

Hnh 1.1 Ca s lnh ca Student MATLAB

1.1 Cc php ton n gin

Ging nh my tnh n gin thng thng, MATLAB c th thc hin cc php ton n gin,
nh v d di y:
Mary n mt ca hng vn phng phm v mua 4 cc ty, 25 xu mt cc, 6 tp v, 52 xu mt
tp, hai cun bng i, 99 xu mt cun. Hy tnh xem Mary mua bao nhiu vt, v tng s tin l bao
nhiu?
Nu dng my tnh thng thng, ta vo cc s:
4 + 6 + 2 = 12 ( vt)
4x25 + 6x52 + 2x99 = 610 (xu)

Hnh 1.2 Ca s lnh ca MATLAB version 5.2

Trong MATLAB chng ta c th gii quyt vn ny theo nhiu cch. Trc tin ging nh my
tnh trn, chng ta c th tnh:

>> 4 + 6 + 2
ans=
12
>> 4*25 + 6*52 + 2*99
ans=
610

Ch rng MATLAB khng ch n nhng khong trng, cho tt c cc phn, v php nhn c
mc u tin cao hn php cng. V mt ch khc l MATLAB gi kt qu ans (vit tt ca
answer) cho c hai php tnh.
Nh ni trn, vn trn c th gii quyt bng cch cha cc thng tin vo bin ca
MATLAB:

>> er aser s = 4
er aser s=
4
>> pads = 6
pads=
6
>> t ape = 2;
>> i t er ms = er ases + pads + t ape
i t er ms=
12
>> cost = er ases*25 + pads*52 + t ape*99
cost =
4
610

y chng ta to 3 bin MATLAB: er ases, pads, t ape cha s lng mi loi vt.
Sau khi vo cc gi tr cho cc bin ny, MATLAB hin th kt qu ra mn hnh, tr trng hp bin
t ape. Du hai chm ng sau cu lnh >> tape = 2; thng bo cho MATLAB nhn gi tr gn nh-
ng khng hin th ra mn hnh. Cui cng khc vi gi kt qu ans, chng ta yu cu MATLAB gi
kt qu tng s cc vt l i t er ms, v tng s tin l cost . Ti mi bc MATLAB u a ra cc
thng tin. V c lu gi cc bin nn chng ta c th yu cu MATLAB tnh gi tr trung bnh cho
mi vt:

>> ever age_cost = cost / i t er ms
ever age_cost =
50. 8333

Bi v ever age cost c hai t, m MATLAB yu cu bin ch c mt t, nn chng ta dng du
gch di ni hai t ny thnh mt t.
Ngoi cc php tnh trn, MATLAB cn c mt s php tnh c bn khc nh bng di y:

Php tnh Biu tng V d
Php cng, a + b + 5 + 3
Php tr, a - b - 7 - 4
Php nhn, a.b * 18*24
Php chia, ab / hoc \ 56/8 = 8\ 56
Php lu tha, a
b
^ 5^2

Trong cc php ton trn c mc u tin khc nhau, khi tnh t tri sang phi ca mt dng
gm nhiu lnh th php ton lu tha c mc u tin cao nht, tip theo l php nhn v php chia
c mc u tin bng nhau cui cng l php cng v php tr cng c mc u tin bng nhau.

1.2 Khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB

Cng nh bn lm vic vi ca s Lnh, MATLAB nh cc lnh bn g vo cng nh cc gi tr
bn gn cho n hoc n c to ln. Nhng lnh v bin ny c gi l lu gi trong khng gian
lm vic ca MATLAB, v c th c gi li khi bn mun. V d, kim tra gi tr ca bin tape,
tt c nhng g bn phi lm l yu cu MATLAB cho bit bng cch nh vo tn bin ti du nhc:

>> t ape
t ape=
2

Nu bn khng nh tn bin, bn c th yu cu MATLAB cho danh sch cc bin bng cch
dnh lnh who t du nhc lnh:

>> who
Your var i abl es ar e:
ans cost i t er ms t ape
aver age_cost er aser s pads

Ch rng MATLAB khng a ra gi tr ca tt c cc bin, nu bn mun bit gi tr, bn
nh vo tn bin ti du nhc lnh ca MATLAB.
5
gi li cc lnh bn dng, MATLAB dng cc phm mi tn ( ) trn bn phm ca bn. V
d gi li lnh bn g vo lc gn hin ti nht, bn nhn phm mi tn , tip tc nhn phm ny,
n s li gi tip lnh trc , Nu bn dng phm mi tn n s gi li lnh t lnh u tin cho
n lnh gn hin ti nht. Cc phm mi tn v c th dng thay i v tr con tr trong
dng lnh ti du nhc ca MATLAB, nh vy chng ta c th sa dng lnh, thm na, chng ta c
th dng chut cng vi b nh m ct, copy, dn, v sa vn bn ti du nhc ca dng lnh.

1.3 Bin

Ging nh nhng ngn ng lp trnh khc, MATLAB c nhng quy nh ring v tn bin. Tr-
c tin tn bin phi l mt t, khng cha du cch, v tn bin phi c nhng quy tun th nhng
quy tc sau:
Quy nh v tn bin
Tn bin c phn bit ch hoa ch thng.
V d: Iterms, iterms, itErms, v ITERMS l cc bin khc nhau
Tn bin c th cha nhiu nht 31 k t, cn cc k t sau k t th 31 b l i.
V d: howaboutthisveriablename
Tn bin bt u phi l ch ci, tip theo c th l ch s, s gch di
V d: how_about_this_veriable_name, X51483. a_b_c_d_e
K t chm cu khng c php dng v n c nhng ngha c bit
Cng vi nhng quy nh trn, MATLAB c nhng bin c bit trong bng sau:

Cc bin c bit Gi tr
ans Tn bin mc nh dng tr v kt qu
pi = 3.1415..
Eps S nh nht, nh vy dng cng vi 1 cs nh nht ln hn 1
flops S ca php ton s thc
inf ch s v cng nh kt qu ca 1/0
NaN hoc nan Dng ch s khng xc nh nh kt qu ca 0/0
i (v) j i = j =
nargin S cc i s a vo hm c s dng
narout S cc i s hm a ra
realmin S nh nht c th c ca s thc
realmax S ln nht c th c ca s thc

Nh bn c th to mt bin ca MATLAB, v bn cng c th gn li gi tr cho mt hoc
nhiu bin.
V d:

>> er ases = 4;
>> pads = 6;
>> t ape = 2;
>> i t er ms = eases + pads + t ape
i t er ms=
12
>> er ases = 6
er ases=
6
>> i t er ms
i t er ms=
6
12

y chng ta s dng li v d trn, chng ta tm c s vt m Mary mua sau chng ta thay
i s cc ty ln 6, gi tr ny s ln gi tr trc ca n l 4. Khi bn lm nh vy, gi tr ca
iterms vn khng thay i, v MATLAB khng tnh li iterms vi gi tr mi ca er ases. Khi
MATLAB thc hin mt php tnh, n ly gi tr ca cc bin hin thi, nn nu bn mun tnh gi tr
mi ca i t er ms, cost , aver age_cost , bn gi li cc lnh tnh cc gi tr .
i vi cc bin c bit trn, n c sn gi tr, nh vy khi bn khi ng MATLAB; nu
bn thay i gi tr ca n th nhng gi tr c bit ban u s b mt cho n khi bn xo bin i
hoc khi ng li MATLAB. Do bn khng nn thay i gi tr ca bin c bit, tr khi n thc
s cn thit.
Cc bin trong khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB c th b xo khng iu kin bng cch
dng lnh clear. V d:
>> cl ear er ases
ch xo mt bin erases
>> cl ear cost i t er ms
xo c hai bin cost v iterms
>> cl ear cl *
du * ch rng xo tt c cc bin bt u bng hai k t cl.
>> cl ear

xo tt c cc bin trong khng gian lm vic!. Bn s khng c hi xc nhn cu lnh ny v tt
c cc bin b xo khng th khi phc li.
C th ni rng dng lnh clear rt nguy him, v vy khi dng lnh ny bn nn dng ng v tr.

1.4 Cu gii thch (comment) v s chm cu

Tt c cc vn bn ng sau k hiu phn trm (%) u l cu gii thch. V d:

>> er ases = 4 % S cc ty.
er ases=
4

Bin er ases c gn gi tr l 4, cn tt c k hiu phn trm v vn bn ng sau n u b l i.
c im ny gip cho chng ta d theo di cng vic chng ta ang lm.
Nhiu lnh c th t trn cng mt hng, chng cch nhau bi du phy hoc du chm phy,
nh:

>> er ases = 4, pads = 6; t ape = 2
er ases=
4
t ape=
2
du phy yu cu MATLAB hin th kt qu trn mn hnh; cn du chm phy l khng hin th
kt qu trn mn hnh.
>> aver age_cost = cost / . . .
i t er ms
aver age_cost =
50. 83333

7
Nh v d trn, ta c th dng du ba chm (...) ch cu lnh c tip tc hng di, php tnh
thc hin c khi du ba chm ngn cch gia ton t v bin, ngha l tn bin khng b ngn cch
gia hai hng:

>> aver age_cost = cost / i t . . .
er ms
??? age_cost = cost / i t er ms
Mi ssi ng oper at or , coma, or semi col on.

ging nh vy, trng thi ca li gii thch khng th tip tc:

>> % Comment s cannot be cont i nued . . .
>> ei t her
??? Undef i ned f unct i on or var i abl e ei t her .

Bn c th dng chng trnh bng cch nhn ng thi Ctrl v C.

1.5 S phc

Mt trong nhng c im mnh m nht ca MATLAB l lm vic vi s phc. S phc trong
MATLAB c nh ngha theo nhiu cch, v d nh sau:

>> c1 = 1 - 2i % Chn thm k t i vo phn o.
c1=
1. 0000 - 2. 0000i
>> c1 = 1 - 2j % j y tng t nh i trn.
c1=
1. 0000 - 2. 0000i
>> c2 = 3*( 2- sqr t ( - 1) *3)
c2=
6. 0000 - 9. 0000i
>> c3 = sqr t ( - 2)
c3=
0 + 1. 4142i
>> c4 = 6 + si n( . 5) *i
c4=
6. 0000 + 0. 4794i
>> c5 = 6 + si n( . 5) *j
c5=
6. 0000 + 0. 4794i

Trong hai v d cui, MATLAB mc nh gi tr ca i = j = dng cho phn o. Nhn vi i hoc j c
yu cu trong trng hp ny, si n( . 5) i v si n( . 5) j khng c ngha i vi MATLAB. Cui
cng vi cc k t i v j, nh trong hai v d u trn ch lm vic vi s c nh, khng lm vic
c vi biu thc.
Mt s ngn ng yu cu s iu khin c bit cho s phc khi n xut hin, trong
MATLAB th khng cu nh vy. Tt c cc php tnh ton hc u thao tc c nh i vi s thc
thng thng:

>> c6 = ( c1 + c2) / c3 % T cc d liu trn
c6=
8
- 7. 7782 - 4. 9497i
>> check_i t _out = i ^2 % Bnh phng ca i phi l -1
check_i t _out =
- 1. 0000 + 0. 0000i

trong v d ny ch cn li phn thc, phn o bng khng. Chng ta c th dng hm real v imag
kim tra tng phn thc v o.
Chng ta c th biu din s phc dng ln v gc (dng cc):

M M.e
j
= a+bi

trn s phc c biu din bng ln M v gc , quan h gia cc i lng ny v phn thc,
phn o ca s phc biu din di dng i s l:
M =
= tan
-1
(b/ a)
a = Mcos
b = Msin
Trong MATLAB, chuyn t dng cc sang dng i s, dng cc hm real, imag, v angle:

>> c1 % Gi li c1
c1=
1. 0000 - 2. 0000i
>> M_c1 = abs( c1) % Tnh argument ca s phc
M_c1=
2. 2361
>> angl e_c1 = angl e( c1) % Tnh gc ca s phc theo radian
angl e_c1=
- 1. 1071
>> deg_c1 = angl e_c1*180/ pi % Chuyn t radian sang
- 63. 4349
>> r eal _c1 = r eal ( c1) % Tnh phn thc
r eal _c1=
1
>> i mag_c1 = i mag( c1) % Tnh phn o
i mag_c1=
- 2

-------------------oOo------------------

9
Chng2

CC C tnh K THUT

Ging nh hu ht cc my tnh k thut, MATLAB a ra rt nhiu cc hm ton hc, k thut thng
dng, ngoi ra MATLAB cn cung cp hng trm cc hm c bit v thut ton, n rt hu ch
gii quyt cc vn khoa hc. Tt c cc hm ny c lit k trong onl i ne hel p, cn y ch
cp n nhng hm thng dng nht.

2.1 Cc hm ton hc thng thng

Cc hm ton hc ca MATLAB c lit k trong bng di y, chng u c chung mt
cch gi hm nh v d di y:

>> x = sqr t ( 2) / 2
x=
0. 7071
>> y = si n( x)
y=
0. 7854
>> y_deg = y*180/ pi
y_deg=
45. 0000

Nhng lnh ny tm mt gc (tnh bng ) khi bit gi tr hm sin ca n l / 2.
Tt c cc hm lin quan n gc ca MATLAB u lm vic vi radian.
Bng cc hm:

Cc hm thng thng
abs(x) Tnh argument ca s phc x
acos(x) Hm ngc ca cosine
acosh(x) Hm ngc ca hyperbolic cosine
angle(x) Tnh gc ca s phc x
asin(x) Hm ngc ca sine
asinh(x) Hm ngc ca hyperbolic sine
atan(x) Hm ngc ca tangent
atan2(x, y) L hm arctangent ca phn thc ca x v y
atanh(x) Hm ngc ca hyperbolic tangent
ceil(x) Xp x dng v cng
conj(x) S phc lin hp
cos(x) Hm cosine ca x
cosh(x) Hm hyperbolic cosine ca x
exp(x) Hm e
x

fix(x) Xp x khng
floor(x) Xp x m v cng
gdc(x, y) c s chung ln nht ca hai s nguyn xv y
10
imag(x) Hm tr v phn o ca s phc
lcm(x, y) Bi s chung nh nht ca hai s nguyn x v y
log(x) Logarithm t nhin
log10(x) Logarithm c s 10
real(x) Hm tr v phn thc ca x
rem(x, y) Phn d ca php chia x/ y
round(x) Hm lm trn v s nguyn t
sign(x) Hm du: tr v du ca argument nh:
sign(1.2)=1; sign(-23.4)=-1; sign(0)=0
sin(x) Hm tnh sine ca x
sinh(x) Hm tnh hyperbolic sine ca x
sqrt(x) Hm khai cn bc hai
tan(x) Tangent
tanh(x) Hyperbolic tangent

>> 4*at an( 1) % Mt cch tnh xp x gi tr ca pi
ans=
3. 1416
>> hel p at ant 2 % Yu cu gip i vi hm atan2

ATAN2 f our quadr ant i nver se t angent
ATAN2( Y, X) i s t he f our quadr ant ar ct angent of t he r eal par t s
of t he el ement s of X and Y. - pi <= ATAN2( Y, X) <= pi

see al so ATAN.
>> 180/ pi *at an( - 2/ 3)
ans=
- 33. 69
>> 180/ pi *at an2( 2, - 3)
ans=
146. 31
>> 180/ pi *at an2( - 2, 3)
ans=
- 33. 69
>> 180/ pi *at an2( 2, 3)
ans=
33. 69
>> 180/ pi *at an2( - 2, - 3)
ans=
- 146. 31

Mt s v d khc:

>> y = sqr t ( 3^2 + 4^2) %Tnh cnh huyn ca tam gic pitago 3-4-5
y=
5
>> y = r em( 23, 4) %23/4 c phn d l 3
y=
3
>> x = 2. 6, y1 = f i x( x) , y2 = f l oor ( x) , y3 = cei l ( x) , y4 = r ound( x)
11
x=
2. 6000
y1=
2
y2=
2
y3=
3
y4=
3
>> gcd( 18, 81) % 9 l c s chung ln nht ca 18 v 81
ans=
9
>> l cm( 18, 81) %162 l bi s chung ln nht ca 18 v 81
ans=
162

V d: c lng chiu cao ca ngi nh
Vn : Gi thit bit khong cch t ngi quan st n ngi nh l D, gc t ngi quan st n
ngi nh l ; chiu cao ca ngi quan st l h. Hi ngi nh cao bao nhiu?
Gii php: Ta biu din kch thc nh hnh 2.1:

(khng thy)

Hnh 2.1

Ngi nh c chiu cao l H + h, H l chiu di ca mt cnh ca tam gic, chiu di ny c th
tnh c bng cng thc quan h gia gc v cnh ca tam gic:

tan() =

T ta c chiu cao ca ngi nh l
h + H = h + D.tan()
Nu h =2meters, D =50meters, v l 60
o
, MATLAB s a ra kt qu l:

>> h = 2
h =
2
>> t het a = 60
t het a =
60
>> D = 50
D =
50
>> bui di ng_hei ght = h+D*at an( t het a*pi / 180)
bui di ng_hei ght =
54. 3599

V d s suy gim do phn r
12
Vn : S phn r phn t polonium c chu k phn r l 140 ngy, tc l sau 140 ngy th lng
poloniun cn li l 1/2 lng ban u. Hi nu ban u c 10 grams polonium, n s cn li bao
nhiu sau 250 ngy?
Gii quyt: Sau 1 chu k phn r hoc 140 ngy, cn li 10x0.5 = 5 grams; sau 2 chu k phn r
hoc 280 ngy, cn li 5x0.5 = 10x(0.5)
2
= 2.5grams, t ta c kt qu nm trong khong 5 v 2.5
grams, v ta c cng thc tnh phn cn li sau khong thi gian bt k:

khi lng cn li = khi lng ban u x(0.5)
thi gian/ chu k

v d thi gian l 250 ngy, v kt qu MATLAB a ra l:

>> i ni t i al _amount = 10; % Khi lng ban u
>> hal f _l i f e = 140; % Chu k phn r
>> t i me = 250; % Thi gian tnh khi lng
>> amount _l ef t = i ni t i al _*0. 5^( t i me/ hal f _l i f e)
amount _l ef t =
2. 9003

V d tnh ton v li xut
Vn : Bn ng mua t mi vi gi 18,500 dollars. Ngi bn t a ra hai gii php v ti
chnh l: th nht, tr 2.9% li xut ca s tin trn trong vng 4 nm. Th hai l tr 8.9% li xut ca
s tin trn trong vng 4 nm v gi bn c gim i mt khon l 1500 dollars. Hi vi gii php
no th bn mua c t vi gi r hn?
Gii php: S tin tr hng thng l P, trn tng s tin l A dollars, t s li xut hng thng l R,
tr trong M thng:

P = A

Tng s tin phi tr s l: T = PxM
Gii php MATLAB a ra l:

>> f or mat bank % Dng dng hin th ngn hng
>> A = 18500; % Tng s tin
>> M = 12*4; % S thng phi tr li
>> FR = 1500; % Tin gim gi ca nh my
>>% Gii php th nht
>> R = ( 2. 9/ 100) / 12; % T l li xut hng thng
>> P = A*( R*( 1+R) ^M/ ( ( 1+R) ^M - 1) ) % Khon tin phi tr hng thng
P=
408. 67
>> T1 = P*M % Tng gi tr ca t
T1=
19616. 06
>> % Gii php th hai
>> R = ( 8. 9/ 100) / 12; % T l li xut hng thng
>> P = ( A- FR) *( R*( 1 + R) ^M/ ( ( 1+R) ^M - 1) ) % Tin phi tr hng thng
P=
422. 24
>> T2 = P*M % Tng gi tr ca t
T2=
13
20267. 47
>> Di f f = T2 - T1
Di f f =
651. 41

Nh vy ta c gii php th nht gi r hn gii php th hai.

V d: Vn nng acid
Vn : Nh mt phn ca qu trnh sn xut b phn ca vt c ti mt nh my t ng, b phn
c nhng trong nc lm ngui, sau nhng trong bn ng dung dch acid lm sch.
Trong ton b ca qu trnh nng acid gim i khi cc b phn c ly ra khi bn acid v khi
nhng b phn ca vt c vo bn th mt lng nc cn bm trn vt c khi nhng b trc
cng vo theo v khi nhc ra khi bn mt lng acid bm theo vt. m bo cht lng th nng
acid phi khng c nh hn mt lng ti thiu. Bn hy bt u vi nng dung dch l 90%
th nng ti thiu phi l 50%. Lng cht lng thm vo v ly i sau mi ln nhng dao ng
trong khong t 1% n 10%. Hi bao nhiu b phn c th nhng vo b dung dch acid trc khi
nng ca n gim xung di mc cho php?
Gii php:
Ban u nng acid l initial_con = 90% = acid/ (acid + water)
sau ln nhng th nht nng acid cn:

con =

=

=

=

aci d l lng acid ban u trong dung dch, wat er l lng nc ban u trong dung dch,
l ost l lng phn trm nc thm vo. S acid cn li trong dung dch sau ln nhng th nht
l:

acid_left =

Ngha l, khi nhng ln th hai nng dung dch s l:

con =

=

=

Tip tc qu trnh ny, sau n ln nhng, nng acid l:

con =

Nu nng acid cn li l mc ti thiu chp nhn c, s ln nhng cc i s l mt s nguyn
bng hoc nh hn n:

n =
14

Trong MATLAB gii php s l:

>> i ni t i al _con = 90
i ni t i al _con=
90
>> mi n_con = 50
mi n_con=
50
>> l ost = 0. 01;
>> n = f l oor ( l og( i ni t i al _con/ mi n_con) / l og( 1+l ost ) )
n=
59

Nh vy c th nhng 59 ln trc khi nng acid gim xung di 50%. Ch hm floor
dng lm trn s n xung s nguyn gn nht, v dy ta cng c th dng hm logarithm c s
10 v logarithm c s 2 thay cho hm logarithm t nhin trn.

-------------------oOo----------------------

chng 3
NHNG C IM CA CA S LNH

Ca s lnh (comand) ca MATLAB c rt nhiu nhng c im cn ch , mt s chng c
gii thiu chng trc, v sau y chng ta tm hiu r hn v chng.

3.1 Qun l khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB

Cc d liu v bin c to ln trong ca s lnh, c lu trong mt phn gi l khng gian lm
vic ca MATLAB. Mun xem tn bin trong khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB ta dng lnh who:

>> who


D h
bui di ng_hei ght t het a

Cc bin ny c dng trong v d c lng chiu cao ngi nh. xem chi tit hn v cc bin ta
dng lnh whos:

>> whos
Name Si ze Byt es Cl ass

D 1x1 8 doubl e ar r ay
bui di ng_hei ght 1x1 8 doubl e ar r ay
h 1x1 8 doubl e ar r ay
t het a 1x1 8 doubl e ar r ay

15
Gr and t ot al i s 4 el ement s usi ng 32 byt es

Mi bin c lit k vi kch c ca n, s bytes s dng, v cc lp ca chng (class), trong v d
c bit ny, cc bin u l s n, c chnh xc hai s sau du phy. Lnh whos c bit c ch
khi nghin cu n phn mng v cc kiu d liu khc.
Ngoi cc hm ny, trong mc Show Workspace trong bng chn file to ra ca s GUI gi l
Workspace Browser, n cha cc thng tin tng t nh lnh whos. Thm na n to cho bn kh
nng xo, lm sch cc bin m bn chn. Ca s ny cng c th to bng cch nhn nt Workspace
Browser, trn thanh cng c ca ca s lnh.
Nh trnh by trn, lnh clear c th xo bin t khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB.
V d:
>> cl ear h D % Xo cc bin h v D
>> who


bui di ng_hei ght t het a

Cc tu chn khc ca hm clear chng ta c th tm hiu thm bng lnh help:

>> hel p cl ear

CLEAR Cl ear var i abl es and f unct i ons f r ommemor y.
CLEAR r emoves al l var i abl es f r omt he wor kspace.
CLEAR VARI ABLES does t he same t hi ng.
CLEAR GLOBAL r emoves al l gl obal var i abl es.
CLEAR FUNCTI ONS r emoves al l compi l ed M- f unct i ons.
CLEAR MEX r emoves al l l i nks t o MEX- f i l es.
CLEAR ALL r emoves al l var i abl es, gl obal s, f unct i ons and MEX
l i nks.

CLEAR VAR1 VAR2 . . . cl ear s t he var i abl es speci f i ed. The
wi l dcar d
char act er ' *' can be used t o cl ear var i abl es t hat mat ch a
pat t er n.
For i nst ance, CLEAR X* cl ear s al l t he var i abl es i n t he cur r ent
wor kspace t hat st ar t wi t h X.

I f X i s gl obal , CLEAR X r emoves X f r omt he cur r ent wor kspace,
but l eaves i t accessi bl e t o any f unct i ons decl ar i ng i t gl obal .
CLEAR GLOBAL X compl et el y r emoves t he gl obal var i abl e X.

CLEAR FUN cl ear s t he f unct i on speci f i ed. I f FUN has been
l ocked
by MLOCK i t wi l l r emai n i n memor y.

CLEAR ALL al so has t he si de ef f ect of r emovi ng al l debuggi ng
br eakpoi nt s si nce t he br eakpoi nt s f or a f i l e ar e cl ear ed
whenever
t he m- f i l e changes or i s cl ear ed.

16
Use t he f unct i onal f or mof CLEAR, such as CLEAR( ' name' ) ,
when t he var i abl e name or f unct i on name i s st or ed i n a xu.
See al so WHO, WHOS, MLOCK, MUNLOCK.

Cui cng, khi lm vic trong khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB, n thng thun tin
ghi hoc in mt bn sao cng vic ca bn, lnh diary ghi d liu ngi dng a vo v ca s lnh
v a ra file vn bn dng m ASCII c tn l diary trong th mc hin ti.

>> di ar y f r ame %ghi d liu vao file frame
>> di ar y of f % kt thc lnh diary v ng file

Khi ca s lnh c chn, chn print... t bng chn file in mt bn ca ca s lnh, bn
c th dng chut la chn phn mnh mun ghi, chn Pint Selection... t bng chn file, in mt
phn vn bn la chn.

3.2 Ghi v phc hi d liu

nh cc bin MATLAB c th ghi v gi li d liu t file trong my tnh ca bn. Mc
Workspace as... trong bng chn file m hp chun hi thoi ghi tt c cc bin hin ti. Ging nh-
vy, trong mc Load Workspace trong bng chn file m hp hi thoi gi li tt c cc bin m
ta ghi li t khng gian lm vic trc, n khng lm mt cc bin ny trong khng gian lm vic
hin ti. Khi ta gi li cc bin, m cc bin ny trng tn vi cc bin trong khng gian lm vic ca
MATLAB, n s thay i gi tr ca cc bin theo gi tr ca cc bin gi ra t file.
Nu bng chn file khng thun tin hoc khng p ng c nhng yu cu ca bn,
MATLAB cung cp hai lnh save v load, n thc hin mt cch mm do hn, trong trng hp c
bit, lnh save cho php bn ghi mt hoc nhiu hn mt bin tuy theo s la chon ca bn.
V d:
>> save

Cha tt c cc bin trong MATLAB theo kiu nh phn trong file MATLAB.mat

>> save dat a

cha tt c cc bin trong MATLAB theo kiu nh phn trong fle data.mat.

>> save dat a er aser s pads t ape - asci i

Ghi cc bin er aser s, pads, t ape trong dng m ASCII 8 s trong file data. File dng m
ASCII c th sa i bng bt c chng trnh son tho vn bn no, ch rng file ASCII khng c
phn m rng .mat.

>> save dat a er aser s pads t ape - asci i - doubl e

Ghi cc bin er aser s, pads, t ape dng ASCII 16 s trong file data.
Lnh load cng dng vi c php tng t.

3.3 Khun dng hin th s

Khi MATLAB hin th kt qu dng s, n tun theo mt s quy nh sau:
17
Mc nh, nu kt qu l s nguyn th MATLAB hin th n l mt s nguyn, khi kt qu l mt s
thc th MATLAB hin th s xp x vi bn ch s sau du phy, cn cc s dng khoa hc th
MATLAB hin th cng ging nh trong cc my tnh khoa hc.
Bn c th khng dng dng mc nh, m to mt khun dng ring t mc Preferences,
trong bng chn file, c th mc nh hoc nh dng xp x ti du nhc.
Chng ta dng bin aver age_cost ( trong v d trc) lm v d, dng s ny l:

Lnh ca MATLAB Average_cost Ch thch
format short 50.833 5 s
format long 50.83333333333334 16 s
format short e 5.0833e+01 5 s vi s m
format long e 5.083333333333334e+01 16 s vi s m
format short g 50.833 chnh xc hn format short hoc
format short e
format long g 50.83333333333333 chnh xc hn format long
hoc format long e
format hex 40496aaaaaaaaaab h c s 16
format bank 50.83 hai s h 10
format + + dng, m hoc bng khng
format rat 305/ 6 dng phn s

Mt ch quan trng l MATLAB khng thay i s khi nh li khun dng hin th c chn, m
ch thay i mn hnh thay i.

---------------oOo-----------------

Chng 4
Script M_files

Mt vn n gin l, yu cu ca bn ti du nhc ca MATLAB trong ca s lnh l nhanh v
hiu qu. Tuy nhin v s lnh tng ln, hoc khi bn mun thay i gi tr ca mt hoc nhiu bin
v thc hin li mt s lnh vi gi tr mi, nu c nh lp li ti du nhc ca MATLAB th s tr
ln bun t, do vy MATLAB cung cp mt gii php cho vn ny l: n cho php bn thay th
cc lnh ca MATLAB bng mt file vn bn n gin, v yu cu MATLAB m file v thc hin
lnh chnh xc nh l nh ti du nhc ca MATLAB ti ca s lnh, nhng file ny gi l script
file, hoc n gin l M_file. Danh t "scr i pt " ch rng thc t MATLAB c t file kch bn
tm thy trong file. Danh t "M_f i l e" ch rng tn script file phi kt thc bng phn m rng
l ' . m' nh v d exampl e1. m.
to mt script M_file, chn New trong bng chn file v chn M_file. Th tc ny s to
ra mn hnh son tho, v bn c th nh c cc lnh ca MATLAB trong . V d di y l
cch lnh trong v d c lng chiu cao ngi nh trc:

f unct i on exampl e1
% example1.m V d c lng chiu cao ngi nh
h = 2
t het a = 60
D = 50;
bui l di ng_hei ght = h + D*t an( t het a*pi / 180)

18
Bn c th ghi v lu gi file nybng cch chn Save t bng chn file. Khi bn ghi ln file ch
phi nh tn file trng vi tn hm (exampl e) khng cn nh vo phn m rng, MATLAB t
gn vo cho n. Khi t du nhc ta c th nh:

>> exampl e1
h=
2
t het a=
60
bui l di ng_hei ght =
54. 3599
Khi MATLAB din gii cc trng thi ca exampl e1 trn, n s c ni k hn chng
sau, nhng mt cch ngn gn, MATLAB dng cc trng thi ca bin MATLAB hin ti v to ln
cc lnh ca n, bt u bng tn M_file. Ngha l, nu exampl e1 khng phi l bin hin ti, hoc
mt lnh MATLAB xy dng ln, MATLAB m file exampl e1. m(nu n tm thy) v tnh gi tr
cc lnh tm thy ch khi chng ta vo cc thng s chnh xc ti du nhc ca ca s lnh. Nh
thy lnh trong M_file truy cp n tt c cc bin trong khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB, v tt c
cc bin trong M_file tr thnh mt phn ca khng gian lm vic. Bnh thng cc lnh c trong
M_file khng c hin th nh l n c tnh trong ca s lnh, nhng lnh echo on yu cu
MATLAB hin th hoc lp li lnh i vi ca s lnh nh chng ta c v tnh. Tip theo bn c
th on c lnh echo off lm g. Ging nh vy, lnh echo lp li bi chnh n lm thay i chnh
trng thi ca n.
Vi c im ny ca M_file bn c th thay i li ni dung ca file, v d bn c th m
M_file exampl e1. mthay i li cc gi tr ca h, D, hoc theta, ghi li file v yu cu
MATLAB tnh li lnh trong file. Thm na, bng cch to M_file, cc lnh ca bn c lu trn a
v c th ng dng v sau khi bn cn.
Nhng ng dng ca ch dn ca MATLAB gip chng ta hiu c khi dng script file nh
trong exampl e1. m, ch dn cho php bn lu gi cng cc lnh trong script file, v vy bn nh -
c nhng lnh lm g khi bn nhn li file sau y. Thm na, du chm phy ng sau cu lnh
khng cho hin th kt qu, t bn c th iu chnh script file a ra nhng kt qu cn thit.
V nhng ng dng ca script file, MATLAB cung cp mt s hm c bit c ch khi bn s
dng trong M_file:

Cc hm M_file
disp(ans) Hin th cc kt qu m khng hin tn bin
echo iu khin ca s lnh lp li cc lnh ca script file
input S dng du nhc a d liu vo
keyboard Trao iu khin tm thi cho bn phm
pause Dng li cho n khi ngi dng nhn mt phm bt k
pause(n) Dng li n giy
waitforbuttonpress Dng li cho n khi ngi dng nhn chut hoc phm.

Khi lnh ca MATLAB khng kt thc bng du chm phy, kt qu ca lnh c hin th
trn ca s lnh cng vi tn bin. i lc n thun tin khi khng cho hin tn bin, trong MATLAB
ta dng lnh disp thc hin vic ny:

>> h % Cch truyn thng hin kt qu
h=
2
>> di sp( h) % Hin kt qu khng c tn bin
2
19

gip bn son tho script file khi tnh ton cho nhiu trng hp, lnh input cho php bn
to cu nhc vo d liu c an ton. V d exampl e1. mvi nhng phn c sa:

h = 2
t het a = 60
D = i nput ( Vo khong cch gia ngi v ngi nh: )

chy file ny:

>> exampl e1
h=
2
t het a=
60
Vo khong cch gia ngi v ngi nh: 60
D=
60
64. 8319

v d trn ta g vo s 60 v n Enter. Nhng lnh sau s tnh vi gi tr ca D l 60. Ch rng
hm input c th dng vi cc php ton khc ging nh i vi cc hm thng thng khc, hm
input cng chp nhn i vi bt c kiu biu din s no, v d ta vo mt s l: +5.

>> exampl e1
h=
2
t het a=
60
Vo khong cch gia ngi v ngi nh: sqr t ( 1908) +5
D=
48. 6807
52. 9783

xem nhng tc ng ca lnh echo, ta dng chng trong script file:

echo on
h = 2
t het a = 60
echo of f

20
chy chng trnh ta c:

>> exampl e1
h = 2
h=
2
t het a = 60
t het a=
60
Vo khong cch gia ngi v ngi nh: 60
64. 8319
echo of f

Nh bn thy trong trng hp ny, lnh echo lm cho kt qu kh c hn, nhng ngc
li lnh n c th rt c ch khi g ri nhiu script file ng dng.

------------------oOo-------------------

Chng 5
QUN L Tp

MATLAB cung cp mt s cc hm file h thng v cc lnh cho php bn lit k tn file, xem, v
xo M_file, hin th v thay i th mc cha n. Mt s tng kt cc lnh c wa ra trong bng d-
i y. Thm vo bn c th xem v sa ng dn ca MATLAB (matlabpath). Nhng ng
dn ny ch cho MATLAB ni cha script file v hm M_file trong my tnh ca bn. C rt nhiu tr-
ng hp cc hm trong MATLAB l cc M_file n gin c cha trong a, nhng MATLAB
thng bo khng bit hm ny, nh vy do n khng tm c ng dn ca MATLAB, bn cn
phi thay i li ng dn:

Cc hm h thng file
addpath dir1 Thm th mc dir1 vo bt u ca ng dn
cd Hin th th mc hin thi
p = cd Gn th mc lm vic hin thi cho bin p
cd path Thay i th mc a ra bng ng dn
delete test.m Xo M_file test.m
dir Danh sch tt c cc file trong th mc hin thi
d = dir

Tr li file trong th mc hin thi trong cu trc
bin d
edit test

M test.m son tho, ging nh Open trong
bng chon file
exist(cow,file)

Kim tra s tn ti ca file cow.m trong ng
dn
exist(d,dir) Kim tra s tn ti ca th mc d trong ng dn
filesep

Tch file nh\ trong Windows95 v NT, : trn
Macintosh
fullfile To tn file vi ng dn y
21
inmem Danh sch hm M_file, gi ra t b nh
ls Ging nh dir
MATLABrc.m

MATLAB ch khi ng script M_file, thc
hin trc khi startup.m
MATLABroot

Tr ng dn th mc cho chng trnh thc
hin MATLAB
path

Hin th hoc sa ng dn ca MATLAB
(MATLABpath)
pathdef.m Hm M_file, ni m mmatlabpath l ng
pathsep Chia ng dn cho matlabpath
pwd Ging nh cd
rmpath dir1 B i th mc dir1 t ng dn matlabpath
startup.m script M_file thc hin khi MATLAB khi ng
tempdir Tn ca th mc tm thi
tempname Tn ca file tm thi
type test Hin ra M_file test.m trong ca s lnh
what

Tr li danh sch tt c M_file v MAT_file
trong th mc hin thi
which test Hin th ng dn th mc n test.m

ng n ca MATLAB l danh sch ca tt c cc th mc lu tr cc file ca MATLAB.
Hn na, nu bn to mt th mc ca M_file th ng dn ca n phi c thm vo matlabpath,
nu khng th MATLAB khng th truy cp n cc file ca bn c, tr khi file t trong th
mc hin thi.
xem MATLAB s dng matlabpath nh th no, hy xem trng hp c m t trong
bng sau:(Khng thy)

ng dn ca MATLAB
Khi bn g >> cow, MATLAB s lm nh sau:
(1) Kim tra nu cowl mt bin trong khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB, nu khng th...
(2) N kim tra nu cow l mt hm c xy dng, nu khng th...
(3) N kim tra nu mt tn M_file cow.m tn ti trong th mc hin thi, nu khng th...
(4) N kim tra nu cow.m tn ti bt c ni no trn ng dn ca MATLAB bng cch tm
kim ng dn.
Khi no s ph hp c tm thy th MATLAB chp nhn n. V d nh cow tn ti nh mt
bin trong khng gin lm vic ca MATLAB, th MATLAB khng dng hm hoc bin c tn l
cow. V vy bn trnh khng nn to bin c tn trng vi tn hm nh:
>> sqr t = 1. 2;
>> sqr t ( 2) ;
Nhng lnh trn s to ra li, bi v sqr t y khng phi l hm tnh cn bc hai, n l
bin c gi tr l 1.2. Th tc ng dn cn c dng khi lnh load c dng. u tin MATLAB
tm kim trong th mc hin ti, sau n tm theo ng dn ca MATLAB n file d liu.
Thc t th tc tm kim ca MATLAB phc tp hn l trnh by trn rt nhiu v MATLAB
dng rt nhiu file c phn m rng l . m . Hm M_file c th cha nhiu hn mt bin, th mc
trong matlabpath c th c th mc con gi l private, v MATLAB cung cp chng trnh hng i
tng vi cc ton t nh ngha li M_file trong th mc con, bt u bng k t @. Nu tt c
nhng c im ny c cng thm vo bng trn th n s y hn, nhng s rt kh hiu. Nu
bn mun nghin cu thm v phn ny th xem cc ti liu cung cp trong a CD.
Nu bn c M_file hoc MAT_file cha trong th mc khng phi trong ng n ca
MATLAB v khng trong th mc hin ti, MATLAB khng th tm thy chng. C hai gii php
cho vn ny l:
22
(1)_To th mc thit k thnh th mc hin ti, dng lnh cd hoc pwd t trong bng trc.
(2)_Cng thm th mc thit k trong ng dn ca MATLAB .
Cui cng n rt d dng khi ta s dng phng php duyt qua cc ng dn (path browser)
hoc cc lnh trong ca s lnh path v addpath. dng path browser, ta chn set path t bng chn
file hoc nhn chut trn nt path browser trn thanh cng c ca ca s lnh. Lm nh vy ta s -
c mn hnh ging nh hnh 5.1:
Ging nh thit k cc GUI, n lin quan trc tip khi ta s dng. ng dn matlabpath c hin
th bn tri, th mc con nm trong ng dn c chn nm bn tri, cn cc nt thay i -
ng dn nh thm ng dn mi (add to path), loi b ng dn (remove from path) pha trn.
ghi li s thay i ta chn save path t bng chn file ca ca s
path browser trc khi ng GUI.

Hnh 5.1 path browser trong MATLAB 5.2

Ca s path browser trong MATLAB 5.0 khng khc lm so vi MATLAB 5.2, ch yu l cc
nt thay i ng dn trong MATLAB 5.2 th n t trn nh cn MATLAB 5.0 n c t
bn phi. ghi li s thay i ng dn trong MATLAB 5.0 trc khi ng GUI ta nhn nt save
settings.

23

Hnh 5.2 path browser trong MATLAB to Student

5.1 MATLAB khi khi ng

Khi khi ng MATLAB, n to ra hai script M_file l mat l abr c. mv st ar t up. m, trong
at l abr c. mi cng MATLAB, v nhn chung l khng c sa n.
Cc lnh trong M_file to mt cu hnh mc nh v kch c ca ca s v v tr ca n, cng nh
cc c im mc nh khc trong Windows95, WindowNT. ng dn mc nh c to bng
cch gi script file pat hdef . mt mat l abr c. m. Trong cc phn, cc lnh trong mat l abr c. m
kim tra s tn ti ca script M_file st ar t up. mtrong ng dn ca MATLAB nu n tn ti, cc
lnh trong n c thc hin.
S la chn M_file st ar t up. mcha cc lnh c nhng c im ring i vi MATLAB.
V d n rt thng thng nu ta thm mt hoc hn cc lnh path hoc addpath trong st ar t up. m
chn thm cc th mc vo trong ng dn ca MATLAB. Ging nh vy, mc nh hin th
khun dng s c th thay i c nh format compact. Nu bn c mn hnh cn bng xm, lnh
gr aymon s c ch khi to mc nh ho cho ch ny. Hn na, nu bn v th c cc kiu
mc nh ring th mt s gi ti col or def c th xut hin trong st ar t up. m. Khi st ar t up. m
l mt file chun trong script M_file, th khng mt lnh no c th thay th c trong n. Tuy
nhin ta c th thay th lnh quit trong startup.m.

----------------oOo-----------------

24
chng 6
cc php ton vi MNg

Tt c mi s tnh ton u duy tr mt im l c s dng n cc s n, gi l scalars. Php
ton c lin quan n scalars l cc php ton c bn, nhng mt lc no , php ton phi lp li
nhiu ln khi tnh trn nhiu s. gii quyt vn ny, MATLAB nh ngha thao tc trn mng
d liu.

6.1 Mng n

Gi s ta xt hm y=sin(x) trong mt na chu k ( x 0 ) trong khong ny s im gi tr
ca x l v tn, nhng ta ch xt nhng im cch nhau mt khong gi tr l 0.1 nh vy s cc gi
tr ca x l m c. T ta c mng cc gi tr ca x l
x= 0, 0.1, 0.2,...,
Nu ta dng my tnh k thut tnh th ta c tng ng cc gi tr ca y, t ta c mng
ca y

x 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
y 0 0.31 0.59 0.81 0.95 1.0 0.95 0.81 0.59 0.31 0

trong mng x cha cc phn t x1, x2, ..., x11
trong mng y cha cc phn t y1, y2, ..., y11
Trong MATLAB to nhng mng ny rt n gin; v d to hai mng trn ta nh cc lnh
sau vo du nhc ca MATLAB:

>> x=[ 0 . 1*pi . 2*pi . 3*pi . 4*pi . 5*pi . 6*pi . 7*pi . 8*pi . 9*pi pi ]
x=
Col umns 1 t hr ough 7
0 0. 3142 0. 6283 0. 9425 1. 2566 1. 5708 1. 8850
2. 1991 2. 5133 2. 8274 3. 1416
>> y = si n( x)
y=
0 0. 3090 0. 5878 0. 8090 0. 9511 1. 0000 0. 9511
0. 8090 0. 5878 0. 3090 0. 0000
Kt qu trn ta c mng ca y gm cc phn t tng ng l sine ca cc phn t ca x, y
MATLAB ngm hiu l ta tnh sine ca tng phn t ca x.
to mng, ta t cc phn t ca mng vo gia hai du ngoc vung "[...]"; gia hai phn
t ca mng c th l du cch hoc du phy ","

6.2 a ch ca mng

trn mng x c 1 hng, 11 ct hay c th gi l vector hng, mng c di 11
+) truy nhp n cc phn t ca mng ta dng cc ch s th t ca phn t trong mng
v d x(1) l phn t th nht ca mng, x(2) l phn t th hai ca mng...

>> x( 2) % phn t th nht ca mng
ans=
25
0. 3142
>> y( 5) % phn t th 5 ca mng
ans=
0. 9511

+) truy nhp n nhiu phn t ca mng, v d ta truy nhp t phn t th nht n phn t th
nm ca mng x:

>> x( 1: 5)
ans=
0 0. 3142 0. 6283 0. 9425 1. 2566

Truy nhp t phn t th 7 n phn t cui ca mng y:

>> y( 7: end)
ans=
0. 9511 0. 8090 0. 5878 0. 3090 0. 0000

Truy nhp t phn t th ba n phn t th nht ca mng y:

>> y( 3: - 1: 1)
ans=
0. 5878 0. 3090 0
v d trn 3 l phn t th 3, 1 l ch phn t u tin, cn -1 l gi tr cng (v tr phn t sau bng
v tr phn t trc cng vi -1)
Truy nhp n cc phn t trong khong t phn t th 2, n phn t th 7, v tr ca phn t sau
bng v tr ca phn t trc cng vi 2, ca mng x:

>> x( 2: 2: 7)
ans=
0. 3142 0. 9425 1. 5708

To mng gm cc phn t th 1, 2, 8, 9 ca mng y:

>> y( [ 8 2 9 1] )
ans=
0. 8090 0. 3090 0. 5878 0
Nu ta truy nhp vo cc phn t ca mng m th t cc phn t tng u vi 1, ta c th nh lnh:

>> x( 1: 3)
ans=
0 0. 3142 0. 6283

6.3 Cu trc ca mng

Vi mng c s lng phn t t th ta c th nhp vo trc tip, nhng vi mng c s lng ln
cc phn t th ta dng mt trong hai cch sau:
+) To mt mng bt u l phn t 0, sau bng phn t trc cng vi 0.1, phn t cui l 1, tt c
cc phn t ca mng c nhn vi :

>> x= ( 0: 0. 1: 1) *pi
26
x=
0 0. 3142 0. 6283 0. 9425 1. 2566 1. 5708 1. 8850
2. 1991 2. 5133 2. 8274 3. 1416

+) To mng gm cc phn t ca x bng hm linspace. C php ca hm ny nh sau:

linspace(gi tr phn t u, gi tr phn t cui, s cc phn t)
v d

>> x = l i nspace( 0, pi , 11)
x=
0 0. 3142 0. 6283 0. 9425 1. 2566 1. 5708 1. 8850
2. 1991 2. 5133 2. 8274 3. 1416

Cch th nht gip ta to mng m ch cn vo khong cch gi tr gia cc phn t (khng cn
bit s phn t), cn cch th hai ta ch cn vo s phn t ca mng (khng cn bit khong cch gi
tr gia cc phn t).
Ngoi cc mng trn, MATLAB cn cung cp mng khng gian theo logarithm bng hm
logspace. C php ca hm logspace nh sau:

logspace(s m u, s m cui, s phn t)
v d:
>> l ogspace( 0, 2, 11)
ans=
1. 0000 1. 5849 2. 5119 3. 9811 6. 3096 10. 0000 15. 8489
Col umns 8 t hough 11
25. 1189 39. 8107 63. 0957 100. 0000

To mng, gi tr bt u ti 10
0
, gi tr cui l 10
0
, cha 11 gi tr
Cc mng trn l cc mng m cc phn t ca n c to ln theo mt quy lut nht nh.
Nhng i khi mng c yu cu, n khng thun tin to cc phn t bng cc phng php trn,
khng c mt mu chun no to cc mng ny. Tuy nhin ta c th to mng bng cch vo nhiu
phn t cng mt lc
V d

>> a = 1: 5, b = 1: 2: 9
a=
1 2 3 4 5
b=
1 3 5 7 9
>> c = [ a b]
1 2 3 4 5 1 3 5 7 9
v d trn ta to hai mng thnh phn l a v b sau to mng c bng cch ghp hai mng a v
b.
Ta cng c th to mng nh sau:

27
>> d=[ a( 1: 2: 5) 1 0 1]
d=
1 3 5 1 0 1

a l mng gm cc phn t [ 1 3 5] , mng d l mng gm cc phn t ca a v ghp thm cc
phn t [ 1 0 1]
Tm li ta c bng cu trc cc mng c bn:

x=[ 2 2*pi sqrt(2) 2-3j ] To vector hng x cha cc phn t c bit.
x= first : last To vector hng x bt u ti first, phn t sau bng
phn t trc cng vi 1, kt thc l phn t c gi tr
bng hoc nh hn last .
x= first : increment : last To vector hng x bt u ti fist, gi tr cng l
increment, kt thc l phn t c gi tr bng hoc nh
hn last.
x= linspace(fist, last, n) To vector hng x bt u ti first, kt thc l last, c n
phn t.
x= logspace(first, last, n) To vector hng khng gian logarithm x bt u ti
10
first
, kt thc ti 10
last
, c n phn t.

6.4 Vector hng v vector ct

Trong cc v d trc, mng cha mt hng v nhiu ct, ngi ta thng gi l vector hng.
Ngoi ra ta cn c mng l vector ct, tc l mng c mt ct v nhiu hng, trong trng hp ny tt
c mi thao tc v tnh ton i vi mng nh trn l khng thay i.
T cc hm to mng minh ho phn trc (tt c u to vector hng), c nhiu cch to
vector ct. Mt cch trc tip to vector ct l vo tng phn t ca mng nh v d sau:

>> c = [ 1; 2; 3; 4; 5]
c=
1
2
3
4
5

Khc vi trc l ta dng du cch hay du phy phn cch gia hai ct ca vector hng.
Cn v d ny ta dng du chm phy phn cch gia hai hng ca vector ct.
Mt cch khc to cc vector ct l dng cc hm linspace, logspace, hay t cc vector
hng, sau dng phng php chuyn v. MATLAB dng ton t chuyn v l ( ' ) chuyn t
vector hng thnh vector ct v ngc li.
V d to mt vector a v vector b l chuyn v ca vector a, vector c l chuyn v ca vector b:

>> a= 1: 5
a=
1 2 3 4 5
>> b= a'
b=
1
2
3
28
4
5
>> c= b'
c=
1 2 3 4 5

Ngoi ra MATLAB cn s dng ton t chuyn vi du chm ng trc ( .' ) ( ton t chuyn v
chm). Ton t ny ch khc vi ton t chuyn v ( ' ) khi cc phn t ca mng l s phc, tc l t
mt vector ngun vi cc phn t l s phc, ton t ( ' ) to ra vector phc lin hp chuyn v, cn
ton t ( .' ) ch to ra vector chuyn v.
V d sau y s lm r iu trn:
>> c = a. ' % To vector c t vector a trn bng ton t chuyn v chm
c=
1
2
3
4
5
>> d = a + i *a % To vector s phc d t vector a
d=
Col umns 1 t hough 4
1. 0000+1. 0000i 2. 0000+2. 0000i 3. 0000+3. 0000i 4. 0000+4. 0000i
Col umns 5
5. 0000+5. 0000i
>> e = d. ' % To vector e t vector d bng ton t chuyn v chm ( .' )
e=
1. 0000 + 1. 0000i
2. 0000 + 2. 0000i
3. 0000 + 3. 0000i
4. 0000 + 4. 0000i
5. 0000 + 5. 0000i
>> f = d' % To ra vector f t vector d bng ton t chuyn v ( ' )
f =
1. 0000 - 1. 0000i
2. 0000 - 2. 0000i
3. 0000 - 3. 0000i
4. 0000 - 4. 0000i
5. 0000 - 5. 0000i

trn ta ch xt n mng c mt hng hay mt ct by gi ta xt trng hp c nhiu
hng v nhiu ct, n cn c gi l ma trn. V d sau y l ma trn g c hai hng v bn
ct:

>> g = [ 1 2 3 4; 5 6 7 8]
g=
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8

Trong v d ny ta dng du cch vo cc phn t trong hng v du chm phy ( ; ) to
hai hng; ngoi ra ta cng c th to ma trn nh sau:
29

>> g = [ 1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12]
g=
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12

Ch : Khi nhp vo ma trn th gia cc hng s phn t phi bng nhau nu khng chng
trnh s b bo li nh v d sau:

>> h = [ 1 2 3; 4 5 6 7]
Number s of el ement s i n each r ow must be t he same

+) Php ton gia mng vi s n.
Trong v d trc chng ta to mng x bng cch nhn cc phn t ca mt mng vi . Cc
php ton n gin khc gia mng vi s n l php cng, php tr, php nhn, v php chia ca
mng cho s bng cch thc hin php ton i vi tng phn t ca mng.
V d:

>> g = [ 1 2 3 4; 5 6 7 8; 9 10 11 12] ;
>> - 2 % Tr cc phn t ca mng g i 2
ans=
- 1 0 1 2
3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10
>> 2*g - 1 % Nhn tt c cc phn t ca mng g vi 2 sau tr i 1
ans=
1 3 5 7
9 11 13 15
17 19 21 23

+) Php ton gia mng vi mng
Thut ton thc hin php ton gia cc mng khng phi n gin nh trn m n cn b rng
buc bi cc iu kin khc nh i vi hai mng kch c nh nhau th ta c cc php ton sau: php
cng, php tr, php nhn, chia tng ng gia cc phn t ca ca hai mng.
V d :
>> g % Gi li mng g
g=
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12
>> h = [ 1 1 1 1; 2 2 2 2; 3 3 3 3] % To mt mng mi h.
h=
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
>> h + g % Cng hai ma trn g v h ( cng tng ng tng phn t ca h vi g)
ans=
2 3 4 5
30
7 8 9 10
12 13 14 15
>> ans - h % Ly kt qu trc tr i mng h, ta c li mng g.
ans=
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12
>> 2*g - h % Nhn ma trn g vi 2 sau ly kt qu tr i ma trn h.
ans=
1 3 5 7
8 10 12 14
15 17 19 21
>> g. *h % Nhn tng ng cc phn t ca mng g vi cc phn t ca mng h
ans=
1 2 3 4
10 12 14 16
27 30 33 36

v d trn ta dng ton t chm_nhn ( .* ), ngoi ra MATLAB cn dng ton t chm_chia ( ./
hoc .\ ) chia tng ng cc phn t ca hai mng nh v d di y:

>> g. / h % Chia phi tng ng cc phn t ca mng g vi cc phn t ca mng h
ans=
1. 0000 2. 0000 3. 0000 4. 0000
2. 5000 3. 0000 3. 5000 4. 0000
3. 0000 3. 3333 3. 6667 4. 0000
>> h. \ g % Chia tri tng ng cc phn t ca mng g vi cc phn t ca mng h
ans=
1. 0000 2. 0000 3. 0000 4. 0000
2. 5000 3. 0000 3. 5000 4. 0000
3. 0000 3. 3333 3. 6667 4. 0000

Ch ta ch c th dng php nhn_chm hay php chia_chm i vi cc mng g v h m khng th
dng php nhn ( * ) hay php chia ( / hoc \ ) v i vi cc php ton ny yu cu s ct v s hng
ca hai ma trn phi tng thch.
v d:

>> g*h
??? Er r or usi ng ==> *
I nner mat r i x di mensi ons must agr ee.
>> g/ h
War ni ng: Rank def i ci ent , r ank = 1 t ol = 503291e- 15.
ans=
0 0 0. 8333
0 0 2. 1667
0 0 3. 5000
>> h/ g
Warning: Rank dificient, rank = 2 tol = 1.8757e-14.
ans=
- 0. 1250 0 0. 1250
31
- 0. 2500 0 0. 2500
- 0. 3750 0 0. 3750

Php chia ma trn a ra kt qu m khng cn thit phi cng kch c nh ma trn g v ma
trn h. V cc php ton i vi ma trn chng ta s ni n sau
+) Mng vi lu tha.
MATLAB dng ton t ( .^ ) nh ngha lu tha ca mng.
V d ta c hai mng g v h nh trn, ta c th to cc mng mi bng ton t ( .^ ) nh sau:

>> g. ^2 % Cc phn t ca g c lu tha v s m l 2.

ans=
1 4 9 16
25 36 49 64
81 100 121 144
>> g. ^- 1 % Cc phn t ca g c lu tha vi s m l -1.

ans=
1 0. 5 0. 33333 0. 25
0. 2 0. 16667 0. 14286 0. 125
0. 11111 0. 1 0. 090909 0. 083333
>> 2. ^g % Cc phn t ca g l s m ca 2.
ans=
2 4 8 16
25 36 49 64
729 1000 1331 1728

>> g. ^( h - 1) % Cc phn t ca g c lu tha vi s m l tng ng l cc phn t
ca h tr i 1.
ans=
1 1 1 1
5 6 7 8
81 100 121 144

Sau y l bng mt s php ton c bn ca mng:
Cc php ton i vi cc phn t ca mng

D liu minh ho: a = [a
1
a
2
... a
n
] , b = [b
1
b
2
... b
n
] , c l s v hng
Cng vi s n a+c = [a
1
+c a
2
+c ... a
n
+c]
Nhn vi s n a*c = [a
1
*c a
2
*c ... a
n
*c]
Cng mng a+b = [ a
1
+b
1
a
2
+b
2
... a
n
+b
n
]
Nhn mng a.*b = [ a
1
*b
1
a
2
*b
2
... a
n
*b
n
]
Chia phi mng a./ b = [ a
1
/ b
1
a
2
/ b
2
... a
n
/ b
n
]
Chia tri mng a.\ b = [ a
1
\ b
1
a
2
\ b
2
... a
n
\ b
n
]
Lu tha mng

a.^c = [ a
1
^c a
2
^c ... a
n
^c ]
c.â = [ câ
1
câ
2
... câ
n
] a.^b = [ a
1
^b
1
a
2
^b
2
... a
n
^b
n
]

6.5 Mng c cc phn t l 0 hoc 1.

32
Bi v c nhng ng dng chung ca chng m MATLAB cung cp nhng hm to nhng
mng m cc phn t ca chng l 0 hoc 1.
V d:
>> ones( 3) % To mng 3 hng, 3 ct vi cc phn t l 1.
ans=
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
>> zer os( 2, 5) % To mng 2 hng, 5 ct vi cc phn t l 0.

ans=
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0

To mng c cc phn t l 1, kch c bng mng g bit.
>> si ze( g) % Hm tr v kch c ca mng g.
ans=
3 4
>> ones( si ze( g) )
ans=
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1

Khi gi hm ones(n), zeros(n) vi mt thng s n th MATLAB s to mng vung vi s hng v s
ct l n. Khi gi hm vi hai thng s ones(r,c), zeos(r,c) th r l ch s hng, c l ch s ct.

6.6 Thao tc i vi mng

T cc mng v cc ma trn c bn ca MATLAB, c nhiu cch thao tc i vi chng.
MATLAB cung cp nhng cch tin ch chn vo, ly ra, sp sp li nhng b phn t con ca
chng bng cc ch s ca cc phn t. V d di y s minh ho nhng c im thao tc i vi
mng v ma trn trn:

>> A = [ 1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9]
A=
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9

>> A( 3, 3) = 0 % Gn phn t hng th 3, ct th 3 bng 0.
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 0
>> A( 2, 6) = 1 % Gn phn t hng th 2, ct th 6 bng 1.
A=
1 2 3 0 0 0
4 5 6 0 0 1
7 8 0 0 0 0
33
y ma trn A khng c 6 ct, kch c ca ma trn A phi tng ln cho ph hp, cc phn t tng
thm c in bng cc con s khng.

>> A( : , 4) = 4 % Gn tt c cc phn t thuc ct th 4 bng 4.
A=
1 2 3 4 0 0
4 5 6 4 0 1
7 8 0 4 0 0

trn ta dng du hai chm ( : ) ch tt c cc hng.

>> A = [ 1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9] ; % Gn li cc gi tr ca ma trn A.
>> B = A( 3: - 1: 1, 1: 3) % To ma trn B bng cch o ngc cc hng ca ma trn A.
B=
7 8 9
4 5 6
1 2 3
>> B = A( 3: - 1: 1, : ) % Cng to ma trn B nh trn
% nhng y ta dng ( : ) ch tt c cc ct.
B=
7 8 9
4 5 6
1 2 3
>> C = [ A B( : , [ 1 3] ) ] % To ma trn C bng cch ghp ma trn A v
% ct th nht, th ba ca ma trn B vo bn phi ma trn A.
C=
1 2 3 7 9
4 5 6 4 6
7 8 9 1 3
>> C = [ 1 3]
C=
1 3
>> B = A( C, C) % Dng ma trn C lm ch s to ma trn B T ma trn A.
B=
1 3
7 9
>> B= A( : ) % To ma trn ct B t ma trn A.
B=
1
4
7
2
5
8
3
6
9
>> B = B. ' % Chuyn ma trn B thnh ma trn hng bng ton t chuyn v chm.
B=
1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9
>> B = A;
34
>> B( : , 2) = [ ] % Loi b ct th hai ca ma trn B.
B=
1 3
4 6
7 9

Khi ta gn ct th hai ca ma trn B cho ma trn rng ([]) th n s b xo, ma trn cn li s rt b i
hng th hai.

>> B = B. '
B=
1 4 7
3 6 9
>> B( 2, : ) = [ ]
B=
1 4 7
>> A( 2, : ) = B % Thay hng th hai ca ma trn A bng ma trn B.
A=
1 2 3
1 4 7
7 8 9
>> B = A( : , [ 2 2 2 2] )
B=
2 2 2 2
4 4 4 4
8 8 8 8

To ma trn B bng cch to bn ct ging ct th hai ca ma trn A, s hng vn gi nguyn bng
s hng ca ma trn A.

>> A( 2, 2) = [ ]
??? I ndexed empt y mat r i x assi gnment i s not al l owed.

y MATLAB khng cho php xo i mt phn t ca ma trn m phi xo i mt ct hoc mt
hng.

>> B = A( 4, : )
??? I ndex exeeds mat r i x di mensi on.

V d trn ma trn A khng c bn hng, nn MATLAB thng bo nh trn.

>> B( 1: 2, : ) = A
??? I n an assi gnment A( mat r i x, : ) = B, t he number of col umns i n A
and B must be t he same.

MATLAB ch ra rng bn khng th gn mt ma trn vo trong mt ma trn khc m khc nhau v
kch c.

>> B = [ 1 4 7] ;
>> B( 3: 4, : ) = A( 2: 3, : )
B=
35
1 4 7
0 0 0
1 4 7
7 8 9

Nhng ta c th gn hai hng ca ma trn A cho hai hng ca ma trn B, khi ma trn A v ma trn B
c cng s ct. Ma trn B ch c mt hng nn khi thm hng th ba v hng th t th hng th hai
ca ma trn B c mc nh cho thm cc phn t 0 vo.

>> G( 1: 6) = A( : , 2: 3)
G=
2 4 8 3 7 9

T phn t th nht n phn t th su ca ma trn G c gn bng ct th hai v ct th ba ca ma
trn A.
i khi tin li hn ta ch dng ch s n truy nhp n cc phn t ca mng. Khi ch
s n c dng trong MATLAB th th t cc phn t ca mng c tnh bt u t phn t u
tin ca ct, tnh ht ct th tnh n ct tip theo..
V d:

>> D = [ 1 2 3 4; 5 6 7 8; 9 10 11 12]
D=
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12
>> D( 2) % Phn t th hai ca mng.
ans=
5
>> D( 5) % Phn t th nm ca mng ( ct 2, hng 2 ).
ans=
6
>> D( end) % Phn t cui cng ca mng.
ans=
12
>> D( 4: 7) % T phn t th t n phn t th by ca ma trn.
ans=
2 6 10 3

Ngoi trng hp dng a ch da trn bng ch s, chng ta cn c th dng a ch da trn
mng logic_l kt qu t cc php ton logic. Nu kch c ca mng logic cn bng vi mng to ra
n th chnh l a ch ca mng. Trong trng hp ny th phn t True (1) c gia li v phn
t False (0) b b i
V d:

>> x = - 3: 3 % To mng d liu.
x=
- 3 - 2 - 1 0 1 2 3
>> abs( x) >1
ans=
1 1 0 0 0 1 1
Tr v mt mng logic vi gi tr mt ti nhng phn t c tr tuyt i ln hn mt.
36

>> y = x( abs( x) >1)
y=
- 3 - 2 2 3
To mng y bng cch ly nhng phn t ca x m c tr tuyt i ln hn mt.

>> y = x( [ 1 1 0 0 0 1 1] )
??? I ndex i nt o mat r i x i s negat i ve or zer o. See r el ease not es on
changes t o l ogi cal i ndi ces

Cu lnh b li mc d abs(x)>1 v [1 1 0 0 0 1 1] cng l vector nh nhau. Trong trng hp ny,
[1 1 0 0 0 1 1] l mt mng s, khng phi l mng logic. V vy MATLAB c nh a ch cc
phn t c s ch s trong mng [1 1 0 0 0 1 1] v cu lnh b li v khng c phn t 0. Tuy nhin
MATLAB cung cp hm logical chuyn i t mng s sang mng logic

>> y = x( l ogi cal ( [ 1 1 0 0 0 1 1] ) )
y=
- 3 - 2 2 3
mng logic lm vic vi ma trn cng nh l i vi vector:

>> B = [ 5 - 3; 2 - 4]
B=
5 - 3
2 - 4
>> x = abs( B) >2
x=
1 1
0 0
>> y = B( x)
5
- 3
4
Tuy nhin kt qu c chuyn thnh vector ct v khng cch no nh ngha ma trn ch c
ba phn t. a ch ca mng A( r, c ). a ch mt mng con trong mng A, nh ngha bng cc ch
s vector ca hng thit k trong r, ch s vector ca ct thit k trong c. A( r, : ). a ch mt mng
con trong mng A, nh ngha bnh cc ch s vector ca hng thit k trong r, v tt c cc ct ca A.
A( : , c). a ch mt mng con trong mng A, nh ngha bng tt c cc hng ca A, ch s vector
ca ct c thit k trong c.A( : ). a ch tt c cc phn t ca A nh mt vector ct, bng cch
ghp th t cc ct ca vector A. A( i ) a ch mt mng con trong mng A, nh ngha bng cc ch
s vector n c thit k trong i, vi gi s A l vector ct. A( x ). a ch mt mng con trong
mng A, nh ngha bi mng logic x. x phi cng kch c vi A.

6.7 Tm kim mng con

Nhiu khi chng ta mun bit cc ch s hay danh sch cc ch s ca nhng phn t ca mt
mng m n tho mn mt biu thc quan h, trong MATLAB thc hin vic ta s dng hm
find, hm ny tr v danh sch con ch s ti nhng phn t m biu thc quan h ca chng l ng:
>> x = - 3: 3
x=
- 3 - 2 - 1 0 1 2 3
>> k = f i nd( abs( x) >1)
37
k=
1 2 6 7
tm nhng ch s ti nhng v tr m ti abs(x)>1

y = x( k)
y=
- 3 - 2 2 3
To mng y, dng cc ch s trong mng k.
Hm find cng c th s dng trong ma trn:

>> A = [ 1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9]
A=
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
>> [ i , j ] = f i nd( A>5)
i =
3
3
2
3
j =
1
2
3
3
y i l ch s hng, cn j l ch s ct; gia i v j c mi quan h tng ng ch nhng v tr
m ti biu thc quan h l ng.
Ch : khi MATLAB tr li hai hoc nhiu bin, chng c t trong du ngoc vung, v c
t bn tri du bng. C php ny khc vi c php thao tc i vi mng trn, khi m [ i , j ] c
t bn phi du bng, v n xy dng ln mt mng m j c kt ni vo bn phi du bng.
Bng di y tm tt dng lnh ca phn tm kim mng:

Tm kim mng
i = find(x) Tr li cc ch s ca mng x ni m cc phn t ca n khc khng
[ r, c ] = find(x) Tr li ch s hng v ch s ct ca mng x ni m cc phn t ca
n khc khng.

6.8 So snh mng

Chng ta c th dng hm isequal so snh hai mng. Th d:

>> A = [ 1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9]
A=
1 4 7
2 5 8
3 6 9
>> B = A. *( - 1) . Â
B=
- 1 4 - 7
2 - 5 8
38
- 3 6 - 9
>> C = 1: 9 % To mng c cng gi tr vi A nhng c khun dng khc.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
>> i sequal ( A, C)
ans=
0
>> i sequal ( A, B)
ans=
0
>> i sequal ( A, A)
ans=
1
>> i sequal ( C, C )
ans=
0

Hm isequal tr li gi tr logic l ng (1) khi hai mng c cng kch c, cc phn t ging nhau.
Ngoi ra n tr li gi tr l sai (0).
Thm vo , hm ismember ch ra cc phn t ging nhau gia hai mng:

>> i smember ( A, B) % Kt qu tr v l vector ct.
ans=
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
>> i smember ( A, B)
ans=
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

ismember tr li gi tr ng cho nhng ch s trong A m phn t ny cng c trong i s th
hai. Hai i s khng cn c cng kch c.

>> x = 0: 2: 20 % mng vi 11 phn t.
x=
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
>> i smember ( x, A)
39
ans=
0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
y l mng c cng kch c vi x, vi 1 ti cc phn t chung.
>> i smember ( x, A)
ans=
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0

y l mng c s phn t bng s phn t ca A, vi 1 ti cc phn t chung. V vy ismember
so snh i s th nht ca n vi i s th hai v tr li mt vector c cng s phn t vi i s
th nht.
Nhng hm to khc trong th vin MATLAB:
>> uni on( A, B) % Tt c cc phn t c trong hai mng.
ans=
- 9
- 7
- 5
- 3
- 1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
>> i nt er sect ( A, B) % Phn t chung ca hai mng.
ans=
2
4
6
8
>> set di f f ( A, B) % Cc phn t c trong A nhng khng c trong B.
ans=
1
3
5
7
9
>> set xor ( A, B) % Cc phn t khng thuc phn chung gia A v B.
ans=
40
- 9
- 7
- 5
- 3
- 1
1
3
5
7
9
Nhng hm ny c tng kt li trong bng di y:
So snh mng

isequal(A, B) ng nu A v B ging nhau.
ismember(A, B) ng khi phn t ca A cng l phn t ca B.
intersect(A, B) Cc phn t chung gia A v B.
setdiff(A, B) Cc phn t c trong A m khng c trong B.
setxor(A, B) Cc phn t khng thuc phn chung gia A v B.
union(A, B) Tt c cc phn t c trong A v B.

6.9 Kch c ca mng

phn trc chng ta bit lnh who cung cp tn bin do ngi dng nh ngha. Trong trng
hp ca mng, n cn rt quan trng khi bit kch c ca mng. Trong MATLAB, lnh whos cung
cp nhng thng tin ny:

>> whos
Name si ze Byt es Cl ass
A 3x3 72 doubl e ar r ay
B 1x3 24 doubl e ar r ay
ans 1x4 32 doubl e ar r ay ( l ogi cal )

Thm vo nh s v kch c ca bin, whos hin th tng s bytes chim, v class ca
cc bin. V d, thng tin cp trn, ans l mng logic
Trong nhng trng hp m kch c ca ma trn hoc ca vector khng c bit nhng n cn
thit cho mt s cc thao tc, MATLAB cung cp hai hm ng dng l size v length :

>> A = [ 1 2 3 4; 5 6 7 8] ;
>> s = si ze( A)
s=
2 4

Vi mt thng s ra, hm size tr li mt vector hng trong c hai phn t, phn t th nht l
ch s hng, cn phn t th hai ch s ct.
>> [ r , c] = si ze( A)
r =
2
c=
4
Vi hai thng s a ra, hm size tr li s hng trong bin th nht, v s ct trong bin th hai.
41
>> r = si ze( A, 1)
r =
2
>> c = si ze( A, 2)
Gi hai thng s, hm size ch tr v s ct hoc s hng.

>> l engt h( A)
ans=
4
Tr v gi tr s hng hoc s ct, gi tr no ln hn c tr v.

>> B = pi : 0. 01: 2*pi ;
>> si ze( B)
ans=
1 315
Cho bit rng B l vector hng, v
>> l engt h( B)

ans=
315

tr li di ca vector.
>> si ze( [ ] )

ch ra rng ma trn rng khng c kch c.

Nhng khi nim ny c tng kt trong bng di y:

Kch c ca mng
whos Hin th cc bin, m tn ti trong khng gian lm vic v kch c ca
chng.
s = size(A) Tr li vector hng s, m phn t th nht l s hng ca A, phn t th
hai l s ct ca A.
[ r, c ] = size(A) Tr li hai s v hng r, c cha s hng v s ct ca A.
r = size(A, 1) Tr li s hng ca A trong bin r.
c = size(A, 2) Tr li s ct ca A trong bin c.
n = length(A) Tr li max(size(A)) trong bin n khi A khng rng.

6.10 Mng nhiu chiu

i vi cc MATLAB versions trc 5.0, mng ch c th c mt hoc hai chiu. T MATLAB
5.0 tr ln th s chiu ca mng tng ln. V d:
>> a = [ 1 0; 0 1]
a=
1 0
0 1
>> b = [ 2 2; 2 2]
b=
2 2
2 2
>> c = [ 0 3; 3 0]
42
c=
0 3
3 0
>> d = cat ( 3, a, b, c)
d( : , : , 1) =
1 0
0 1
d( : , : , 2) =
2 2
2 2
d( : , : , 3) =
0 3
3 0
>> si ze( d)
ans=
2 2 3
To cc mng hai chiu a, b, c, sau ghp chng lai vi nhau thnh mng ba chiu bng cch
s dng hm cat. Nh vy mng d l mng c hai hng, hai ct, v ba trang. Mng a to trang th
nht, b l trang th hai, v c l trang th ba. Thng s trang din t chiu th ba ca mng, cung cp
mt cch hnh dung v mng ba chiu nh mng hai chiu, cc trang xp th t t mt cho n cui
nh trong mt quyn sch. i vi cc mng c s chiu cao hn, khng c tn chung, v n cng rt
kh tng tng!
Thao tc vi mng nhiu chiu cng ging nh cc th tc a ra trn i vi mng mt chiu
v hai chiu. Ngoi ra MATLAB cn cung cp mt s hm thao tc trc tip i vi mng nhiu
chiu:

Cc hm vi mng nhiu chiu
s = size(A) Cho n_s chiu ca A, tr v vector hng s vi n phn t, phn
t th i l kch c chiu th i ca mng A
ndims(A) S chiu ca A, tng t nh hm length(size(A))
permute(A, order) n_s chiu, tng ng vi ton t chuyn v chm.
ipermute(A, order) Ngc vi hm permute(A, order)
shiftdim(A, n) Thay i s chiu ca mng A bng s nguyn n.
squeeze(A) Tr li s chiu duy nht ca mng, tng ng vi tr li s
chiu ln hn ba.

V d: S suy gim do phn r dng mng
Vn : Phn t polonium c chu k phn r l 140 ngy, c ngha l do s phn r m khi lng
ca poloniun ch cn li 1/ 2 so vi khi lng ban u sau 140 ngy. Gi s ban u ta c 10 grams
polonium, n s cn li bao nhiu sau mi tun trong vng mi tun?
Gii php: Ta s dng phng php gii trong chng 2, khi lng cn li sau sau mt khong thi
gian l:
khi lng cn li = khi lng ban u . (0.5)
thi gian/ chu k

gii bi ton ny, gi php ca MATLAB l:

>> i ni t i al _amount = 10; % Khi lng cht polonium ban u
>> hal f _l i f e = 140; % Chu k phn r
>> t i me = 7: 7: 70 % Kt thc ca cc tun
t i me=
7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70
>> amount _l ef t = i ni t i al _amount *0. 5. ^( t i me/ hal f _l i f e)
43

amount _l ef t =
9. 6594 9. 3303 9. 0125 8. 7055 8. 4090 8. 1225 7. 8458
7. 5786 7. 3204 7. 0711

Dng ton t mng lm cho n tnh cc gi tr mt cch n gin hn khi nhn nhiu gi tr ca
mt bin. Ch rng nhn chm (.^) c s dng v chng ta mun lu tha 0.5 ln i vi mi
phn t ca mng. Nhng d liu ny c th d dng v chng trong MATLAB nh hnh di:

>> pl ot ( t i me/ 7, amount _l ef t )
>> xl abel ( Week number ) , yl abel ( Amount of Pol oni uml ef t )

Hnh 6.1
V d: Tm kim gii php s dng vectors

Vn : Vn ca tun trong trng cp hai l tm mt s nh hn 100 m chia ht cho 7,
nhng cn d li 1 khi chia cho 2, 3, 4, 5, v 6.
Gii php: Khng c mt gii php phn tch no cho vn ny c, v vy chng ta phi gii bng
phng php tm kim. Nu bn bt u vi tt c cc s l bi s ca 7 v nh hn 1000, cn cc s
khc th khng xt n, bn s xy dng c mt gii php. Trong MATLAB gii php c a ra
trong script file l:
f unct i on pow
%pow. mscr i pt f i l e t o sol ve pr obl emof t he week
n=7: 7: 1000 %al l mul t i pl es of 7 l ess t han 1000
number =l engt h( n) %number of pot ent i al sol ut i ons
n( r em( n, 2) ~=1) =[ ] ; %t hr ow out non sol ut i ons by
number =l engt h( n)
44
n( r em( n, 3) ~=1) =[ ] ; %set t i ng t hemequal t o an empt y ar r ay,
n( r em( n, 4) ~=1) =[ ] ; %t he f unct i on r emcomput es r emai nder s
n( r em( n, 5) ~=1) =[ ] ;
n( r em( n, 6) ~=1) =[ ] ;

Chy script file ny ta c gii php nh di y:

>> pow
number =
142
number =
71
number =
24
number =
12
number =
2
n=
301 721

V d: Tnh ton nng acid dng cc php ton vi mng

Vn : Nh mt phn ca qu trnh sn xut b phn ca vt c ti mt nh my t ng, b
phn c nhng trong nc lm ngui, sau nhng trong bn ng dung dch acid lm
sch. Trong ton b ca qu trnh nng acid gim i khi cc b phn c ly ra khi bn acid v
khi nhng b phn ca vt c vo bn th mt lng nc cn bm trn vt c khi nhng b trc
cng vo theo v khi nhc ra khi bn mt lng acid bm theo vt. m bo cht lng th nng
acid phi khng c nh hn mt lng ti thiu. Bn hy bt u vi nng dung dch l 90%
th nng ti thiu phi l 50%. Lng cht lng thm vo v ly i sau mi ln nhng dao ng
trong khong t 1% n 10%. Hi bao nhiu b phn c th nhng vo b nc acid trc khi nng
ca n gim xung di mc cho php?

Gii php: Ta s dng phng php gii a ra chng 2:

n =

Trong MATLAB, gii php vit trong script M_file l:

f unct i on exampl e6_2
%scr i pt M_f i l e exampl e6_2
i ni t i al _con=90;
mi n_con=50;
l ost =1: 10 %consi der 1%t o 10%i n i ncr ement s of 1%
n=f l oor ( l og( i ni t i al _con/ mi n_con) . / l og( 1+l ost / 100) )
st em( l ost , n)
xl abel ( ' Per cent Lost wi t h Each Di p' )
yl abel ( ' Number of Di ps' )
45
t i t l e( ' Aci d- Wat er Bat h Di ppi ng Exampl e' )

Chy chng trnh trn ta c kt qu nh sau:

l ost =
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
n =
59 29 19 14 12 10 8 7 6 6

Hnh 6.2

Ch y yu cu phng php chia chm v log(1 + lost/ 100) l mt vector

--------------------oOo------------------

chng 7

cc php tnh vi mng

46
7.1 To phng trnh tuyn tnh.

V c bn, MATLAB c vit i vi nhng ma trn v thc hin php ton s hc tuyn tnh
n gin m xut hin trong nhiu ng dng. Mt vn chung nht ca s hc tuyn tnh l vic gii
phng trnh. V d to phng trnh:

. =
A.x = b

Biu tng php nhn ton hc (.) c nh ngha trong php ton trn, khc vi k hiu ta dng
i vi mng trc kia. Trong MATLAB php nhn ma trn ny c nh ngha bng du sao (*).
Tip theo nh ngha du bng, ma trn to ra t ma trn A v vector x bng vi vector b. Gii php
tn ti cho s cn bng cp trn l nhng vn c bn ca s hc tuyn tnh. Thm na, khi li
gii khng tn ti, c rt nhiu cch gn ng tm kim gii php, nh php loi tr Gaussian, s
tm tha s LU, hoc tnh trc tip A
-1
.b. Di y chng ta s cp n mt s cch gii quyt nh
trn:
Trc tin nhp vo ma trn A v b:

>> A = [ 1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 0]
A=
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 0
>> b = [ 366; 804; 315]
b=
366
804
351

Nu bn c kin thc v s hc tuyn tnh, n rt d bn kim tra xem nh thc ca ma trn trn
c khc khng hay khng:

>> det ( A)
ans=
27
Nu n ng, MATLAB c th gii phng trnh theo hai cch, mt cch hay c dng hn,
mt cch t s dng, nhng trc tip hn, phng php ny l chuyn thnh dng x=A
- 1
. b.

>> x = i nv( A) *b
x=
25. 0000
22. 0000
99. 0000
y inv(A) l hm ca MAYLAB dng tnh A
-1
; v ton t nhn ( * ), khng c du chm pha
trc, y l php nhn ma trn. Phng php c dng nhiu hn l dng ton t chia ma trn tri:
>> x = A\ b
x=
25. 0000
22. 0000
99. 0000

47
Phng trnh ny s dng phng php tm tha s LU gn ng v a ra cu tr li nh l php
chia tri A cho b. Ton t chia tri ( \ ) khng c du chm pha trc l mt php ton ca ma trn,
n khng phi l cc php ton gia cc phn t ca mng. Phng php th hai ny c s dng
nhiu hn do nhiu nguyn nhn, mt trong nhng nguyn n gin nht l phng php ny dng t
php ton hn v tc nhanh hn. Thm vo , nhn chung phng php ny chnh xc hn cho
nhng bi ton ln. Trong trng hp khc, nu MATLAB khng tm thy phng php gii hoc
khng tm thy phng php chinh xc, n s hin thng bo li.
Nu bn nghin cu s hc tuyn tnh, bn bit rng khi s phng trnh v s bin khc nhau,
th khng th c mt phng php duy nht gii. Trong MATLAB khi gp nhng h phng trnh
c s phng trnh ln hn s bin n dng ton t chia tri hoc chia phi, t ng gim thp nht
nhng phn t tha A.x - b. Cch ny gi l phng php vung nh nht. V d:

>> A = [ 1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 0; 2 5 8] % Bn phng trnh, ba bin.
A=
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 0
2 5 8
>> b = [ 366 804 351 514]
b=
366
804
351
514
>> x = A\ b % Phng php vung nh nht.
x=
247. 9818
- 173. 1091
114. 9273
>> r es = A*x - b
r es=
- 119. 4545
11. 9455
0. 0000
35. 8364

Mt khc khi s phng trnh t hn s bin tng t nh trng hp khng xc nh, th s
nghim phng trnh l v tn. i vi nhng nghim ny MATLAB tnh theo hai cch. Dng ton t
chia a ra phng php m c s phn t 0 ca x l cc i. Nh mt s la chn, tnh x=pinv(A)*b
a ra phng php chiu di hoc tiu chun ca x nh hn cc phng php khc. Phng php ny
gi l phng php tiu chun cc tiu.
V d:

>> A = A % To ba phng trnh, bn bin.
A=
1 4 7 2
2 5 8 5
3 6 0 8
>> b = b( 1: 3)
b=
366
48
804
351
>> x = A\ b % phng php vi s phn t 0 cc i.
x=
0
- 165. 9000
99. 0000
168. 3000
>> xn = pi nv( A) *b % Tm kim gii php tiu chun nh nht.
xn=
30. 8182
- 168. 9818
99. 0000
159. 0545
>> nor m( x) % Tiu chun O_clit vi cc phn t 0.
ans=
256. 2200
>> nor m( xn) %Gii php tiu chun nh nht
ans=
254. 1731

7.2 Cc hm ma trn .

gii phng trnh tuyn tnh, MATLAB cung cp cc hm tr gip sau:
Cc hm ma trn
balance(A) Cn bng tng chnh xc
cdf2rdf(A) Chuyn t dng s phc cho sang dng s thc cho
chol(A) Tm tha s Cholesky
cholinc(A, droptol) Tha s Cholesky khng y
cond(A) S iu kin ma trn
condest(A) c lng s iu kin ma trn theo tiu
det(A) nh thc ma trn
expm(A) Ma trn theo lut m
expm1(A) B sung M_file ca expm
expm2(A) Ma trn theo lut hm m, dng th t Taylor
funm(A, fun) Tnh ton hm ma trn chung
hess(A) Mu Hessenberg
inv(A) Ma trn chuyn v
logm(A) Ma trn logarithm
lu(A) Tm tha s vi php kh Gaussian
luinc(A, droptol) Tha s LU khng y
norm(A) Ma trn v vector tiu chun
norm(A,1) Tiu chun 1
norm(A, 2) Tiu chun 2
norm(A, inf) V cng
norm(A, p) Tiu chun P (ch i vi vector)
norm(A, fro) Tiu chun F
normest(A) Tiu chun 2 c lng cho ma trn ln
null(A) Khong rng
orth(A) Tnh trc giao
49
poly(A) a thc c trng
polyvalm(A) Tnh gi tr ca ma trn
qr(A) Xc nh trc giao tam gic
qrdelet(Q, R, j) Xo ct t tha s QR
qrinsert(Q, R, j, x) Chn ct trong tha s QR
rank(A) S ca hng hoc ct c lp
rcond(A) c lng iu kin thun nghch
sqrtm(A) Ma trn gc bnh phng
subspace(A, B) Gc gia hai im
svd(A) Phn tch gi tr n
svds(A, K) Mt s cc gi tr n
trace(A) Tng cc phn t cho

7.3 Ma trn c bit

MATLAB a ra mt s cc ma trn c bit, trong mt s chng c nhng ng dng rng
ri trong cc php ton. Nhn chung nhng ma trn l:

>> a = [ 1 2 3; 4 5 6] ;
>> b = f i nd( a>10)
b=
[ ]
y b l ma trn rng. MATLAB tr li ma trn rng khi php ton khng c kt qu. Trong v
d trn khng c phn t no ca a ln hn 10. Ma trn rng khng c kch c, nhng tn bin ca
chng vn tn ti trong khng gian lm vic.

>> zer os( 3) % Ma trn khng 3 hng, 3 ct (3x3).
ans=
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
>> ones( 2, 4) % Ma trn mt 2 hng, 4 ct (2x4).
ans=
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
>> zer os( 3) + pi
ans=
3. 1416 3. 1416 3. 1416
3. 1416 3. 1416 3. 1416
3. 1416 3. 1416 3. 1416

V d trn v to ma trn 3x3 vi cc phn t u l .
>> r and( 3, 1)
ans=
0. 2190
0. 0470
0. 6789
ma trn 3x1 gm cc phn t l s cung cp bi hm random gia 0 v 1.

>> r andn( 2)
50
ans=
1. 1650 0. 0751
0. 6268 0. 3516

ma trn 2x2 ca cc s cung cp bi hm random vi gi tr trung bnh l 0. Thut ton cho hm rand
v randn c th tm thy trong S.K>Park and K.W.Miller,Random Number Generator: Good Ones
Are Hard to Find, Comm. ACM, 32, 10, Oct. 1988-1201.

>> eye( 3)
ans=
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
Ma trn ng nht 3x3

>> eye( 3, 2)
ans=
1 0
0 1
0 0
Ma trn ng nht 3x2
Ngoi ra ch kch c ca mt ma trn, bn c th dng hm size to mt ma trn c kch c
ging nh ma trn khc:

>> A = [ 1 2 3; 4 5 6] ;
>> ones( si ze( A) )
ans=
1 1 1
1 1 1

ma trn mt c cng kch c vi ma trn A.
Cc ma trn trn v cc ma trn c bit khc c gii thiu trong bng sau:

Cc ma trn c bit
[ ] Ma trn rng
compan To ma trn rng
eye Ma trn ng nht
gallery Ma trn kim tra nh vi phn t
hadamard Ma trn Hadamard
hankel Ma trn Hankel
hilb Ma trn Hilbert
invhilb Chuyn thnh ma trn Hilbert
magic Ma trn vung, gi tr cc phn t bng t 1 n gi tr s phn t
ones Ma trn 1
pascal Ma trn tam gic Pascal
rand Ma trn vi cc phn t ngu nhin t 0 n 1.
randn Ma trn ngu nhin thng thng vi gi tr trung bnh bng 0
rosser Ma trn kim tra i xng trc chnh
toeplitz Ma trn Toeplitz
vander Ma trn Vandermond
wilkinson Ma trn kim tra Wilkinson
51
zeros Ma trn khng

V d
Vn : Ta c mch in nh trong hnh 7.1 c m t bng phng trnh in p nt khi ngun
a vo l sng hnh sin.

Hnh 7.1

E = 10
o
; R1 = 2; L = 10j; C = ; R2 = 10.
y v
i
l in p gia nt th i v t. Hi in p ti mi nt l bao nhiu?
Gii php: y l vn v phn tch pha. Phng php gii bi ny l gii phng trnh trn, v
chuyn cc kt qu v dng thi gian. Trong MATLAB gii php s l:

f unct i on ci r cui t
%ci r cui t . mscr i pt f i l e t o sol ve ci r cui t pr opl em
A( 1, 1) =1/ 2; %poke i n nonzer o val ues as needed
A( 1, 2) =- 1/ 2;
A( 2, 1) =- 1/ 2;
A( 2, 2) =1/ 2 + 0. 2j + 1/ 10j ;
A( 2, 3) = - 1/ 10j ;
A( 3, 2) =- 1/ 10j ;
A( 3, 3) =1/ 10 + 1/ 10j ;
y=[ - 1 0 0] ' ; %r i ght hand si de vect or
v=A\ y %compl ex sol ut i on
vmag=abs( v) %sol ut i on magni t udes
vphase=angl e( v) *180/ pi %sol ut i on phase i n degr ees
t het a=l i nspace( 0, 2*pi ) ; %pl ot r esul t s i n t i me
v1=vmag( 1) *cos( t het a- vphase( 1) ) ;
t hd=t het a*180/ pi ;
plot(thd,v1,thd,v2,thd,v3)

Sau khi chy chng trnh trn, kt qu s l:
v =
- 4. 0000 + 6. 0000i
- 2. 0000 + 6. 0000i
2. 0000 + 4. 0000i

vmag =
7. 2111
52
6. 3246
4. 4721

vphase =
123. 6901
108. 4349
63. 4349

Hnh 7.2

---------------------oOo---------------------

chng 8

cc php tnh LOGIC V QUAN H

Thm vo nhng ton t truyn thng, MATLAB cung cp ton t logic v quan h. Bn c th
quen thuc vi nhng php ton ny, nu bn lm quen vi cc ngn ng lp trnh khc. Mc ch
ca nhng ton t v hm ny l tr li cu hi True_False (ng_sai).
i vi cc s th trong ton t logic v quan h quy nh cc s khc khng l True cn s khng
l False. Kt qu ca php ton logic v quan h a ra l 1 cho True, 0 cho False.
53

8.1 Ton t quan h

Ton t quan h MATLAB bao gm tt c cc php so snh:

Ton t quan h ngha
< nh hn
<= nh hn hoc bng
> ln hn
>= ln hn hoc bng
== bng
~= khng bng

Ton t quan h MATLAB c th dng so snh hai mng c cng kch c hoc so snh mt
mng vi mt s n. Trong trng hp th hai, s n so snh vi tt c cc phn t ca mng, kt
qu tr v ging nh kch c ca mng. V d:

>> A = 1: 9, B = 9 - A
A=
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
B=
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
>> t f = A>4
t f =
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
tm kim cc phn t ca A m ln hn 4. Kt qu bng 0 khi A 4, bng 1 khi A>4.

>> t f = ( A==B)
t f =
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Tm kim cc phn t ca A m bng vi B. Ch s khc nhau gia = v == dng so snh hai
bin v tr v 1 khi chng bng nhau, 0 khi chng khc nhau; = dng gn kt qu a ra ca ton t
cho mt bin.

>> t f = B - ( A>2)
t f =
8 7 5 4 3 2 1 0 - 1
Tm cc phn t A>2 v b tr bi vector B. V d ny ch ra rng kt qu a ra ca ton t logic l
mt mng s bao gm cc s khng v mt, chng cng c th dng trong cc php ton s hc.
>> B = B + ( B==0) *eps
B=
8. 0000 7. 0000 6. 0000 5. 0000 4. 0000 3. 0000 2. 0000
1. 0000 0. 0000
V d trn a ra cch thay th cc phn t ca B m trng vi khng bng s c bit ca MATLAB
l eps, c gi tr xp x 2.2e-16. Cch thay th ny i khi c ch l trnh trng hp chia cho s
khng nh v d sau:

>> x = ( - 3: 3) / 3
54
- 1. 0000 - 0. 6667 - 0. 3333 0 0. 3333 0. 6667 1. 0000
>> si n( x) . / x
War ni ng: Di vi de by zer o
ans=
0. 8415 0. 9276 0. 9816 NaN 0. 9816 0. 9276 0. 8415
Tnh ton hm sin(x)/ x a ra mt cnh bo v phn t th t bng khng, sin(0)/ 0 khng c
nh ngha, MATLAB tr li NaN ( ngha l khng phi l mt s) ti v tr trong kt qu. Th li
v d trn, sau khi thay th phn t c gi tr bng khng bng s eps:

>> x = x + ( x==0) *eps;
>> si n( x) / x
ans=
0. 8415 0. 9276 0. 9816 1. 0000 0. 9816 0. 9276 0. 8415

By gi sin(x)/ x ti x = 0 a ra kt qu gii hn chnh xc.

8.2 Ton t Logic

Ton t logic cung cp mt cch din t mi quan h ph nh hay t hp. Ton t logic
MATLAB bao gm:

Ton t logic ngha
& AND
| OR
~ NOT

Mt vi v d v dng ton t logic:

>> A = 1: 9; B = 9 - A;
>> t f = A>4
t f =
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
Tm kim cc phn t ca A m ln hn 4.

>> t f = ~( A>4)
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
ph nh ca kt qu, tng ng vi v tr no bng khng thay bng mt v ngc li.

>> t f = ( A>2) &( A<6)
t f =
0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

Tr li mt ti nhng v tr m phn t ca A ln hn 2 v nh hn 6.

8.3 Cc hm logic v hm quan h

Thm vo nhng ton t logic v ton t quan h cp n trn, MATLAB cung cp cc hm
logic v quan h khc di y:

Cc hm logic v hm quan h khc
xor(x,y) Ton t hoc. Tr li gi tr 1 khi x hoc y khc khng (True), gi tr 0 khi c x
55
v cng bng khng (False) hoc cng khc khng (True)
any(x).

Tr li 1 nu bt c phn t no trong vector x khc khng. Tr li 1 cho mi ct
trong ma trn x m c cc phn t khc khng.
all(x)

Tr li 1 nu tt c cc phn t ca vector x khc khng. Tr li 1 cho mi ct
trong ma trn x m tt c cc phn t khc khng.

MATLAB cn cung cp rt nhiu cc hm kim tra cho s tn ti ca cc gi tr c bit hoc
iu kin v tr li nhng kt qu l gi tr logic.

Cc hm kim tra
isa(X, name) True nu X c lp i tng l name
iscell(X) True nu i s l mng phn t.
iscellstr(X) True nu i s l mng phn t ca cc xu.
ischar(S) True nu i s l xu k t.
isempty(X) True nu i s l rng.
isequal(A, B) True nu A v B ging nhau.
isfield(S, name) True nu namel mt trng ca cu trc S.
isfinite(X) True khi cc phn t c hn.
isglobal(X) True khi i s l bin ton cc.
ishandle(h) True khi i s l s iu khin i tng hp l
ishold True nu th hin ti gi trng thi ON.
isiee True nu my tnh thc hin php s hc IEEE
isinf(X) True ti nhng phn t v cng
isletter(S) True khi cc phn t thuc bng ch ci.
islogical(X) True khi i s l mng logic
ismember(A, B) True ti nhng v tr m phn t ca A v B trng nhau
isnan(X) True khi cc phn t l khng xc nh (NaN)
isnumeric(X) True khi i s l mng s
isppc True cho Macintosh vi b x l PowerPC
isprime(X) True khi cc phn t l s nguyn t
isreal(X) True khi i s khng c phn o
isspace(S) True khi cc phn t l k t trng
issparse(A) True nu i s l ma trn Sparse
isstruct(S) True nu i s l mt cu trc
isstudent True nu Student Edition ca MATLAB
isunix True nu my tnh l UNIX
isvms True nu my tnh l VMS

----------------------oOo--------------------
chng 9
VN Bn

S tin ch ca MATLAB l x l vi cc con s. Tuy nhin chng ta nhiu ln cp n thao tc
vi vn bn (text), nh khi a nhn v tiu vo trong th. Trong MATLAB bin text c dng
n nh l xu k t, hoc n gin l cc xu.

9.1 Xu k t

Xu k t trong MATLAB l mng ca cc gi tr ASCII m quy c ca n l cc k t.
56
V d:

>> t = ' How about t hi s char act er st r i ng?'
t =
How about t hi s char act er st r i ng?
>> si ze( t )
ans=
1 32
>> whos
Name Si ze Byt es Cl ass
t 1x32 64 char ar r ay

Mt xu k t, n gin l dng vn bn, c t gia hai du nhy n. Mi k t trong xu l
mt phn t ca mng, vi mi phn t chim hai bytes.
Mun xem cc m ASCII ca mt xu k t, bn phi dng cc php ton s hc i vi xu, hoc
chuyn n sang dng s, dng hm double . V d:

>> doubl e( t )
ans=
72 111 119 32 97 98 111 117 116 32 116 104
105 115 32 99 104 97 114 97 99 116 101 114
32 115 116 114 105 110 103 63
>> abs( t )
ans=
72 111 119 32 97 98 111 117 116 32 116 104
105 115 32 99 104 97 114 97 99 116 101 114
32 115 116 114 105 110 103 63

Hm char chuyn li thnh xu:

>> char ( t )
ans=
How about t hi s char act er st r i ng?

Vi mng xu l mt mng s vi thuc tnh c bit, chng ta c th thao tc bng tt c cc
cng c thao tc vi mng sn c trong MATLAB. V d:

>> u = t ( 16: 24)
u=
char act er
a ch ca xu cng ging nh mng. y phn t t 16 n 24 cha t character

>> u = t ( 24: - 1: 16)
r et car ahc
57

y l t character c ngc li

>> u = t ( 16: 24)
u=
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r

Dng ton t chuyn v chuyn t char act er sang dng ma trn ct

>> v = ' I cant ' t f i nd t he manual ! '
v=
I can' t f i nd t he manual !

Du nhy n vi xu k t l biu tng trong hai du nhy n.
Chng ta c th ni hai xu nh i vi hai mng:

>> w = [ u, v]
w=
char act er I can t f i nd t he manual !

Hm disp cho php bn hin th xu k t m khng c tn bin

>> di sp( v)
I can' t f i nd t he manual

Ch l trng thi v= b b i, iu ny rt c ch cho chng ta hin th nhng li tr gip trong
script file.
Cng ging nh i vi ma trn, xu k t c th c nhiu hng, nhng mi mt hng phi c
s ct bng nhau, cho s ct ca chng bng nhau chng ta c th dng k t trng.

>> v = [ ' However , t hi s'
' does wor k! ' ]
v=
However , t hi s
does wor k!
>> w = [ ' t hi s' ; ' does not ' ]
??? Al l r ows i n t he br acket ed expr essi on must have t he same
number of col umns.
>> si ze( v)
ans=
2 13

58
Ta cng c th dng hm char to mt mng xu t cc xu, v n t thm cc k t trng
to ra mt mng y .

>> w = char ( ' t hi s' , ' does not ' )
w=
t hi s
does not
>> si ze( w)
ans=
2 8

9.2 Chuyn i xu

b xung thm v s chuyn i gia xu v m ASCII ca n nh trnh by trn,
MATLAB a ra mt s cc hm chuyn i hu ch khc, chng bao gm di y:

Cc hm chuyn i xu

base2dec Da trn xu x chuyn sang h mi.
bin2dec T xu nh phn sang h mi
char T xu sang ASCII
dec2base T h mi sang xu x
dec2bin T s h mi sang xu nh phn
dec2hex T s h mi sang xu ca cc s h mi su.
double Chuyn t m ASCII sang xu
fprintf Vit dng vn bn ra file hoc ra mn hnh
hex2dec Chuyn t xu gm cc s h 16 sang cc s h mi
hex2num Chuyn t xu cc s h 16 sang s du phy ng IEEE
int2str Chuyn t s nguyn sang xu
mat2str Chuyn t ma trn s sang xu gm cc s
num2str Chuyn t s sang xu
sprintf Chuyn t m ASCII sang xu
sscanf Chuyn t s sang xu c iu chnh kch thc
str2num Chuyn t xu sang s khng c iu chnh kch thc

Trong trng hp chng ta to mt thng bo c cha cc s khng phi l xu, nhng hm chuyn
i s gip chng ta lm vic .

>> r ad = 2. 5; ar ea = pi *r ad^2;
>> t = [ ' A ci r cl e of r adi us ' num2st r ( r ad) . . .
' has an ar ea of ' num2st r ( ar ea) ' . ' ] ;
>> di sp( t )
A ci r cl e of r adi us 2. 5 has an ar ea of 19. 63.

y hm num2str c dng chuyn t s sang xu. Ging nh vy int2str chuyn t s nguyn
sang xu, c hai hm ny gi hm sprintf, n ging nh c php trong C dng chuyn s sang xu.

9.3 Cc hm v xu

MATLAB a ra mt s cc hm ca xu, bao gm cc hm trong danh sch di y:
59

Cc hm xu
blanks(n) Tr li mt xu gm cc k t trng hay du cch
deblank(s) Tr li cc vt trng t mt xu
eval(xu) c lng xu nh l mt lnh ca MATLAB
eval(try, catch) c lng xu v bt li
feval(f, x, y, ...) Hm evaluate a ra bng xu
findstr(s1, s2) Tm kim mt xu trong mt xu khc
ischar(s) True nu a vo l mt xu
isletter(s) True ti nhng v tr k t Alphabet tn ti
isspace(s) True ti nhng v tr l k t trng
lasterr Xu ca li cui cng MATLAB a ra
lower(s) Xu vi nhng ch ci thng
strcat(s1, s2, ...) Ni cc xu thnh hng
strcmp(s1, s2) True nu cc xu ging nhau
strmatch(s1, s2) Tm kim kh nng ging nhau ca xu
strncmp(s1, s2, n) True nu n k t u ging nhau
strrep(s1, s2) Thay th mt xu bng mt xu khc
strtok(s) Tm kim du hiu cho xu
strvcat(s1, s2, ...) Ni cc xu thnh ct
upper(s) Chuyn thnh ch in

Mt s cc hm trn cung cp kh nng x l cc xu c bn. V d nh, findstr tr li ch s bt
u ca mt xu trong mt xu khc:

>> b = ' Pet er Pi per pi cked a peck of pi ckl ed pepper s' ;
>> f i ndst r ( b, ' ' ) % Tm kim khong trng
6 12 19 21 26 29 37
>> f i ndst r ( b, ' p' )
9 13 22 30 38 40 41
>> f i nd( b==' p' )
9 13 22 30 38 40 41
>> f i ndst r ( b, ' cow' ) % Tm kim t cow
ans=
[ ]
>> f i ndst r ( b, ' pi ck' )
ans=
13 30

Hm ny tr li ma trn rng khi khng c nhng phn cn tm.

>> st r r ep( b, ' Pet er ' , ' Pamel a' )
ans=
Pamel a Pi per pi cked a peck of pi ckl ed pepper s

Nh trnh by trn, strrep n gin ch l s thay th mt xu. strrep khng lm vic vi ma trn
xu, v vy trc tin bn cn phi chuyn t ma trn thnh vector.

9.4 Ma trn t bo ca xu

60
Ma trn t bo l mt kiu d liu cho php bn gi tn v thao tc vi mt nhm d liu c nhiu
kch c v nhiu kiu.

>> C = {' How' ; ' about ' ; ' t hi s f or a' ; ' cel l ar r ay of st r i ngs?' }
C=
' How'
' about '
' t hi s f or a'
' cel l ar r ay of st r i ngs?'
>> si ze( C)
4 1

Ma trn trn c 4 hng v mt ct nhng mi ct li c di khc nhau. Tt c cc phn t
c t trong du ngoc nhn, mi phn t c t trong du nhy n, gia hai hng l du chm
phy. Mng t bo c nh a ch cng ging nh mng thng thng:

>> C( 2: )
ans=
' about '
' t hi s f or a'
>> C( [ 4 3 2 1] )
ans=
' t hi s f or a'
' about '
' How'
>> C( 1)
ans=
How
y vn l mng t bo. thay i du nhy ca t bo, ta s dng ngoc nhn:

>> s = c{4}
ans=
cel l ar r ay of st r i ngs?
>> si ze( s)
ans=
1 22

truy nhp vo nhiu hn mt t bo, ta dng hm deal:

>> [ a, b, c, d] = deal ( C{: })
a=
How
b=
about
c=
t hi s f or a
d=
cel l ar r ay of t r i ngs?

y C{:} ch truy nhp n tt c cc t bo, n ging nh:
61

>> [ a, b, c, d] = deal ( C{1}, C{2}, C{3}, C{4})
a=
How
b=
about
c=
t hi s f or a
d=

Hm char c th dng chuyn t mng t bo sang mng xu:

>> s = char ( C)
How
about
t hi s f or a
>> si ze( s) % Kt qu l cc xu vi cc khong trng.
ans=
4 22
>> ss = char ( C( 1: 2) )
ss=
How
about
>> si ze( ss)
ans=
2 5
chuyn ngc li mng t bo, ta dng hm cellstr:

>> cel l st r ( s)
ans=
' How'
' about '
' t hi s f or a'

Hu ht cc hm xu trong MATLAB lm vic vi c mng xu hoc mng t bo.
V mng t bo s c trnh by r hn Chng 19.
chng 10
thi gian

MATLAB a ra mt s hm thao tc v thi gian t bn c th tnh ton vi ngy, gi, in lch
v tm kin nhng ngy c th. MATLAB cha ngy v thi gian nh mt s c chnh xc hai s
sau du phy tng trng cho s ngy, bt u bng nm khng. V d, mng 1 thng 1 nm 1997 ti
lc na m, n c tng trng bi s 729391, v cng mt ngy nhng lc bui cha l 729391.5.
Cu trc ny c th d dng cho my tnh x l, nhng n rt kh din gii. Do vy MATLAB cung
cp cc hm tr gip chuyn i gia s v xu k t v thao tc vi ngy v thi gian.

62
10.1 Ngy v gi hin ti

Hm clock tr v ngy v gi hin ti cha trong mt mng. V d:

>> T = cl ock
T=
1997 1 21 16 33 39. 934708

Hm now tr v ngy v thi gian hin ti nh s ngy quy c ca my hoc n gin l s
ngy.

>> t = now
t =
729411. 690045541

C hai kt kt qu trn c cng mt thng tin.
Hm date tr li ngy hin ti nh mt xu theo mu: dd-mmm-yyyy

>> dat e
ans =
21- J an- 1997

10.2 S chuyn i gia cc kiu

Bn c th chuyn s ngy ra xu, s dng hm datestr. Cu trc ca hm ny c dng nh sau:
dat est r ( dat e_number , f or mat _spec) .

Sau y l tr gip ca help cho hm datestr:

>> hel p dat est r

DATESTR st r i ng r epr esent at i on of dat e.
DATESTR( D, DATEFORM) conver t s a ser i al dat a
number D ( as r et ur ned by DATENUM) i nt o a dat e
st r i ng. The st r i ng i s f or mat t ed accor di ng t o
t he f or mat number or st r i ng DATEFORM ( see t abl e
bel ow) . By def aul t ,
DATEFORM i s 1, 16, or 0 dependi ng on whet her D
cont ai ns
dat es, t i mes or bot h.

DATEFORM number DATEFORM st r i ng Exampl e
0 ' dd- mmm- yyyy HH: MM: SS' 01- Mar - 1995
15: 45: 17
1 ' dd- mmm- yyyy' 01- Mar - 1995
2 ' mm/ dd/ yy' 03/ 01/ 95
3 ' mmm' Mar
4 ' m' M
5 ' mm' 3
6 ' mm/ dd' 03/ 01
7 ' dd' 1
63
8 ' ddd' Wed
9 ' d' W
10 ' yyyy' 1995
11 ' yy' 95
12 ' mmmyy' Mar 95
13 ' HH: MM: SS' 15: 45: 17
14 ' HH: MM: SS PM' 3: 45: 17 PM
' HH: MM' 15: 45
16 ' HH: MM PM' 3: 45 PM
17 ' QQ- YY' Q1- 96
18 ' QQ' Q1

v d vi hm datestr:

>> dat est r ( t )
ans=
21- J an- 1997 16: 33: 40
>> dat est r ( t , 14)
ans=
4: 33: 40 PM

Hm datenum l hm ngc ca datestr. Hm ny chuyn mt xu k t dng ngy dng mu
datenum(str), hoc mt s c lp hoc mt vector sang s dng ngy, dng mu:

dat enum( year , mont h, day)

hoc

dat enum( year , mont h, day, hour , mi nut e, second) .

>> dat enum( ' 21- J an- 1997 16: 33: 40' )
ans=
729411. 690045541
>> dat enum( 1997, 01, 21)
ans=
729411
>> dat enum( 1997, 01, 21, 16, 33, 40)
ans=
729411. 690045541

Hm datevec chuyn mt xu k t dng ngy (dng datestr dng 0, 1, 2, 6, 13, 14, 15, hoc
16) hoc mt s dng ngy sang vector.

>> c = dat evec( ' 12/ 24/ 1984' )
c=
1984 12 24 0 0 0
>> [ yr , mo, day, hr , ni m, sec] = dat evec( ' 24- Dec- 1984 08: 22' )
yr =
1984
mo=
12
64
day=
24
hr =
8
mi n=
22
sec=
0

10.3 Cc hm v ngy

Ngy ca tun c th tm t xu dng ngy hoc s dng ngy, dng hm weekday, MATLAB s
dng quy c Sunday = 1 v Saturday = 7.

>> [ d w] = weekday( 728647)
d=
2
w=
Mon
>> [ d w] = weekday( ' 21- Dec- 1994' )
d=
4
w=
Wed

Ngy cui thng c th tm bng hm eomday. Trong bt buc phi a vo nm, thng.

>> eomday( 1996, 2) % 1996 l nm
ans=
29

MATLAB c th to lch cho bt c thng no bn yu cu, v hin th n trong ca s lnh
hoc t chng trong mt ma trn 6x7.

>> cal endar ( ' 7/ 17/ 95' )
J ul 1995
S M Tu W Th F S
0 0 0 0 0 0 1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
30 31 0 0 0 0 0
>> S = cal endar ( 1994, 12)
S =
0 0 0 0 1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28 29 30 31
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
65

10.4 Cc hm v thi gian

Lnh tic v toc c th c dng i vi thi gian trong tnh ton:

>> t i c; pl ot ( r and( 5) ) ; t oc
el apsed_t i me =
0. 2200

Hnh 10.1

>> t i c; pl ot ( r and( 5) ) ; t oc
el apsed_t i me =
0. 1700

66

Hnh 10.2

Ch s khc nhau v hm thi gian gia el apsed_t i me i vi lnh plot, lnh plot th hai
nhanh hn v MATLAB to hnh dng ca s v dch cc hm cn thit vo trong nh.
Hm cputime tr v tng s thi gian ca CPU (Central Processing Unit), tnh theo giy, trong
thi gian MATLAB dng t khi n c khi ng ln.
Hm etime tnh khong thi gian gia hai vector thi gian. Cc vector phi l vector hng gm
6 phn t, ging nh kt qu tr v trong lnh clock v datevec. Ti thi gian hin ti etime khng
chuyn gia thng v nm.
Tt c cc hm c th s dng tnh ton thi gian.

>> t 0 = cput i me; pause( 5) ; cput i me - t 0
ans =
5
>> t 1 = cl ock; pause( 2) ; et i me( cl ock, t 1)
ans =
2. 0400

Bn hy xem help v MATLAB CD tm hiu thm v nhng hm ny.

10.5 V th vi hm ngy v thi gian

i khi n rt c ch v th trong dng xu ngy v thi gian cho mt hoc hn mt cc
nhn. Hm datetick t ng vi cng vic ny. Nu th c v, dng s ngy cho mt hoc hn
mt trc, th hm datetick s vit cc nhn cho im nh du. V d sau v hnh 10.3:

>> t = ( 1900: 10: 1990) ' ;
>> p = [ 75. 995; 91. 972; 105. 771; 123. 203; 131. 669;
150. 697; 179. 323; 203. 212; 226. 505; 249. 633] ;
67
>> pl ot ( dat enum( t , 1, 1) , p)
>> dat et i ck( ' x' , ' yyyy' ) %use 4- di gi t year on t he x- axi s
>> t i t l e( ' Popul at i on by year ' )

Chng ta c th to biu ct ca cng ty bn hng bn t thng 11 nm 1994 n thng 12 nm
1995 (Hnh 10.4):

>> y = [ 1994 1994 1995*ones( 1, 12) ] ' ;
>> m= [ 11 12 ( 1: 12) ] ' ;
>> s=[ 1. 1 1. 3 1. 2 1. 4 . 16 1. 5 1. 7 1. 6 1. 8 1. 3 1. 9 1. 7 1. 6 1. 95] ' ;
>> bar ( dat enum( y, m, 1) , s)
>> dat et i ck( ' x' , ' mmmyy' )
>> yl abel ( ' $ Mi l l i on' )
>> t i t l e( ' Mont hl y Sal es' )

Hnh 10.3
68

Hnh 10.4

V d: Tm th su ngy 13
By gi chng ta c gii thiu cc lnh v thi gian, hy dng chng to mt s hm c
ch. Nu bn l ngi cn thn, bn mun bit bao gi th su ngy 13 xy ra. Hm M_file s cho bn
nhng thng tin ny.

f unct i on m=f r i day( st ar t )
%FRI DAY Dat e of t he next Fr i day t he 13t h
%FRI DAY di spl ay t he next occur r ence of Fr i day t he
%13t h
%FRI DAY( START) st ar t t he sear ch at t he dat e
%speci f i ed by START
%M=FRI DAY r et ur n t he dat e number of t he next Fr i day
%t he 13
t h

i f nar gi n==0
st ar t =now; %use t he cur r ent dat e i f none
end %was suppl i ed
[ yr , mo, da] =dat evec( st ar t ) ;
da=da+6- weekday( st ar t ) ; %St ar t wi t h t he Fr i day i n
%t hi s week
st ar t =dat enum( yr , mo, da, 0, 0, 0) ;
whi l e 1
[ yr , mo, da] =dat evec( st ar t ) ;
i f ( weekday( st ar t ) ==6) &( da==13)
br eak;
69
end
st ar t =dat enum( st ar t +7) ; %ski p t o t he next Fr i day
end
i f nar gout ==0
di sp( [ ' Fr i day, ' dat est r ( st ar t , 1) ] ) %Di spl ay t he
%t he r esul t
el se
m=st ar t ; %or r et ur n t he r esul t i ng dat e
end %number

Sau khi chy chng trnh ta c kt qu:

>> f r i day
Fr i day, 13- Aug- 1999

Nu bn mun c cnh bo cho ton b nm, xem hm fridays:

f unct i on F=f r i days( ynum)
%FRI DAY Li st t he Fr i day t he 13t hs i n t he year ynum.
%M=FRI DAY r et ur n t he dat e number s f ound.
%
i f nar gi n==0
[ ynumdummy] =dat evec( now) ; %use t he cur r ent dat e i f
end %non was suppl i ed
MM=[ ] ;
t r ynum=dat enum( ynum, 1, 13, 0, 0, 0) ;
%check J anuar y 13 f i r st
t r ynum=f r i day( t r ynum) ; %f i nd t he f i r st one
[ t yr dummy] =dat evec( t r ynum) ;
whi l e t yr ==ynum %May be t her e ar e mor e t hi s year
MM=[ MM; t r ynum] ;
t r ynum=f r i day( t r ynum+7) ; %ski p t o t he next week
[ t yr dummy] =dat evec( t r ynum) ;
end
i f nar gout ==0
di sp( ' Fr i days' ) ; %Di spl ay t he r esul t s
di sp( dat est r ( MM, 1) ) %Di spl ay t he r esul t
el se
F=MM; %or r et ur n t he vect or of
end %dat e number

-------------------oOo-------------------

chng 11
VNG LP IU KHIN

Cc ngn ng lp trnh v my tnh c kh nng lp trnh u cp n mt c im l cho php
bn iu khin vng lp ca cc cu lnh da trn nhng cu trc ca n. Nu bn tng s dng
70
nhng c im ny th phn ny s rt n gin i vi bn. Mt khc nu vng lp iu khin l
mi i vi bn th n s rt rc ri, nu nh vy, th bn hy nghin cu n t t.
Vng lp iu khin rt hu ch v c ng dng rt rng ri, n lm cho cc php ton c thc
hin mt cch thun tin hn v nhanh hn. MATLAB a ra cc dng vng lp c iu khin l: vng
lp for, vng lp while, cu trc if-else-end v cu trc switch-case. V cc cu trc thng hon
thin cc lnh ca MATLAB, nn chng thng xut hin trong M_file, hn l trong cu lnh nh
trc tip ti du nhc ca MATLAB.

11.1 Vng lp for

Vng lp for cho php mt nhm lnh thc hin lp li mt s ln c nh. C php ca vng lp
for nh sau:

f or x = ar r ay
commands % Khi cc lnh
end

Cc cu lnh gia hai trng thi for v end c thc hin mt ln cho tt c cc ct ca mng
(array). Ti mi ln lp li, x c gn cho phn t ct tip theo nh trong sut n ln ca vng lp, x =
array(:, n).
V d:

>> for n = 1:10
x(n) = sin(n*pi/10);
end
>> x
x =
Columns 1 through 7

0.3090 0.5878 0.8090 0.9511 1.0000 0.9511 0.8090

Columns 8 through 10

0.5878 0.3090 0.0000

Ni mt cch khc, trng thi th nht yu cu: Cho n bng t 1 n 10, tnh gi tr ca tt c cc
trng thi cho n trng thi k tip trng thi end. u tin trong vng lp for n=1, tip theo n=2, v
c nh vy cho n trng hp n=10. Sau trng hp n=10, vng lp for kt thc, v tt c cc lnh sau
trng thi end ca vng lp c thc hin.
Vng lp for khng th b kt thc bng cch gn li bin iu khin n trong vng lp:

>> for n = 1:10
x(n) = sin(n*pi/10);
n = 10;
end
>> x
x =
Columns 1 through 7
0.3090 0.5878 0.8090 0.9511 1.0000 0.9511 0.8090
0.5878 0.3090 0.0000

71
Trng thi 1: 10 l mt trng thi to ln mng MATLAB tiu chun. Bt c kiu mng no ca
MATLAB u c chp nhn trong vng lp for:

>> data = [3 9 45 6; 7 16 -1 5]
data =
3 9 45 6
7 16 -1 5
>> for n = data
x = n(1)-n(2)
end
x =
-4
x =
-7
x =
46
x =
1
Bnh thng vng lp for c th lng vo nhau:

>> for n = 1:5
for m = 5:-1:1
A(n,m) = n^2+m^2;
end
disp(n)
end
1
2
3
4
5
>> A
A =
2 5 10 17 26
5 8 13 20 29
10 13 18 25 34
17 20 25 32 41
26 29 34 41 50
Khng nn dng vng lp for khi m tng ng vi vic ta dng mng tnh ton. Nh trong v
d trc ta cng c th dng mng tnh ton:

>> n = 1: 10;
>> x = sin(n*pi/10)
x =
Columns 1 through 7
0.3090 0.5878 0.8090 0.9511 1.0000 0.9511 0.8090
0.5878 0.3090 0.0000

Trong hai trng hp nh trn, trng hp th hai ta dng mng tnh ton cng c kt qu
nh vy, nhng n nhanh hn v cc tho tc cng t hn.
72
tng tc tnh ton, mng cn phi c khi to trc khi thc hin vng lp for (hoc vng
lp while). Trong v d trc c mi ln lnh trong vng lp for c tnh, kch c ca bin x li tng
ln 1. iu ny lm cho MATLAB mt thi gian cp nht thm b nh cho x trong mi vng.
rt ngn bc ny, v d v vng lp for trc vit li nh sau:

>> x = zeros(1,10); % Khi to b nh cho x
>> for n = 1: 10
x = sin(n*pi/10);
end
By gi ch cn thay i gi tr ca cc phn t ca x.

11.2 Vng lp while

Vng lp while thc hin lp li mt nhm lnh mt s ln c nh, nhng khng bit trc -
c s ln lp li.
C php ca vng lp while nh sau:

while biu thc iu kin
khi cc lnh..
end
khi cc lnh.. gia hai trng thi while v end c thc hin lp i lp li khi tt c cc biu thc
iu kin l ng. Thng thng gi tr ca iu kin a ra kt qu l mt s, nhng nu cc kt
qu a ra l mt mng th vn hp l. Trong trng hp mng, tt c cc phn t trong mng kt qu
a ra phi l True (ng). C th tham kho v d di y:

>> num= 0; ESP = 1;
>> whi l e ( 1+ESP) > 1
ESP = ESP/ 2;
num= num+ 1;
end
>> num
num=
53
>> ESP = 2*ESP
ESP=
2. 2204e- 16
V d ny a ra cch tnh gi tr c bit eps ca MATLAB, n l mt s dng nh nht, c th
cng vi 1 c mt s ln hn 1 dng cho gii hn chnh xc. y chng ta dng ch hoa
EPS chc chn rng gi tr eps ca MATLAB khng ghi ln. Trong v d ny, gi tr ca EPS
bt u bng 1, trong khi iu kin (1+EPS)>1 l True ( cho n khc khng), cc lnh trong vng
lp while c tnh, gi tr ca EPS tip tc c chia i, gi tr ca EPS nh i, m cng EPS vi 1
th n l s nh nht m ln hn 1. Do my tnh s dng s c nh c 16 ch s nn khi gi tr nh
qu th n lm trn bng 0, v khi iu kin (EPS+1)> 1 False (sai) v vng lp while dng li.
Cui cng EPS c nhn vi 2 v sau ln chia cui cng cho 2 th vng lp dng li.
11.3 Cu trc if-else-end

Nhiu khi chng ta cn nhng cu lnh c thc hin theo mt iu kin no . Trong ngn ng
lp trnh, logic ny c cung cp bi cu trc if-else-end. C php ca cu trc ny nh sau:

if biu thc iu kin
khi cc lnh...
73
end

Khi cc lnh gia hai trng thi if v end c thc hin khi tt biu thc iu kin l ng.
Trong trng hp iu kin bao gm cc iu kin con, th tt c cc iu kin con c tnh v tr v
mt trng thi logic ca iu kin. V d:

>> appl e = 10 % s to
>> cost = appl e*25
cost =
250
>> i f appl e > 5
cost = ( 1- 20/ 100) *cost ; % b i 20%
end
>> cost
cost
200

Trong trng hp c hai iu kin thay i, cu trc if-else-end l:

if biu thc iu kin
khi cc lnh c thc hin nu iu kin l ng
else
khi cc lnh c thc hin nu iu kin l sai
end

Khi c ba hoc nhiu iu kin thay i, cu trc ca n s l:

if biu thc iu kin 1
khi cc lnh c thc hin nu iu kin 1 l ng
elseif biu thc iu kin 2
.
.
.
else
khi cc lnh c thc hin nu khng c iu kin no ng.
End

Trong mu dng ny th khi biu thc iu kin u tin ng th cc cu lnh sau khng c
kim tra na, cc cu trc if-else-end cn li c b qua. Hn na cu lnh else cui c th khng
cn cho vo.
i vi cu trc if-else-end, chng ta cng c th lng vo cc vng lp for v while:

>> EPS = 1;
>> f or num= 1: 100
EPS = EPS/ 2;
i f ( 1+EPS) < 1
EPS = EPS*2
74
br eak
end
end
EPS =
2. 2204e- 16
>> num
num=
53
V d ny a ra cch khc tnh s eps. Trong v d, khi lnh break c thc hin th MATLAB
nhy ra khi vng lp n ang thc hin. Khi lnh break xut hin trong mt vng lp for hoc while
trong cc vng lp nng nhau th n ch nhy ra khi mt vng lp cha n ch n khng nhy ra
khi tt c cc vng lp.

11.4 Cu trc switch-case

Khi mt chui cc lnh nh gi da trn mt biu thc th hoc biu thc iu kin vi nhiu gi
tr th khc nhau, ngi ta thng dng cu trc switch-case. Cu trc switch-case c dng nh sau:

switch biu thc iu kin
case gi tr th 1
khi lnh 1
case { gi tr th 2, gi tr th 3, gi tr th 4}
khi lnh 2
otherwise
khi lnh 3
end

y biu thc iu kin phi l dng s hoc dng chui, nu biu thc iu kin l dng s th
lnh case s th xem gi tr ca biu thc c bng gi tr th i hay khng. Nu biu thc iu kin
l mt chui th lnh case s so snh chui vi gi tr th i. Trong v d trc, biu thc iu kin
c em so snh vi gi tr th 1, nu chng bng nhau th khi lnh u tin c thc hin, m cc
khi lnh tip theo cho n trc trng thi end c b qua, nu chng khng bng nhau th iu
kin tip tc c em so snh vi gi tr th 2, gi tr th 3, gi tr th 4, nu mt trong cc gi tr
ny bng biu thc iu kin th khi lnh 2 c thc hin. Nu tt c cc lnh so snh ca case u
khng ng th khi lnh 3 c thc hin. Ch rng trong cu trc switch-case c it nht mt
nhm lnh phi c thc hin. Sau y l mt v d v cu trc switch-case:

x = 2. 7;
uni t s = ' m' ;
swi t ch uni t s % Chuyn x ra centimeters
case {' i nch' , ' i n' }
y=x*2. 54;
case {' f eet ' , ' f t ' }
y=x*2. 54*12;
case {' met er ' , ' m' }
y=x/ 100;
case {' mi l l i met er ' , ' mm' }
y=x*10;
case {' cent i met er ' , ' cm' }
y=x;
ot her wi se
75
di sp( [ ' khng bit uni t s: ' uni t s] )
y=nan;
end

Khi thc hin v d ny th gi tr cui cng ca y l: y=0.027.

V d: Vn v li xut
Vn : mua mt t, bn phi vay 10,000$ vi li xut hng thng l 8.9%, trong 3 nm gc
v li c tnh nh th no sau mi ln chi tr. Ngoi ra phn tin cn li sau mi ln chi tr l bao
nhiu?
Gii php: T chng 2, s tin chi tr P hng thng cho khon vay A dollar vi li xut hng thng
l R, tnh trong M thng l:

P = A.

Ti ln chi tr u tin, tin li phi tr l I
p1
= R.A. Gi s s tin phi tr l P th tin gc phi tr l
P
r1
= P - I
p1
v s tin cn li sau ln chi tr th nht l B
1
=A - P
r1
. Trong tt c cc ln chi tr sau
tin li phi tr l I
pm
= R.B
m-1
v s tin cn li l B
m
= B
m-1
- P
rm
. S dng cc thng tin ny th ch-
ng trnh MATLAB s nh sau:

f unct i on amor t
%amor t . mscr i pt f i l e
A=10000; %amount of l oan
M=3*12; %number of mont hs
R=8. 9; %annual i nt er est r at e
r =( R/ 100) / 12; %mont hl y i nt er est r at e
P=A*( r *( 1+r ) ^M/ ( ( 1+r ) ^M- 1) ) ; %payment r equi r ed
B=zer os( M, 1) ; %st or age f or bal ance r emai ni ng per mont h
I p=B; %st or age f or i nt er est pai d per mont h
Pr =B; %st or age f or pr i nci pl e pai d per mont h
f or m=1: M
i f m==1 %comput e i nt er est when bal ance i s
I p( m) =r *A; %or i gi nal amount
el se
I p( m) =r *B( m- 1) ;
end
Pr ( m) =P- I p( m) ; %pr i nci pl e pai d t hi s mont h
i f m==1 %comput e bal ance r emai ni ng af t er payment
B( m) =A- Pr ( m) ;
el se
B( m) =B( m- 1) - Pr ( m) ;
end
end
f or mat bank
di sp( [ ' Amount =' num2st r ( A) ] )
di sp( [ ' I nt er est Rat e=' num2st r ( R) ] )
di sp( [ ' Number of mont hs = ' num2st r ( M) ] )
di sp( [ ' Payment =' num2st r ( P) ] )
di sp( ' ' )
di sp( ' Amor t i zat i on Schedul e' )
di sp( ' Payment Bal ance I nt er est Pr i nci pl e' )
76
di sp( [ ( 1: M) ' B I p Pr ] )
f or mat shor t g
Chy chng trnh ny th kt qu nh sau:

>> Amount =10000
I nt er est Rat e=8. 9
Number of mont hs = 36
Payment =317. 5321

Amor t i zat i on Schedul e
Payment Bal ance I nt er est Pr i nci pl e
1. 00 9756. 63 74. 17 243. 37
2. 00 9511. 46 72. 36 245. 17
3. 00 9264. 48 70. 54 246. 99
4. 00 9015. 65 68. 71 248. 82
5. 00 8764. 99 66. 87 250. 67
6. 00 8512. 46 65. 01 252. 53
7. 00 8258. 07 63. 13 254. 40
8. 00 8001. 78 61. 25 256. 28
9. 00 7743. 60 59. 35 258. 19
10. 00 7483. 49 57. 43 260. 10
11. 00 7221. 47 55. 50 262. 03
12. 00 6957. 49 53. 56 263. 97
13. 00 6691. 56 51. 60 265. 93
14. 00 6423. 66 49. 63 267. 90
15. 00 6153. 77 47. 64 269. 89

V d ny minh ho cu trc lp for v if-else-end. N cng minh ho vic s dng script M_file.
tnh ton mt khon cho vay bt k bn ch cn thay i d liu vo phn u ca chng trnh
v bn chy li n.

V d: Chui ln xung
Vn : cho x
0
l mt s nguyn bt k. Gi s chui x
k
c nh ngha nh sau:

x
k+1
= x
k
/ 2 nu x
k
l chn
v x
k+1
= 3x
k
+ 1 nu x
k
l l
Chui ny c thuc tnh g nu chui s dng li khi x
k
=1, chui phn k hay hi t v 1.
Gii php: Chng ta ch cn vng lp while xt xem khi no x
k
= 1 v s dng cu trc
if-else-end thc hin vic tnh ton dy x
k
. Trong MATLAB th chng trnh nh sau:

f unct i on up_down
%up_down. mscr i pt f i l e f or up/ down sequence pr opl em
x=zer os( 500, 1) ; %pr eal l ocat e st or age f or x( k)
x( 1) =r ound( abs( i nput ( ' Ent er a number > ' ) ) ) ;
k=1;
whi l e ( x( k) >1) &( k<500)
i f r em( x( k) , 2) ==0 %x( k) i s even
x( k+1) =x( k) / 2;
el se %x( k) i s ol d
x( k+1) =3*x( k) +1;
77
end
k=k+1; %i ncr ement sequence count er
end
x=x( x>0) %keep val ues gener at ed onl y and di spay t hem
M=0: 499;
pl ot ( M, x)

Kt qu ca chng trnh ny kh th v, v d vi x=2
m
, trong m l mt s nguyn th chui
s rt ngn (ti sao?), hn na bt c khi no gi tr ca mt s hng trong chui l lu tha ca 2 th
chui s nhanh chng dng li, nhng i vi nhng s x tng i nh th kt qu l mt chui kh
th v. V d x1=27. Hu nh tt c cc gi tr ban u u sinh ra mt chui c gi tr rt ngu nhin
nh hnh v di y vi x(1)=837799. Liu bn c dm kt lun chui ny hi t hay khng!
th kt qu ca chng trnh vi x(1)=837799 l:

Hnh 11.1

--------------------oOo-------------------

chng 12
HM M_FILE

Khi bn s dng cc hm MATLAB nh inv, abs, angle, v sqrt, MATLAB nhn gi tr m bn
truyn vo, da vo kt qu , tnh ton kt qu ca hm v tr li cho bn kt qu tnh ton. Cc
lnh tnh ton bng hm cng nh cc bin trung gian c to ra bi cc lnh ny bn u khng
nhn thy, tt c nhng g bn trng thy ch l cc gi tr nhp vo v cc gi tr a ra, v vy c th
coi mt hm nh mt ci hp en. Cc thuc tnh ny lm cho hm tr ln rt hu dng i vi cc
lnh tnh ton m phi dng n cc hm ton hc phc tp thng xut hin khi bn gii quyt
78
nhng vn ln. Da vo u im ny, MATLAB cung cp mt cu trc bn c th t to mt
hm cho mnh di dng mt M_file. Hm flipup di y l mt v d v vic dng hm M_file:

f unct i on y=f l i pup( x)
%FLI PUP Fl i p mat r i x i n up/ down di r ect i opn.
%FLI PUP( x) r et ur n x wi t h col umns pr eser ved and r ows f l i pped
% i n t he up/ down di r ect i on. For exampl e.
%
% x = 1 4 becomes 3 6
% 2 5 2 5
% 3 6 1 4
%
% See al so FLI PLR, ROT90, FLI PDI M.
% Copyr i ght ( c) 1984- 96 by t he Mat hWor k, I nc.
% $Revi si on: 5. 3 $ $Dat e: 1996/ 10/ 24 18: 41: 14 $
i f ndi m( x) ~=2
er r or ( X must be a 2- D mat r i x. ) ;
end
[ m, n] = si ze( x) ;
y = x( m: - 1: 1, : ) ;

Mt hm M_file c v rt ging vi mt script file bi v chng cng l cc file vn bn v cng
c phn m rng l . m . im khc nhau gia script file v cc hm M_file l cc hm M_file
khng c nhp vo t ca s lnh m thng qua mt trnh son tho vn bn t bn ngoi. Hm
M_file cn khc vi script file ch n ch thng tin vi MATLAB thng qua cc bin truyn vo
cho n v thng qua cc bin ra m n to ln, cc bin trung gian bn trong hm th khng xut
hin hay tng tc vi mi trng ca MATLAB. Nh bn c th thy v d trc, dng u tin
ca hn M_file nh ngha file ny nh mt hm v ch ra tn ca n, tn ny chnh l tn file nhng
khng c phn m rng l . m ng thi n cng nh ngha lun bin vo v ra. Chui cc dng
lnh tip theo l cc li ch thch, s xut hin khi ta dng lnh >>hel p, >>hel p f l i pud, hoc
>>hel pwi nf l i pud dng lnh hel p u tin gi l dng H1 chnh l dng hin ra khi dng lnh
l ookf or . Cui cng phn cn li ca file ny cha cc lnh ca MATLAB to ln cc bin ra.

12.1 Cc quy lut v thuc tnh

Hm M_file phi tun theo nhng quy lut v thuc tnh nht nh, ngoi ra chng cn c mt s
tnh cht rt quan trng bao gm:
*) Tn hm v tn file phi l mt, v d hm flipud phi c lu trong file vi ci tn l flipud.m.
*) Ln u tin MATLAB thc hin hm M_file n s m file vn bn tng ng v dch cc dng
lnh ca file ra mt dng m lu trong b nh nhm mc ch tng tc thc hin cc li gi
hm tip theo. Nu trong hm c cha li gi hm M_file khc th cc hm cng c dch vo
trong b nh.
*) Cc dng ghi li ch thch cho ti dng u tin khng phi l ch thch trong hm M_file l
nhng dng vn bn, n s hin ra khi bn s dng lnh help. V d: >>hel p f l i pud s tr v 9
dng u tin trong hm M_file ni trn. Dng u tin l dng H1, n s xut hin khi bn dng ln
look for.
*) Mi hm c mt khng gian lm vic ring tch bit so vi mi trng MATLAB, mi quan h
duy nht gia cc bin trong hm vi mi trng MATLAB l cc bin vo v ra ca hm . Nu
trong thn hm gi tr b thay i th s thay i ny ch tc ng bn trong ca hm m khng
lm nh hng n cc bin ca mi trng MATLAB. Cc bin c to ra bn trong mt hm th ch
79
nm trong khng gian lm vic ca hm v c gii phng khi hm kt thc, v vy khng th s
dng thng tin ca ln gi trc cho ln gi sau.
*) S cc tham s vo v ra khi mt hm c gi th ch c tc dng bn trong hm , bin
nar gi n cha cc tham s a vo cn bin nar gout cha cc gi tr a ra, trong thc t th cc bin
ny thng c s dng xc nh gi tr ra da vo s lng cc i s a vo. V d xt hm
l i nespace sau:

f unct i on y=l i nespace( d1, d2, n)
%LI NESPACE Li near l y spaced vect or .
%LI NESPACE( x1, x2) gener at es a r ow vect or of 100 l i near l y
% equal l y spaced poi nt s bet wi n x1 and x2.
%
%LI NESPACE( x1, x2, N) gener at es N poi nt s bet wi n x1 and x2.
%
% See al so LOGSPACE, : .
% $Revi si on: 5. 3 $ $Dat e: 1996/ 10/ 24 18: 41: 14 $
i f nar gi n==2
n = 100;
end
y = [ d1 + ( 0: n- 2) *( d2- d1) / ( n- 1) d2] ;

y nu li gi ca ngi s dng ch truyn vo hai i s th l i nespace tr v gi tr 100, nh-
ng nu s i s l 3, v d nh l i nespace( 0, 10, 50) th i s th 3 s quyt nh s cc
im d liu.
*) Cc hm c th dng chung cc bin vi hm khc, vi mi trng MATLAB v c th quy
nu nh cc bin c khai bo l ton cc. c th truy cp n cc bin trong mt hm hoc
trong mi trng MATLAB th cc bin phi c khai bo l bin ton cc trong mi hm s
dng n. Hm tic v toc sau y m t mt v d v vic s dng bin ton cc:

f unct i on t i c
%TI C St ar t a st opwat ch t i mer .
% The sequence of l nhs
% TI C, oper at i on, TOC
% pr i nt s t he t i me r equi r ed f or t he oper at i on.
%
% See al so TOC, CLOCK, ETI ME, CPUTI ME.
% $Revi si on: 5. 3 $ $Dat e: 1996/ 10/ 24 18: 41: 14 $
% TI C si mpl e st or es CLOCK i n a gl obal var i abl e
gl obal TI CTOC
TI CTOC = cl ock;

f unct i on t = t oc
%TOC Read t he st opwat ch t i mer .
% TOC, by i t sel f , pr i nt s t he el apsed t i me i n t ,
%i nst ead of pr i nt i ng i t out .
%
% See al so TI C, ETI ME, CLOCK, CPUTI ME.
80
% $Revi si on: 5. 3 $ $Dat e: 1996/ 10/ 24 18: 41: 14 $
% TOC uses ETI ME and t he val ue of cl ock saved by TI C.
gl obal TI CTOC
i f nar gout < 1
el apsed_t i me = et i me( cl ock, TI CTOC) ;
el se
t = et i me( cl ock, TI CTOC) ;
end

Trong hm tic th bin TICTOC c khai bo l bin ton cc v gi tr ca bin ny c c
thng qua vic gi hm clock. Sau trong hm toc, bin TICTOC cng c khai bo l bin ton
cc lm cho toc c kh nng truy cp n bin TICTOC trong hm tic, s dng gi tr ca bin ny
toc s tnh c khong thi gian tri qua k t khi hm tic c thi hnh. Mt iu quan trng
cn nh l bin TICTOC ch tn ti trong khng gian lm vic ca tic v toc nhng khng tn ti
trong mi trng MATLAB.
*) Vic thi hnh hm M_file s kt thc khi gp dng cui cng ca file hoc gp dng lnh
return. Lnh return gip ta kt thc mt hm m khng cn phi thi hnh ht cc lnh ca hm .
*) Hm error ca MATLAB s hin th mt chui ln ca s lnh v dng thc hin hm, tr iu
khin v cho ca s lnh v bn phm. Hm ny rt hu dng cnh bo vic s dng hm khng
ng mc ch. V d nh cu lnh sau:

i f l engt h( val ) > 1
er r or ( VAL phi l gi tr s! )
end

y nu val khng phi l s th hm error s hin ln chui cnh bo v tr iu khin cho ca s
lnh v bn phm.
*) Mt M_file c th cha nhiu hm. Hm chnh trng M_file ny phi c t tn trng vi tn
ca M_file nh cp n trn. Cc hm khc c khai bo thng qua cu lnh function c vit
sau hm u tin. Cc hm con ch c s dng bi hm chnh, c ngha l ngoi hm chnh ra th
khng c hm no khc c th gi c chng. Tnh nng ny cung cp mt gii php hu hiu
gii quyt tng phn ca hm chnh mt cch ring r lm gim bt cc kh khn khi ta lp trnh mt
hm ln.
Ni tm li, hm M_file cung cp cho ta mt phng php n gin m rng kh nng ca
MATLAB. Trong thc t rt nhiu hm ca MATLAB l cc hm M_file.

V d: Hm tr dn theo thi hn
Vn : Gi s c mt khon cho vay A dollar, vi li sut hng thng l R% v phi tr trong vng
M thng. Hy vit mt hm M_file th hin:
- Lch chi tr nu nh ban u cha bit cc s liu a ra.
- S tin chi tr hng thng nu bit mt s liu ra.
- S tin chi tr hng thng v mt ma trn s cha lch thanh ton nu bit trc hai i s ra.
Gii php: Trong chng 2, s tin phi chi tr hng thng P cho khon cho vay A dollar vi t gi
li xut l R, tr trong M thng: P = A.
Ti ln chi tr u tin, tin li phi tr l I
p1
= R.A. Gi s s tin phi tr l P th tin gc phi tr
l P
r1
= P - I
p1
v s tin cn li sau ln chi tr th nht l B
1
=A - P
r1
. Trong tt c cc ln chi tr sau
tin li phi tr l I
pm
= R.B
m-1
v s tin cn li l B
m
= B
m-1
- P
rm
. S dng cc thng tin ny th
chng trnh MATLAB s nh sau:

f unct i on [ P, S] =l oan( a, r , m)
%LOAN Loan Payment and Amor t i zat i on Tabl e.
81
%( H1 hel p l i ne)
%P=LOAN( A, R, M) comput es t he mont hl y payment on a l oan
%amount of a, havi ng an annual i nt er eat r at e of R,
%t o be pai d of f i n equal amount s over M mont hs.
%
%[ P, S] =LOAN( A, R, M) al so r et ur ns
% an amor t i zat i on t abl e S,
%whi ch i s an M- by- 4 mat r i x
% wher e S( : , 1) =Payment Number ,
%S( : , 2) =Remai ni ng Bal ance, S( : , 3) =I nt er est Pai d, and
%S( : , 4) =Pr i nci pl e Pai d.
%
%I f no out put ar gument s ar e pr ovi ded
%t he t abl e i s di spl ayed.
%St ar t wi t h some er r or checki ng
i f nar gi n<3
er r or ( ' Thr ee i nput ar gument ar e r equi r ed. ' )
end
i f f i x( m) ~=m
er r or ( ' Number of Mont hs Must be I nt eger . ' )
end
%Now cal cul at e
r m=( r / 100) / 12; %Mont hl y i nt er est r at e
p=a*( r m*( 1+r m) ^m/ ( ( 1+r m) ^m- 1) ) ; %payment r equi r ed
i f nar gout ==1 %done i f onl y payment i s r equi r ed.
P=p; %copy out i nt o out put var i abl e
r et ur n
end
B=zer os( m, 1) ; %st or age f or bal ance r emai ni ng per mont h
I p=B; %st or age f or i nt er est pai d per mont h
Pr =B; %st or age f or pr i nci pal pai d per mont h
f or i =1: m %cr eat t abl e dat a
i f i ==1
%comput e i nt er est when bal ance i s or gi nnal amout
I p( i ) =r m*a;
el se %bal ance i s B( i - 1)
I p( i ) =r m*B( i - 1) ;
end
Pr ( i ) =p- I p( i ) ; %pr i nci pal pai d t hi s mont h
i f i ==1 %comput e bal ance r emai ni g af t er payment
B( i ) =a- Pr ( i ) ;
el se
B( i ) =B( i - 1) - Pr ( i ) ;
end
end
B( abs( B) <0. 001) =0; %set near zer o bal ance t o zer o
s=[ ( 1: m) ' B I p Pr ] ;
i f nar gout ==0 %di spl ay t abl e
di sp( [ ' Amount = ' num2st r ( a) ] )
di sp( [ ' I nt er est r at e = ' num2st r ( r ) ] )
82
di sp( [ ' Number of mont h = ' i nt 2st r ( m) ] )
di sp( [ ' Payment = ' num2st r ( p) ] )
di sp( ' ' )
di sp( ' Amor t i zat i on Schedul e' )
di sp( ' Payment Bal ance I nt er est Pr i nci pl e' )
f pr i nt f ( ' %5. 0f %12. 2f %12. 2f %12. 2f \ n' , s' )
%bet t er f or mat t i ng
el se %t wo out put ar gument s r equest ed
P=p;
S=s;
end

V d: Gii m mu trn cc in tr
Vn : Gi tr ca mt in tr dng trong mch in c tnh thng qua cc vch mu in trn
thn ca n. i vi mt in tr vi chnh xc l 5% th c 3 di mu, tm gi l A, B, C. Gi tr
s c gn cho mi mu c tnh nh sau:

Mu en Nu Vng Lc Lam Trm Tm Xm Trng
Gi tr 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Nu A, B, C l cc gi tr ca cc mu trn gii mu th gi tr ca cc in tr l:

R = (10.A + B).10
C

S dng cc thng tin ny, hy to mt M_file tr v gi tr ca in tr ng vi bt k mt in
tr chun no.

Gii php: Vn ny yu cu mt chui cc thao tc v so snh thc hin s chuyn i trong
bng trn. Gii php ca MATLAB l:

f unct i on r =r esi st or ( a, b, c)
%RESI STOR( A, B, C) Resi st or val ue f r omcol or code.
%RESI STOR( a, B, C) r et ur ns t he r esi st ace
%val ue of r esi st or
%gi ven i t s t hr ee col or bands, A, B, C.
%A, B, C must be one of t he
%f ol l owi ng char act er st r i ngs:
%
%' bl ack' , ' br own' , ' r ed' , ' or ange' , ' yel l ow' ,
%' gr een' , ' bl ue' , ' vi ol et ' , ' gr ay' , ' whi t e'
%f i r st some er r or checki ng

i f nar gi n~=3
er r or ( ' Thr ee i nput ar gument s r equi r ed' )
end
i f ~i schar ( a) | ~i schar ( b) | ~i schar ( c)
er r or ( ' I nput s Must be Char act er Xus' )
end
%now sol ve pr obl em
val s=zer os( 1, 3) ; %st r i ng cel l ar r ay of t hr ee i nput s
abc={a, b, c}; %t r i ng cel l ar ay t hr i nput
83
f or i =1: 3 %do each col or band i n t ur n
band=l ower ( abc( i ) ) ;
%get ( i ) t h i nput and make l ower case
i f st r ncmp( band, ' bl a' , 3) %bl ack ( compar e mi n # of )
val s( i ) =0; %char s f or uni que mat ch)
el sei f st r ncmp( band, ' br ' , 2) %br own
val s( i ) =1;
el sei f st r ncmp( band, ' r ' , 1) %r ed
val s( i ) =2;
el sei f st r ncmp( band, ' o' , 1) %or ange
val s( i ) =3;
el sei f st r ncmp( band, ' y' , 1) %yel l ow
val s( i ) =4;
el sei f st r ncmp( band, ' gr e' , 3) %gr een
val s( i ) =5;
el sei f st r ncmp( band, ' bl u' , 3) %bl ue
val s( i ) =6;
el sei f st r ncmp( band, ' v' , 1) %vi ol et
val s( i ) =7;
el sei f st r ncmp( band, ' gr a' , 3) %gr ay
val s( i ) =8;
el sei f st r ncmp( band, ' w' , 1) %whi t e
val s( i ) =9;
el se
er r or ( [ ' Unknown Col or Band. ' ] )
end
end
i f val s( 1) ==0
er r or ( ' Fi r st Col or Band Cannot Be Bl ack. ' )
end
r =( 10*val s( 1) +val s( 2) ) *10^val s( 3) ;

S dng hm ny cho mt vi v d:

>> r esi st or ( ' br own' , ' bl ack' , ' r ed' )
ans=
1000
------------------------oOo-----------------------

chng 13
PHN TCH D LIU

Bi v MATLAB l mt ng dng hng ma trn nn n d dng thc hin cc phn tch thng k
trn cc tp d liu, trong khi theo mc nh MATLAB coi cc tp d liu c lu tr trong cc
mng ct, vic phn tch d liu c th thc hin theo bt c chiu no. l tr khi c ch nh
theo mt cch khc, cc ct ca mt mng d liu th hin cc thng s o khc nhau, mi hng th
84
hin mt gi tr mu ca cc thng s o . V d gi s nhit ban ngy (tnh theo C) ca 3
thnh ph tnh trong mt thng (31 ngy c ghi li v gn cho mt bin l temps trong mt script
M_file, khi chy M_file th gi tr ca temps c a vo mi trng MATLAB, thc hin cng vic
ny, bin temps cha:

>> t emps
t emps=
12 8 18
15 9 22
12 5 19
14 8 23
12 6 22
11 9 19
15 9 15
8 10 20
19 7 18
12 7 18
14 10 19
11 8 17
9 7 23
8 8 19
15 8 18
8 10 20
10 7 17
12 7 22
9 8 19
12 8 21
12 8 20
10 9 17
13 12 18
9 10 20
10 6 22
14 7 21
12 5 22
13 7 18
15 10 23
13 11 24
12 12 22

Mi hng cha nhit ca mt ngy no , cn mi ct cha nhit ca mt thnh ph. cho
d liu tr ln d dng hn, hy g vo nh sau:
>> d=1: 31; %number t he days of t he mont h
>> pl ot ( d, t emps)
>> xl abel ( ' Day of mont h' )
>> yl abel ( ' Cel si us' )
>> t i t l e( ' Dai l y Hi gh Tempr at ur es i n t hr ee Ci t i es' )

85

Hnh 13.1

Lnh plot va dng trn y minh ho thm mt cch s dng. Bin d l mt vector di 31,
trong khi bin t emps l mt ma trn 31x3. Cho trc nhng d liu ny, lnh plot s trc mi ct
ca bin t emps cho vo d.
minh ho mt vi kh nng phn tch d liu ca MATLAB, hy xt cc lnh sau, da trn d
liu v nhit cho:

>> avg_t emp = mean( t emps)
avg_t emp=
11. 9677 8. 2258 19. 8710

V d trn ch ra rng thnh ph th 3 l c nhit trung bnh cao nht, y MATLAB tnh
nhit trung bnh ca mi ct mt cch ring r. Nu tnh trung bnh c 3 thnh ph th:

>> avg_avg = mean( avg_t emp)
avg_avg=
13. 3548

Khi m cc gi tr u vo trong mt hm phn tch d liu l mt vector hng hay ct th
MATLAB ch n gin l tin hnh cc php ton trn vector v tr v gi tr s.
Bn cng c th dng mng thc hin cng vic ny:

>> avg_t emp = mean( t emps, 1) % Ging nh trn, tnh cho cc ct
avg_t emp =
11. 9677 8. 2258 19. 8710
86
>> avr _t empr = mean( t emps, 2) % Tnh cho mi hng
avr _t empr =
12. 6667
15. 3333
12. 0000
15. 0000
13. 3333
13. 0000
13. 0000
12. 6667
14. 6667
12. 3333
14. 3333
12. 0000
13. 0000
11. 6667
13. 6667
12. 3333
11. 3333
13. 6667
12. 0000
13. 6667
13. 3333
12. 0000
14. 3333
13. 0000
12. 6667
14. 0000
13. 0000
12. 6667
16. 0000
16. 0000
15. 3333

y l gi tr nhit trung bnh c ba thnh ph trong tng ngy.
Xt bi ton tm s chnh lch nhit ca mi thnh ph so vi gi tr trung bnh, c ngha l
avg_t emp( i ) phi b tr i bi ct th i ca bin t emps. Bn khng th ra mt cu lnh nh sau:

>> t emps- avg_t emp
??? Er r or usi ng ==> -
Mat r i x di mensi ons must agr ee.
Bi v thao tc ny khng phi l cc thao tc nh ngha trn mng (temps l mt mng 31x3,
cn avg_temp l mt mng 1x3). C l cch dng vng lp for l n gin nht:

>> f or i = 1: 3
t dev( : , i ) = t emps( : , i ) - avg_t emp( i ) ;
end
>> t dev
t dev =
0. 0323 - 0. 2258 - 1. 8710
87
3. 0323 0. 7742 2. 1290
0. 0323 - 3. 2258 - 0. 8710
2. 0323 - 0. 2258 3. 1290
0. 0323 - 2. 2258 2. 1290
- 0. 9677 0. 7742 - 0. 8710
3. 0323 0. 7742 - 4. 8710
- 3. 9677 1. 7742 0. 1290
7. 0323 - 1. 2258 - 1. 8710
0. 0323 - 1. 2258 - 1. 8710
2. 0323 1. 7742 - 0. 8710
- 0. 9677 - 0. 2258 - 2. 8710
- 2. 9677 - 1. 2258 3. 1290
- 3. 9677 - 0. 2258 - 0. 8710
3. 0323 - 0. 2258 - 1. 8710
- 3. 9677 0. 7742 0. 1290
- 1. 9677 - 1. 2258 - 2. 8710
0. 0323 - 1. 2258 2. 1290
- 2. 9677 - 0. 2258 - 0. 8710
0. 0323 - 0. 2258 1. 1290
0. 0323 - 0. 2258 0. 1290
- 1. 9677 0. 7742 - 2. 8710
1. 0323 3. 7742 - 1. 8710
- 2. 9677 1. 7742 0. 1290
- 1. 9677 - 2. 2258 2. 1290
2. 0323 - 1. 2258 1. 1290
0. 0323 - 3. 2258 2. 1290
1. 0323 - 1. 2258 - 1. 8710
3. 0323 1. 7742 3. 1290
1. 0323 2. 7742 4. 1290
0. 0323 3. 7742 2. 1290

Khi thc hin phng php ny ta thy n chm hn so vi cc cu lnh c MATLAB thit k
ring dng cho mng. Khi ta nhn bn bin avg_t emp kch thc ca n bng vi kch thc
ca t emps. Sau thc hin php tr th s nhanh hn rt nhiu:

>> t dev = t emps - avg_t emp( ones( 31, 1) , : )
t dev =
0. 0323 - 0. 2258 - 1. 8710
3. 0323 0. 7742 2. 1290
0. 0323 - 3. 2258 - 0. 8710
2. 0323 - 0. 2258 3. 1290
0. 0323 - 2. 2258 2. 1290
- 0. 9677 0. 7742 - 0. 8710
3. 0323 0. 7742 - 4. 8710
- 3. 9677 1. 7742 0. 1290
7. 0323 - 1. 2258 - 1. 8710
0. 0323 - 1. 2258 - 1. 8710
2. 0323 1. 7742 - 0. 8710
- 0. 9677 - 0. 2258 - 2. 8710
- 2. 9677 - 1. 2258 3. 1290
88
- 3. 9677 - 0. 2258 - 0. 8710
3. 0323 - 0. 2258 - 1. 8710
- 3. 9677 0. 7742 0. 1290
- 1. 9677 - 1. 2258 - 2. 8710
0. 0323 - 1. 2258 2. 1290
- 2. 9677 - 0. 2258 - 0. 8710
0. 0323 - 0. 2258 1. 1290
0. 0323 - 0. 2258 0. 1290
- 1. 9677 0. 7742 - 2. 8710
1. 0323 3. 7742 - 1. 8710
- 2. 9677 1. 7742 0. 1290
- 1. 9677 - 2. 2258 2. 1290
2. 0323 - 1. 2258 1. 1290
0. 0323 - 3. 2258 2. 1290
1. 0323 - 1. 2258 - 1. 8710
3. 0323 1. 7742 3. 1290
1. 0323 2. 7742 4. 1290
0. 0323 3. 7742 2. 1290
y avg_t emp( ones( 31, 1) , : ) s nhn bn hng u tin (v l hng duy nht) ca bin
avg_t emp thnh 31 bn, to ln mt ma trn 31x3. Trong ct th i chnh l avg_t emp( i ) .

>> max_t emp = max( t emps)
max_t emp=
19 12 24

Cu lnh tm ra nhit ln nht mi thnh ph trong thng .

>> [ max_t emp, x] = max( t emps)
max_t emp=
19 12 24
x=
9 23 30
Cho bit gi tr nhit ln nht mi thnh ph v gi tr ch s hng x, ti gi tr ln nht
xut hin, trong v d ny x cho bit ngy nng nht trong thng.

>> mi n_t emp = mi n( t emps)

mi n_t emp=
8 5 15

Cho bit nhit thp nht mi thnh ph.

>> [ mi n_t emp, n] = mi n( t emps)
mi n_t emp=
8 5 15
n=
8 3 7

cho bit gi tr nhit thp nht mi thnh ph v ch s hng n, ti gi tr thp nht xy ra.
Trong v d ny, n chnh l ngy lnh nht trong thng.
89

>> s_dev = st d( t emps)
s_dev=
2. 5098 1. 7646 2. 2322

Cho bit chnh lch chun ca bin temps.

>> dai l y_change = di f f ( t emps)
dai l y_change =
3 1 4
- 3 - 4 - 3
2 3 4
- 2 - 2 - 1
- 1 3 - 3
4 0 - 4
- 7 1 5
11 - 3 - 2
- 7 0 0
2 3 1
- 3 - 2 - 2
- 2 - 1 6
- 1 1 - 4
7 0 - 1
- 7 1 2
2 - 2 - 3
2 0 5
- 3 1 - 3
3 0 2
0 0 - 1
- 2 1 - 3
3 3 1
- 4 - 2 2
1 - 4 2
4 1 - 1
- 2 - 2 1
1 2 - 4
2 3 5
- 2 1 1
- 1 1 - 2

Cho bit s khc nhau v nhit gia cc ngy lin tip chnh l chnh lch nhit ca ngy
hm sau so vi ngy hm trc. Trong v d ny, hng u tin ca dai l y_change l chnh
lch nhit gia ngy u tin v ngy th hai trong thng.

13.1 Cc hm phn tch d liu

Phn tch d liu trong MATLAB c thc hin thng qua cc ma trn hng ct, cc bin khc
nhau c lu gi trong cc ct khc nhau v mi hm th hin gi tr ca bin mt thi im quan
st nht nh. Cc hm thng k ca MATLAB gm c:

90
Cc hm phn tch d liu
cplxpair(x) Xp xp cp phc lin hp
cross(x,y) Tch cho vector
cumprod(x) Tch tch lu theo ct
cumprod(x,n) Tch tch lu theo chiu n
cumsum(x) Tng tch lu theo ct
cumsum(x,n) Tng tch lu theo chiu n
cumtrapz(x,y) Tch cho tch lu
cumtrapz(x,y,n) Tch cho tch lu theo chiu n
del2(A) Ton t ri rc Laplacian 5 im
diff(x) Tnh chnh lch gia cc phn t
diff(x,m) Tnh s ra cp m ca cc phn t
diff(x,m,n) Tnh s ra cp m ca cc phn t theo chiu n
dot(x,y) Tch v hng ca hai vector
gradient(Z,dx,dy) Gradient vi phn
histogram(x) Biu hnh ct
max(x), max(x,y) Phn t ln nht
max(x,n) Phn t ln nht theo chiu n
mean(x) Gi tr trung bnh ca ct
mean(x,n) Gi tr trung bnh theo chiu n
median(x) Gi tr ca phn t gia ca ct
median(x,n) Gi tr ca phn t gia theo chiu n
min(x), min(x,y) Phn t nh nht
min(x,n) Phn t nh nht theo chiu n
prod(x) Tch cc phn t trong ct
prod(x,n) Tch cc phn t theo chiu n
rand(x) S ngu nhin phn b u
randn(x) S ngu nhin phn b bnh thng
sort(x) Xp xp cc ct theo th t tng dn
sort(x,n) Xp xp theo chiu n
sortrows(A) Xp xp cc hng theo th t tng dn
std(x), std(0) lch chun ca ct chun ho theoN-1
std(x,1) lch chun ca ct chun ho theoN
std(x, flag, n) lch chun theo chiu n
subspace(A,B) Gc gia hai im
sum(x) Tng cc phn t trong mi ct
sum(x,n) Tng cc phn t theo chiu n
trapz(x,y) Tch cho ca y=f(x)
trapz(x,y,n) Tch cho theo chiu n

---------------------oOo-------------------

chng 14
A THC

14.1 Cc nghim ca a thc

Tm nghim ca a thc l gi tr a thc bng khng, l mt bi ton thng gp trong thc
t. MATLAB gii quyt nhng bi ton ny v ng thi cung cp nhng cng c tnh ton a
91
thc. Trong MATLAB mt a thc c biu din bng mt vector hng cc h s vi bc gim dn.
V d a thc
x
4
-12x
3
+25x+116 c nhp vo nh sau:

>> p = [ 1 - 12 0 25 116]
p=
1 - 12 0 25 116

Nh rng mc dnh cho h s 0 cng phi c g vo nu khng MATLAB s khng hiu c
h s ca bi thc bc my l khng. S dng dng ny th nghim ca mt a thc c th tm c
bng cch dng hm roots:

>> r = r oot s( p)
r =
11. 7374
2. 7028
- 1. 2251 + 1. 4672i
- 1. 2251 - 1. 4672i
Bi v trong MATLAB c a thc v cc nghim ca n u l vector nn MATLAB ngm quy
c rng a thc l vector hng, cn cc nghim l cc vector ct. Nu bit trc nghim ca mt a
thc th ta d dng bit c a thc . Trong MATLAB lnh poly s thc hin cng vic ny:

>> pp = pol y( r )
pp=
1 - 12 - 1. 7764e- 14 25 116
>> pp( abs( pp) < 1e- 12 = 0 % Gn nhng phn t qu nh bng khng
1 - 12 0 25 116

Bi v trong tnh ton thng gp nhng sai s nn i khi kt qu ca lnh poly cho ra cc a thc
c cc h s gn bng khng v cc a thc c phn o rt nh nh c ch ra trn, cc gi tr bng
khng c th c lm trn bng cc cng c v mng. Tng t nh vy, ta c th lm trn mt s
phc tr thnh mt s thc bng hm real.

14.2 Nhn a thc

Hm conv thc hin nhn hai a thc (thc ra l hai ma trn), xt tch ca hai a thc sau:

a( x) = x
3
+2x
2
+3x+4 v b( x) = x
3
+4x
2
+9x+16

>> a = [ 1 2 3 4] ; b = [ 1 4 9 16] ;
>> c = conv( a, b)
c=
1 6 20 50 75 84 64

Kt qu l c( x) = x
6
+6x
5
+20x
4
+50x
3
+75x
2
+84x+64

khi ta nhn nhiu a thc vi nhau th ta phi s dng lnh conv nhiu ln.

14.3 Php cng a thc

92
MATLAB khng cung cp cc hm trc tip thc hin php cng hai a thc, dng php cng ma
trn ch c tc dng khi hai a thc l hai vector c cng kch thc. V d nh cng hai a thc a(x)
v b(x) trn:

>> d = a + b
d=
2 6 12 20
Kt qu l d( x) =2x
3
+6x
2
+12x+20. Khi hai a thc c bc khc nhau th a thc c bc thp hn
phi c thm vo cc h s 0 cho bc ca n c cng bc vi a thc c bc cao hn. Xt php
cng hai a thc c v d trn:

>> e = c + [ 0 0 0 d]
e=
1 6 20 52 81 96 84

Kt qu l e( x) =x
6
+6x
5
+20x
4
+52x
3
+81x
2
+84. Cc gi tr 0 cn phi c thm vo pha u
ca vector ch khng phi pha ui, bi v cc h s phi tng ng vi cc h s bc cao ca x.
Nu bn mun, bn c th to mt hm M_file thc hin php cng a thc tng qut:

f unct i on p=pol yadd( a, b)
%POLYADD Pol ynomi al addi t i on
%POLYADD( A, B) adds t he pol ynomi al s A and B
i f nar gi n<2
er r or ( Not enough i nput ar gument s )
end
a=a( : ) . ; %make sur ei nput s ar e r ow vect or s
b=b( : ) . ;
na=l engt h( a) ; %f i nd l engt hs of a and b
nb=l engt h( b) ;
p=[ zer os( 1, nb- na) a] +[ zer os( 1, na- nb) b] ;
%pad wi t h zer os as necessar y

By gi c th minh ho cho vic dng hm polyadd, hy xt v d trc y:

>> f = pol yadd( c, d)
f =
1 6 20 52 81 96 84
Kt qu cng ging nh a thc e trn. Tt nhin polyadd cng c th dng thc hin php tr.
>> g = pol yadd( c, - d)
g=
1 6 20 48 69 72 44
14.4 Chia hai a thc

Trong mt s trng hp ta phi chia a thc ny cho mt a thc khc, trong MATLAB cng
vic ny c thc hin bi hm deconv, s dng cc a thc b v c trn ta c:

>> [ q, r ] = deconv( c, b)
q=
1 2 3 4
r =
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
93

Kt qu ny ch ra rng c em chia cho b th c a thc l q v a thc d l r trong trng hp ny
a thc d l a thc 0 bi v c l a thc chia ht cho q (nh rng trn y ta nhn c a thc c
bng cch em nhn a thc a vi a thc b)

14.5 o hm

Bi v d dng tnh c vi phn ca mt a thc nn MATLAB a ra hm polyder tnh vi
phn a thc:

>> h = pol yder ( g)
h=
6 30 80 144 138 72

14.6 Tnh gi tr ca mt a thc

R rng rng bn c th cng, tr, nhn, chia, o hm mt a thc bt k da trn cc h s ca
n, bn cng c th d dng tnh c gi tr cc a thc ny. Trong MATLAB hm polyval s thc
hin cng vic ny:

>> x = l i nspace( - 1, 3) ;

S chn 100 im d liu gia -1 v 3

>> p = [ 1 4 - 7 - 10] ;

Dng a thc p( x) = x3+4x2- 7x- 10

>> v = pol yval ( p, x) ;

Tnh gi tr ca p(x) ti cc gi tr ca x v lu tr kt qu vo trong mng v. Sau kt qu s c
v ra bng lnh plot

>> pl ot ( x, v) , t i t l e( x^3+4x^2- 7x- 10 ) , xl abel ( x )
94

Hnh 14.1
14.7 Phn thc hu t

i khi bn gp nhng bi ton lin quan n t s ca hai a thc hay cn gi l phn thc hu
t, v d nh cc hm truyn hay cc hm xp x pade c dng nh sau:

Trong MATLAB phn thc cng c m phng bng hai a thc ring r.
V d nh:

>> n=[ 1 - 10 100] %a numer at or
n =
1 - 10 100
>> d=[ 1 10 100 0] %a di momi nat or
d =
1 10 100 0
>> z=r oot s( n) %t he zer os of n( x) / d( x)
z =
5. 0000 + 8. 6603i
5. 0000 - 8. 6603i
>> p=r oot s( d) %t he pol es of n( x) / d( x)
p =
0
- 5. 0000 + 8. 6603i
- 5. 0000 - 8. 6603i

o hm ca phn thc ny theo bin x c tnh da trn hm polyder:
>> [ nd, dd] =pol yder ( n, d)
95
nd =
- 1 20 - 100 - 2000 - 10000
dd =
1 20 300 2000 10000 0
Col umn 7
0
y nd v dd l t thc v mu thc ca o hm. Mt thao tc thng thng khc l tm phn d
ca phn thc.

>> [ r , p, k] =r esi due( n, d)
r =
0. 0000 + 1. 1547i
0. 0000 - 1. 1547i
1. 0000
p =
- 5. 0000 + 8. 6603i
- 5. 0000 - 8. 6603i
0
k =
[ ]
Trong trng hp ny hm residue tr v cc h s m rng phn thc tng phn r, cc nghim ca
phn thc l p v phn thng chia ht ca phn thc l k. Nu bc ca t s nh hn bc ca mu s
th phn thc chia ht s bng khng. Trong v d trn th m rng phn thc tng phn ca phn thc
cho l:

Nu cho trc cc a thc ny th phn thc ban u s tm c bng cch s dng hm residue:

>> [ nn, dd] =r esi due( r , p, k)
nn =
1. 0000 - 10. 0000 100. 0000
dd =
1. 0000 10. 0000 100. 0000 0

V vy trong trng hp ny, hm residue c th thc hin c vic chuyn i hai chiu tu
thuc vo s lng cc tham s vo v ra truyn cho n.

--------------------oOo------------------

96
chng 15
php ni suy v mn ho -ng cong

Trong cc lnh vc ng dng s, nhim v ca chng ta l phi biu din s liu, thng l cc
s o bng cc chc nng phn tch. C hai cch gii quyt vn ny, trong phng php ni im
(interpolation) th d liu c coi l ng v ci chng ta cn l cch biu din d liu khng nm
gia cc gi tr o c, theo phng php th hai gi l phng php mn ho ng cong (curve
fitting or regression), bn tm mt ng cong khng gy khc m ph hp nht vi d liu c, nh-
ng khng cn thit phi i qua mt cch chnh xc bt k mt in no trn bng s liu. H15.1
minh ho hai phng php trn, ch o nh du cc im biu din d liu, cc on thng bng nt
lin ni cc ng biu din d liu li vi nhau theo phng php ni im cn ng chm chm l
mt ng cong v theo phng php mn ho d liu.

15.1 Mn ho ng cong

Phng php mn ho ng cong lin quan n vic tr li hai cu hi c bn, l ng cong
th no th ph hp vi d liu nht v cu hi th hai l phi s dng loi ng cong no. Ph hp
nht c th hiu theo nhiu cch v do c nhiu ng cong, v vy chng ta phi bt u t u?.
Nu ph hp nht l gim nh n mc ti thiu tng sai s qun phng ti mi im biu din d
liu, so vi gi tr tng ng trn ng cong th ng cong ph hp nht s l mt ng thng v
mt ton m ni phng php ny c gi l phng php xp x a thc. Nu nh khi nim ny
cn kh hiu i vi bn th xin hy xem li hnh 15.1 khong cch theo chiu dc gia ng cong
d liu v cc im biu din d liu gi l sai s ca im , bnh phng khong cch ny ln v
cng tt c chng li ta c tng bnh phng sai s. ng cong chm chm l ng cong lm cho
bnh phng sai s l nh nht v c gi l ng cong ph hp nht. T qun phng b nht l
cch ni tt ca cm t Tng bnh phng sai s b nht.

Hnh 15.1

97
Trong MATLAB hm polyfit s gii quyt vn xp x ng cong qun phng b nht.
minh ho cho vic s dng hm ny, chng ta hy bt u bng cc d liu c trong hnh v.

>> x = [ 0 . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 1] ;
>> y =[ - . 447 1. 978 3. 28 6. 16 7. 08 7. 34 7. 66 9. 56 9. 48 9. 30 11. 2] ;

s dng hm polyfit, chng ta phi truyn cho n d liu trn v bc ca a thc m chng ta
mun ph hp vi d liu, nu chng ta chn bc n l 1 th ng cong xp x gn nht s l ng
thng. Phng php ny c gi l phng php xp x tuyn tnh. Mt khc nu chng ta chon n=2
th chng ta s tm c mt tam thc bc hai. V d:

>> n = 2;
>> p = pol yf i t ( x, y, n)
p =
- 9. 8108 20. 1293 - 0. 0317
Kt qu ca polyfit l mt vector biu din h s ca mt a thc bc hai. y a thc l
y= - 9. 8108x
2
+20. 1293x- 0. 0317. so snh mc xp x ca a thc vi cc im d
liu chng ta hy v hai ng:

>> xi = l i nspace( 0, 1, 100) ;

Dng ny to ra d liu trc x chun b v a thc

>> z = pol yval ( p, xi )
Dng ny gi hm polyval ca MATLAB tnh gi tr ca a thc p ti cc im xi

>> pl ot ( x, y, ' - o' , xi , z, ' : ' )

V cc im c to l x v y, nh du cc im ny bng ch o sau ni cc im ny bng
cc on thng. Ngoi ra n cn v d liu ca a thc xi v z dng ng chm chm.

>> xl abel ( ' x' ) , yl abel ( ' y=f ( x) ' )
>> t i t l e( ' Second Oder Cur ver Fi t t i ng' )

To nhn cho ng cong va v. Kt qu ca cc lnh trn y l mt th c gii thiu
trn.
Vic chn bc ca a thc khng phi l ngu nhin, nu c hai im th xc nh mt ng
thng, tc l mt a thc bc nht, ba im th xc nh mt parabol bc hai. C nh vy, xc nh
mt ng cong bc n, cn c n+1 im. V vy, trong v d trc c 11 im d liu, chng ta c
th chn bc ca a thc l t 1 n 10. Tuy nhin, do tnh cht s hc ca cc a thc bc cao rt
phc tp nn bn khng nn chn bc ca a thc ln hn mc cn thit. Ngoi ra khi bc ca a thc
tng ln th s xp x cng km hn, v vy cc a thc bc cao c th b o hm nhiu ln trc khi
o hm ca chng bng khng. V d cho mt a thc bc 10:

>> pp = pol yf i t ( x, y, 10)
pp =
1. 0e+006 *
- 0. 4644 2. 2965 - 4. 8773 5. 8233 - 4. 2948 2. 0211 -
0. 6032
98
0. 1090 - 0. 0106 0. 0004 - 0. 0000
>> f or mat shor t e %change di spl ay f or mat
>> pp. ' %di spl ay pol ynomi al coef f i ci ent s as a col umn
ans =
- 4. 6436e+005
2. 2965e+006
- 4. 8773e+006
5. 8233e+006
- 4. 2948e+006
2. 0211e+006
- 6. 0322e+005
1. 0896e+005
- 1. 0626e+004
4. 3599e+002
- 4. 4700e- 001
Lu kch thc ca vector h s a thc trong trng hp ny so vi ng cong bc hai trc
y, ng thi cng lu s khc nhau gia s hng nh nht v s hng ln nht trong a thc vo
khong 10
7
. Hy th v ng cong ny v so snh vi d liu gc v vi ng cong bc hai.

>> zz = pol yval ( pp, xi ) ; %eval ut e 10t h or der pol ynomi al
>> pl ot ( x, y, ' o' , xi , z, : , xi , zz) %pl ot dat a
>> t i t l e( ' 2nd and 10t h Or der Cur ver Fi t t i ng' )

Hnh 15.2

99
Trn hnh 15.2, d liu gc c nh du o, ng cong bc hai c v bng nt chm chm,
cn ng cong bc 10 c v bng nt m. n nt gn sng xut hin gia cc im d liu
bn pha tri v bn pha phi ca ng cong bc 10. Da vo th ny th r rng rng ci chit l
cng nhiu cng tt khng th p dng c y.

15.2 Ni im mt chiu

Nh gii thiu th ni im c nh ngha nh l mt phng php d on gi tr ca hm
gia nhng im cho trc. Ni im l mt cng c hu hiu khi chng ta khng th nhanh chng
tinh c gi tr ca hm ti cc im trung gian. Phng php ny c s dng rng ri i vi d
liu l gi tr ca cc php o thc nghim hoc l kt qu ca cc chui tnh ton di. C th v d
n gin nht ca vic ni im chnh l phng php v tng im ca MATLAB, tc l v nhng
on thng ni nhng im d liu lin tip to ln mt th.
y l phng php ni im tuyn tnh, n cho rng cc gi tr ca hm nm gia hai im cho
trc s ri vo khong gia hai u ca on thng ni hai im . Hin nhin l khi s lng cc
im d liu tng ln v khong cch gia chng gim i th phng php ni im tuyn tnh cng
tr ln chnh xc.

>> x1 = l i nspace( 0, 2*pi , 60) ;
>> x2 = l i nspace( 0, 2*pi , 6) ;
>> pl ot ( x1, si n( x1) , x2, si n( x2) , ' - ' )
>> xl abel ( ' x' ) , yl abel ( ' si n( x) ' )
>> t i t l e( ' Li near I nt er pol at i on' )

Hnh 15.3

C hai th cng v mt hm sine nhng th 60 im th mn hn th 6 im.
100
Cng ging nh phng php xp x ho ng cong, y chng ta cng phi thc hin mt s
la chn, c rt nhiu cch ni hai im, tu thuc vo gi nh m chng ta la chn. Hn na
chng ta c th ni cc im trong khng gian khng phi l mt chiu. Ni nh th nu bn c d
liu phn nh mt hm ph thuc vo hai bin z=f(x,y), bn c th ni gi tr nm gia hai im c x
v y khc nhau tm ra gi tr trung gian ca hai im. MATLAB cung cp mt s hm ni l :
interp1 ni cc d liu mt chiu, interp2 ni cc d liu hai chiu, interp3 ni cc d liu ba chiu,
interpn ni cc d liu c s chiu ln hn 3.
Sau y chng ta s xem xt cc d liu mt v hai chiu. minh ho vic ni d liu mt chiu,
hy xt v d sau, kh nng ca thnh gic, v d nh mc m thanh b nht hay cn gi l ngng
nghe ca tai ngi thay i theo tn s, d liu do ngi thng k c cho nh sau:

>> Hz = [ 20: 10: 100 200: 100: 1000 1500 2000: 1000: 10000] ;
>> %Fr equenci es i n Her t z
>> spl = [ 76 66 59 54 49 46 43 40 38 22 . . .
14 9 6 3. 5 2. 5 1. 4 0. 7 0 - 1 - 3 . . .
- 8 - 7 - 2 2 7 9 11 12] ;
>> %sound pr essur e l evel i n dB

Ngng nghe c chun ho bng 0dB ti tn s 1000Hz, bi v tn s tri trong mt di rt rng
nn khi v cc im d liu chng ta logarithm ho trc x.

>> semi l ogx( Hz, spl , ' - o' )
>> xl abel ( ' Fr equency, Hz' )
>> yl abel ( ' Rel at i ve Sound Pr esur e Level 1, dB' )
>> t i t l e( ' Thr eshol d of Human Hear i ng' )

Da vo hnh 15.4 ta thy tai ngi nhy cm ht i vi cc m thanh trong khong 3kHz. Da
vo cc s liu ny, chng ta hy d on ngng nghe tn s 2,5kHz bng mt vi cch khc nhau.

>> s = i nt er p1( Hz, spl , 2. 5e3) %l i near i nt er pol at i on
s =
- 5. 5000e+000
>> s = i nt er p1( Hz, spl , 2. 5e3, ' l i near ' ) %l i near i nt er pol at i on agai n
s =
- 5. 5000e+000
>> s = i nt er p1( Hz, spl , 2. 5e3, ' cubi c' ) %cubi c i nt er pol at i on
s =
- 5. 8690e+000
>> s = i nt er p1( Hz, spl , 2. 5e3, ' spl i ne' ) %spl i ne i nt er pol at i on
s =
- 5. 8690e+000
>> s = i nt er p1( Hz, spl , 2. 5e3, ' near est ' ) %near est - nei ghbor
s =
- 8

Hy n s khc nhau trong cc kt qu, hai gi tr u tin tr v mt cch chnh xc gi tr
c v trn hnh ti tn s 2,5kHz bi v MATLAB ni cc im mt cch tuyn tnh gia cc
im d liu trn th cc ng cong a thc, v d nh a thc bc 3 s xp x ho cc im trn
th theo cc cch khc nhau, kt qu l cc ng cong ny tng i ph hp vi cc d liu m
n i qua trn th nhng khc bit kh xa so vi phng php ni bng ng thng.

101

Hnh 15.4

V vy bn chn cch no gi quyt mt bi ton cho trc?, trong nhiu trng hp th ch
cn ni mt cch tuyn tnh l , trong thc t th chnh l phng php mc nh khi cc ng
cong cng gn vi cc on thng th cng km chnh xc nhng ngc li tc tnh ton nhanh,
iu ny c bit quan trng khi tp d liu ln. Mt phng php tiu tn nhiu thi gian, cho ra kt
qu p mt nhng khng hiu qu. Trong thc t mt trong nhng tc dng ch yu ca phng
php ni im bng hm bc 3 hoc cao hn l mn ho d liu, c ngha l cho trc mt tp d
liu ta c th dng phng php ny tnh ra gi tr ca hm nhng thi im nht nh bt k. V
d:

>> Hzi = l i nspace( 2e3, 5e3) ; %l ook cl osel y near mi ni mum
>> spl i = i nt er p1( Hz, spl , Hzi , ' cubi c' ) ; %i nt er pol at e near mi ni mum
>> i = f i nd( Hz>=2e3&Hz<=5e3) ;
>> % f i nd or i gi nal dat a i ndi ces near mi ni mum
>> semi l ogx( Hz( i ) , spl ( i ) , ' - o' , Hzi , spl i ) %pl ot ol d and new dat a
>> xl abel ( ' Fr equency, Hz' )
>> yl abel ( ' Rel at i ve Sound Pr esur e Level 1, dB' )
>> t i t l e( ' Thr eshol d of Human Hear i ng' )
>> gr i d on

102

Hnh 15.5

Trn hnh 15.5 ng gch gch s dng phng php ni im tuyn tnh, ng lin nt l mt
hm bc 3, cn nhng im d liu gc c nh du bi ch o. Bng cch nng cao phn gii
trn trc tn s v s dng ng bc 3 th cc s liu v ngng nghe m chng ta d on c s
mn hn.
Cn ch rng dc ca ng bc 3 khng thay i mt cch t ngt khi i qua im d
liu nh l khi s dng phng php ni tuyn tnh. Vi b d liu trn chng ta c th d on c
tn s m ti tai ngi nhy cm nht i vi m thanh.

>> [ sp_mi n, i ] = mi n( spl i ) %mi ni mumand i ndex of mi ni mum
sp_mi n =
- 8. 4245e+000
i =
45
>> Hz_mi n = Hzi ( i ) % f r equency at mi ni mum
Hz_mi n =
3. 3333e+003

Tai ngi nhy cm nht i vi m thanh c tn s khong 3.3kHz. Trc khi cp n vic xp
x ho hai chiu th chng ta cn nhn r hai hn ch ln ca interp1 l: Th nht khi yu cu tnh
ton ngoi khong ca mt bin c lp. V d nh interp1(Hz, spl, 1e5) th s sinh ra kt qu NaN.
Th hai l cc bin c lp phi n iu, ngha l cc bin c lp phi lun tng hoc l lun
gim. Trong v d trn ca chng ta th trc tn s Hz lun tng.

103
15.3 Xp x ho hai chiu

Xp x ho hai chiu da trn cng mt nguyn l ca xp x ho mt chiu. Tuy nhin nh tn
ca n ch ra, xp x ho hai chiu l xp x mt hm ph thuc vo hai bin c lp
z = f(x, y). hiu r khi nim ny, ta hy xt v d sau:
Mt cng ty thm him i dng, cn thm him mt vng bin, c 0.5Km theo hnh vung th
su ca y bin li c o v ghi li mt phn ca d liu thu thp c lu trong mt chng
trnh MATLAB di dng mt M_file c tn l ocean.m nh sau:

f unct i on ocean
%ocean dept h dat a
x=0: . 5: 4; % x- axi s ( ver i es acr oss t he r ows of z)
y=0: . 5: 6; %y- axi s ( var i es down t he col umns of z)
z=[ 100 99 100 99 100 99 99 99 100
100 99 99 99 100 99 100 99 99
99 99 98 98 100 99 100 100 100
100 98 97 97 99 100 100 100 99
101 100 98 98 100 102 103 100 100
102 103 101 100 102 106 104 101 100
99 102 100 100 103 108 106 101 99
97 99 100 100 102 105 103 101 100
100 102 103 101 102 103 102 100 99
100 102 103 102 101 101 100 99 99
100 100 101 101 100 100 100 99 99
100 100 100 100 100 99 99 99 99
100 100 100 99 99 100 99 100 99] ;
th ca d liu trn c v bi cc lnh sau:
mesh( x, y, z)
xl abel ( ' X- axi s, Km' )
yl abel ( ' Y- axi s, Km' )
zl abel ( ' Ocean dept h, m' )
t i t l e( ' Ocean dept h Measur ement s' )

Hnh 15.6
104
S dng cc d liu ny th su ca mt im bt k nm trong khu vc kho st c th tnh
c da vo hm interp2. V d:

>> zi = i nt er p2( x, y, z, 2. 2, 3. 3)
zi =
1. 0392e+002
>> zi = i nt er p2( x, y, z, 2. 2, 3. 3, ' l i near ' )
zi =
1. 0392e+002
>> zi = i nt er p2( x, y, z, 2. 2, 3. 3, ' cubi c' )
zi =
1. 0419e+002
>> zi = i nt er p2( x, y, z, 2. 2, 3. 3, ' near est ' )
zi =
102
Cng ging nh trong trng hp xp x ho mt chiu, xp x ho hai chiu cng c nhiu phng
php, m phng php n gin nht l phng php ni bng on thng, hay cn gi l ni tuyn
tnh. Mt ln na chng ta c th xp x ho cho th tr ln mn hn vi phn gii cao hn:

xi =l i nspace( 0, 4, 30) ; %f i ner x- axi s
yi =l i nspace( 0, 6, 40) ; %f i ner y- axi s
[ xxi , yyi ] =meshgr i d( xi , yi ) ;
%gr i d of al l combi nat i ons of xi and yi
zzi =i nt er p2( x, y, z, xxi , yyi , ' cubi c' ) ; %i nt er pol at e
mesh( xxi , yyi , zzi ) %smoot hed dat a
hol d on
[ xx, yy] =meshgr i d( x, y) ; %gr i d or i gi nal dat a
pl ot 3( xx, yy, z+0. 1, ' ok' )
%pl ot or i gi nal dat a up a bi t t o show nodes
hol d of f

Hnh 15.7
105
y hm meshgrid c dng to mng xp x ho bao ph ton b nhng im yu cu nm
trong im kho st. Nh trong hnh 15.7, hm meshgrid thc hin iu bng cch to ra mt
mng hai chiu da trn cc vector xi v yi, s dng mng ny chng ta c th d on c ch
nng nht ca y bin.

>> zmax = max( max( zzi ) )
zmax=
108. 05
>> [ i , j ] = f i nd( zmax==zzi ) ;
>> xmax = xi ( j )
xmax=
2. 6207
>> ymax = yi ( j )
ymax=
2. 9231
-----------------oOo-------------------

chng 16
phn tch s liu

Cho d vic gii mt bi ton tch phn hoc tnh gi tr ca mt hm l tng i phc tp, nh-
ng i vi my tnh th ch n gin l vic x l cc s liu. Lnh vc ny ca tin hc v ton hc
c gi l x l s liu. Nh bn c th d on, MATLAB cung cp cc cng c gii quyt vn
ny. Trong chng trnh nychng ta xem xt cch s dng cc cng c .

16.1 V th

Cho n thi im ny th vic v th ca mt hm vn ch n gin da trn vic tnh gi tr
ca hm ti mt s im ri rc, v dng cc im biu din cc hm ti cc gi tr ri rc .
Trong nhiu trng hp th gii php ny l c th chp nhn c. Tuy nhin c mt s hm th
tng i bng phng mt s khong no nhng li tr ln t bin mt s gi tr nht nh. S
dng phng php v truyn thng trong trng hp ny c th lm mt i tnh chn thc ca th.
V vy MATLAB cung cp cho ta mt hm v th thng minh, gi l fplot. Hm ny tnh ton mt
cch cn thn hm s cn v v m bo mt cch chc chn rng tt c cc im c bit c biu
din trn th. Hm flot nhn vo l tn ca hm cn v di dng mt chui k t, v gi tr cn v
di dng mng gm hai phn t cha gi tr u v gi tr cui.

V d:

>> f pl ot ( ' humps' , [ 0 2] )
>> t i t l e( ' FPLOT of humps' )

Tnh cc gi tr ca hm humps nm gia 0 v 2 v th hin th trong hnh 16.1. Trong v d ny
humps l mt hm M_file thit k sn.

106

Hnh 16.1
f unct i on [ out 1, out 2] = humps( x)
%HUMPS A f unct i on used by QUADDEMO, ZERODEMO and FPLOTDEMO.
% Y = HUMPS( X) i s a f unct i on wi t h st r ong maxi ma near x = . 3
% and x = . 9.
%
% [ X, Y] = HUMPS( X) al so r et ur ns X. Wi t h no i nput ar gument s,
% HUMPS uses X = 0: . 05: 1.
%
% Exampl e:
% pl ot ( humps)
%
% See QUADDEMO, ZERODEMO and FPLOTDEMO.

% Copyr i ght ( c) 1984- 98 by The Mat hWor ks, I nc.
% $Revi si on: 5. 4 $ $Dat e: 1997/ 11/ 21 23: 26: 10 $

i f nar gi n==0, x = 0: . 05: 1; end

y = 1 . / ( ( x- . 3) . ^2 + . 01) + 1 . / ( ( x- . 9) . ^2 + . 04) - 6;

i f nar gout ==2,
out 1 = x; out 2 = y;
el se
out 1 = y;
end

107
Hm fplot lm vic vi bt c mt hm M_file no c mt gi tr vo v mt gi tr ra, ngha l
ging nh hm humps trn, bin ra y tr v mt mng c cng kch thc vi bin vo x. Mt li
thng thng xy ra khi s dng hm fplot cng ging nh khi s dng cc hm phn tch s khc l
b quyn du nhy n tn hm cn v. Hm fplot cn du nhy n trnh nhm ln tn hm
vi cc bin trong mi trng MATLAB. i vi cc hm n gin c biu din bng mt chui
cc k t. V d y = 2. e
- x
si n( x) th hm fplot c th v c th ca hm trn m khng cn
phi to ra mt M_file. thc hin iu ch cn vit hm cn v di dng mt chui k t c s
dng x l bin s c lp.

>> f = ' 2*exp( - x) . *si n( x) ' ;

y hm f ( x) = 2. e
- x
si n( x) c nh ngha bng cch s dng php nhn ma trn.

>> f pl ot ( f , [ 0 8] )
>> t i t l e( f ) , xl abel ( ' x' )

V th ca hm nm trong khong t 0 n 8 to ra th nh hnh 16.2.

Hnh 16.2

Da trn nhng tnh nng c bn ny, hm fplot c nhng kh nng rt mnh, hy xem phn tr
gip trc tuyn ca MATLAB hiu r hn v cch dng hm ny.

16.2 Cc tr ca mt hm

108
Ngoi vic s dng phng php v th thu c nhng thng tin trc quan v hm, chng
ta cn cn phi bit thm nhng thng tin v mt s thuc tnh nht nh ca hm. Trong nhiu
trng hp chng ta cn phi bit cc cc tr ca hm , l cc cc i, cc cc tiu. V mt ton
hc th cc tr c tm theo phng php gii tch bng cch tnh o hm ca hm v tm nhng
im m ti o hm bng 0. iu ny rt d hiu nu bn xem li th ca hm humps ni trn.
Nhng im m th ca hm nh ln cao l nhng im cc i, cn nhng im th lm xung
thp nht l nhng im cc tiu. R rng rng khi hm c nh ngha mt cch n gin th
phng php gii tch c th d dng thc hin c, tuy nhin i vi mt s hm cho d vic tnh
o hm l kh d dng th vic tm nghim ca o hm th li khng phi l n gin.Trong nhng
trng hp ny, v trong nhng trng hp kh c th tm ra cch phn tch o hm, th cn thit
phi tm hm v cng v s lng. MATLAB cung cp hai hm thc hin vic ny, l fmin v
fmins , hai hm ny tng ng tm gi tr cc tiu ca cc hm mt chiu v hm n chiu. Ta ch quan
tm n fmin trong phn ny. Hn na fmin c th tm thy trong hel p trc tuyn. Bi v max ca
f(x) hon ton tng ng vi mi n ca -f(x) , nn fmin v fmins , c hai u c dng tm gi
tr ln nht v nh nht.
minh ho php cc tiu ho v cc i ho, hy xem v d trc mt ln na.T hnh 16.2
c mt gi tr cc i gn x
max
=0.7 v mt gi tr nh nht gn x
min
=4. iu ny c th cho php ta
xem nh x
max
=/40.785, x
min
=5/43.93. Vit ra mt script-file dng ch son tho thun tin v s
dng fmin tm ra s ny:

f unct i on ex_f mi n. m
%ex_f mi n. m

f n=' 2*exp( - x) *si n( x) ' ;
%def i ne f unct i on f or mi n
xmi n=f mi n( f n, 2, 5) %sear ch over r ange 2<x<5

emi n=5*pi / 4- xmi n %f i nd er r or

x=xmi n; %eval needs x si nce f n has x
%as i t s var i abl e
ymi n=eval ( f n) %eval uat e at xmi n
f x=' - 2*exp( - x) *si n( x) ' ; %def i nr f unct i on f or max:
%not e mi nus si gn
xmax=f mi n( f n, 0, 3) %sear ch over r ange 0<x<3

emax=pi / 4- xmax %f i nd er r or

x=xmax; %eval needs x si nce f n has x
%as i t s var i abl e
ymax=eval ( f n) %eval uat e at xmax

Chy M_file ny th kt qu nh sau:

xmi n =
3. 9270
emi n =
1. 4523e- 006
ymi n =
- 0. 0279
109
xmax =
3. 0000
emax =
- 2. 2146
ymax =
0. 0141
Kt qu ny hon ton ph hp vi th trc . Ch rng fmin lm vic ni chung l nh
fplot. V d ny cn gii thiu hm eval , hm ny nhn mt xu k t v gii thch n nh l xu
c nh vo t du nhc ca MATLAB.
Cui cng, mt iu quan trng cn ch khc l vic ti thiu ho lin quan n vic tm gi tr
nh nht, fmin s c lng hm tm gi tr ny. Qu trnh tm kim s tn thi gian nu nh hm
c mt lng php tnh ln, hoc l hm c nhiu hn mt gi tr cc tiu trong di tm kim. Trong
mt s trng hp, qu trnh ny khng tm ra c p s. Khi m fmin khng tm c gi tr nh
nht th n dng li v a ra li gii thch.

16.3 Tm gi tr khng

Nu nh bn quan tm n vic tm kim khi hm tin ra v cng, th i khi rt l quan trng
tm ra khi no hm qua 0 v khi no qua cc gi tr khng i
Mt ln na MATLAB cung cp cho ta cng c gii quyt vn ny. Hm fzero tm gi tr 0
ca mng mt chiu. lm sng t, chng ta cng xem li v d v hm humps mt ln na:
>> xzer o = f zer o( ' humps' , 1. 2) %l ook f or zer o near 1. 2
xzer o =
1. 2995
>> yzer o = humps( xzer o) %eval uat e at zer o
yzer o =
3. 5527e- 15
Nh vy, gi tr 0 gn vi 1.3. Nh thy trn, qu trnh tm kim gi tr 0 c th khng c kt qu.
Nu khng tm thy , n dng li v a ra gii thch.
Hm frzero bt buc phi c cung cp tn cho n mi khi n c gi n. fzero cho bit ti u
hm bng 0 hoc n cn c th tm ra gi tr khi no hm bng hng s. V d tm x f ( x) = c,
th ta phi nh ngha li hm g(x) nh sau: g( x) = f ( x) - c, v hm fzero tm gi tr ca x
g( x) = 0, tng ng f ( x) = c.

16.4 Php ly tch phn

MATLAB cung cp cho ta ba hm tnh cc php ton lin quan n tch phn: trapz, quad v
quad8. Hm trapz cho ta gi tr xp x tch phn pha di hm bng cch ly tng cc min hnh
thang ca cc im d liu nh trong hnh 16.4.
Nh thy trong hnh 16.4, cc min hnh thang c lp c gi tr c lng di mc thc t. Nu
ta chia nh ra nh php ni suy tuyn tnh th s xp x ca hm s cao hn. V d nu ta gp i s
lng cc hnh thang c, th xp x tng ln nh hnh
v 16.5.

-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 -10
0
10
20
30
40
50

Hnh 16.4
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 -100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Hnh 16.5

Tnh ton cc vng ny bng hm y = humps( x) vi -1<x<2 , s dng trapz cho mi hnh trn ta
c:
110

>> x = - 1: . 3: 2; %r ough appr oxi mat i on
>> y = humps( x) ;
>> ar ea = t r apz( x, y) %cal l t r apz j ust l i ke t he pl ot command
ar ea =
21. 8453
>> x = - 1: . 15: 2; %bet t er appr oxi mat i on
>> y = humps( x) ;
>> ar ea = t r apz( x, y)
ar ea =
25. 8523

Thng thng th kt qu ca chng l khc nhau, da trn s lng cc min c chia trong
hnh v. Tuy nhin, khng c g m bo rng qu trnh xp x no l tt hn, ngoi tr s ng n
ca php ton, hin nhin khi bn thay i mt cch c lp cc vng hnh thang, v nh lm cho n
nh i th chc chn l kt qu s chnh xc hn nhiu.
Hm quad v quad8 u l cc hm c cch tnh nh nhau. S nh gi ca c hai hm l rt cn
thit t kt qu chnh xc. Hn na xp x ca chng l cao hn so vi hnh thang n, vi
quad8 c kt qu chnh xc hn quad. Cc hm ny c gi ging nh gi fzero:
>> ar ea = quad( ' humps' , - 1, 2) %f i nd ar ea bet ween - 1 and 2
ar ea =
26. 3450
>> ar ea = quad8( ' humps' , - 1, 2)
ar ea =
26. 3450
bit thm chi tit v hm ny , bn hy xem trn h tr gip ca MATLAB.

16.5 Php ly vi phn

So snh vi php ly tch phn, ta thy php ly vi phn kh hn nhiu. Php ly tch phn cho c
mt vng hoc c tnh v m ca hm trong khi php ly vi phn ch ly ti mt im no y, hay
cn gi l c tnh vi m ca hm. Kt qu l php tnh vi phn s khng n nh khi c tnh ca
hnh thay i trong khi php tnh tch phn th t chu nh hng hn.
Bi v php tnh tch phn l kh nn ngi ta c trnh nhng php tnh no m khng th thc
hin c, c bit khi d liu ly tch phn l kt qu ca thc nghim. V d, chng ta hy xem xt
v d lm trn hnh trong chng 15:

>> x = [ 0 . 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 1] ;
>> y = [ - . 447 1. 978 3. 28 6. 16 7. 08 7. 34 . . .
7. 66 9. 56 9. 48 9. 30 11. 2] ; %dat a
>> n = 2; %or der of f i t
>> p = pol yf i t ( x, y, n) %f i nd pol ynomi al coef f i ci ent s
p =
- 9. 8108 20. 1293 - 0. 0317
>> xi = l i nspace( 0, 1, 100) ;
>> z = pol yval ( p, xi ) ; %eval uat e pol ynomi al
>> pl ot ( x, y, ' o' , x, y, xi , z, ' : ' )
>> t i t l e( ' Second Or der Cur ve Fi t t i ng' )

Vi phn trong trng hp ny c s dng bng cch s dng hm o hm polyder:
111
>> pd = pol yder ( p)
pd =
- 19. 6217 20. 1293
Vi phn ca a thcy=- 9. 8108x
2
+20. 1293x- 0. 0317ldx/ dy= - 19. 6217x+20. 1293.
Bi v o hm ca mt a thc cng c v v tnh gi tr ging nh l i vi a thc:
>> z = pol yval ( pd, xi ) ; %eval uat e der i vat i ve
>> pl ot ( xi , z)
>> xl abel ( ' x' ) , yl abel ( ' dy/ dx' )
>> t i t l e( ' Der i vat i ve of a Cur ve Fi t Pol ynomi al ' )

Hnh 16.6

Hnh 16.7

Trong trng hp ny xp x a thc l mt hm bc hai v o hm ca n tr thnh hm bc
nht.
112
MATLAB cung cp mt hm tnh ton o hm mt cch s b da vo d liu m t mt s
hm, hm ny c tn l diff, n tnh ton chnh lch gia cc phn t trong mng. Bi v o hm
c nh ngha nh sau:

nn o hm ca hm f(x) c th c tnh mt cch s b da vo cng thc:

khi h>0
Gi l s ra ca y chia cho s ra ca x, do hm diff tnh ton s khc nhau gia cc phn t trong
mng nn o hm c th c tnh mt cch xp x da vo hm diff:

>> dy = di f f ( y) . / di f f ( x) ;
>> %comput e di f f er ences and use ar r ay di vi si on
>> xd = x( 1: l engt h( x) - 1) ;
>> %cr eat e new x axi s ar r ay si nce dy i s shor t er t han y
>> pl ot ( xd, dy)
>> t i t l e( ' Appr oxi mat e Der i vat i ve Usi ng DI FF' )
>> yl abel ( ' dy/ dx' ) , xl abel ( ' x' )

Hnh 16.8
Do hm diff tnh ra s khc nhau gia cc phn t nn kt qu ca v d trn l mt mng c s
phn t t hn mng ban u mt phn t. V vy v c th ca o hm th phi b i mt
phn t ca mng x. So sng hai th cui cng th thy hin nhin rng o hm tnh bng phng
php gn ng khc xa so vi thc t.

16.6 Phng trnh vi phn

C th bn kh quen vi thc t l rt nhiu h thng vt l u c m t bng phng trnh
vi phn. Do vy phn sau y i vi bn c th kh hp dn.
Mt phng trnh vi phn thng m t tc thay i ca mt bin s trong h thng theo s
thay i ca mt bin khc trong h thng hoc theo kch thch bn ngoi. Phng trnh vi phn thng
thng c th c gii nh cc phng php gii tch hoc s dng cng c ton k hiu ca
MATLAB.
113
Trong nhng trng hp m phng trnh vi phn khng th gii c bng phng php gii tch
th vic s dng phng php s hc tr ln kh hiu qu. minh ho hy xt phng trnh Van Der
Pol, phng trnh biu din mt b dao ng.

Tt c cc phng php ton hc gii phng trnh dng ny u s dng mt phng trnh vi
phn cao cp hn, tng ng vi mt tp phng trnh vi phn bc nht. i vi phng trnh vi
phn trn th cch gii ny c thc hin bng cch nh ngha hai bin trung gian:
t y
1
= x, v y
2
=
suy ra:
i vi cc h phng trnh nh th ny MATLAB cung cp mt tp cc hm ODE gii xp x
ho chng mt cch s hc. Trong quyn hng dn ny chng ta khng c kh nng nu ht
nhng ni dung v ng dng ca tng hm trong b ODE. tm hiu thm v cc hmm ODE ng
dng trong rt nhiu bi ton th d, hy g >> odedemo ti du nhc ca MATLAB. Trc ht
chng ta hy xt v d sau y, chnh l v d ode45. Chng ta phi vit mt hm M_file tr v cc
o hm nu bit trc cc gi tr tc thi ca y
1
v y
2
. Trong MATLAB cc o hm c cho bi
cc vector ct, trong trng hp ny gi l yprime. Tng t y
1
v y
2
c vit di dng vector ct
y. Kt qu ca mt hm M_file nh sau:
f unct i on ypr i me=vdpol ( t , y) ;
%VDPOL( t , y) r et ur ns t he st at e der i vat i ves of
% t he Van der Pol equat i on:
%
% x' ' - mu*( 1- x^2) *x+x=0
%
% l et y( 1) =x and y( 2) =x'
%
% t hen y( 1) ' =y( 2)
% y( 2) ' =mu*( 1- y( 1) ^2) *y( 2) - y( 1)
mu=2; %choose 0< mu < 10
ypr i me=[ y( 2)
mu*( 1- y( 1) ^2) *y( 2) - y( 1) ] ; %out put must be a col umn
Gi s thi gian ko di t 0 n 30 giy, v d t span=[ 0 30] . Sau s dng lnh vdpol th
li gii cho bi ton nh sau:
>> t span = [ 0 30] ;
>> yo = [ 1; 0] ;
>> ode45( ' vdpol ' , t span, yo) ;
Khi s dng hm m khng c i s ra, cc hm ODE s t ng chn nhng thi im thch hp
tnh o hm. c th truy nhp c d liu, ta ch cn cung cp cho hm nhng thng s ra.
>> [ t , y] = ode45( ' vdpol ' , t span, yo) ;
y t l mt vector ct cha nhng thi im tnh o hm, cn y l mt ma trn cha hai ct
v cc hng l engt h( t ) , hng u tin ca ma trn y cha bin s y( 1) , hng th hai l bin s
y( 2) .
Da vo nhng c im ny chng ta c th v c th pha, l th gia y( 2) v y( 1) :
>> pl ot ( y( : , 1) , y( : , 2) )
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 - 4 - 3 - 2 - 101234

Hnh 16.9
Cc hm ODE ca MATLAB u c tr gip trc tuyn, mi hm u c cc i s cng nh
cch s dng ring, nu bn mun nghin cu thm th hy tham kho thm phn tr gip trc tuyn
ca chng.
- 3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -4
-3 -2 -1 0
12
34

Hnh 16.10

114
chng 17
ho trong h to phng

Trong ton b phn hng dn s dng ca cun sch ny, mt s c tnh v ho ca
MATLAB s ln lt c gii thiu, v trong chng ny v chng tip theo chng ta s lm sng
t thm v nhng c tnh ca MATLAB.

17.1 S dng lnh Plot

Nh bn thy v d trc , phn ln cc cu lnh v th trong mt phng u l lnh
plot.Lnh plot ny s v th ca mt mng d liu trong mt h trc thch hp, v ni cc im
bng ng thng. Di y l mt v d m bn thy trc (Hnh 17.1):
>> x = l i nspace( 0, 2*pi , 30) ;
>> y = si n( x) ;
>> pl ot ( x, y)
V d ny to 30 im d liu trong on 0 x 2 theo chiu ngang th, v to mt vector y khc
l hm si ne ca d liu cha trong x. Lnh plot m ra mt ca s ho gi l ca s figure, trong
ca s ny n s to chia ph hp vi d liu, v th qua cc im, v th c to thnh bi
vic ni cc im ny bng ng nt lin. Cc thang chia s v du c t ng cp nht vo, nu
nh
ca s figure tn ti, plot xo ca s hin thi v thay vo l ca s mi.

Hnh 17.1
By gi cng v hm si ne v cosi ne trn cng mt th
>> z = cos( x) ;
>> pl ot ( x, y, x, z)
115

Hnh 17.2
V d ny cho thy bn c th v nhiu hn mt th trn cng mt hnh v, bn ch vic a
thm vo plot mt cp i s, plot t ng v th th hai bng mu khc trn mn hnh. Nhiu -
ng cong c th cng v mt lc nu nh bn cung cp cc cp i s cho lnh plot.

Nu nh mt trong cc i s l ma trn v i s cn li l vector, th lnh plot s v tng ng
mi ct ca ma trn vi vector :
>> W= [ y; z] % xy dng mt ma trn sine v cosine
>> pl ot (x, W) % v cc ct ca W vi x

Hnh 17.3
116
Nu nh bn thay i trt t cc i s th th s xoay mt gc bng 90 .

>> pl ot ( W, x)

Hnh 17.4

Nu lnh plot c gi m ch c mt i s, v nh plot(Y) th hm plot s a ra mt kt qu
khc, ph thuc vo d liu cha trong Y. Nu gi tr ca Y l mt s phc, Plot(Y) tng ng vi
plot ( real(Y ) ) v plot ( imag(Y ) ), trong tt c cc trng hp khc th phn o ca Y thng c
b qua. Mt khc nu Y l phn thc th plot(Y) tng ng vi
plot(1:length(Y), Y).

17.2 Kiu ng, du v mu

Trong v d trc, MATLAB chn kiu nt v solid v mu blue v green cho th. Ngoi ra bn
c th khai bo kiu mu, nt v ca ring bn bng vic a vo plot mt i s th 3 sau mi cp d
liu ca mng. Cc i s tu chn ny l mt xu k t, c th cha mt hoc nhiu hn theo bng
di y:

K hiu Mu K hiu Kiu nt v K hiu
ngha
b xanh da tri - nt lin s vung
g xanh l cy
:
ng chm d diamond
r
-.
ng gch chm v triangle(down)
c xanh xm
--
ng gch gch ^ triangle(up)
m tm O ng o < triangle(left)
y vng X ng x > triangle(right)
k en + ng du + p pentagram
w trng * ng hnh * h hexagram
117
Nu bn khng khai bo mu th MATLAB s chn mu mc nh l blue. Kiu ng mc nh
l kiu solid tr khi bn khai bo kiu ng khc. Cn v du, nu khng c du no c chn th
s khng c kiu ca du no c v.
Nu mt mu, du, v kiu ng tt c u cha trong mt xu, th kiu mu chung cho c du
v kiu nt v. khai bo mu khc cho du, bn phi v cng mt d liu vi cc kiu khai bo
chui khc nhau. Di y l mt v d s dng cc kiu ng, mu, v du v khc nhau:

>> pl ot ( x, y, ' b: p' , x, z, ' c- ' , x, z, ' m+' )

Hnh 17.5a
17.3 Kiu th

Lnh colordef cho php bn la chn kiu hin th. Gi tr mc nh ca colordef l white . Kiu
ny s dng trc to , mu nn, nn hnh v mu xm sng, v tn tiu ca trc mu en. Nu
bn thch nn mu en, bn c th dng lnh colordef black. Kiu ny s cho ta nn trc to en,
nn hnh v mu ti xm, v tiu trc mu trng.

17.4 th li, hp cha trc, nhn, v li ch gii

Lnh grid on s thm ng li vo th hin ti. Lnh grid off s b cc nt ny, lnh grid m
khng c tham s i km theo th s xen k gia ch on v off. MATLAB khi to vi
grid off . Thng thng trc to c nt gn kiu solid nn gi l hp cha trc. Hp ny c th tt
i vi box off v box on s khi phc li. Trc ng v trc ngang c th c nhn vi lnh xlabel v
ylabel. Lnh title s thm vo th tiu nh. Dng hm sine v cosine minh ho:

>> x = l i nspace( 0, 2*pi , 30) ;
>> y = si n( x) ;
>> z = cos( x) ;
>> pl ot ( x, y, x, z)
118

Hnh 17.5b
>> box of f
>> xl abel ( ' I ndependent var i abl e X' )
>> yl abel ( ' dependent var i abl e Y and Z' )
>> t i t l e( ' Si ne and Cosi ne Cur ve' )

Hnh 17.6
Bn c th thm nhn hoc bt c chui k t no vo bt c v tr no bng cch s dng lnh
text. C php ca lnh ny l : text (x, y,string) trong x, y l to tm bn tri ca chui vn
bn. thm nhn vo hnh sine v tr ( 2. 5, 0. 7) nh sau:
>> gr i d on, box on
119
>> t ext ( 2. 5, 0. 7, ' si n( x) ' )
Nu bn mun thm nhn m khng mun b hnh v khi h trc ang xt, bn c th thm chui
vn bn bng cch di chut n v tr mong mun. Lnh gtext s thc hin vic ny.
V d (Hnh 17.8):
>> gt ext ( ' cos( x) ' )

Hnh 17.7

Hnh 17.8

120
17.5 Kin to h trc to

MATLAB cung cp cho bn cng c c th kim sot hon ton hnh dng v thang chia ca c
hai trc ng v ngang vi lnh axis. Do lnh ny c nhiu yu t, nn ch mt s dng hay dng nht
c cp y. bit mt cch y v lnh axis, bn hy xem h tr gip help ca
MATLAB hoc cc tham kho khc. Cc c tnh c bn ca lnh axis c cho trong bng di
y:

Lnh M t
axis([xmin xmax ymin ymax])
c a ra trong vector hng
Thit lp cc gi tr mi n, max ca h trc dng cc gi tr

V=axis V l mt vector ct c cha thang chia cho th hin ti:
[xmin xmax ymin ymax]
axis auto Tr li gi tr mc nh thang chia
axis(auto) xmin = min(x), xmax = max(x), ..v.v...
axismanual Gii hn thang chia nh thang chia hin ti
axis xy S dng (mc nh ) h to decac trong gc to
Gc gc thp nht bn tri, trc ngang tng t tri qua
phi, trc ng tng t di ln
axis ij S dng h to ma trn, trong gc to nh gc
tri, trc ng tng t nh xung, trc ngang tng t tri
qua phi
axissquare

Thit lp th hin ti l hnh vung, so vi mc nh hnh
ch nht
axisequal Thit lp thang chia ging nhau cho c hai h trc
axis tightequal

Tng t nh axis equal nhng hp th va i vi d
liu
axis normal Tt i ch axis equal, equal, tight v vis3d
axis off Tt b ch nn trc, nhn, li, v hp, du. Thot khi
ch lnh title v bt c lnh label no v thay bi lnh
text v gtext
axison Ngc li vi axis off nu chng c th.

Th kim nghim mt s lnh axis cho th ca bn, s dng cc v d trc s cho ta kt qu
nh sau:
>> axi s of f % b trc to

Hnh 17.9
121

>> axi s on, gr i d of f %t ur n t he axi s on, t he gr i d of f

Hnh 17.10

>>axi s i j %t ur n t he pl ot upsi de- down

Hnh 17.11
122

>> axi s squar e equal %gi ve axi s t wo command at once

Hnh 17.12

>> axi s xy nor mal %r et ur n t o t he def aul t s

Hnh 17.13

123
17.6 In hnh

in cc hnh m bn va v hoc cc hnh trong chng trnh ca MATLAB m bn cn, bn c
th dng lnh in t bng chn hoc nh lnh in vo t ca s lnh:
+) In bng lnh t bng chn: Trc tin ta phi chn ca s hnh l c s hot ng bng cch
nhn chut ln n, sau bn chn mc bng chn Print t bng chn file. Dng cc thng s to ln
trong mc bng chn Print Setup hoc Page Setup, th hin ti ca bn s c gi ra my in.
+) In bng lnh t ca s lnh: Trc tin bn cng phi chn ca s hnh lm ca s hot ng
bng cch nhn chut ln n hoc dng lnh figure(n), sau bn dng lnh in.
>> pr i nt % pr i nt s t he cur r ent pl ot t o your pr i nt er
Lnh orient s thay i kiu in: Kiu mc nh l kiu portrait, in theo chiu ng, gia
trang. Kiu in landscape l kiu in ngang v kn ton b trang. Kiu in tall l kiu in ng nhng kn
ton b trang. thay i kiu in khc vi kiu mc nh, bn dng lnh orient vi cc thng s ca
n nh sau:
>> or i ent %What i s t he cur r ent or i ent at i on
ans=
por t r ai t
>> or i ent l andscape %pr i nt si deways on t he page
>> or i ent t al l %st r et ch t o f i l l t he ver t i cal page
Nu bn mun tm hiu k hn v chng th hy xem tr gip trc tuyn v chng.

17.7 Thao tc vi th

Bn c th thm nt v vo th c sn bng cch dng lnh hold. Khi bn thit lp hold on,
MATLAB khng b i h trc tn ti trong khi lnh plot mi ang thc hin, thay vo , n thm
dng cong mi vo h trc hin ti. Tuy nhin nu nh d liu khng ph hp vi h trc to c,
th trc c chia li . Thit lp hold off s b i ca s figure hin ti v thay vo bng mt th
mi. Lnh hold m khng c i s s bt tt chc nng ca ch thit lp hold trc . Tr li
vi v d trc:
>> x = l i nspace( 0, 2*pi , 30) ;
>> y = si n( x) ;
>> z = cos( x) ;
>> pl ot ( x, y)

Hnh 17.14
By gi gi nguyn th v thm vo ng cosine
124
>> hol d on %Gi nguyn th v lc trc
>> i shol d % hm logic ny tr v gi tr 1 (true) nu hold trng thi ON
ans =
1
>> pl ot ( x, z, ' m' )
>> hol d of f
>> i shol d % hold by gi khng cn trng thi ON na.
ans =
0
Ch rng kim tra trng thi ca hold ta c th dng hm ishold .

Hnh 17.15
Nu bn mun hai hay nhiu th cc ca s figure khc nhau, hy dng lnh figure trong
ca s lnh hoc chn new figure t bng chn file, figure khng c tham s s to mt figure mi.
Bn c th chn kiu figure bng cch dng chut hoc dng lnh figure(n) trong n l s ca s
hot hot ng.
Mt khc mt ca s figure c th cha nhiu hn mt h trc. Lnh subplot(m,n,p) chia ca s
hin ti thnh mt ma trn mxn khong v th, v chn p l ca s hot ng. Cc th thnh
phn c nh s t tri qua phi, t trn xung di, sau n hng th hai .v.v. . . V d:

>> x = l i nspace( 0, 2*pi , 30) ;
>> y = si n( x) ;
>> z = cos( x) ;
>> a = 2*si n( x) . *cos( x) ;
>> b = si n( x) . / ( cos( x) +eps) ;
>> subpl ot ( 2, 2, 1) %pi ck t he upper l ef t of
% 2 by 2 gr i d of subpl ot s
>> pl ot ( x, y) , axi s( [ 0 2*pi - 1 1] ) , t i t l e( ' si n( x) ' )
>> subpl ot ( 2, 2, 2) %pi ck t he upper r i ght of t he 4 subpl ot s
>> pl ot ( x, z) , axi s( [ 0 2*pi - 1 1] ) , t i t l e( ' cos( x) ' )
>> pl ot ( x, z) , axi s( [ 0 2*pi - 1 1] ) , t i t l e( ' cos( x) ' )
>> subpl ot ( 2, 2, 3) %pi ck t he l owwer l ef t of t he 4 subpl ot s
>> pl ot ( x, a) , axi s( [ 0 2*pi - 1 1] ) , t i t l e( ' 2si n( x) cos( x) ' )
>> subpl ot ( 2, 2, 4) %pi ck t he l owwer r i ght of t he 4 subpl ot s
>> pl ot ( x, b) , axi s( [ 0 2*pi - 20 20] ) , t i t l e( ' si n( x) / cos( x) ' )
125

Hnh 17.6

17.8 Mt s c im khc ca th trong h to phng

loglog tng t nh plot ngoi tr thang chia l logarithm cho c hai trc.
semilogx tng t nh plot ngoi tr thang chia ca trc x l logarithm cn thang chia trc y l
tuyn tnh.
semology tng t nh plot ngoi tr thang chia ca trc y l logarithm, cn thang chia trc x l
tuyn tnh.
area( x, y ) tng t nh plot (x,y) ngoi tr khong cch gia 0 v y c in y, gi tr c bn
y c th c khai bo, nhng mc nh th khng.
S hnh mi tiu chun c to thnh t lnh pie(a, b), trong a l mt vector gi tr v b l
mt vector logic tu chn. V d:
>> a = [ . 5 1 1. 6 1. 2 . 8 2. 1] ;
>> pi e( a, a==max( a) ) ;
>> t i t l e( ' Exampl e Pi e Char t ' )

Hnh 17.7
Mt cch khc quan st d liu l biu Pareto, trong cc gi tr trong cc vector c
v thnh mt khi ch nht. V d dng vector a ni trn:
126

>> par et o( a) ;
>> t i t l e( ' Exampl e Par et o Char t ' )

Hnh 17.18

i khi bn mun v hai hm khc nhau trn cng mt h trc m li s dng thang chia khc
nhau, plotyy c th lm iu cho bn:
>> x = - 2*pi : pi / 10: 2*pi ;
>> y = si n( x) ; z = 2*cos( x) ;
>> subpl ot ( 2, 1, 1) , pl ot ( x, y, x, z) ,
>> t i t l e( ' Two Pl ot s on t he same scal e' ) ;
>> subpl ot ( 2, 1, 2) , pl ot yy( x, y, x, z)
>> t i t l e( ' Two pl ot s on di f f er ence scal e. ' ) ;

Hnh 17.19

th bar v stair c th sinh ra bi vic dng lnh bar, bar3, barh v stairs. Di y l v d:
127

>> x = - 2. 9: 0. 2: 2. 9;
>> y = exp( - x. *x) ;
>> subpl ot ( 2, 2, 1)
>> bar ( x, y)
>> t i t l e( ' Bar char t of bel l Cur ve' )
>> subpl ot ( 2, 2, 2)
>> bar 3( x, y)
>> t i t l e( ' 3- D Bar Char t of a Bel l Cuve' )
>> subpl ot ( 2, 2, 3)
>> st ai r s( x, y)
>> t i t l e( ' St ai r Char t of a Bel l Cur ve' )
>> subpl ot ( 2, 2, 4)
>> bar h( x, y)
>> t i t l e( ' Hor i zont al Bar Char t ' )

Hnh 17.20

rose(V) v mt biu trong to cc cho cc gc trong vector v, tng t ta cng c cc
lnh rose(v,n) v rose(v,x) trong x l mt vector. Di y l mt v d:

>> v = r andn( 100, 1) *pi ;
>> r ose( v)
>> t i t l e( ' Angl e Hi st ogr amof RandomAngl e' )
128

Hnh 17.21

----------------------oOo----------------------

chng 18
ho
trong khng gian 3 chiu

MATLAB cung cp mt s hm hin th d liu 3 chiu nh cc hm v ng thng trong
khng gian 3 chiu, cc hm v b mt v v khung dy v mu c th c s dng thay th cho
chiu th t.

18.1 th ng thng.

Lnh plot t trong khng gian hai chiu c th m rng cho khng gian 3 chiu bng lnh plot3.
Khun dng ca plot3 nh sau:
plot3 ( x1, y1, z1, S1, x2, y2, z2, S2, .... ), trong xn, yn v zn l cc vector hoc ma trn, v
Sn l xu k t tu chn dng cho vic khai bo mu, to biu tng hoc kiu ng. Sau y l mt
s v d:

>> t = l i nspace ( 0, 10*pi ) ;
>> pl ot 3( si n( t ) , cos( t ) , t )
>> t i t l e ( ' Hel i x' ) , xl abel ( ' si n( t ) ' )
>> yl abel ( ' cos( t ) ' ) , zl abel ( ' t ' )
129

Hnh 18.1
Ch rng: hm zlabel tng ng vi hm hai chiu xlabel v ylabel. Tng t nh vy, lnh axis
cng c khun dng: axis ( [xmin xmax ymin ymax zmin zmax ] ) thit lp gii hn cho c 3 trc.
V d :
>> axi s( ' i j ' ) % thay i hng trc t sau ra trc

Hnh 18.2

Hm text cng c khun mu nh sau: text ( x, y, z, string ) s t v tr xu string vo to x,
y, z.

18.2 th b mt v li

MATLAB nh ngha b mt li bng cc im theo hng trc z trn ng k hnh vung
trn mt phng x-y. N to ln mu mt th bng cch ghp cc im gn k vi cc ng thng.
Kt qu l n trng nh mt mng li nh c vi cc mt li l cc im d liu. th li ny
thng c s dng quan st nhng ma trn ln hoc v nhng hm c hai bin.
130
Bc u tin l a ra th li ca hm hai bin z = f ( x, y ) , tng ng vi ma trn
X v Y cha cc hng v cc ct lp i lp li. MATLAB cung cp hm meshgrid cho mc ch ny.
[ X, Y ] = meshgrid( x, y ) , to mt ma trn X, m cc hng ca n l bn sao ca vector
x, v ma trn Y c cc ct ca n l bn sao ca vector y. Cp ma trn ny sau c s dng
c lng hm hai bin s dng c tnh ton hc v mng ca MATLAB.
Sau y l mt v d v cch dng hm meshgrid.

>> x = - 7. 5: . 5: 7. 5;
>> y = x;
>> [ X, Y] = meshgr i d( x, y) ;

X, Y l mt cp ca ma trn tng ng mt li ch nht trong mt phng x-y. Mi hm z=f ( x, y)
c th s dng tnh cht ny.

>> R = sqr t ( X. ^2+Y. ^2) +eps;
>> %f i nd t he di st ance f r omt he or i gi n ( 0, 0)
>> Z = si n( R) . / R; %cal cul at e si n( r ) / r

Ma trn R cha bn knh ca mi im trong [ X, Y] , n l khong cch t mi im n
tm ma trn. Cng thm eps khng xy ra php chia cho 0. Ma trn Z cha sine ca bn knh
chia cho bn knh mi im trong s . Cu lnh sau v th li:

>> mesh( X, Y, Z)

Hnh 18.3

th trn l n sc. Tuy nhin bn c th thay i mu sc vi s tr gip ca MATLAB
rt r dng nu bn c n phn colormaps..
Trong v d ny, hm mesh xp xp gi tr ca cc phn t ca ma trn vo cc im
( X
, Y
, Z
) trong khng gian ba chiu. mesh cng c th v mt ma trn n tng t nh vi mt

i s; mesh(Z), s dng cc im ( i , j , Z
) . Nh vy Z c v ngc li vi cc ch s ca n,
trong trng hp ny mesh(Z) ch n gin l chia li khc cc trc x, y theo cc ch s ca ma
trn Z. Bn hy th to v d cho trng hp ny?.
131
th b mt ca cng mt ma trn Z trng nh th li trc , ngoi tr khong cch gia
hai ng l khc nhau (gi l patchs). th loi ny dng hm surf, n c tt c cc i s nh hm
mesh. Hy xem v d di y (Hnh 18.4):

>> sur f ( X, Y, Z)

Hnh 18.4

lm r thm mt vi ch , chng ta cng quay li hm peaks a ra phn trc. th
li trong khng gian 3 chiu ca hm ny c a ra nh sau (hnh 18.5):

>> mesh( peaks)
>> t i t l e( ' Mesh Pl ot of Peaks f unct i on' )

Hnh 18.5

132
th ng vin cho ta thy c nng hoc cao ca hnh. Trong MATLAB th ng
vin trong khng gian hai chiu tng t nh trong khng gian ba chiu nhng hm gi ca n l
contour3. th s dng cc lnh s c minh ho trong bng khc mu.

18.3 Thao tc vi th

MATLAB cho php bn khai bo gc t quan st c th trong khng gian ba chiu.
Hm view(azimuth, elevation ) thit lp gc xem bng vic khai bo azimuth v elevation. Elevation
m t v tr ngi quan st, xem nh l gc o bng trn h trc x-y. Azimut m t gc trong h
trc ni ngi quan st ng.
Azimuth c o bng t phn m trc y. Pha m trc y c th quay theo chiu kim ng h
mt gc -37.5 t pha bn. Elevation l gc m ti mt bn thy c mt phng x-y. S dng
hm view cho php bn c th quan st hnh v t cc gc khc nhau. V d nu elevation thit lp
l m, th view s nhn hnh t pha di ln. Nu azimuth thit lp dng, th hnh s quay ngc
chiu kim ng h t im nhn mc nh.Thm ch bn c th nhn trc tip t trn bng cch thit
lp view(0,90 ). Thc ra th y l im nhn mc nh 2 chiu, trong x tng t tri qua phi, v y
tng t trn xung di, khun dng view(2) hon ton ging nh mc
nh ca view(0, 90 ), v view(3) thit lp mc nh trong khng gian 3 chiu.
Lnh view c mt dng khc m rt tin ch khi s dng l view([X,Y,Z ]) cho php bn quan st
trn mt vector cha h trc to decac trong khng gian 3 chiu. Khong cch t v tr bn quan
st n gc to khng b nh hng. V d, view([0 10 0 ]), view([0 -1 0 ]) v view(0, 0 ) cho
cc kt qu nh nhau. Cc thng s azimuth v elevation m bn ang quan st c th ly li c
bng cch dng [az, e] = view. Vd:

>> view([-7 -9 7])
>> [az,el] = view
az =
-37.8750
el =
31.5475

Mt cng c hu dng khc l quan st th khng gian 3 chiu bi hm rotate3d. Cc thng s
Azimtuh v elevation c th c tc ng bi chut, rotate3d on cho php chut can thip, rotate3d
off khng cho php.
Lnh hidden du cc nt khut. Khi bn v th, th mt s phn ca n b che khut bi cc
phn khc, khi nu dng lnh ny th cc nt khut s b du i, bn ch c th nhn phn no
trong tm nhn ca bn. Nu bn chuyn n hidden off, bn c th thy phn khut qua mng
li. Di y l v d:

>> mesh( peaks( 20) +7)
>> hol d on
>> pcol or ( peaks( 20) )
>> hol d of f
>> t i t l e( ' Mesh wi t h hi den on' )
133

Hnh 18.8
By gi hy b ch du cc nt khut i ta s thy s khc nhau:

>> hi dden of f
>> t i t l e( ' Mesh wi t h Hi dden Of f ' )

Hnh 18.9

134
18.4 Cc c im khc ca th trong khng gian 3 chiu

Hm ribbon(x, y ) tng t nh plot(x, y ) ngoi tr ct ca y c v nh l mt di ring bit
trong khng gian ba chiu. Di y l th hnh sine:

>> x=l i nspace( 0, 10, 50) ;
>> y=si n( pi *x) ;
>> r i bbon( y, x)

Hnh 18.10
Hm clabel tng thm cao cho th ng vin. C ba mu clabel(cs), clabel(cs, V ) v
clabel( cs, manual). clabel(cs), trong cs l cu trc ng vin c tr v t lnh contour,
cs=contour(z), ly nhn tt c cc th ng vin vi cao ca n. V tr ca nhn c ly
ngu nhin. clabel (c, manual) nh v nhn ng vin v tr kch chut tng t nh lnh
ginput ni trn. Nhn phm Return kt thc vic to nhn ny.
Hm contourf s v mt th ng vin kn, khng gian gia ng vin c lp y bng
mu.
Hai mu trng thi ca lnh mesh dng vi th li l: meshc v th li v thm ng vin
bn di, meshz v th li v th c dng nh mn che.
Hm waterfall c xem nh mesh ngoi tr mt iu l hm mesh ch xut hin hng x.
C hai mu trng thi ca lnh surf, l surfc v mt th surf v thm ng bao bn di,
surflvex v mt th surf nhng thm vo s chiu sng b mt t ngun sng. Cu trc tng
qut l surfl( X,Y, Z, S, K ) trong X, Y,v Z tng t nh surf, S l mt vector tu chn trong
h to decac ( S=[ Sx Sy Sz] ) hoc trong to cu ( S=[ az, el ] ) ch ra hng ca
ngun sng. Nu khng khai bo, gi tr mc nh ca S l 45 theo chiu kim ng h t v tr
ngi quan st, S l mt vector tu chn ch ra phn ng gp tu thuc vo ngun sng bao
quanh, s phn chiu nh sng v h s phn chiu ( K=[ ka, kd, ks, spr ead] ) .

>> col or map( gr ay)
>> sur f l ( peaks)
>> t i t l e( ' sur f 1 pl ot of peaks wi t h def aul t l i ght i ng' )
135

Hnh 18.11

fill3, phin bn 3 chiu ca fill, v mt a gic u trong khng gian ba chiu. Khun dng tng
qut ca n l fill3(x, y, z, c), trong chiu ng ca a gic c ch bi ba thnh phn x, y, z.
Nu c l mt k t, a gic s c lp y mu nh bng mu. c cng c th l mt vector hng
c 3 thnh phn ( [ r g b] ) trong r, g v b l cc gi tr gia 0 v 1 thay cho cc mu ,
xanh l cy v xanh da tri. Nu c l mt vector hoc ma trn, n c s dng nh mt ch s
ch ra s mu. Nhiu a gic c th c to ra bng cch cho thm nhiu i s nh fill3 (x1,
y1, z1,c1, x2, y2, z2, c2, ....). V d sau s v ngu nhin 4 tam gic vi mu:

>> col or ( cool )
>> f i l l 3( r and( 3, 4) , r and( 3, 4) , r and( 3, 4) , r and( 3, 4) )

bar3 v bar3h l phin bn 3 chiu ca bar v barh, bie3 l phin ban ca pie.

18.5 Bng mu

Mu v biu mu c cp n trong mt s v d phn trc. Trong phn ny chng ta s
ni r v chng. MATLAB nh ngha mt biu mu nh l mt ma trn c 3 ct. Mi hng ca
ma trn nh ngha mt mu ring bit s dng cc s trong di 0 v 1. Nhng s ny ch ra cc gi tr
RGB, nhy ca cc mu thnh phn , xanh l cy, v xanh da tri trong mt mu do cc thnh
phn to ra. Mt s mu c bn c cho trong bng di y:

Xanh l cy Xanh da tri mu
0 0 0 en
1 1 1 trng
1 0 0
0 1 0 xanh l cy
0 0 1 xanh da tri
1 1 0 vng
136
1 0 1 tm
0 1 1 lam xm
-5 -5 -5 xm trung bnh
-5 0 0 ti
1 -62 -40 ng
-49 1 -83 ngc xanh bin

Di y l mt s hm ca MATLAB to ra bng mu trn:

Function M t bng mu
hsv Gi tr mu bo ho (HSV)
hot en--vng-trng
gray xm cn bng tuyn tnh
bone xm c pha nh vi mu xanh
copper sc thi ca mu ng
pink mu hng nht nh
white trng hon ton
flag xen k , trng, xanh da tri, v en
jet s thay i mu bo ho
prism c mu sc lng knh
cool mu xanh tm
lines mu ca nt v
summe Bng ca xanh l cy v vng
autumn Bng ca v vng
winter Bng ca xanh l cy v xanh da tri
spring Bng ca magenta v yellow

18.6 S dng bng mu

Cu lnh colormap(M) ci t ma trn M nh l bng mu c s dng bi hnh hin ti.
V d: colormap(cool) ci t mt version 64 u vo ca bng mu cool.
Hm plot v plot3 khng dng bng mu trn, chng s dng cc mu lit k trong bng kiu
ng, im nh du, mu ca plot. Phn ln cc hm v khc nh mesh, surf, contour, fill, pcolor
v cc bin ca n, s dng bng mu hin ti.
Sau y l mt v d dng tham s mu cho hm surf hin th gc quan st :

>> [ X, Y, Z] =peaks( 30) ;
>> sur f ( X, Y, Z, at an2( X, Y) )
>> col or map( hsv) , shadi ng f l at
>> axi s( [ - 3 3 - 3 3 - 6. 5 8. 1] ) , axi s of f
>> t i t l e( ' usi ng a col or Ar gument t o sur f ' )

137

Hnh 18.12

18.7 S dng mu thm thng tin

Mu c th c dng thm thng tin vo th 3 chiu nu n c s dng to thnh
chiu th t. Cc hm nh mesh v surf bin i mu dc theo trc z, tr khi mt i s mu c
a ra nh surf(X,Y,Z) hon ton tng ng vi surf(X,Y,Z,t ) trong thnh phn th t c dng
nh mt ch s trong biu mu. iu ny khin cho th y mu nhng li khng thng tin khi
m trc z tn ti.
Di y l mt s cch s dng i s mu thm thng tin hoc nhn mnh thng tin tn
ti trong th

>> x=- 7. 5: . 5: 7. 5; y=x %cr eat e a dat a set
>> [ X, Y] =meshgr i d( x, y) ; %cr eat e pl ai d dat a
>> R=sqr t ( X. ^2+Y. ^2) +eps %cr eat e r adi al dat a
>> Z=si n( R) . / R; %cr eat e a sombr er o
>> subpl ot ( 2, 2, 1) , sur f ( X, Y, Z) ,
>> t i t l e( ' Col or Var i es wi t h t he Z_axi s' )
>> subpl ot ( 2, 2, 2) , sur f ( X, Y, Z, R) ,
>> t i t l e( ' Col or Var i es Wi t h t he Radi us' )
>> subpl ot ( 2, 2, 3) , sur f ( X, Y, Z, del 2( Z) ) ,
>> t i t l e( ' Col or Var i es wi t h Cur vat ur e' )
>> [ dZdx, dZdy] =gr adi ent ( Z) ; %comput e t he sl ope
>> dZ=sqr t ( dZdx. ^2+dZdy. ^2) %comput e t he sl ope' s mani t ude
>> subpl ot ( 2, 2, 4) , sur f ( X, Y, Z, dZ)
>> t i t l e( ' Col or Var i es Wi t h t he sl ope Magni t ude' )

138

Hnh 18.13

18.8 Hin th bng mu.

Bn c th hin th bng mu theo mt s cch sau. Mt trong nhng cch l xem tt c cc
phn t trong trong mt ma trn bng mu mt cch trc tip:

>> hot ( 8)
ans =
0. 3333 0 0
0. 6667 0 0
1. 0000 0 0
1. 0000 0. 3333 0
1. 0000 0. 6667 0
1. 0000 1. 0000 0
1. 0000 1. 0000 0. 5000
1. 0000 1. 0000 1. 0000

Thm vo , hm pcolor c th c s dng biu din mt bng mu. Hy th v d ny
mt vi ln bng cch dng cc hm colormap khc nhau v thay i tham s n:

>> col or map( j et ( n) )
>> n=8;
>> col or map( j et ( n) )
>> pcol or ( [ 1: n+1; 1 : n+1] ' )
>> t i t l e( ' usi ng pcol or t o di spl ay a col or map' )

139

Hnh 18.4
Hm colorbar thm mt thanh mu ng hoc thanh mu ngang (cn chnh mu ) vo ca s hnh
v ca bn, a ra biu mu cho trc hin ti. colorbar( h) nh v thanh mu ngang di hnh v
hin ti ca bn. colorbar( v) nh v thanh mu ng v bn phi hnh v ca bn. colorbar khng c
i s th l thm mt thanh mu ngang, nu thanh mu ny khng tn ti hoc l cp nht nu n
tn ti.
>> [ X, Y, Z] = peaks;
>> mesh( X, Y, Z ) ;
>> col or map( hsv)
>> axi s( [ - 3 3 - 3 3 - 6 8] )
>> col or bar

Hnh 18.5
18.9 Thit lp v thay i bng mu.

Thc t colormaps l cc ma trn, c ngha l bn c th thao tc chng ging nh bt k mt
ma trn no khc. Hm brighten nh vo c im ny thay i colormap tng hoc gim
nhy ca cc mu m. bighten(n) cng vi bighten(-n) phc hi colormap ban u. Lnh
newmap=brighten(n) to mt thanh mu sng hn hoc ti hn ca colormap hin ti m khng lm
140
thay i bi mu hin ti. Lnh newmap=brighten(cmap,n) iu chnh phin bn ca thanh mu
c khai bo m khng lm nh hng n colormap hin ti hoc cmap. brighten(gcf, n) lm
sng tt c cc i tng trong hnh v hin ti.
Bn c th to mt colormap ca ring bn bng cch a ra mt ma trn mymap m hng,3 ct
v ci t n cng vi colormap(mymap) mi gi tr trong mt ma trn colormap phi thuc khong
t 0 n 1. Nu bn c gng s dng mt ma trn vi nhiu hn hoc t hn 3 ct hoc cha mt gi
tr no b thua 0 hoc ln hn1 colormap s a ra thng bo li.
Bn c th kt ni cc colormap theo kiu ton hc. Mc d kt qu i khi khng th on trc
c. V d, biu c tn gi l pink :
>> pinkmap = sqrt (2/3*gray+1/3*hot);
Bi v colormap l cc ma trn, chng c th c v th. Lnh rgbplot s v th cc gi tr
ca colormap tng t nh lnh plot, nhng s dng mu , mu xanh l cy v xanh da tri cho nt
v. rgbplot(gray) cho bit c ba mu tng tuyn tnh v ng u. Lnh rgbplot vi mt s colormap
khc nh jet, hsv, v prism.
Gi tr hin ti ca cmin v cmax c tr li bng caxis khng c i s. Chng thng l
nhng gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca d liu, caxi s( [ cmi n cmax ] ) s dng colormap nguyn
bn cho d liu trong di gia cmin v cmax, nhng im d liu ln hn cmax s b chia ra thnh
cc mu kt hp vi cmax. V nhng im d liu c gi tr nh hn cmin s b chia ra thnh cc mu
kt hp vi cmin. Nu cmin nh hn min(data) hoc cmax ln hn max(data ), th cc mu kt hp
vi cmin hoc cmax s khng bao gi c s dng ; ch mt phn nh ca colormap c s dng.
caxis(auto) s hi phc gi tr mc nh ca cmin v cmax.
V d sau c minh ho trong colorplate4 .

>> pcol or ( [ 1: 17; 1: 17] ' )
>> t i t l e( ' Def aul t col or r ange' )
>> col or map( hsv( 8) )
>> axi s( ' aut o' )
>> col or bar
>> caxi s
ans =
1 17

Hnh 18.6
141
Chng19
Mng t bo v cu trc

MATLAB 5.0 gii thiu 2 loi d liu mi c tn gi l mng t bo v cu trc. Mng t bo
c xem nh mt mng ca cc s nh phn hoc l nh b cha c th lu gi nhiu kiu d liu
khc nhau. Cu trc l nhng mng d liu hng i tng xy dng cng vi tn cc trng c th
cha nhiu kiu d liu khc nhau, bao gm mng t bo v cc cu trc khc. Cu trc cung cp cho
ta phng tin thun li nhm cc kiu d liu khc nhau. Nhng kiu d liu mi ny, mng t
bo v cu trc to cho bn kh nng t chc d liu thnh cc gi rt thun tin.

19.1 Mng t bo

Mng t bo l nhng mng MATLAB m cc phn t ca n l cc t bo. Mi t bo trong
mng t bo cha cc kiu d liu ca MATLAB bao gm mng s, vn bn, i tng c trng, cc
mng t bo v cu trc. V d mt t bo ca mng t bo c th l mng s, loi khc l kiu chui
vn bn, loi khc l vector cc gi tr s phc. Cc mng t bo c th c xy dng vi s chiu
ln hn 2, tuy nhin cho thun tin khi xt ngi ta ly s chiu l 2 .

19.2 Xy dng v hin th mng t bo

Mng t bo c th c xy dng bng cch dng cu lnh gn, hoc ch nh mng trc
bng cch s dng hm t bo sau gn d liu cho mng.
Nh mi loi mng khc, mng t bo c th to ra bng cch gn d liu cho tng t bo c
lp cng mt thi im. C hai cch khc nhau thm nhp vo mng t bo. Nu bn s dng c
php mng tiu chun, bn phi cc t bo trong du ngoc { }. V d:

>> A( 1, 1) = {[ 1 2 3: 4 5 6 : 7 8 9] };
>> A( 1, 2) = {2 + 3 i };
>> A( 2, 1) = {' A t ext st r i ng ' };
>> A( 2, 2, ) = {12: - 2 : 0};
Du ngoc nhn bn pha phi ca du bng ch ra rng biu thc l mt t bo, hay cn gi l
ch s t bo. Cch vit sau tng ng vi cch vit trn:
>> A{1, 1 } = [ 1 2 3 : 4 5 6 : 7 8 9 ] ;
>> A{1, 2 } = 2+3i ;
>> A{2, 1 } = ' A t ext st r i ng ' ;
>> A{2, 2 } = 12 : - 2 : 0 ;
Du ngoc nhn bn tri ch ra rng A l mt mng t bo v biu thc t bn trong l khai bo t
bo.
MATLAB hin th mng A nh sau:
>> A
A =
[ 3X3 doubl e] 2. 0000+ 3. 0000 i
' A t ext st r i ng ' [ 1x7 doubl e ]
hin th ni dung ca mi t bo trong mng t bo ta dng hm celldisp, hin th ni dung
ca ring mt t bo, truy nhp vo t bo c s dng du ngoc nhn.Vi d :
>> A{2, 2}
MATLAB hin th s cu trc ho mng t bo trong mt ca s bng vic gi hm
cellplot.
Hm cell lm vic vi mng t bo bng vic to ra cc mng trng theo kch c ca mng. V
d :
142

>> C= cell ( 2, 3 )
C=
[ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ] [ ]

19.3 T hp v khi phc mng t bo

Nu bn gn d liu cho t bo ngoi s chiu hin c ca mng. MATLAB s t ng m
rng mng v in vo gia ma trn s rng. Ch khi nim { } thay cho ma trn t bo rng v
[ ] thay cho mng s ma trn rng.
S dng du mc vung kt ni mng t bo:

>> C= [ A B]
C=
[ 3x3 doubl e ] 2. 0000+ 3. 0000i [ 1x2 doubl e] ' J ohn Smi t h'
' A t ext st r i ng ' [ 1x7 doubl e] [ 2. 0000+3. 0000i ] [ 5 ]

>> C=[ A; B]
C =
[ 3x3 doubl e ] 2. 0000 + 3. 0000 i
' A t ext st r i ng ' [ 1x7 doubl e ]
[ 1x2 doubl e ] ' J ohn Smi t h'
[ 2. 0000+ 3. 0000i ] [ 5 ]

Mt tp con cc t bo c th c tch ra to thnh mt mng t bo mi. Nu D l mt
mng t bo 3x3, ngi ta c th tch ra to thnh mt mng t bo mi 2x2 nh sau:

>> F = D( 2: 2, 2: 3) ;

Hm reshape c th c s dng thay i cu hnh ca mt mng t bo nhng khng
th dng thm vo hoc bt i t bo.

>> X = cel l s( 3, 4) ;
>> si ze( X)
ans =
3 4
>> X= r eshape( X, 6, 2) ;
>> si ze( Y)
ans =
6 2

19.4 Truy nhp vo trong mng t bo

truy nhp d liu cha trong cc phn t ca mng t bo, s dng du ngoc nhn. Dng
du ngoc n thm nhp mt phn t nh l mt t bo. truy nhp ni dung ca phn t trong
mng t bo, kt ni cc biu thc nh sau:

>> x = B{2, 2} % truy nhp ni dung ca t bo.
x =
5
143
>> cl ass( x)
ans=
doubl e
>> y = B[ 2, 2] % truy nhp vo bn thn t bo.
y =
[ 5]
>> cl ass( y)
ans=
cel l
>> B{1, 1} ( 1, 2) % truy nhp vo phn t th hai ca
% vector trong t bo
ans=
2
truy nhp di cc phn t trong mng t bo, s dng hm deal
>> [ a, b] = deal ( B{2, : 1})
a =
2. 0000+ 3. 0000i
b =
5
Hm deal cn mt danh sch cc bin phn bit nhau bi du phy. Biu thc B{2, :} c th s
dng mi ni v du phy dng phn tch danh sch cc bin. Do , B{2, :} tng ng vi
B(2,1) v B(2,2).

19.5 Mng t bo ca chui k t

Mt trong nhng ng dng ph bin ca mng t bo l xy dng mt mng vn bn. Mng
chui k t tiu chun i hi tt c cc chui u c chung di. Bi v mng t bo c th cha
nhiu kiu d liu khc nhau trong mi phn t, chui k t trong mng t bo khng c gii hn ny.
V d:
>> T = {' Tom' ; ' Di sk' }
T=
' Tom'
' Di sk'

19.6 Cu trc

Cu trc l nhng i tng MATLAB c tn b cha d liu cn gi l fields. Nh mi phn
t ca mng t bo, trng cu trc c th c bt c mt kiu d liu no. Chng khc ch cu trc
trng c truy nhp bng tn ph bin hn l ch s, v khng c s hn ch no v ch s cng nh
cu hnh ca cc trng cu trc. Cng ging nh mng t bo, cu trc c th c nhm li vi
nhau to thnh mng v mng t bo. Mt cu trc n l mt mng cu trc 1x1.

19.7 Xy dng mng cu trc

Cu trc s dng du . truy nhp vo trng. Xy dng mt cu trc n gin nh gn
d liu vo cc trng c lp. V d sau to mt bn ghi client cho th vin kim tra.

>> cl i ent . name = ' J ohn Doe' ;
>> cl i ent . cost = 86. 50;
>> cl i ent . t est . AI C = [ 6. 3 6. 8 7. 1 7. 0 6. 7 6. 5 6. 3 6. 4]
>> cl i ent . t est . CHC = [ 2. 8 3. 4 3. 6 4. 1 3. 5] ;
144
>> cl i ent
cl i ent =
name L ' J ohn Doe '
cost : 86. 50
t est : [ 1x1 st r uct ]
>> cl i ent . t est
ans=
AI C: 6. 3000 6. 8000 7. 1000 7. 0000 6. 7000 6. 5000 6. 3000 6. 4000
CHC: 2. 8000 3. 4000 3. 6000 4. 1000 3. 5000

By gi to bn ghi client th hai:

>> cl i ent ( 2) . name = ' Al i ce Smi t h ' ;
>> cl i ent ( 2) . cost = 112. 35;
>> cl i ent ( 2) . t est . AI C = [ 5. 3 5. 8 7. 0 6. 5 6. 7 5. 5 6. 0 5. 9 ]
>> cl i ent ( 2) . t est . CHC =[ 3. 8 6. 3 3. 2 3. 1 2. 5 ]
>> cl i ent
cl i ent =
1x2 st r uct ar r ay wi t h f i el d
name
cost
t est
Cu trc cng c th c xy dng bng cch dng hm struct to trc mt mng cu
trc. C php l: ( field. V1, field2, V2, .... ) trong field1, field2, .v.v... l cc trng, v cc
mng V1, V2, v.v.... phi l cc mng t bo c cng kch thc., cng s t bo, hoc gi tr. V d,
mt mng cu trc c th c to ra nh sau:

>> N ={' J ohn Doe ' , ' Al i ce Smi t h' };
>> C = {86. 50, 112. 35 };
>> P = {[ 10. 00 20. 00 45. 00] ;
>> bi l l s = st r uct ( ' name' , N, ' cost ' , C, ' payment ' , P)
bi l s=
1x2 st r uct ar r ay wi t h f i el ds
name
cost
payment

19.8 Truy nhp vo cc trng cu trc

Bi v ni dung cu trc l tn nhiu hn l ch s, nh trong trng hp mng t bo, tn
ca cc trng trong cu trc phi c bit n truy nhp d liu cha trong chng. Tn ca cc
trng c th c tm thy trong trong ca s lnh, n gin l ch vic nhp vo tn ca cu
trc. Tuy nhin trong M-file, mt hm cn thit c to ra cp nht cc tn trng . Hm
fieldname tr li mt mng t bo c cha tn ca cc trng trong mt cu trc.

>> T = f i el dnammes( bi l l s)
T =
' name '
' cost '
' payment '
145
C hai phng php truy nhp vo trng cu trc. Ch s trc tip s dng k thut ch
mc thch hp, nh phng php truy nhp trng cu trc, v ch s mng thch hp truy nhp
vo mt s hoc mt mng t bo. Sau y l mt v d da trn cu trc bills v client xt trn:
>> bi l l s. name
ans =
J ohn Doe
ans=
Al i ce Smi t h
>> bi l l s( 2) . cost
ans=
112. 3500
>> bi l l s( 1)
ans=
name : ' J ohn Doe '
cost : ' 86. 5000 '
payment : 10. 000 20. 0000 45. 0000
>> bal due = bi l l s( 1) . cost - sum( bi l l s( 1) . payment )
bal due=
6. 5000
>> bi l l s( 2) . payment ( 2)
ans =
12. 3500
>> cl i ent ( 2) . t est . AI C( 3)
ans=
7. 000
Phng php ch mc trc tip thng c s dng truy nhp gi tr trng. Tuy nhin, cc
M-file nu tn cc trng c gi ra t hm fieldnames, th hm getfield v setfield c th c s
dng truy nhp d liu trong cu trc. V d :

>> get f i el d( bi l l s, {1}, ' name' ) % tng t nh bills(1).name
ans=
J ohn Doe
>> T = f i el dnames( bi l l s) ;
>> get f r i end( bi l l s, {2}, T{3}, {2}) %tng t nh s( 2) , payment ( 2)
ans=
12. 3500
V d sau tr li cu trc c cha cng kiu d liu nh cu trc nguyn thu vi mt gi tr b
thay i. Dng lnh tng ng ca cl i ent ( 2) . t est . AI C( 3) = 7. 1. l:

>> cl i ent = set f i el d( cl i ent , {2 }, ' t est ' , ' AI C ' , {3}, 7. 1)
cl i ent =
name
cost
t est
>> cl i ent ( 2) . t est . AI C( 3)
ans=
7. 1000
Mt trng c th c thm vo trong mt mng cu trc ch n gin bng cch gn gi tr
cho trng cu trc mi.

146
>> cl i ent ( 1) . addr = {' MySt r eet ' ; ' MyCi t y ' }
cl i ent =
name
cost
t est
addr
Mt trng c th c b i khi cu trc ( hoc mt mng cu trc ) bng lnh rmfield. S=
rmfield ( S, field ) s b i trng field t cu trc S. S= rmfield ( S, F ), trong F l mt mng t
bo ca tn cc trng, b i nhiu hn mt trng t cu trc S ti mt thi im.
>> cl i ent = r mf i el d( cl i ent , ' addr ' )
cl i ent =
name
cost
t est
19.9 S nghch o v hm kim tra

S nghch o gia cc mng t bo v cc cu trc bng cch dng hm struct2cell v
cell2struct . Tn trng phi c cung cp y cho cell2struct v b mt i khi chuyn thnh mt
mng t bo t mt cu trc. S chuyn i t mng s v mng xu k t thnh mng t bo bng
cch s dng hm num2cell v cellstr. Ngc li chuyn i t mt mng t bo thnh mng k t
bng hm char.
Mc d hm class tr v kiu kiu d liu ca i tng, class vn khng thun tin s dng
kim tra kiu d liu. Hm isa(x, class ) tr li true nu x l mt i tng kiu class. V d, isa
( client, struct ) s tr li true. thun tin, mt s hm kim tra s khc c sn trong th vin
chng trnh nh: isstruct, iscell, ischar, isnumeric, v islogical.

---------------------oOo----------------------

Chng 20
Biu t-ng ca hp cng c ton hc

Cc chng trc, bn bit c MATLAB mnh ra sao trn phng din lp trnh, tnh
ton. Mc d kh nng tnh ton ca n rt mnh, tuy nhin n vn cn c nhng hn ch. Nh mt
my tnh, MATLAB c s s dng cc con s. N nhn cc s (123/4) hoc cc bin (x =[ 1 2 3 ]).
Hp cng c ton hc l mt tp hp cc cng c ( hm ) MATLAB s dng nhm gii
cc bi ton. C cc cng c t hp, n gin ho, tch phn, vi phn v gii cc php ton i s
v php ton vi phn. Cc cng c khc s dng trong i s hc tuyn tnh chuyn i chnh xc
dng nghch o, nh thc v cc khun mu tiu chun.
Cc cng c trong Symbolic Math Tollbox c to nn t chng trnh phn mm mnh c tn
l Maple
@
pht trin khi u t trng i hc Waterloo Ontario, Canada v by gi l phn mm
ca hng Waterloo Maple Software. Khi bn yu cu MATLAB thc hin mt php ton, n s s
dng cc hm ca Symbolic Math Tollbox lm vic ny v tr li kt qu ca s lnh.

20.1 Biu thc v cc i tng c trng

MATLAB c s s dng mt s cc kiu i tng khc nhau lu tr gi tr. Bin s hc
dng lu tr gi tr s hc, v d nh x=2, mng k t lu tr chui vn bn, v nh : t = A text
147
string . Hp cng c ton hc c trng dng nhng i tng ton hc thay th cc bin v cc
ton t, v d: x = sym ( x ). Cc i tng ton hc c s dng bi MATLAB trong nhiu trng
hp tng t nh cc bin s hc v chui c s dng. Biu thc ton hc l nhng biu thc c
cha i tng ton hc thay th cho cc s, hm, ton t.v cc bin. Cc bin khng yu cu phi
nh ngha trc. Thut ton l cng c thc hnh gii quyt nhng bi ton trn c s bit c
nhng quy lut v s nhn dng cc biu tng c a ra, chnh xc nh ci cch bn gii bng i
s hc v s tnh ton.. Cc ma trn ton hc l nhng mng m phn t ca n l cc i tng ton
hc hoc cc biu thc.

20.2 To v s dng cc i tng c trng

i tng c trng c xy dng t nhng chui k t hoc cc bin s hc s dng hm sym.
V d x = sym ( x ) to ra mt bin c trng x, y = sym ( y ) to ra mt bin c trng y, y =
sym ( 1/3 ) to ra mt bin c trng y mang gi tr 1/3. Gi s bin c trng c nh ngha, n
c th c s dng trong cc biu thc ton hc tng t nh cc bin s hc c s dng trong
MATLAB . Nu nh cc bin x, y c to ra trc th lnh z= (x+y) / ( x-2 ) s to mt bin mi
z bi v biu thc m n thay th c mang mt hay nhiu bin c trng x hoc y.
Mt i tng s hc c th chuyn thnh i tng c trng. Di y l mt v d:

>> m= magi c( 3) % to mt ma trn s
m=
8 1 6
3 5 7
4 9 2
>> M = sym( m) % to mt ma trn c trng t m
M =
[ 8, 1, 6 ]
[ 3, 5, 7 ]
[ 4, 9, 2 ]
>> det ( M) % xc nh nh thc ca ma trn c trng M
ans =
- 360
V d ny xy dng mt ma trn vung 3x3, chuyn i thnh ma trn c trng, v tm nh
thc ca ma trn.
Hm sym cho php bn la chn nh dng cho s hin thi c trng ca gi tr s. C php l:
S = sym ( A, fmt ) trong A l gi tr s hoc ma trn cn f mt l mt c tnh nh dng tu chn,
c th l f , r , e , hoc d . Gi tr mc nh l r . Nu chn f tng ng h ch s lc
phn, r tng ng ch s hu t, e tng t nh r nhng dng chnh tc hm m, cn d
tng ng ch s h thp phn.

Di y l mt s v d v s hin th ca mt s nh dng tu chn:

Lnh Dng hin th 1/3 Lp
format short 0.3333 double
format long 0.333333333333333 double
format short e 3.3333e
-001
double
format long e 3.333333333333333e
-001
double
format short g 0.33333 double
format long g 0.333333333333333 double
format hex 3fd5555555555555 double
format bank 0.33 double
148
format rat 1/3 double
format + + double
sym ( 1/3, f ) 1.555555555555 *2^(-2) sym
sym ( 1/3, r ) 1/3 sym
sym ( 1/3, e ) 1/3-eps/12 sym
sym ( 1/3, d ) .333333333333333333314829616256 sym

S khc nhau gia cc nh dng c trng c th gy ra mt s hn n. V d:
>> sym( 1/ 3) - sym( 1/ 3, ' e' ) % li du m s hu t
ans =
1/ 12*eps
>> doubl e( ans) % nh dng thp phn
ans =
1. 8504e
- 17

20.3 S biu din biu thc c trng ca MATLAB

MATLAB c cc biu thc c trng ging nh l biu thc c cha i tng c trng khc
nhau gia chng v bin s, biu thc, php ton nu khng chng gn ging nh biu thc
MATLAB c bn. Sau y l mt vi v d ca biu thc c trng.

Biu thc tng trng S trnh by trong MATLA
x=sym( x ) y= M=syms(a,b,c,d);
x=sym(x) cos(x
2
)-sin(2x) f=syms x a b
x=sym(x) f=int(x^3/sqrt(1-x),a,b)
Cc hm c trng ca MATLAB cho php bn thao tc nhng biu thc ny theo nhiu cch khc
nhau. V d:

>> x = sym( ' x' ) % to mt bin c trng x
>> di f f ( cos( x) ) % i ca cos(x ) vi bin s l x
ans =
- si n( x)

>> sym( ' a' , ' b' , ' c' , ' d' ) % to bin s c trng a, b, c v d
>> M = [ a, b, c, d] % to mt ma trn c trng
M =
[ a, b]
[ c, d]
>> det ( M) % tm nh thc ca ma trn c trng M
ans =
a*b - b*c

Trong v d u tin, x c nh ngha nh mt bin c trng trc khi n c s dng
trong biu thc, tng t nh vy bin s phi c gn mt gi tr trc khi chng c s dng.
iu ny cho php MATLAB xem xt cos(x) nh mt biu thc c trng, v do vy dif(cos(x)) l
mt php ton c trng hn l mt php ton s hc. Trong v d s 2, hm syms thng c nh
ngha l mt s bin s c trng. syms(a, b ) tng ng vi a = sym( ' a' ) ; b=
sym( ' b' ) ; . MATLAB bit rng M=[ a, b; c, d ] l mt ma trn c trng bi v n cha
ng mt bin s c trng, v do det(M) l mt php ton c trng.
Trong MATLAB, cu lnh func arg tng ng vi func(arg), trong func l mt hm, cn
arg l mt chui i s k t. MATLAB phn bit syms a b c d v syms(a, b, c, d ) l tng
ng nhng nh cc bn bit cng thc u tin d thc hin hn.
149

Chng ta xem xt k hn v d th hai nu trn:

>> a = 1; b = 2; c = 3; d = 4 % nh ngha bin s a n d
>> M = [ a, b; c, d] % M l mt ma trn s
M=
1 2
3 4
>> si ze( M) %M l mt ma trn bc hai
ans =
2 2
>> cl ass( M) % C nhng loi i tng no l M?
ans =
doubl e
>> M = ' [ a, b; c, d ] ' % M l mt chui c trng
M =
[ a, b : c, d ]
>> si ze( M) % M l mt vector hng ca 9 k t
ans =
1 9
>> cl ass( M )

ans =
char
>> M = sym( ' [ a, b; c, d ] ' ) % mt i tng c trng nhng

% khng phi l mt ma trn
M=
[ a, b; c, d]
>> si ze( M) % M l mt vector 3 phn t (2 du phy )
ans =
1 3
>> cl ass( M)
ans =
sym
>> syms a b c d % nh ngha bin s c trng a n d
>> M = [ a, b; c, d] % M l mt ma trn c trng
M =
[ a, b]
[ c, d]
>> si ze( M)
ans =
2 2
>> cl ass( M)
ans =
sym
>> a = 1; b = 2 ; syms c d % nh ngha mt bin c nh t a

>> M = [ a, b; c, d] % M l mt ma trn c trng t a n d
M=
150
[ 1, 2]
[ c, d]
>> si ze( M)
ans=
sym

Trong v d ny, M c nh ngha theo 5 cch:
Kiu th nht: n gn ging vi ma trn bc hai.
Kiu th hai l mt chui k t.
Kiu th ba l mt i tng c trng hp l, nhng n khng th s dng trong mi trng hp.
Kiu th t l mt ma trn bc hai.
Kiu cui cng cho thy bin s l bin c trng c kt hp trong biu thc c trng to
thnh ma trn c trng.
Biu thc c trng khng c bin c gi l hm c trng. Khi hm c trng hin th,
chng i khi kh m phn bit c vi s nguyn. V d:

>> f =sym( 3) %to mt hng c trng
f =
3
>> cl ass( f ) % kiu ca i tng f l g
ans=
sym
>> g = sym( pi )
g=
pi
>> cl ass( g)
ans=
sym
>> h = sym( si n( pi / 4) )
h=
sqr t ( 1/ 2)
>> cl ass( h)
ans=
sym

20.4 Bin c trng

Khi lm vic vi biu thc c trng c nhiu hn mt bin c trng, chnh xc hn mt
bin l bin c lp. Nu MATLAB khng ch ra u l bin c lp th n s nhn bin no gn x
nht theo th t ch ci.
Bin c lp i khi cn c gi l bin t do. Bn c th yu cu MATLAB ch ra bin no
trong biu thc c trng. bit c ta s dng hm findsym:

>> syms a s t u omega i j % nh ngha cc bin c trng
>> f i ndsym( a*t +s/ ( u+3) , 1) % u l gn x nht
ans =
u
>> f i ndsym( si n( a+omega) , 1) % omega gn x nht
ans =
omega
151
>> f i ndsym( 3*i + 4*j ) % i v j tng t nh sqrt(-1)
ans =
' '

Nu findsym khng tm thy bin c trng, n s tr li chui rng.

20.5 Php ton trn biu thc c trng

Gi s bn to to c biu thc c trng, bn rt c th mun thay i n bng bt c
cch no. Bn mun ly ra mt phn ca biu thc, kt hp hai biu thc hoc tm mt gi tr s ca
mt biu thc c trng. C rt nhiu cng c cho php bn lm iu ny.
Tt c cc hm c trng, ( vi vi im c bit s ni phn sau) da trn cc biu thc c
trng v cc mng c trng. Kt qu ging nh mt s nhng n l mt biu thc c trng. Nh
chng ta ni trn, bn c th tm ra u l kiu s nguyn, mt chui c trng hoc mt i
tng c trng bng cch s dng hm class t MATLAB c s.

20.6 Tch cc t s v mu s

Nu biu thc ca bn l mt a thc hu t hoc c th m rng ti mt a thc hu t tng
ng ( bao gm ton b cc phn t ca t s c chung mu s), bn c th tch t s v mu s
bng cch s dng hm numden. V d:
m = x
2
, f = a x
2
/( b-x) g = 3 x
2
/2 + 2 x /3 -3/5.
h = (x
2
+ 3)/ ( 2 x - 1 ) + 3x/(x-1)
numden t hp hoc hu t ho biu thc nu cn thit, v tr li kt qu t s v mu s. Cu lnh
MATLAB c thc hin nh sau:
>> symx a b % to mt s bin c trng
>> m= x^2 % to mt biu thc n gin
m=
x^2
>> [ n, d] = numden( m) % tch t s v mu s.
n =
x^2
d =
1
>> f = a*x^2/ ( b- x) %to mt biu thc lin quan
f =
a*x^2/ ( b- x)
>> [ n d] = numden( f ) % tch t s v mu s.
m=
- a*x^2
d=
- b + x
Hai biu thc u tin cho ta kt qu nh mong mun

>> g = 3/ 2*x^2 + 2*x - 3/ 4 % to mt biu thc khc.
g =
3/ 2*x^2 + 2*x - 3/ 4
>> [ n, d] = numden( g) % hu t ho v tch cc phn
n =
6*x^2 + 8*x - 3
d =
152
4
>> h = ( x^2 + 3) / ( 2*x - 1) + 3*x/ ( x - 1) % tng ca a thc hu t
h =
x^3 + 5*x^2 - 3
d= ( 2*x - 1) *( x - 1)
>> h2 = n/ d % to li biu thc cho h
h2 =
( x^2 + 3) / ( 2*x - 1) + 3*x/ ( x - 1)
Hai biu thc g v h c hu t ho hoc tr v biu thc n gin vi mt t s v mu s, trc
khi cc phn t c tch c th chia t s cho mu s to li biu thc nguyn gc.

20.7 Php ton i s tiu chun

Mt s php ton tiu chun c th biu din trn biu thc c trng s dng cc ton t
quen thuc. V d cho hai hm:

f = 2x
2
+ 3x - 5 g = x
2
- x + 7

>> sym( ' x' ) % nh ngha mt bin s c trng
>> f = ( 2*x^2 + 3*x - 5) % nh ngha biu thc c trng f v g
f =
( 2*x^2 + 3*x - 5 )
>> x^2 - x + 7
g =
x^2 - x + 7
>> f +
ans =
3*x^2 + 2*x + 2
>> f - g % tm biu thc ca f-g
ans =
x^2 + 4*x - 12
>> f *g % tm mt biu thc ca f*g
ans =
( 2*x^2 + 3*x -5 ) *( x^2 - x + 7)
>> f / g % tm mt biu thc ca f/g
ans =
( 2*x^2 + 3*x - 5 ) / ( x^2 - x + 7)
>> f ^( 3*x) % tm nt biu thc cho f
3x

ans =
( 2*x^2 + 3*x - 5) *3*x

Thc s l mt php ton trn bt c biu thc no cha t nht mt bin s c trng s cho
kt qu ca mt biu thc c trng, bn hy t hp cc biu thc c nh to nhng biu thc
mi. V d:

>> a = 1; b = 3/ 2 ; x = sym( ' x' ) ; % to mt s v nhng bin s c trng
>> f = si n( a - x) % to mt s biu thc
ans=
- si n( x- 1)
>> g = si n( b*x^2)
153
ans=
si n( 3/ 2*x^2)
>> b*f / ( g - 5) + x % kt hp chng
ans =
- 3/ 2*si n( x - 1) / ( si n( 3/ 2*x^2) - 5 ) + x )

Tt c cc php ton ny u thc hin tt vi cc i s l mng.

20.8 Cc php ton nng cao

MATLAB c th biu din nhiu php ton nng cao hn biu thc c trng. Hm compose
kt hp f(x ) v g ( x) thnh f ( g(x)). Hm finverse tm hm nghch o ca mt biu thc v hm
symsum tm tng c trng ca mt biu thc. V d :

f = 1/ ( 1 + x
2
) g = sin ( x ) h = x/ ( 1 + u
2
) k = cos ( x+v )

>> syms x u v % nh ngha 3 bin c trng
>> f = 1/ ( 1+x^2) % to 4 biu thc
>> g = si n( x)
>> h = x/ ( 1 + u^2)
>> k = cos( x + v)
>> compose( f , g) % tm biu thc ca f( g ( x ))
ans =
sym( 1/ ( 1 + x^2) )

compose c th c s dng cc hm m c cc bin c lp khc nhau.

>> compose( h, k) % cho h( x), k ( x ), tm h( k(x) )
ans=
cos( x + v) / ( 1 + u^2)
>> compose( h, k, u, v) % cho h( u), k( v ), tm h( k( v))
ans =
x/ ( 1 + cos( 2*v) ^2)

Hm nghch o ca mt biu thc, gi l f(x), l biu thc g (x) m tho mn iu kin
g( f (x)) = x. V d hm nghich o ca e
x
l ln(x), do vy ln(e
x
) =x. Hm nghch o ca sin(x) l
arcsin(x), v hm nghch o ca 1/tan(x) l arctan(1/x). Hm finverse tr thnh hm nghch o ca
mt biu thc. Ch finverse tr li duy nht mt kt qu thm ch nu kt qu khng l duy nht.

>> syms x a b c d z % nh ngha mt s bin c trng
>> f i nver se( 1/ x) % nghch o ca 1/x l x
ans =
1/ x
>> f i nver se( x^2) % tm mt trong cc gii php g(x
2
) =x
ans =
x^( 1/ 2)
>> f i nver se( a*x + b) % tm gii php g(f(x)) = x
ans =
- ( b - x) / a
>> f i nverse( a*b + c*d - a*z, a) %tm gii php g(f(a))=a
154
ans=
- ( c*d - a) / ( b - z)

Hm symsum tm tng c trng ca mt biu thc. C 4 c php ca hm: symsum(f) tr li
tng , symsum(f,s) tr li tng , symsum(f,a,b) tr li tng , cn hm symsum(f, a, b, s) tr li tng .
Chng ta cng xem xt tng , tr li x
3
/3-x
2
/2+x/6
>> syms x n
>> symsum( x^2)
ans =
1/ 3*x^3 - 1/ 2*x^2 + 1/ 6*x

20.9 Hm nghch o

Mc ny trnh by cc cng c chuyn i biu thc c trng sang gi tr s v ngc li.
C mt s rt t cc hm c trng c th tr thnh gi tr s.
Hm sym c th chuyn i mt chui hoc mt mng s thnh s biu din c trng; hm
double thc hin ngc li. duble chuyn i mt hng c trng ( mt biu thc c trng khng c
bin) thnh gi tr s c kiu xc nh double.

>> phi = sym( ' ( 1 + sqr t ( 5) ) / 2' )
phi =
( 1 + sqr t ( 5) ) / 2
>> doubl e( phi ) %nghch o ca gi tr s
ans =
1. 6180
Hai cch trn cho ta cng mt kt qu.
Bn lm vic vi a thc trn MATLAB c bn, s dng vector m cc phn t ca n l cc
h s ca a thc. Hm c trng sym2poli chuyn i mt a thc c trng thnh vector ca h h
s . Hm poli2sym th lm ngc li, v bn hy khai bo bin s dng trong php ton cui
cng.

>> x = sym( ' x' )
>> f = x^3 + 2*x^2 - 3*x + 5 % f l a thc c trng
f =
x^3 + 2*x^2 - 3*x + 5
>> n = sym2pol i ( f ) % tch vector cc h s
n =
1 2 - 3 5
>> pol y2sym( n) % to li a thc ca x ( mc nh )
ans =
x^3 + 2*x^2 - 3*x + 5
>> s = sym( ' s' ) % nh ngha s nh l bin c trng
>> pol y2sym( n, s) % to li a thc ca f
ans=
s^3 + 2*s^2 - 3*s + 5

20.10 S thay th bin s

Gi s bn c mt biu thc c trng ca x, v bn mun i bin thnh y. MATLAB cung
cp cho bn cng c thay i trong biu thc c trng, gi l subs. C php l:
155
subs( f, old, new ), trong f l mt biu thc c trng, old l bin hoc biu thc c trng, v new
l bin c trng, biu thc hoc ma trn hoc mt gi tr s hoc ma trn. Ni dung ca new s thay
th old trong biu thc f. Di y l mt s v d:

>> syms a al pha b c s x % nh ngha mt vi bin c trng
>> f = a*x^2 + b*x + c % to mt hm f(x)
f =
a*x^2 + b*x + c
>> subs( f , x, s) % thay th xbng s trong biu thc ca f
ans=
a*s^2 + b*s + c
>> subs( f , a, [ al pha; s] ) % thay th a bng ma trn c trng a
ans=
[ al pha*x^2 + b*x + c]
[ s*x^2 + b*x + c]
>> g= 3*x^2 + 5*x - 4 % to mt hm khc
g=
3*x^2 + 5*x - 4
>> h = subs( g, x, 2) % new l mt gi tr s
h =
18
>> cl ass( h) % biu din kt qu l mt ni dung c trng
ans =
sym
V d trc biu din cch subs to h s, v sau lm n gin ho biu thc. T kt qu
ca h s l mt ni dung c trng, MATLAB c th rt gn n thnh mt gi tr n. Ch rng
subs l mt hm c trng, n tr thnh mt biu thc c trng, mt ni dung c trng thm ch n
l mt s. nhn mt s chng ta cn s dng hm double chuyn i chui .

>> doubl e( h) % chuyn i mt biu thc c trng thnh mt s
ans=
18
>> cl ass( ans) % biu din kt qu l mt gi tr s
ans=
doubl e

20.11 Php ly vi phn

Php ly vi phn ca mt biu thc c trng s dng hm diff theo mt trong 4 mu sau:

>> syms a b c d x s % nh ngha mt vi bin c trng
>> f = a*x^3 + x^2 - b*x - c % nh ngha mt biu thc c trng
f =
a*x^3 + x^2 - b*x - c
>> di f f ( f ) % ly vi phn ca f vi x l bin mc nh
ans =
3*a*x^2 + 2*x - b
>> di f f ( f , a) % ly vi phn ca f vi a thay cho x
ans =
x^3
156
>> di f f ( f , 2) % ly vi phn f hai ln vi ?
ans=
6*a*x + 2
>> di f f ( f , a, 2) % vi phn 2 ln vi ?
ans=
0

Hm diff cng c th thao tc trn mng. Nu f l mt vector c trng hoc ma trn, diff( f)
ly vi phn mi phn t trong mng:

>> f = [ a*x, b*x^2; c*x^3, d*s] % to mt mng c trng
f =
[ a*x b* x^2 ]
[ c*x^3 d*s ]

Ch rng hm diff cng s dng trong MATLAB c bn tnh php vi phn s hc ca
mt vector s v ma trn.

20.12 Php tch phn

Hm tch phn int(f ) trong f l biu thc tng trng, s tm ra mt biu thc tng trng
F khc sao cho diff(F)=f. Nh bn thy trong phn nghin cu php tnh, php tch phn phc tp hn
php vi phn.Tch phn hoc o hm khng tn ti di mt hnh dng khp kn; hoc n c th tn
ti nhng phn mm khng tm ra n hoc phn mm c th tm ra n nhng khng b nh hoc
thi gian chy. Khi MATLAB khng tm thy php tnh o hm n a ra cnh bo v s thay th
tng trng php tch phn khng th s dng vi hm pretty.

>> x = sym( ' x' ) ;
>> p = i nt ( l og( x) / exp( x^2) ) % ly tch phn
War ni ng: Expl i ci t i nt egr al coul d not be f ound.
I n C: \ MATLAB\ t ool box\ symbol i c\ @sym\ i nt . m at l i ne 58
p = i nt ( . . . .
>> pr et t y( p)
ans =
out put f r ompr et t y

Hm tch phn, cng nh hm vi phn u c nhiu hn mt c php. int(f) s tm mt php
tnh tch phn theo cc bin c lp mc nh, cn int(f, s ) tm php ly tch phn theo bin c
trng s. Khun mu int( f, a, b ) v int (f, s, a, b ), trong a, b l cc bin s, tm ra biu thc c
trng cho php ly tch phn theo cn t a n b. Tng t cho hm int(f, m, n ) v
int ( f, s, m, n ).

>> syms x s m n % nh ngha mt s bin
>> f = si n( s + 2*x) % to mt hm tng trng
f =
si n( s+2*x)
>> i nt ( f ) % php ly tch phn theo bin x
ans=
- 1/ 2*cos( s+2*x)
>> i nt ( f , s) % php ly tch phn theo i s s
ans=
157
- cos( s + 2*x)
>> i nt ( f , pi / 2, pi ) % ly tch phn theo bin x vi cn t pi/2 n pi
ans=
- cos( s)
>> i nt ( f , s, pi / 2, pi ) % ly tch phn theo s, cn t pi/2 n pi
ans=
2*cos( x) ^2 - 1 - 2*si n( x) *cos( x)
>> g = si mpl e( i nt ( f , m, n) ) % ly tch phn theo x, cn t m n n
g =
- 1/ 2*cos( s + 2*n) + 1/ 2*cos( s + 2*m)

Trong v d ny, hm simple c s dng n gin ho kt qu ca php ly tch phn. Chng ta s
nghin cu thm v hm simple sau ny.
Cng nh hm diff, hm ly tch phn int trn mi phn t ca mng c trng:

>> syms a b c d x s % nh ngha mt s bin c trng
>> f = [ a*x, b*x^2; c*x^3, d*s] % xy dng mt mng c trng
f =
[ a*x, b*x^2 ]
[ c*x^3, d*s ]
>> i nt ( f ) % ly tch phn mng cc phn t theo i s x
ans =
[ 1/ 2*a*x^2, 1/ 3*b*x^3]
[ 1/ 4*c*x^4, d*s*x]

V d : Gii php c trng ca mt phng php tnh ton c in

Fox Mulder, ang gim st trn mt mi nh ca mt to cao c Roswell, New Mexico, trong
khi ang n ba tra th anh ta cht pht hin ra mt vt c hnh dng k l trn khng cao 50 m.
Anh ta ly mt qu c chua chn ra khi chic ti eo sau lng, t vo cnh ca mi nh ri nm
mnh qu c chua vo khng trung. Qu c chua c bay ln vi vn tc ban u l v
0
= 20 m/s. Mi
cao 30 m so vi mt t, thi gian bay ca n l t giy. Hi khi no n t n cao cc i, cao
m qu c chua t ti so vi mt t? Khi no th qu c chua chm ti mt t? Gi s rng khng
c lc cn ca khng kh v gia tc ph thuc vo sc ht l khng i l a =- 9. 7536 m/ s
2
.
Chng ta chn mt t cao l 0, y = 0 l mt t v y = 30 l nh ca to nh. Vn tc tc
thi s l v = dy/dt, v gia tc s l a = d
2
y/dt
2
. Do nu ly tch phn mt ln gia tc, ta s c
vn tc tc thi, cn tch phn vn tc ta s c cao y.

>> t = sym( ' t ' ) ; % nh ngha bin dc trng thi gian
>> di gi t s( 5) ; % chnh xc 5 ch s
>> a = sym( ' - 9. 7536' ) % gia tc o bng m/s
2

a =
- 9. 7536
>> v = i nt ( a, t ) %vn tc xem nh hm thi gian
v =
- 9. 7536*t
>> v = v + 20 % thi im t=0 vn tc l 20m/s
v =
- 9. 7536*t + 20
>> y = i nt ( v, t ) %tm cao y thi im t bng cch ly tch phn
158
y =
- 4. 8768*t ^2+20. *t
>> y = y + 30 % cao khi t=0 l 30 m
y =
- 4. 8768*t ^2 + 20. *t + 30

Kim tra xem kt qu c ng khng, nu nh chng ta thay t=0 vo trong biu thc, ta c:

>> yo = subs( y, t , 0)
yo =
30.
kt qu ng nh cao qu c chua trc khi n c nm.

By gi chng ta c vn tc v v tr l hm ca thi gian t. cao cc i khi m qu c
chua ngng ln v bt u ri xung. tm im ny, ta tm gi tr ca t khi v=0 bng cch dng
hm solve. Hm ny tm im khng ca biu thc c trng, hay ni cch khc, solve(f), trong f
l hm ca x, tm x khi cho f(x) =0.

>> t _t op = sol ve( v) % tm gi tr ca t khi v(t)=0
t _t op =
2. 0505

Bi v solve l mt hm c trng, n tr li mt hng c trng ( thm ch n trng nh mt
s). By gi chng ta tm cao cc i, thi im t = 2.0505 s.

>> y_max = subs( y, t , t _t op ) % thay th t bi t_top trong y
y_max =
50. 505
Ch rng hm subs c cng gi tr nh chng ta lm trc khi chng ta kim tra biu
thc y, subs s thay bin c trng 2.0505 vo cc gi tr t trong biu thc.

By gi chng ta tm thi gian qu c chua chm mt t.

>> t _spl at = sol ve( y) % qu c chua chm mt t khi y =0
t _spl at =
[ - 1. 1676 ]
[ 5. 2686 ]

Do kt qu l s m v qu c chua khng th chm t trc khi n c nm i, v nghim
th hai mi l nghim c ngha. T suy ra cao ca qu c chua thi im t giy c cho bi
phng trnh y = -9.7536t
2
+ 20t + 30, qu c chua t ti cao cc i 50.505m so vi mt t v
thi im t = 2.0505 s, v n chm mt t thi im t = 5.2686 s

20.13 V th biu thc c trng

c mt tng tt hn v chuyn g xy ra vi qu c chua, chng ta v kt qu ca tr
chi ny. Gi v tr ca qu c chua ( cao) c miu t bng biu thc

y = ( - 4. 8768) *t ^2 + 20*t + 30
159

>> ezpl ot ( y) % v cao qu c chua

0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
t
-4.8768*t^2+20.*t+30

Nh bn thy, ezplot v th hm c trng trong di -2 t 2.

20.14 nh dng v n gin ho biu thc

i khi MATLAB tr li mt biu thc c trng qu kh c th c. Mt s cng c c sn
tr gip lm cho biu thc d c hn. Trc tin l hm pretty. Lnh ny hin th biu thc c
trng theo mt khun mu tng t nh ku ton hc. Chng ta hy xem s m rng chui Taylor:

>> x = sym( ' x' ) ;
>> f = t ayl or ( l og( x+1) / ( x- 5) )
f =
- 1/ 5*x+3/ 50*x^2- 41/ 750*x^3+293/ 7500*x^4- 1207/ 37500*x^5

>> pr et t y( f )

2 41 3 293 4 1207 5
-1/5 x + 3/50 x - --- x + ---- x - ----- x
750 7500 37500

Biu thc c trng c th a ra di nhiu dng tng t nhau. MATLAB s dng mt s
lnh n gin ho hoc thay i khun mu trong biu thc c trng.

>> x = sym( ' x' ) ;
>> f = ( x^2 - 1) *( x - 2) *( x - 3) % to mt hm
f =
( x^2 - 1) *( x - 2) *( x - 3)
>> col l ect ( f ) % gom tt c cc mc nhnhau
ans =
x^4 - 5*x^3 + 5*x^2 + 5*x - 6
>> hor ner ( ans)
ans =
- 6 + ( 5 + ( 5 + ( - 5 + x) *x) *x) *x
160
>> f act or ( ans) % biu din di dng mt a thc
ans =
( x - 1) *( x - 2) *( x - 3) *( x + 1)
>> expand( f )
ans =
x^4 - 5*x^3 + 5*x^2 + 5*x - 6

simplify l mt cng c rt mnh, mc ch c bn l n gin ho biu thc di nhiu kiu
khc nhau nh: tch phn v lu tha phn s; lut s m v hm log; v Bessel, hnh hc v hm
gamma. Mt vi v d s minh ho iu ny:

>> syms x y a
>> si mpl i f y( si n( x) ^2 + 3*x + cos( x) ^2 - 5)
ans =
- 4 + 3*x
>> si mpl i f y( l og( 2*x/ y) )
ans =
l og( 2) + l og( x/ y)
>> si mpl i f y( ( - a^2 + 1) / ( 1 - a) )
ans =
a + 1

20.15 Tm tt v mt s c im khc

Biu thc c trng s phc trong c php MATLAB c th c trnh by theo mt hnh mu m
ta c th d ng c bng vic s dng hm pretty.
C th c nhiu kiu tng t nhau ca biu thc c trng, mt s chng th d dng s dng hn
mt s khc trong nhng tnh hung khc nhau. MATLAB a ra mt s cng c thay i
khun dng trong biu thc. l :

Cng c M t
collect Gom tt c cc mc ging nhau
factor Biu din di dng mt a thc
expand M rng tt c cc mc
simplify n gin ho cc biu thc
simple Tm biu thc tng ng c chui k t ngn nht

Hm c trng MATLAB c th c s dng chuyn biu thc c trng thnh phn thc.,
cho mt a thc hu t th int( f ) s ly tch phn hm ny, v diff( f ) s ly vi phn hm ny. V
d:

>> s = sym( ' s' ) ;
>> Y =( 10*s^2 + 40*s + 30 ) / ( s^2 + 6*s + 8)
Y =
( 10*s^2 + 40*s + 30) / ( s^2 + 6*s + 8)
>> di f f ( i nt ( Y) )
ans =
10 - 15/ ( s + 4) - 5/ ( s + 2)
>> pr et t y( ans)
15 5
10 - - - - - - - - - - - -
161
s + 4 s + 2

K thut ny cng tht l hu ch khi ta mun ti gin a thc trong c bc cao hn mu
s.

>> x = sym( ' x' ) ;
>> g = ( x^3 + 5) / ( x^2 - 1)
g =
( x^3 + 5) / ( x^2 - 1)
>> di f f ( i nt ( g) )
ans =
x + 3/ ( - 1+ x) - 2/ ( x + 1)
>> pr et t y( ans)

3 2
x + - - - - - - - - - - - -

- 1 + x x + 1
20.16 T lm

Tm gi tr ca e vi chnh xc 18,29,30 v 31 s. Ch rng kt qu gn vi mt gi tr s
nguyn nht, nhng khng hon ton l mt s nguyn.

>> vpa( ' exp( pi *sqr t ( 163) ) ' , 18)

20.17 Gii phng trnh

Phng trnh c trng c th c gii bng cng c ton hc c sn trong MATLAB. Mt
s c gii thiu, mt s s c chng minh phn sau.

20.18 Gii phng trnh i s n gin

Hm solve gn biu thc c trng v 0 trc khi gii n:

>> syms a b c x
>> sol ve( a*x^2 + b*x + c)
ans =
[ 1/ 2/ a*( - b + ( b^2 - 4*a*c) ^( 1/ 2) ) ]
[ 1/ 2/ a*( - b - ( b^2 - 4*a*c) ^( 1/ 2) ) ]

Kt qu l mt vecto c trng m cc phn t ca n c dng nh trn . gii php ton c
cha du bng, gii mt chui c cha biu thc:

>> sol ve( ' a*x^2 + b*x - ( - c) ' )
ans =
[ 1/ 2/ a*( - b + ( b^2 - 4*a*c) ^( 1/ 2) ) ]
[ 1/ 2/ a*( - b -
( b^2 - 4*a*c) ^( 1/ 2) ) ]

Nu nh bn mun gii i s khc so vi bin s mc nh th bn c th khai bo trong solve nh
sau:
162

>> sol ve( a*x^2 + b*x + c, b)
ans =
- ( a*x^2 + c) / x
Php ton c th gii bng cch gn biu thc cho 0. By gi chng ta s gii cos(x)=sin(x) v
tan(x) =sin(2x) theo x, v qui kt qu ca chng v bin f v t:

>> f = sol ve( cos( x) - si n( x) )
f =
1/ 4*pi
>> t = sol ve( t an( x) - si n( 2*x) )
t =
[ 0]
[ pi ]
[ 1/ 4*pi ]
[ - 3/ 4*pi ]

Kt qu di dng s:

>> doubl e( f )
ans =
0. 7854
>> doubl e( t )
ans =
0
3. 1416
0. 7854
- 2. 3562

20.19 Mt vi php ton i s

C th gii vi php ton cng mt lc. Cu lnh [a1, a2, ..., an ] = solve(f1, f2, ...,fn ) gii n php
ton cho cc bin mc nh v tr li kt qu trong a1, a2, ..., an. Tuy nhin bin mc nh s c lu
tr . V d:

>> syms x y
>> [ a1 a2] = sol ve( x^2 + x^y + y - 3, x^2 - 4*x + 3)
a1 =
[ 1]
[ 3]
a2 =
[ 1]
[ - ( 6*l og( 3) +l amber t w( 1/ 729*l og( 3) ) ) / l og( 3) ]
20.20 Php ton vi phn

Thng thng php ton vi phn rt kh gii, MATLAB cung cp cho bn mt s cng c
mnh tm kt qu ca php ton vi phn.
Hm dsolve s gii cc php ton vi phn v cho ta kt qu. C php ca dsolve khc vi phn
ln cc hm khc. i s ca hm phi l xu k t thay v biu thc, v nh xu cha mt du =.
iu ny r rng l khc so vi hm solve, m i s ca n phi l mt biu thc c trng khng c
du =.
163
Php ton vi phn c nhn ra bng k hiu ch hoa D v D2, D3, v.v... .Bt k mt ch no
theo sau Ds u ph thuc vo bin. Php ton ( d
2
y/dt
2
) c thay bi chui k t D2y=0. cc bin
c lp c th c ch ra, hoc nu khng s mc nh l t. V d gii php ton
(dy,dt) - 1+2y
2
:

>> cl ear
>> dsol ve( ' Dy=1+y^2' )
ans =
t an( t - C1)

trong C1 l hng s. Cng bi ton trn nhng cho gi tr ban u l y(0) =1 th s c kt qu sau:

>> dsol ve( ' Dy=1+y^2, y( 0) =1' )
ans =
t an( t +1/ 4*pi )

20.21 Mt vi php ton tch phn

Hm dsolve c th gii nhiu php ton vi phn cng mt lc. Khi gii nhiu php ton vi
phn dsolve tr cc bin vo mt cu trc hoc mt vector nh solve lm. Ch dsolve xp xp cc
bin trc khi c lp trc khi tr. V d:
Gii php ton sau:
df/dt = 3f + 4g dg/d = -4f + 3g

>> [ f , g] = dsol ve( ' Df = 3*f + 4*g, Dg = - 4*f + 3*g' )
f =
exp( 3*t ) *cos( 4*t ) *C1 + exp( 3*t ) *si n( 4*t ) *C2
g =
- exp( 3*t ) *si n( 4*t ) *C1 + exp( 3*t ) *cos( 4*t ) *C2

20.22 Ma trn v i s tuyn tnh

Ma trn c trng v vector l cc mng m phn t ca n l cc biu thc c trng. chng
c th c to bi hm sym:

>> syms a b c s t
>> A = [ a, b, c; b, c, a; c, a, b]

A =
[ a, b, c]
[ b, c, a]
[ c, a, b]
>> G = [ cos( t ) , si n( t ) ; - si n( t ) , cos( t ) ]
G =
[ cos( t ) , si n( t ) ]
[ - si n( t ) , cos( t ) ]

Kch thc ca ma trn c trng c th tm c bng hm chun size v length. V d:

>> syms a b c d e f
>> S = [ a, b, c; d, e, f ]
164
S =
[ a, b, c]
[ d, e, f ]
>> h = si ze( S)
h =
2 3
>> [ m, n] = si ze( S)
m=
2
n =
3
>> l engt h( S)
ans =
3
Phn t ca mng c trng cng c truy nhp tng t nh mng s
>> syms ab cd ef gh
>> G = [ ab, cd, ef , gh]
G =
[ ab, cd, ef , gh]
>> G( 1, 2)
ans =
cd

20.23 Php ton i s tuyn tnh

Php nghch o v nh thc ca ma trn c tnh bi hm: inv v det

>> H = sym( hi l b( 3) )
H =
[ 1, 1/ 2, 1/ 3]
[ 1/ 2, 1/ 3, 1/ 4]
[ 1/ 3, 1/ 4, 1/ 5]
>> det ( H)
ans =
1/ 2160
>> J = i nv( H)
J =
[ 9, - 36, 30]
[ - 36, 192, - 180]
[ 30, - 180, 180]
>> det ( J )
ans =
2160
20.24 Hm bc v xung

Hm step, u(t) v hm impulse, (t) thng c dng trong h thng. Hm bc Ku(t-a ) trong
K l hng s c nh ngha nh sau: Ku( t - a) =0 nu t <a v Ku( t - a) = K nu T>=a. D-
i y l hm bc:

20.25 Bin i Laplace

165
Php bin i laplace bin i t min t sang min s. Hm ca n nh sau:

L(s) =
>> syms a s t w
>> f = exp( - a*t ) *cos( w*t )
f =
exp( - a*t ) *cos( w*t )
>> L = l apl ace( f , t , s)
L=
( s + a) / ( ( s + a) ^2 + w^2)
>> pr et t y( L)
s + a
- - - - - - - - - - - - -
2 2
s + a) + w

20.26 Bin i Fourier

Hm bin i Fourier v Fourier ngc nh sau:

F() = f(t)=
MATLAB dng w thay cho trong biu thc c trng

>> syms t w
>> f =t *exp( - t ^2)
f =
t *exp( - t ^2)
>> f =f our i er ( f , t , w) % bin i fourier s dng tham s t v w
f =
- 1/ 2*i *pi ^( 1/ 2) *w*exp( - 1/ 4*w^2)
>> i f our i er ( f , w, t ) % timbin i fourier ngc
ans =
1/ 2*4^( 1/ 2) *t *exp( - t ^2)
>> si mpl i f y( ans)
ans =
t *exp( - t ^2)

--------------------------oOo-------------------------

chng 21
hp cng c h thng iu khin

21.1 S biu din bng th

Phn ln cc cng c trong Hp cng c h thng iu khin u c lun gii d hiu trn
c 2 phng din hm truyn v khng gian trng thi. Thm vo h thng nhiu u vo, nhiu
166
u ra (MIMO) c sinh ra t vic to ra ma trn B, C, v D c i hi s chiu. S biu din hm
truyn MIMO c hnh thnh do s dng ma trn t bo lu tr trong nhng a thc hm truyn t-
ng ng. V d :

>> num= { 10, [ 1 10] ; - 1, [ 3 0 ] } ; % mng t bo
>> den= { [ 1 10 ] , [ 1 6 10 ] ; [ 1 0 ] , [ 1 3 3 ] ; %mng t
% bo bc hai thay cho h thng c 2 u vo v 2 u ra.
Hm truyn
Lin tc
H(s)= = m<=n MATLAB: :num = [ N
1
N
2
...N
m+1
], den =[ D
1
D
2
... D
n+1
]
Ri rc
H(z) = = m<=n MATLAB: num [N
1
N
2
... N
n+1
], den = [ D
1
D
2
..... D
n+1
]
( mu z
-1
)
H(z) == MATLAB: num = [ N
1
N
2
. N
n+1
], den =[ D
1
D
2
... D
n+1
]

Zero-pole-Gain
Lin tc H(s)== m<n MATLAB: K, Z = [Z
1
; Z
2
; ....Z
m
], P=[ P
1
; ......P
n
]
Ri rc H(z)= = m<= n MATLAB: K, Z = [Z
1
; Z
2
; ....Z
m
], P=[ P
1
; ......P
n
]

Khng gian trng thi
Lin tc
x= Ax + Bu y = Cx + Du MATLAB : A, B, C, D
Ri rc
x[n+1] = Ax[n] + B u[n] y[n] = C x[n] + Du[n] MATLAB : A, B, C, D

=

C mt s tng quan t nhin 1-1 gia ch s mng t bo v ch s ma trn hm truyn.

21.2 i tng LTI

MATLAB cung cp mt cch tm lc mng d liu tng quan thnh cc i tng tuyn
tnh, bt bin theo thi gian, hoc cc i tng LTI. iu ny gip cho vic qun l chng c d
dng. V d:

>> my_sys= zpk( z, p, k )
Zer o/ pol e / gai n f r omi nput 1 t o out put :
1
-
s
Zer o / pol e / gai n f r omi nput 2 t o out put :
3 ( s+1 )
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
( s+10) ( s+2)

xy dng mt i tng LTI zero-pole-gain c tn l my_sys c cha h thng 2 u vo v mt u
ra. Cng nh vy:

>> H = t f ( num, den )
Tr ansf er f unct i on f r omi nput 1 t o out put . . .
10
167
#1: . . . . . . . . .
s+10
- 1
#2: . . . . .
s
Tr ansf er f unct i on f r omi nput 2 t o out put . . .
s+10
#1: . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
s^2+6 s+10
3s+1
#2: . . . . . . . . . . . .
s^2 + 3 s + 3

to mt hm truyn i tng LTI t mng t bo num v den nhp vo trc . Cng nh vy h
thng hin ti hin th mt ch d hiu.
Cui cng, i tng LTI khng gian trng thi c hnh thnh nh sau:

>> a = [ 0 1 ; - 2 - 4 ] ; b = [ 0 1 ] ; c = [ 1 1 ] ; d =0;
% inh ngha ma trn khng gian trng thi
>> syst em2=ss( a, b, c, d)
a=
x1 x2
x1 0 1. 00000
x - 2. 00000 - 4. 00000

b =
u1
x1 0
x2 1. 00000

c =
x1 x2
y1 1. 00000 1. 00000

d=
u1
y1 0
H thng lin tc theo thi gian
Trong trng hp ny, h thng s xc nh cc thnh phn bin gn vi mi phn t v xc nhn h
thng l lin tc theo thi gian.
xy dng mt h thng gin on theo thi gian, s dng hm zpk, tf, v hm ss, bn nht
thit phi khai bo chu k ly mu km theo vi h thng c xem nh l mt i s u vo cui
cng.V d:

>> dt _sys = t f ( [ 1 0. 2 ] , [ 1 - 1 ] , 0. 01 )
hm truyn
z+0.
. . . . . . . . . . .
z- 1
thi gian ly mu : 0.01
H thng ri rc theo thi gian ny c chu k ly mu l : 0.01
168

21.3 Khi phc d liu

Gi s i tng LTI c to dng, th d liu trong c th tch ra bng cch s dng
hm tfdata, zpkdata, v ssdata. V d :

>> [ nz, dz ] = t f dat a ( dt _sys ) % tch ra nh l mng t bo
nz =
[ 1x2 doubl e ]
dz =
[ 1x2 doubl e ]
>> [ n z, dz ] = t f dat a ( dt _sys, ' v' ) % chch ra nh l vector
z =
[ - 0. 2 ]
p =
[ 1 ]
k =
1
>> [ z, p, k ] =zpkdat a ( dt _sys, ' v' ) % chch ra nh l vector
z =
- 0. 2
p =
1
k =
1
>> [ a, b, c, d ] = ssdat a( dt _sys) % chch ra ma trn khng gian trng
%thi s
a =
1
b =
1
c =
1. 2
d =
1

Nu nh mt i tng LTI c xy dng th n c th c tch ra theo bt c mt mu no.

21.4 S nghch o i tng LTI

Bn cnh vic tch cc i tng LTI thnh nhiu kiu khc nhau, chng cn c th c
chuyn i thnh cc dng khc nhau bng cch s dng cc hm t to. V d :
>> t = t f ( 100, [ 1 6 100] ) % xy dng mt hm truyn.
Hm truyn :
100
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
s^2 + 6 s + 100
>> sst = ss( t )
a = x1 x2
x1 - 6. 00000 - 6. 25000
169
x2 16. 00000 0
b = u1
x1 2. 00000
x2 0
c = x1 x2
y1 0 3. 12500
d = u1
y1 0
H thng lin tc theo thi gian.
>> zpkt = zpkt ( t )
Zer o / pol e / gai n:
100
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
( s^2+ 6 s + 100 )

21.5 Thut ton i tng LTI

S dng i tng LTI cng cho php bn thit lp thut ton s khi. V d, hm truyn
lp ca mt h thng hi tip l G( s ) . Th hm truyn lp gn nht ca l : T(s ) = G(s ) ( 1 + G(s) ).
Trong MATLAB, iu ny bt u:
>> g = t f ( 100, [ 1 6 0] ) % hm truyn lp
Hm truyn:
100
. . . . . . . . . . . .
s^2 + 6 s
>> t = g/ ( 1+g)
hm truyn:
100 s^2 + 600 s
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
s^4 + 12 s^3 + 136 s^2 + 600 s
>> t = mi nr eal ( t ) % thit lp hm hu pole-zero
Hm truyn:
100
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
s^2 + 6 s + 100

21.6 Phn tch h thng

Hp dng c h thng iu khin( The Control System Toolbox ) c cp n vic phn
tch h thng s v thit k hm. hon thin ti liu ny, hy xem help trc tuyn. hiu c
mt s c im ca, hy tham chiu n i tng LTI open-loop v closed-loop.

>> g = zpk ( [ ] , [ 0, - 5, - 10 ] , 100 ) %h thng open-loop
Zer o/ pol e/ gai n :
100
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
s ( s+5 ) ( s+ 10 )
>>t =mi nr eal ( g / ( 1 +g ) ) H thng closed-loop
Zero / pole/ gain:
170
100
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
( s+11. 38 ) ( s^2 + 3. 62 s ) + 8. 789 )

Poles ca h thng ny l:
>>pol e( t )
ans =
- 11. 387
- 1. 811 + 2. 3472 i
- 1. 811 + 2. 3472 i

th Bode ca h thng c cho nh hnh v:
>>bode(g)

Hnh 21.1
th Bode n gin ca h thng closed-loop l:

>> bode( t )
171

Hnh 21.2
p ng xung ca h thng

>> st ep( t )

Hnh 21.3

Ngoi cc phng php nu trn, hp cng c h thng iu khin cn a ra thm cho bn lnh tr
gip ltiview. Hm ny cho php bn la chn cc i tng LTI t ca s lnh v quan st cc p
ng khc nhau trn mn hnh.
172
21.7 Danh sch cc hm ca hp cng c h thng iu khin

S hnh thnh cc kiu LTI
ss Xy dng kiu khng gian trng thi
zpk Xy dng kiu zero-pole-gain
tf Xy dng kiu hm truyn
dss Ch r kiu ho php khng gian trng thi
filt ch r b lc s
set Thit lp hoc sa i c th ca LTI
ltiprops Tr gip tri tit cho c tnh TTI

Phn tch d liu
ssdata Tch ma trn khng gian trng thi
zpkdata Tch d liu zero-pole-gain
tfdata Tch t s v mu s
dssdata Ch ra verion ca ssdata
get Truy nhp c tnh gi tr ca LTI

c tnh ca cc loi
class kiu model ( ss , zpk , or tf )
size S chiu ca u vo/ u ra
isempty True cho kiu LTI rng
isct True cho kiu lin tc theo thi gian
isdt True cho loi gin on theo thi gian
isproper True cho kiu LTI ci tin
issiso True cho h thng mt u vo/ mt u ra
isa Kim tra Loi LTI c a ra

S nghch o
ss Chuyn i thnh khng gian trng thi
zpk Chuyn i thnh zero-pole-gain
tf Chuyn i thnh hm truyn
c2d Chuyn i t lin tc sang gin on
d2d Ly mu li h thng ri rc hoc thm tr u vo

Cc php ton
+ v - Cng v tr h thng LTI ( mc song song )
* Nhn h thng LTI (mc ni tip )
\ Chia tri: sys1\sys2 ngha l: inv (sys1)*sys2
/ Chia phi: sys1/sys2 c ngha sys1*inv(sys2 )
Hon v ngc
. Hon v u vo/u ra
[...] S kt ni h thng LTI ngang/ dc
inv Nghch o h thng LTI

173
ng hc
pole, eig H thng poles
tzero S truyn h thng cc s 0
pzma Biu Pole-Zero
dcgai nh hng DC ( tn s thp)
norm Ch tiu h thng LTI
covar Covar of response ln nhiu trng
damp Tn s t nhin v s suy gim cc h thng
esort Xp xp cc tnh lin tc bi phn thc
dsort Xp xp cc tnh ri rc bi bin
pade Xp x pade ca thi gian tr

p ng thi gian
step p ng bc
impulse p ng xung
inittial p ng h thng khng gian trng thi vi trng
thi khi to
lsim p ng u vo tu
Ltiview p ng phn tch GUI
gensig Pht sinh tn hiu u vo cho lsim
stepfun Pht sinh u vo n v -bc

p ng tn s
bode th Bode ca p ng tn s
sigma th gi tr tn s duy nht
nyquist th Nyquist
nichols Biu Nichols
ltiview p ng phn tch GUI
evalfr p ng tn s ti mt tn s nht nh
margin Gii hn pha v tng ch

Lin kt h thng
append Nhm h thng LTI bi vic thm cc u ra v u vo
parallel Kt ni song song ( tng t overload + )
series Kt ni ni tip ( tng t overload * )
feeback Kt ni hi tip hai h thng
star Tch s star( kiu lin kt LFT )
connect Chuyn ho t kiu khng gian trng thi sang c tnh biu khi

Dng c thit k c in
rlocus Qu tch nghim
acker S thay th cc SISO
place S thay th cc MIMO
estime Khun dng b nh gi

174
Cng c thit k LQG
lqr, dlqr B iu chnh hi tip v phng trnh bc hai tuyn tnh
lqry B iu chnh LQ vi u ra ph
lqrd B bin i LQ ri rc sang lin tc
kalman B nh gi Kalman
lqgrreg B bin i LQG c a ra t tng ch LQ v b nh
gi Kalman

Gii quyt php ton ma trn
lyap Gii phng trnh Lyapunop lin tc
dlyap Gii ph ng trnh Lyapunop ri rc
care Gii phng trnh i s Riccati lin tc
dare Gii phng trnh i s Riccati ri rc

S biu din
crtldemo Gii thiu n hp cng c h thng iu khin
jetdemo Thit k kinh in b chng suy gim m ca phng
tin vn chuyn trc thng
diskdemo Thit k b iu khin s a cng
milldemo iu khin LQG SISO v MIMO ca h thng cn
thp trn
kalmdemo Thit k b lc Kalman v m phng

-----------------------oOo----------------------

Chng 22
Hp dng c x l tn hiu

22.1 Phn tch tn hiu

Hp cng c x l tn hiu cung cp cng c cho kim tra v phn tch tn hiu; kim tra v phn
tch tn s ca n hoc ph v xy dng b lc.
chng ta xy dng mt tn hiu nhiu sau phn tch n.

>> t = l i nspace( 0, 10, 512) ; %trc thi gian
>> x = 3*si n( 5*t ) - 6*cos( 9*t ) + 5*r andn( si ze( t ) ) ;
%tn hiu vi nhiu Gaussian
>> pl ot ( t , x) % th tn hiu
175

Hnh 22.1
>> x = f f t ( x) ;
>> X = f f t ( x) ;
>> Ts = t ( 2) - t ( 1) ;
>> Ts = t ( 2) - t ( 1)

Ts =

0. 0196

>> Ws = 2*pi / Ts;
>> Wn = Ws/ 2

Wn =

160. 5354

>> W= l i nspace( 0, Wn, l engt h( t ) / 2) ;
>> Xp = abs( X( 1: l engt h( t ) / 2) ) ;
>> pl ot ( w, Xp)

th c v hnh 22.2
176

Hnh 22.2
>> i = f i nd( w<=20) ;
>> pl ot ( w( i ) , Xp( i ) )
>> gr i d
>> xl abel ( ' t an so, r ad/ s' )
>> t i t i l e( ' Pho bi en do cua t i n hi eu nhi eu' )

0 5 10 15 20
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
tan so, rad/s
Pho bien do cua tin hieu nhieu

Hnh 22.3
177
chng 23
tr gip

23.1 Ca s lnh tr gip

MATLAB tr gip mt s lnh gip bn truy nhp thng tin nhanh chng v cc lnh ca
MATLAB hoc cc hm bn trong ca s lnh, bao gm help, lookfor,whatsnew, v info.

23.1.1 Lnh help

Lnh help ca MATLAB l cch n gin nht nhn tr gip nu bn bit c topic ca
ci cn tr gip. Nhp vo lnh help topic, mn hnh s hin th ni dung ca topic nu nh n tn
ti. V nh:

>> hel p sqr t
SQRT Squar e r oot .
SQRT( x) i s t he squar e r oot of t he el ement s of x. compl ex
r esul t s ar e pr oduced i f X i s not posi t i ve
See al so SQRT

Bn s nhn c tr gip ca MATLAB v hm cn bc hai. Mt khc, nu nh bn nhp
vo dng lnh sau:

>> hel p cows
cows not f ound

th MATLAB s khng bit g v cows. Bi v hm ny khng c trong th vin mu.
Ch : trong v d trn, SQRT c vit ch hoa. Tuy nhin khi s dng sqrt khng bao gi l ch in,
do MATLAB l mt ngn ng cht ch nn SQRT s khng c bit n v qu trnh s sinh ra
li.

>> SQRT ( 2)
??? SQRT (
|
Mi ssi ng oper at or , coma, or semi col on.

tm tt, tn hm c in hoa cho d c nhng khi s dng, hm s dng k t thng thng.
Lnh help hot ng tt nu nu nh bn bit chnh xc topic m bn mun tr gip m iu
ny thng kh thc hin, help hng dn bn trc tip truy tm chnh xc cc topic m bn mun,
bn ch n gin nhp vo help m khng c topic.

>> hel p
HELP t opi cs
MATLAB : general - mc ch chung ca cu lnh
MATLAB : ops - cc ton t v cc k hiu c bit
MATLAB : lang - xy dng ngn ng lp trnh.
MATLAB : elphun - cc hm ton hc s ng
MATLAB : specfun - cc hm ton hc c bit
MATLAB : matfun - hm ma trn - i s hc tuyn tnh
MATLAB : datafun - hm bin i fourier v phn tch d liu
MATLAB : polyfun - cc a thc v php ni suy
178
MATLAB : funfun - phng n gii cc ODE v cc hm ca hm
MATLAB : sparfun - ma trn sparfun
MATLAB : graph2d - ho 2 chiu
MATLAB : graph3d - ho 3 chiu
MATLAB : specgraph - th ph
MATLAB : graphics - thao tc ho
MATLAB : uitools - cc cng c giao tip ngi s dng v ho
MATLAB : strfun - xu k t
MATLAB : iofun - tp vo / ra
MATLAB : timefun - ngy thng v thi gian
MATLAB : datattypes - cu trc v kiu d liu
MATLAB : MacOS - cc hm trong Macintosh
MATLAB : demos - v d v minh ho
MATLAB : specmat - ma trn c bit
MATLAB : local - tham chiu
MATLAB : cntol - hp cng c h thng iu khin
MATLAB : signal - hp cng c x l tn hiu
MATLAB : symbolic - hp cng c ton hc

Thm tr gip trong th mc: topic, nhp vo help topic

23.1.2 Lnh lookfor

Lnh lookfor cung cp s tr gip bng vic tm kim tt c cc dng u ca help topic,v
cc M-file trn ng dn m MATLAB ang tm, v tr li danh sch tt c cc file cha t kho
m bn khai bo..Mt iu rt quan trng l t kho khng cn thit l mt lnh ca MATLAB. V
d:

>> l ookf or compl ex
CONJ compl ex conj ugat e
I MAG compl ex i magi nar y par t
REAL compl ex r eal par t
CDF2RDF compl ex di agonal f or mt o r eal bl ock di agonal f or m
RSF2CSF r eal bl ock di agonal f or mt o compl ex di agonal f or m
CPLXPAI R sor t number s i nt o compl ex conj ugat a pai r s

T kho complex khng phi l mt lnh ca MATLAB, nhng n vn c tm ra phn
help gm 6 lnh ca MATLAB. Nu mun bit thng itn v cc lnh ny, hy nhp vo t lnh help.
V d:

>> hel p CONJ
CONJ compl ex
CONJ ( x) i s t he compl ex conj ugat e of X
For a compl ex x, CONJ ( X ) = REAL ( X) - i * I MAG( X)
See al so : REAL, I MAG, I , J

179
23.1.3 Lnh whatsnew v info

ng nh tn gi ca n, whatsnew v info hin th nhng thng tin v nhng thay i v
nhng s ci tin MATLAB v hp dng c ca n, nu dng m khng c i s, th info s hin
th nhng thng tin chung v MATLAB, phong php tip cn MathWorks, cn nu dng c i s, v
nh: whatsnew MATLAB hoc info signal, th file Readme cha thng tin Toolbox s hin th, nu n
tn ti.

23.2 Ca s tr gip

Mt s m rng ca h thng tr gip trong MATLAB5 l ca s help mi. Lnh helpwin
s m ra ca s mi trn mn hnh ca bn v bn c th dng chut i di chuyn thanh sng n mc
no m bn quan tm. Nu dng lnh helpwin m khng c tham s, th ca s help c dng nh hnh
sau:

Hnh 23.1

Nhn kp vo bt c topic no hin th trong ca s help, s hin th mt ca s mi cha cc
topic con hoc cc hm gn vi n.
Nhn kp vo bt c biu tng no trong s hin th thng tin tr gip v mc .

180
cc M- File ca Student Edition
HELP Topic

Th mc MATLAB

Mc ch chung ca cu lnh

Thng tin chung
help Tr gip trc tuyn, hin th vn bn ti cc dng lnh
helpwin Tr gip trc tuyn,ca s truy xut
helpdesk Tra nhanh thng tin v cc thc mc
demo Chy cc chng trnh mu
whatsnew Hin th cc file Readme
Readme Thng tin mi cp nht MATLAB 5

Qun l khng gian lm vic
who Danh sch cc bin hin ti
whos Danh sch cc bin hin ti, khun dng di
clear Xo b cc bin v hm khi b nh
pack Hp nht khng gian lm vic
load Np cc bin vo khng gian lm vic t a
save Lu cc bin vo a
quit Thot khi mc hin ti MATLAB

Qun l ng dn
path Nhn/to ng dn
addpath Thm th mc theo ng dn
rmpath Ri th mc t t ng dn
editpath Sa i ng dn

Qun l cc hm v lnh
what Danh sch cc file c trng ca MATLAB trong th mc
type Danh sch file-M
edit Son tho filr-M
lookfor Tm kim tt c cc file-M theo t kho
which Xc nh cc hm v file
pcode To file-P
inmem Danh sch cc hm trong b nh
mex Bin dch hm MEX

Cu lnh iu khin
echo Ly li lnh t file-M
more Kim sot u ra cc trang ca s lnh
diary Lu gi vn bn
format Thit lp nh dng cho u ra

Hot ng ca lnh h thng
cd Thay i th mc lm vic hin ti
181
pwd Hin th th mc lm vic hin ti
dir Danh sch th mc
delete Xo file
getenv Ly li bin mi trng
! Thc hin cu lnh ca h iu hnh
dos Thc hin lnh dos v tr li kt qu
unix Thc hin lnh unix v tr li kt qu
vms Thc hin lnh VMS DCL v tr li kt qu
web M trnh xt duyt Web
computer Loi my tnh

M-file g ri
debug Danh sch cc lnh g ri
dbstop To im ngt
dbclear Di chuyn im ngt
dbcont Tip tc thc hin lnh
dbstack Hin th cc hm gi ngn xp
dbstatus Danh sch cc im ngt
dbstep Thc hin mt hoc nhiu dng
dbtype Danh sch file-M vi s lng dng
dbup Thay i phm vi khng gian lm vic a phng
dbquit Thot khi ch g ri
dbmex file- MEX g ri ( ch cho UNIX )

Cc ton t v cc k t c bit

Cc ton t
plus (+) Cng
uplus (+) Cng unary
minus ( - ) Tr
uminus (-) Tr unary
mtimes(. *) Nhn ma trn
times (*) Nhn mng
mpower (^) Lu tha ma trn
power (. ^ ) Lu tha mng
mldivide (\ ) Chia tri ma trn
mrdivide /) Chia phi ma trn
ldivide (.\ ) Chia tri mng
mdivide (./ ) Chia phi ma trn
kron Sn phm c cng

Ton t quan h
eq (== ) Bng
ne ( ~= ) Khng bng
lt (< ) Nh thua
gt (>) Ln hn
le (<= ) Nh thua hoc bng
ge (>= ) Ln hn hoc bng

182
Ton t logic
and ( & ) Logic v
or ( | ) Logic hoc
not ( ~ ) Logic ph nh
xor Logic hoc ph nh
any True nu mi phn t ca vector khc khng
all True nu tt c cc phn t khc khng

Cc ton t Bitwise
bitand Bitwise and
bitcmp Bit hon thnh
bitor Bitwise OR
bitmax Maximum floating point integer
bitset Thit lp bt
bitget Nhn bt
bitshift Dch bit

Thit lp cc k t
union Thit lp lin kt
unique Ch s duy nht
intersect Thit lp s giao nhau
setdiff To s khc nhau
setxor Thit lp hoc ph nh
ismember True nu thit lp cc thnh vin

Cc k t c bit
colon Du hai chm
() Du ngoc n
[ ] Du ngoc vung
{ } Du ngoc nhn
. Chm thp phn
. Truy nhp cu trc trng
.. Th mc m
... S tip tc
, Du phy
; Du chm phy
% Ch thch
! Lin quan cu lnh ca h iu hnh
= Gn
Nhy
transpose(.) Chuyn v
ctranspose( ) Chuyn v s pc lin hp
horzcat [, ] Gp chui theo chiu ngang
vertcat[; ] Gp chui theo chiu ng
subsasgn Gn subscripted
bsref Tham chiu subscripted
subsindex Ch s subscripted

Cu Trc ngn ng lp trnh
183

Cu lnh iu khin
if iu kin thc hin cu lnh
elseif Dng vi if
else Dng vi if
end Kt thc lnh if, for, while
for Lp li cu lnh mt s ln
while vng lp while
break Thot khi vng lp for v while
return Tr v t hm gi
pause Tm dng cho ti khi nhn mt phm bt k

Thi hnh v nh gi
eval Thc hin xu vi biu thc MATLAB
feval Thc hin hm ch ra bi xu
evalin nh gi cc biu thc trong khng gian lm vic
builtin Thc hin cc hm c to bi phng php xp chng
assignin Gn cc bin trong khng gian lm vic
run Chy script

Script, hm, v cc bin
script V script MATLAB v file-M
function Thm hm mi
global nh ngha bin ton cc
mfilename Tn v cc M-file ang thc hin hin ti
lists Du phy phn chia cc danh sch
exist Kim tra xem cc bin hoc cc hm c c nh ngha hay khng
isglobal True nu l bin ton cc

Thao tc vi cc i s
nargchk Cng nhn s lng cc i s u vo
nargin S lng hm cc i s u vo
nargout S lng hm cc i s u ra
varagin Danh sch cc i s u vo, di cc bin
varaout Danh sch cc i s u ra, di cc bin
inputname Tn i s u vo

Hin th thng bo
error Hin th thng bo li v hm hu
warning Hin th thng bo cnh bo
lasterr Thng bo li trc
errortrap B qua li trong qu trnh kim tra
disp Hin th mt mng
fprintf Hin th thng bo nh dng
sprintf Ghi d liu nh dng vo mt xu
u vo tng h
input Nhc ngi s dng nhp vo
keyboard Gi bn phm t M-file
184
pause i ngi s dng nhp d liu vo
uimenu To giao din bng chn-ngi s dng
uicontrol To giao din ngi iu khin

Ma trn c bn v Thao tc vi ma trn

Ma trn c bn
zeros Mng s khng
ones Mng s 1
eye Nhn dng ma trn
repmat Ti to v mng
rand S ngu nhin xp xp ng u
randn S ngu nhin xp xp thng thng
linspace Vector khng gian tuyn tnh
logspace Vector khng gian logarthm
meshgrid Mng X-Y cho th 3 chiu
: Vector khng gian thng thng v ch s trong ma trn

Thng tin mng c s
size Kch c ma trn
length di vector
ndims S chiu
disp Hin th ma trn hoc vn bn
isempty True nu l ma trn trng
isequal True nu ma trn l ng nht
isnumaric True cho mng s
islogical True cho mng logic
logical Chuuyn i gi tr s thnh logic

Thao tc vi ma trn
reshape Thay i kch c
diag Ma trn ng cho v ng cho ca ma trn
tril Trch pha di ra ma trn tam gic
triu Trch pha trn ra ma trn tam gic
fliplr Ma trn flip theo hng tri /phi
flippud Ma trn flip theo hng trn/ di
flipdim Ma trn flip dc theo chiu khai bo
rot90 Quay i mt gc 90
find Tm ch s phn t khc khng
end Ch s cui
sub2ind Ch s tuyn tnh t multiple subscripts
ind2sub Multiple subscripts t ch s tuyn tnh
Hng v cc bin c bit
ans Tr li kt qu khi biu thc khng c gn
eps Vit di dng du phy ng
185
realmax S du phy ng dng ln nht
realmin S du phy ng dng nh nht
pi 3.1415926535897...
i, j n v o
inf V cng
NaN Khng phi l mt s
isNaN True nu NaN
isinf True nu s phn t l khng v cng
isfinite True nu s phn t l v cng
flops m s ch s sau du phy ng

Cc bin c bit
ans Tr li kt qu khi biu thc khng c gn
eps chnh xc sau du phy ng
pi
i, j
inf
NaN Khng phi dng s
clock ng h tng
date Ngy
flops m s hot ng ca du phy ng
nargin S lng cc i s ca hm vo
narout S lng cc i s hm ra

Cc loi ma trn c bit
comban Bu bn
diag ng cho
eye Nhn dng
gallery B mt
hadamar Hadamard
hankel Hankel
hilb Hilbert
invhilb Hilbert o
linspace Vector
logspace Vector
magic Vung Magic
meshdom Thc hin cho mesh plots
ones Hng
rand Cc phn t ngu nhin
toeplitz Toeplitz
vander Vandermonde
zeros Khng

Cc hm ton hc thng thng
Cc hm lng gic
sin Hm sine
cos Hm cosine
186
tan Hm tangent
asin Hm arcsine
acos Hm arccosine
atan Hm arctangent
atan2 Hm arctan gc phn t
sinh Sine hyperpolic
cosh Cosine hyperpolic
tanh Tangent hyperpolic
asinh Arcsine hyperpolic
acosh Arccosine hyperpolic
atanh Arctangent hyperpolic

Cc hm ton hc
abs Tr tuyt i hoc bin s phc
angle Gc pha
sqrt Cn bc hai
real Phn thc
imag Phn o
conj Phc lin hp
round Lm trn n s nguyn gn nht
fix Lm trn n khng
floor Lm trn n m v cng
ceil Lm trn n v cng
sign Hm du
rem S lu li hoc cc khi ( modulus)
exp Hm m c s e
log Logarithm t nhin
log
10
Log 10 c s

Cc hm c bit
airy Hm airy
besselj Hm Bessel loi th nht
bessely Hm Bessel loi th hai
besselh Hm Bessel loi th ba ( hm Hankel )
besseli Sa i hm Bessel loi th nht
besselk Sa i hm Bessel loi th hai
beta Hm beta
betainc Hm beta khng hon ton
betaln Hm logarithm beta
erf Hm li
erfc Hm li thnh phn
ellipk Php tch phn elliptic
ellipj Hm elliptic Jacobian
gamma Hm gamma
gammaln Hm logarithm gamma
inverf Hm li ngc
rat Xp x
Hm l thuyt s hc
factor H s s khai
isprime True nu l s s khai
primes Danh sch cc s s khai
gcd B chia chung ln nht
187
lcm Php nhn chung nh nht
rat Xp x hu t
rats u ra hu t
perms S hon v
nchoosek S t hp chp K ca N phn t

ho

Trang ho
plot th tuyn tnh X-Y
loglog th loglog X-Y
semilogx th semi-log X-Y
semilogy th semi-log X-Y
polar th to cc
mesh Mt li khng gian 3 chiu
contour th ng bao
meshdom Min trong ca th li
bar Biu hnh ch nht
errorbar Thm vo errorbars
title Tiu th
xlabel Nhn trc x
ylabel Nhn trc y
grid K ng li trong th
text Vn bn v tr bt k
gtext Vn bn v tr con tr
ginput Nhp ho

iu khin ca s ho
axis Cn chnh trc to v hnh dng ca n
zoom Co vo hoc dn ra th
hold Gi th trn mn hnh
shg Hin th th nn mn hnh
clg Xo th trn mn hnh
subplot Tch ca s ho

ho TRONG KHNG GIAN 3 chiu

Lnh ho thng thng
plot3 V ng thng v im trong khng gian 3 chiu
mesh B mt khng gian 3 chiu
surf T mu b mt khng gian 3 chiu
fill3 in y a gic 3 chiu

Cn chnh mu
colormap Tra ca bng mu
caxis S phn chia bng mu gi
shading Ch lm bng
hidden Ch du cc nt
188
brighten Bng tra cu mu ti hoc sng

Chiu sng
surfl Lm bng b mt khng gian 3 chiu bng chiu sng
lighting Ch chiu sng
material Ch phn chiu t nhin
specular S phn chiu
diffuse S phn chiu khuch tn
surfnorm B mt thng thng

Bng mu
hsv Bng gi tr mu bo ho
hot Bng mu en- trng- - vng
gray Bng mu chia theo xm tuyn tnh
pink Mu hng
white Mu trng
bone Mu xm pha ln xanh da tri
.
..
iu chnh trc
axis iu chnh hnh dng v phn chia
zoom Co vo hoc dn ra th
grid ng k li
box Hp cha trc to
hold Lu th hin ti
axes Xy dng trc mt v tr bt k

Ch thch ho
title Tiu ho
xlabel Nhn trc x
ylabel Nhn trc y
zlabel Nhn trc z
colorbar Hin th thanh mu
text Ch thch vn bn
gtext Di vn bn n v tr chut

chui k t

Khi qut chung
char To mt chui k t
double Chuyn chui sang m s k t
cellstr To mng chui t bo t mng k t
blanks Xu rng
deblank Di chuyn cc xu rng
eval Thc hin xu vi biu thc MATLAB

Kim tra chui
schar True nu l chui k t ( xu )
iscellstr True nu l mng chui t bo
isletter True nu l ch hoa trong bng ch ci
isspace True nu l k t rng

189
Cc php ton vi chui
strcat Kt ni xu
strvcat Kt ni dc xu
strcmp So snh chui
strncmp So snh N k t u tin ca chui
findstr Tm mt xu bn trong xu khc
strjust Mng k t ng u
strrep Thay th chui bng chui khc
strtok Tm th bi trong chui
upper Chuyn chui sang ch hoa
lower Chuyn chui sang k t thng thng

Chui v vn bn
abs Chuyn i t chui sang gi tr ASCII
num2str i t s thnh chui
int2str i s nguyn sang chui
settr Thit lp c ch rng ma trn l mt chui
sprintf i s sang chui
hex2num Chuyn i chui t h 16 sang dng s

file input/output

M v ng file
fopen M file
fclose ng file

File nh phn i/o
fread c d liu nh phn t file
fwrite
Vit d liu nh phn ln file
File i/o nh dng
fscanf c d liu nh dng t file
fprintf Ghi d liu nh dng ln file
fgetl c dng lnh t file, thay bng dng mi
fgets c dng lnh t file, gi nguyn dng mi
input Hin th ngi dng nhp vo

V tr file
ferror Kim ra trng thi file
feof Kim tra xem kt thc file hay cha
fseek Thit lp b ch th v ch file
ftell Nhn t b ch th v tr file
frewind Rewind file

Cc hm xut nhp file
load Np khng gian lm vic t file-MAT
save Lu gi khng gian lm vic vo file - MAT
dlmread c file phn nh ASCCI
dlmwrite Ghi file phn nh ASCCI

190
Xut nhp file o
imread c phn o t file ho
imwrite Ghi phn o ln file ho
imfinfo Tr li thng tin v file ho

Xut nhp file audio
auwrite Ghi file m thanh NEXT/ SUN ( . au )
auread Ghi file m thanh NEXT/ SUN ( . au )
wavwrite Ghi file Microsoft WAVE ( . wav )
wavread c file Microsoft WAVE ( . wav )

Ca s lnh I / O
clc Xo ca s lnh
home a con tr v u vn bn
disp Hin th mng
input Thng bo cho ngi s dng nhp vo
pause i t ngi s dng tr li

thi gian v ngy

Gi v ngy hin ti
now Gi v ngy hin ti hin th dng s
date Gi v ngy hin ti hin th dng chui
clock Gi v ngy hin ti hin th dng vector

Cc hm c bn
datenum S ngy ni tip
datestr Chui thay th ngy
datevec Thnh phn ngy thng

Hm ngy thng
calendar Lch
weekday Ngy trong tun
eomday Kt thc thng
datetick Du tick nh dng cho ngy thng

Hm m
cputime Thi gian cpu tnh theo n v giy
tic, toc B m ngng hot ng
etime Thi gian thit lp
pause Dng trong mt giy

kiu d liu v cu trc

Kiu d liu
double Chuyn i thnh double
sparse Tto mt ma trn khng lin tc
char Xy dng mng k t
191
cell To mng t bo
struct Xy dng hoc chuyn i thnh mng cu trc
uint8 Chuyn i thnh s nguyn khng du 8 bit
inline Xy dng i tng INLINE

Hm ca mng nhiu chiu
cat Mng kt ni
ndims S chiu
ndgrid To thnh mng cho cc hm N-D v php ni suy
permute Php ni suy s chiu ca mng
ipermute Nghch o php ni suy s chiu ca mng
shiftdim Chuyn dch s chiu

Hm ca mng t bo
cell To mng t bo
celldisp Hin th ni dung ca mng t bo
cellplot Hin th thut ho mng t bo
num2cell Chuyn i mng s thnh mng t bo
deal Phn pht u vo n u ra
cell2struct Chuyn i mng t bo thnh mng cu trc
struct2cell Chuyn i mng cu trc thnh mng t bo
iscell True nu l mng t bo

Hm cu trc
struct To hoc chuyn i thnh mng cu trc
fieldsnames Nhn tn trng cu trc
getfield Nhn li ni dung ca trng cu trc
setields Thit lp ni dung trng cu trc
isfield True nu trng trong mng cu trc
istruct True nu l mng t bo

chuyn i d liu ng

Hm t DDE
ddeadv Thit lp b gim st lin kt
ddeexec a xu ra thc hin
ddeinit Khi to s giao tip DDE
ddereq Yu cu d liu t cc ng dng
ddeterm Kt thc s giao tip DDE
ddeunadv Ci b b gim st lin kt

V d v s th hin

MATLAB/matrn
intro Gii thiu php ton ma rn c bn trong MATLAB
inverter Gii thch ma trn o
matmanip Gii thiu php nhn ma trn
192

Ca s lnh
clc Xo ca s lnh
home a con tr v u dng
format Thit lp dng hin th kt qu
disp Hin th ma trn hoc vn bn
fprintf In s c nh dng
echo Cho php gi li cu lnh

General
hlep Phng tin tr gip
demo Chy cc chng trnh mu
who Danh sch cc bin trong b nh
what Danh sch cc M-file trn a
size S chiu ca hng v ct
lengh di vector
clear Xo khng gian lm vic
computer Loi my tnh
^C Hu bin a phng
quit Lt thc chng trnh
exit Tng t nh quit

(Lp trnh )Programming v file-M
input Nhp s t bn phm
keyboard Gi bn phm nh M-file
error Hin th thng bo li
function nh ngha hm
eval Vn bn c gii thch trong cc bin
feval Hm nh gi c gi ra bi chui
echo Cho php gi li cu lnh
exist Kim tra xem c bin tn ti hay khng
casesen Thit lp nhy ca case
global nh ngha cc bin ton cc
startup Khi to M-file
getenv Nhn chui mi trng
menu La chn t bng chn
etime Elapsed time (khng k n thi gian)

Cc file trn a
chdir i th mc hin ti
delete Xo file
diary Ghi mc
dir Th mc ca file trn a
load Np cc bin t file
save Lu cc bin nn file
type Lit k hm hoc file
what Hin th cc M-file trn a
fprintf Vit vo file
pack Nn b nh qua save

a thc
poly a thc c trng
193
roots Nghim a thc- phng php ma trn bu bn
roots1 Nghim a thc- phng php Laguerre
polyval c lng a thc
polyvalm c lng a thc ma trn
conv Php nhn
deconv Php chia
residue Khai trin a thc
polyfit S diu chnh chnh lch a thc

Cc hm ma trn v i s tuyn tnh

Phn tch ma trn
norm Ch tiu ma trn hoc vector
normest nh gi ma trn hai ch tiu
rank Hng ma trn
det nh thc
trace Tng cc phn t trn ng cho chnh
null Khng gian trng
orth Tnh trc giao
rref Rt gn hng theo hnh bc thang
subspace Gc gia hai s m

Php ton tuyn tnh
\ v / Li gii php ton tuyn tnh; s dng help slash
inv Ma trn o
cond S iu kin i vi ma trn o
condest nh gi s iu kin mt ch tiu
lu S tm tha s LU
luinc Tim tha s LU khng hon thnh

Gi tr duy nht
svd S phn tch gi tr duy nht
svds Mt s gi tr duy nht
poly a thc c trng
polyeig Vn ca a thc
condeig S iu kin vi hy vng
qz S tm tha s cho hm suy rng
schur S phn tch chui

Hm ma trn
expm Ma trn theo hm m
logm Ma trn logarithm
sqrtm Ma ttrn bc hai
funm nh gi chung hm ma trn

Tm tha s tiu chun
qrdelete Xo b th mc t s tm th mcQR
qrinsert Gi vo th mc trong s tm tha s QR
rsf2csf Mu ng cho thc ti mu ng cho phc tp
balance Cn bng tng chnh xc
194

Bin i fourier v phn tch d liu

Php ton c bn
max Thnh phn ln nht
min Thnh phn nh nht
mean Gi tr trung bnh
median Gi tr trung tuyn
std lch gc chun
sum Tng ca cc s hng
prod Kt qu ca cc phn t
hist Biu
trapz Hnh thang s nguyn
cumsum Tng tch lyca cc phn t
cumprod Kt qu tch luca cc phn t
cumtrapz S nguyn tch lu bc thang

Sai phn c hn
diff Sai phn v o hm xp x
gradient Gradient xp x
del2 Laplacien ri rc

Filtering and convolution ( np, cun )
filter B lc s mt chiu
filter2 B lc s 2 chiu
conv Php nhn a thc v s nn li
conv2 Nn 2 chiu
convn Nn n chiu
deconv Gii nn v chia a thc

Bin i fourier
fft Bin i fourier ri rc
fft2 Bin i fourier ri rc 2 chiu
fftn Bin i fourier ri rc n chiu
ifft Bin i fourier ri rc ngc
ifft2 Bin i fourier ri rc hai chiu
ifftn Bin i fourier ri rc n chiu
a thc v php ni suy

Php ni suy
interpl Php ni suy mt chiu ( tra bng )
interplq Php ni suy tuyn tnh mt chiu nhanh
interpft Php ni suy mt chiu s dng phng php FFT
interp2 Php ni suy hai chiu ( tra bng )
interp3 Php ni suy ba chiu ( tra bng )
interpn Php ni suy n chiu ( tra bng )
griddata iu chnh b mt v li d liu

195

hm v gii php ODE

Optimization and Root Finding
fmin Ti thiu hm mt bin
fmins Ti thiu hm vi bin
fzero Tm hm mt bin khng

Numaric Integration
quad Tch phn nh gi v s lng, phng php trt t thp
quad8 Tch phn nh gi v s lng, phng php trt t cao hn
dblquad Tch phn hai ln nh gi v s lng

i tng hm inline
inline Xy dng i tng INLINE
argnames Tn i s
formula Th thc hm
char Chuyn i i tng INLINE thnh mng k t

ma trn ri rc

Cc ma trn khng lin tc c bn
speye Ma trn ng nht thc khng lin tc
sprand Ma trn ngu nhin phn chia mt cch khng lin tc ng nht
sprandn Ma trn ngu nhin phn chia mt cch khng lin tc thng thng
sprandsy Ma trn i xng ngu nhin khng lin tc
spdiags Ma trn khng lin tc c to thnh t ng cho

Full to Sparse Conversion
sparse To ma trn khng lin tc
full Chuyn i ma trn khng lin tc thnh ma trn y
find Tm ch s cc phn t khc khng
spconvert Nhp vo t nh dng ma trn khng lin tc bn ngoi

mc lc
Matlab ton tp ...................................................................................................................... 1
ci t .......................................................................................................................................... 1
1. MATLAB for WIN .................................................................................................................... 1
a) CD ROM .1
b ) B nh 1
chng 1: GII THIU chung ............................................................................................... 2
1.1 Cc php ton n gin............................................................................................................ 3
1.2 Khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB....................................................................................... 4
1.3 Bin ......................................................................................................................................... 5
1.4 Cu gii thch (comment) v s chm cu ............................................................................... 6
196
1.5 S phc.................................................................................................................................... 7
chng 2: CC C tnh K THUT .................................................................................. 9
2.1 Cc hm ton hc thng thng............................................................................................... 9
chng 3: NHNG C IM CA CA S LNH........................................................... 14
3.1 Qun l khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB.......................................................................... 14
3.2 Ghi v phc hi d liu.......................................................................................................... 16
3.3 Khun dng hin th s .......................................................................................................... 16
chng 4: Script M_files............................................................................................... 17
chng 5: QUN L Tp ........................................................................................................ 20
5.1 MATLAB khi khi ng........................................................................................................ 23
chng 6: cc php ton vi MNg.............................................................................. 24
6.1 Mng n ............................................................................................................................... 24
6.2 a ch ca mng ................................................................................................................... 24
6.3 Cu trc ca mng.................................................................................................................. 25
6.4 Vector hng v vector ct ...................................................................................................... 27
6.5 Mng c cc phn t l 0 hoc 1............................................................................................ 31
6.6 Thao tc i vi mng............................................................................................................ 32
6.7 Tm kim mng con ............................................................................................................... 36
6.8 So snh mng ......................................................................................................................... 37
6.9 Kch c ca mng .................................................................................................................. 40
6.10 Mng nhiu chiu................................................................................................................. 41
chng 7 cc php tnh vi mng............................................................................... 45
7.1 To phng trnh tuyn tnh................................................................................................... 46
7.2 Cc hm ma trn . .................................................................................................................. 48
7.3 Ma trn c bit ..................................................................................................................... 49
chng 8 cc php tnh LOGIC V QUAN H............................................................ 52
8.1 Ton t quan h...................................................................................................................... 53
8.2 Ton t Logic......................................................................................................................... 54
8.3 Cc hm logic v hm quan h .............................................................................................. 54
chng 9 VN Bn................................................................................................................... 55
9.1 Xu k t................................................................................................................................. 55
9.2 Chuyn i xu ...................................................................................................................... 58
9.3 Cc hm v xu...................................................................................................................... 58
9.4 Ma trn t bo ca xu........................................................................................................... 59
chng 10 thi gian............................................................................................................ 61
10.1 Ngy v gi hin ti ............................................................................................................. 62
10.2 S chuyn i gia cc kiu................................................................................................ 62
10.3 Cc hm v ngy................................................................................................................. 64
10.4 Cc hm v thi gian........................................................................................................... 65
10.5 V th vi hm ngy v thi gian ................................................................................... 66
chng 11 VNG LP IU KHIN.................................................................................... 69
11.1 Vng lp for ........................................................................................................................ 70
11.2 Vng lp while.................................................................................................................... 72
11.3 Cu trc if-else-end............................................................................................................. 72
11.4 Cu trc switch-case ............................................................................................................ 74
chng 12 HM M_FILE.......................................................................................................... 77
12.1 Cc quy lut v thuc tnh.................................................................................................... 78
chng 13 PHN TCH D LIU........................................................................................ 83
13.1 Cc hm phn tch d liu................................................................................................... 89
chng 14 A THC................................................................................................................. 90
197
14.1 Cc nghim ca a thc ....................................................................................................... 90
14.2 Nhn a thc ....................................................................................................................... 91
14.3 Php cng a thc ............................................................................................................... 91
14.4 Chia hai a thc ................................................................................................................... 92
14.5 o hm........................................................................................................................... 93
14.6 Tnh gi tr ca mt a thc ................................................................................................. 93
14.7 Phn thc hu t ................................................................................................................... 94
chng 15 php ni suy v mn ho -ng cong................................................ 96
15.1 Mn ho ng cong ........................................................................................................... 96
15.2 Ni im mt chiu............................................................................................................. 99
15.3 Xp x ho hai chiu ......................................................................................................... 103
chng 16 phn tch s liu....................................................................................... 105
16.1 V th............................................................................................................................. 105
16.2 Cc tr ca mt hm........................................................................................................... 107
16.3 Tm gi tr khng ............................................................................................................... 109
16.4 Php ly tch phn............................................................................................................. 109
16.5 Php ly vi phn................................................................................................................ 110
16.6 Phng trnh vi phn......................................................................................................... 112
chng 17 ho trong h to phng............................................................. 114
17.1 S dng lnh Plot ............................................................................................................... 114
17.2 Kiu ng, du v mu .................................................................................................. 116
17.3 Kiu th ........................................................................................................................ 117
17.4 th li, hp cha trc, nhn, v li ch gii ............................................................... 117
17.5 Kin to h trc to ...................................................................................................... 120
17.6 In hnh............................................................................................................................... 123
17.7 Thao tc vi th ......................................................................................................... 123
17.8 Mt s c im khc ca th trong h to phng.................................................. 125
chng 18 hotrong khng gian 3 chiu........................................................ 128
18.1 th ng thng. .......................................................................................................... 128
18.2 th b mt v li.......................................................................................................... 129
18.3 Thao tc vi th ............................................................................................................. 132
18.4 Cc c im khc ca th trong khng gian 3 chiu ................................................... 134
18.5 Bng mu .......................................................................................................................... 135
18.6 S dng bng mu............................................................................................................. 136
18.7 S dng mu thm thng tin ........................................................................................ 137
18.8 Hin th bng mu.............................................................................................................. 138
18.9 Thit lp v thay i bng mu. ........................................................................................ 139
chng 19 Mng t bo v cu trc......................................................................... 141
19.1 Mng t bo....................................................................................................................... 141
19.2 Xy dng v hin th mng t bo..................................................................................... 141
19.3 T hp v khi phc mng t bo ..................................................................................... 142
19.4 Truy nhp vo trong mng t bo....................................................................................... 142
19.5 Mng t bo ca chui k t.............................................................................................. 143
19.6 Cu trc.............................................................................................................................. 143
19.7 Xy dng mng cu trc .................................................................................................... 143
19.8 Truy nhp vo cc trng cu trc................................................................................. 144
19.9 S nghch o v hm kim tra ....................................................................................... 146
chng 20 Biu t-ng ca hp cng c ton hc............................................ 146
20.1 Biu thc v cc i tng c trng................................................................................. 146
20.2 To v s dng cc i tng c trng............................................................................. 147
20.3 S biu din biu thc c trng ca MATLAB.............................................................. 148
198
20.4 Bin c trng .................................................................................................................... 150
20.5 Php ton trn biu thc c trng.................................................................................... 151
20.6 Tch cc t s v mu s .................................................................................................. 151
20.7 Php ton i s tiu chun............................................................................................... 152
20.8 Cc php ton nng cao..................................................................................................... 153
20.9 Hm nghch o................................................................................................................ 154
20.10 S thay th bin s ......................................................................................................... 154
20.11 Php ly vi phn............................................................................................................. 155
20.12 Php tch phn................................................................................................................. 156
20.13 V th biu thc c trng........................................................................................... 158
20.14 nh dng v n gin ho biu thc.............................................................................. 159
20.15 Tm tt v mt s c im khc .................................................................................... 160
20.16 T lm.............................................................................................................................. 161
20.17 Gii phng trnh ............................................................................................................ 161
20.18 Gii phng trnh i s n gin................................................................................... 161
20.19 Mt vi php ton i s................................................................................................. 162
20.20 Php ton vi phn............................................................................................................ 162
20.21 Mt vi php ton tch phn............................................................................................. 163
20.22 Ma trn v i s tuyn tnh............................................................................................ 163
20.23 Php ton i s tuyn tnh ............................................................................................. 164
20.24 Hm bc v xung ........................................................................................................... 164
20.25 Bin i Laplace............................................................................................................... 164
20.26 Bin i Fourier ............................................................................................................... 165
chng 21 hp cng c h thng iu khin ..................................................... 165
21.1 S biu din bng th..................................................................................................... 165
21.2 i tng LTI .................................................................................................................... 166
21.3 Khi phc d liu............................................................................................................... 168
21.4 S nghch o i tng LTI.............................................................................................. 168
21.5 Thut ton i tng LTI ................................................................................................... 169
21.6 Phn tch h thng.............................................................................................................. 169
21.7 Danh sch cc hm ca hp cng c h thng iu khin................................................ 172
S hnh thnh cc kiu LTI .........................................................................................................172
Phn tch d liu.........................................................................................................................172
c tnh ca cc loi ...................................................................................................................172
S nghch o..............................................................................................................................172
Cc php ton..............................................................................................................................172
ng hc.....................................................................................................................................173
p ng thi gian........................................................................................................................173
p ng tn s ............................................................................................................................173
Lin kt h thng ........................................................................................................................173
Dng c thit k c in .............................................................................................................173
Cng c thit k LQG.................................................................................................................174
Gii quyt php ton ma trn ......................................................................................................174
S biu din.................................................................................................................................174
chng 22 Hp dng c x l tn hiu ................................................................. 174
22.1 Phn tch tn hiu .............................................................................................................. 174
chng 23 tr gip............................................................................................................. 177
23.1 Ca s lnh tr gip .......................................................................................................... 177
23.1.1 Lnh help ........................................................................................................................177
23.1.2 Lnh lookfor...................................................................................................................178
23.1.3 Lnh whatsnew v info ....................................................................................................179
199
23.2 Ca s tr gip .................................................................................................................. 179
cc M- File ca Student Edition....................................................................... 180
HELP Topic ................................................................................................................................... 180
Mc ch chung ca cu lnh...................................................................................... 180
Thng tin chung ..........................................................................................................................180
Qun l khng gian lm vic .......................................................................................................180
Qun l ng dn.......................................................................................................................180
Qun l cc hm v lnh..............................................................................................................180
Cu lnh iu khin.....................................................................................................................180
Hot ng ca lnh h thng ......................................................................................................180
M-file g ri................................................................................................................................181
Cc ton t v cc k t c bit............................................................................... 181
Cc ton t ..................................................................................................................................181
Ton t quan h...........................................................................................................................181
Ton t logic ...............................................................................................................................182
Cc ton t Bitwise......................................................................................................................182
Thit lp cc k t........................................................................................................................182
Cc k t c bit.........................................................................................................................182
Cu lnh iu khin.....................................................................................................................183
Thi hnh v nh gi....................................................................................................................183
Script, hm, v cc bin...............................................................................................................183
Thao tc vi cc i s................................................................................................................183
Hin th thng bo.......................................................................................................................183
u vo tng h ........................................................................................................................183
Ma trn c bn v Thao tc vi ma trn.............................................................. 184
Ma trn c bn ............................................................................................................................184
Thng tin mng c s..................................................................................................................184
Thao tc vi ma trn....................................................................................................................184
Hng v cc bin c bit ...........................................................................................................184
Cc bin c bit .........................................................................................................................185
Cc loi ma trn c bit.............................................................................................................185
Cc hm ton hc thng thng............................................................................... 185
Cc hm lng gic.....................................................................................................................185
Cc hm ton hc........................................................................................................................186
Cc hm c bit .........................................................................................................................186
Hm l thuyt s hc ...................................................................................................................186
ho........................................................................................................................................ 187
Trang ho ...............................................................................................................................187
iu khin ca s ho............................................................................................................187
ho TRONG KHNG GIAN 3 chiu............................................................................... 187
Lnh ho thng thng ..........................................................................................................187
Cn chnh mu ............................................................................................................................187
Chiu sng...................................................................................................................................188
Bng mu ....................................................................................................................................188
iu chnh trc............................................................................................................................188
Ch thch ho .........................................................................................................................188
chui k t................................................................................................................................ 188
Khi qut chung..........................................................................................................................188
Kim tra chui.............................................................................................................................188
Cc php ton vi chui ..............................................................................................................189
200
Chui v vn bn.........................................................................................................................189
file input/output ................................................................................................................. 189
M v ng file...........................................................................................................................189
File nh phn i/o ..........................................................................................................................189
File i/o nh dng ........................................................................................................................189
V tr file......................................................................................................................................189
Cc hm xut nhp file................................................................................................................189
Xut nhp file o.........................................................................................................................190
Xut nhp file audio....................................................................................................................190
Ca s lnh I / O .........................................................................................................................190
thi gian v ngy................................................................................................................ 190
Gi v ngy hin ti ....................................................................................................................190
Cc hm c bn...........................................................................................................................190
Hm ngy thng..........................................................................................................................190
Hm m.....................................................................................................................................190
kiu d liu v cu trc.................................................................................................. 190
Kiu d liu.................................................................................................................................190
Hm ca mng nhiu chiu.........................................................................................................191
Hm ca mng t bo..................................................................................................................191
Hm cu trc...............................................................................................................................191
chuyn i d liu ng.................................................................................................. 191
Hm t DDE................................................................................................................................191
V d v s th hin............................................................................................................. 191
MATLAB/matrn........................................................................................................................191
Ca s lnh..................................................................................................................................192
General ........................................................................................................................................192
(Lp trnh )Programming v file-M............................................................................................192
Cc file trn a...........................................................................................................................192
a thc........................................................................................................................................192
Cc hm ma trn v i s tuyn tnh................................................................... 193
Phn tch ma trn ........................................................................................................................193
Php ton tuyn tnh....................................................................................................................193
Gi tr duy nht ...........................................................................................................................193
Hm ma trn................................................................................................................................193
Tm tha s tiu chun................................................................................................................193
Bin i fourier v phn tch d liu ...................................................................... 194
Php ton c bn .........................................................................................................................194
Sai phn c hn ...........................................................................................................................194
Filtering and convolution ( np, cun ) .......................................................................................194
Bin i fourier ...........................................................................................................................194
a thc v php ni suy.................................................................................................... 194
Php ni suy................................................................................................................................194
hm v gii php ODE.......................................................................................................... 195
Optimization and Root Finding...................................................................................................195
Numaric Integration....................................................................................................................195
i tng hm inline ..................................................................................................................195
ma trn ri rc..................................................................................................................... 195
Cc ma trn khng lin tc c bn..............................................................................................195
Full to Sparse Conversion............................................................................................................195
mc lc ..................................................................................................................................... 195
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Mat Lab Toan Tap

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) trong khng gian ba chiu. mesh cng c th v mt ma trn n tng t nh vi mt

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