1

CHAPTER 9:
Moments of Inertia
! Moment of Inertia of Areas
! Second Moment, or Moment of Inertia, of an
Area
! Parallel-Axis Theorem
! Radius of Gyration of an Area
! Determination of the Moment of Inertia of an
Area by Integration
! Moments of Inertia of Composite Areas
! Polar Moment of Inertia
2
9.1 Moment of Inertia: Definition
x
y
y
x
dA=(dx)(dy)
!
"
A
x
dA y I
2
) (
O
!
"
A
y
dA x I
2
) (
3
x
y
x= Centroidal axis
y = Centroidal axis
CG
d
y
y
d
x
x
dA
!
# "
A
y x
dA d y I
2
) ' (
!
# # "
A
y y
dA d d y y ] ) ( ) )( ' ( 2 ) ' [(
2 2
! ! !
# # "
A
y
A
y
A
dA d dA d y dA y
2 2
) ( ) )( ' ( 2 ) ' (
! !
# # "
A
y
A
y x
dA d dA y d I
2
' 2
0, y = 0
A d I I
y x x
2
0 # # "
A d I I
x y y
2
0 # # "
9.2 Parallel-Axis Theorem of an Area
2
Ad J J
C O
# "
O
4
y
x
k
x
O
A
A
J
k
A
I
k
A
I
k
O
O
y
y
x
x
" " "
9.3 Radius of Gyration of an Area
2
The radius of gyration of an area
A with respect to the x axis is
defined as the distance k
x
, where
I
x
= k
x
A. With similar definitions for
the radii of gyration of A with
respect to the y axis and with
respect to O, we have
5
The rectangular moments of inertia I
x
and I
y
of an area are defined as
These computations are reduced to single integrations by choosing dA to be a thin
strip parallel to one of the coordinate axes. The result is
x
y
y
dx
x
! !
" " dA x I dA y I
y x
2 2
dx y x dI dx y dI
y x
2 3
3
1
" "
9.4 Determination of the Moment of Inertia of an
Area by Integration
6
x
y
b/2
h/2
Moment of Inertia of a Rectangular Area.
x
y
b
h
y
dy
!
"
A
x
dA y I
2
!
"
h
bdy y
0
2
) (
h
by
0
3
3
) (
"
y
dy
!
" "
A
x x
dA y I I
2
'
!
"
h
dy
b
y
0
2
)
2
( 4
2 /
0
3
3
)
2
( 4
h
y b
"
3
3
bh
"
12
3
bh
"
dA = bdy
dA = (b/2)dy
7
x
y
b/2
h/2
x
y
b
h
!
"
A
y
dA x I
2
!
"
b
hdx x
0
2
) (
b
hx
0
3
3
) (
"
!
" "
A
y y
dA x I I
2
'
!
"
h
dx
h
x
0
2
)
2
( 4
2 /
0
3
3
)
2
( 4
b
x h
"
3
3
hb
"
12
3
hb
"
x
dx
x
dx
dA = hdx
dA = (h/2)dx
8
x
y
b
h/2
h/2
12
3
bh
I
x
"
3
3
bh
I
x
"
2
Ad I I
x x
# "
2
3
)
2
)( (
12
h
bh
bh
# "
4 12
3 3
bh bh
# "
3
3
bh
I
x
"
9
dI
x
= y
2
dA dA = l dy
Using similar triangles, we have
dy
h
y h
b dA
h
y h
b l
h
y h
b
l $
"
$
"
$
"
Integrating dI
x
from y = 0 to y = h, we obtain
! !
!
$ "
$
"
"
h h
x
dy y hy
h
b
dy
h
y h
b y
dA y I
0
3 2
0
2
2
) (
12
]
4 3
[
3
0
4 3
bh y y
h
h
b
h
" $ "
Moment of Inertia of a Triangular Area.
2
Ad I I
x x
# "
36
)
3
)(
2
(
12
3
2
3
2
bh h bh bh
Ad I I
x x
" $ "
$ "
y
x
h
b/2
h-y
b/2
dy
y
l
10
Example 9.1
Determine the moment of inertia of the shaded area shown with respect to
each of the coordinate axes.
x
y
a
y = kx
2
b
11
x
y
a
y = kx
2
b
Moment of Inertia I
x
.
dy
dA = (a-x)dy
2
kx y "
2
ka b "
2
a
b
k "
2 / 1
2 / 1
2
2
y
b
a
x or x
a
b
y " "
Substituting x = a and y=b
!
"
A
x
dA y I
2
!
$ "
b
dy x a y
0
2
) (
!
$ "
b
dy y
b
a
a y
0
2 / 1
2 / 1
2
) (
dy y
b
a
dy y a
b b
! !
$ "
0
2 / 5
2 / 1
0
2
b
b
y
b
a ay
0
2 / 7
2 / 1
0
3
)
7
2
(
3
$ "
)
7
2
(
3
2 / 7
2 / 1
3
b
b
a ab
$ "
7
2
3
3 3
ab ab
$ "
21
3
ab
"
12
x
y
a
y = kx
2
b
Moment of Inertia I
y
.
2
2
x
a
b
y "
!
"
A
y
dA x I
2
!
"
a
ydx x
0
2
dx
dA = ydx
!
"
a
dx x
a
b
x
0
2
2
2
) (
!
"
a
dx x
a
b
0
4
2
a
x
a
b
0
5
2
)
5
)( ( "
)
5
)( (
5
2
a
a
b
"
5
3
b a
"
13
Example 9.2
Determine the moment of inertia of the shaded area shown with respect to
each of the coordinate axes.
x
y
y
2
= x
2
y
1
= x
(a,b)
14
x
y
y
2
= x
2
y
1
= x
(a,b)
dy
dA = (x
2
- x
1
)dy
!
"
A
x
dA y I
2
!
$ "
b
dy x x y
0
2
) (
1 2
!
$ "
b
dy y y y
0
2 / 1 2
) (
! !
$ "
b b
dy y dy y
0
3
0
2 / 5
) ( ) (
b
b
y
y
0
4
0
2 / 7
4 7
2
$ "
Moment of Inertia I
x
.
4 7
2
4
2 / 7
b
b $ "
15
x
y
y
2
= x
2
y
1
= x
(a,b)
Moment of Inertia I
y
.
!
"
A
y
dA x I
2
!
$ "
a
dx y y x
0
1
2
) (
2
dx
dA = (y
1
- y
2
)dx
!
$ "
a
dx x x x
0
2 2
) (
! !
$ "
a a
dx x dx x
0
4
0
3
) ( ) (
a a
x x
0
5
0
4
5 4
$ "
5 4
5 4
a a
$ "
16
The parallel-axis theorem is used very effectively to compute the moment of
inertia of a composite area with respect to a given axis.
d
c
o
centroid are related to the distance d between points C and O by the relationship
2
Ad J J
C O
# "
9.5 Moment of Inertia of Composite Areas
A similar theorem can be used with
the polar moment of inertia. The
polar moment of inertia
J
O
of an area about O and the polar
moment of inertia J
C
of the area
about its
17
Example 9.3
Compute the moment of inertia of the composite area shown.
75 mm
75 mm
100 mm
25 mm
x
18
SOLUTION
75 mm
75 mm
100 mm
x
25 mm
= (d
y
)
Cir
Cir y x ct x
Ad I
bh
I ) ( )
3
(
2
Re
3
# $ "
Cir ct
] ) 75 )( 25 ( ) 25 (
4
1
[ ] ) 150 )( 100 (
3
1
[
2 2 4
Re
3
% # $ " & &
= 101x10
6
mm
4
19
Example 9.4
Determine the moments of inertia of the beams cross-sectional area
shown about the x and y centroidal axes.
400
Dimension in mm
100
400
100
600
100
x
y
C
20
400
Dimension in mm
100
400
100
600
100
x
y
C
SOLUTION
A
d
yA
B
d
yD
D
C y x B y x A y x x
Ad I Ad I Ad I I ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 2
# # # # # "
] ) 200 )( 300 100 ( ) 300 )( 100 (
12
1
[
] 0 ) 100 )( 600 (
12
1
[ ] ) 200 )( 300 100 ( ) 300 )( 100 (
12
1
[
2 3
3 2 3
% # #
# # % # "
= 2.9x10
9
mm
4
0
21
400
Dimension in mm
100
400
100
600
100
x
y
C
C x y B x y A x y y
Ad I Ad I Ad I I ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 2
# # # # # "
C
B A
] ) 250 )( 300 100 ( ) 100 )( 300 (
12
1
[
] 0 ) 600 )( 100 (
12
1
[ ] ) 250 )( 300 100 ( ) 100 )( 300 (
12
1
[
2 3
3 2 3
% # #
# # % # "
= 5.6x10
9
mm
4
A
d
xA
d
xD
D
0
22
Example 9.5 (Problem 9.31,33)
Determine the moments of inertia and the radius of gyration of the
shaded area with respect to the x and y axes.
6 mm
O
x
y
24 mm
24 mm
6 mm
12 mm
12 mm
24 mm 24 mm
8 mm
23
6 mm
O
x
y
24 mm
24 mm
6 mm
12 mm 12 mm
24 mm 24 mm
8 mm
SOLUTION
A
d
yA
B
I
x
= 390x10
3
mm
4
mm
A
I
k
x
x
9 . 21
)] 6 48 ( ) 48 8 ( ) 6 24 [(
10 390
3
"
% # % # %
%
" "
C y x B y x A y x x
Ad I Ad I Ad I I ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 2
# # # # # "
I
y
= 64.3x10
3
mm
4
C B A
] ) 48 )( 6 (
12
1
[ ] ) 8 )( 48 (
12
1
[ ] ) 24 )( 6 (
12
1
[
3 3 3
# # "
0 0 0
C x y B x y A x y y
Ad I Ad I Ad I I ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 2
# # # # # "
mm
A
I
k
y
y
87 . 8
)] 6 48 ( ) 48 8 ( ) 6 24 [(
10 3 . 64
3
"
% # % # %
%
" "
0
C
B
A
] ) 27 )( 6 48 ( ) 6 )( 48 (
12
1
[
] 0 ) 48 )( 8 (
12
1
[
] ) 27 )( 6 24 ( ) 6 )( 24 (
12
1
[
2 3
3
2 3
% # #
# #
% # "
C
d
yC
24
Example 9.6 (Problem 9.32,34)
Determine the moments of inertia and the radius of gyration of the
shaded area with respect to the x and y axes.
2 m
O
1 m
1 m
1 m
1 m
0.5 m 0.5 m
2 m 2 m
0.5 m 0.5 m
x
y
25
2 m
O
1 m
1 m
1 m
1 m
0.5 m 0.5 m
2 m 2 m
0.5 m 0.5 m
x
y
A
B
d
yB
C
d
yC
I
x
= 46 m
4
m
A
I
k
x
x
599 . 1
)] 1 4 ( ) 2 4 ( ) 6 5 [(
46
"
% $ % $ %
" "
1 4
2
2 4
2
6 5
2
) ( ) ( ) (
% % %
# $ # $ # "
C y x B y x A y x x
Ad I Ad I Ad I I
0
C
B A
] ) 5 . 1 )( 1 4 ( ) 1 )( 4 (
12
1
[
] ) 2 )( 4 2 ( ) 2 )( 4 (
12
1
[ ] 0 ) 6 )( 5 (
12
1
[
2 3
2 3 3
% # $
% # $ # "
I
y
= 46.5 m
4
C B A
] ) 4 )( 1 (
12
1
[ ] ) 4 )( 2 (
12
1
[ ] ) 5 )( 6 (
12
1
[
3 3 3
$ $ "
0 0 0
C x y B x y A x y y
Ad I Ad I Ad I I ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 2
# $ # $ # "
m
A
I
k
y
y
607 . 1
)] 1 4 ( ) 2 4 ( ) 6 5 [(
5 . 46
"
% $ % $ %
" "
26
Example 9.7
Determine the moments of inertia and the radius of gyration of the
shaded area with respect to the x and y axes and at the centroidal axes.
1 cm 1 cm
5 cm
1 cm
5 cm
x
y
27
1 cm 1 cm
5 cm
1 cm
5 cm
x
y
CG
Y
' '
" A y A Y
cm
Y
5 . 2
) 1 5 ( 3
) 5 1 )( 5 . 0 ( )] 1 5 )( 5 . 3 [( 2
"
%
% # %
"
4
2
2
25 . 51
) 5 . 2 )( 15 ( 145
cm
Ad I I
y x x
"
$ "
$ "
Moments of inertia about centroid
4
2 3
2 3
25 . 51
] ) 2 )( 1 5 ( ) 1 )( 5 (
12
1
[(
] ) 1 )( 1 5 ( ) 5 )( 1 (
12
1
[( 2
cm
I
OR
x
"
% # #
% # "
cm
A
I
k k
x
y x
848 . 1
15
25 . 51
" " " "
4
3 2 3
145
) 1 )( 5 (
3
1
] ) 5 . 3 )( 1 5 ( ) 5 )( 1 (
12
1
[( 2
cm
I
x
"
# % # "
Moments of inertia about x axis
4
3 2 3
25 . 51
) 5 )( 1 (
12
1
] ) 2 )( 1 5 ( ) 1 )( 5 (
12
1
[( 2
cm
I I
y y
"
# % # " "
0.5
3.5
2
28
Example 9.8
The strength of a W360 x 57 rolled-steel beam is increased by attaching a
229 mm x 19 mm plate to its upper flange as shown. Determine the
moment of inertia and the radius of gyration of the composite section with
respect to an axis which is parallel to the plate and passes through the
centroid C of the section.
C
229 mm
19 mm
358 mm
172 mm
29
229 mm
172 mm
SOLUTION
19 mm
358 mm
x
O
C
x
Y
188.5 mm
The wide-flange shape of W360 x 57
found by referring to Fig. 9.13
A = 7230 mm
2
4
2 . 160 mm I
x
"
A y A Y ( " (
A
plate
= (229)(19) = 4351 mm
2
) 7230 )( 0 ( ) 4351 )( 5 . 188 ( ) 7230 4351 ( # " # Y
mm Y 8 . 70 "
Centroid
Moment of Inertia
flange wide x plate x x
I I I
$
# " ) ( ) (
' ' '
flange wide x plate x
Y A I Ad I
$
# # # " ) ( ) (
2
'
2
'
) *
4 6
2 6
2 3
10 8 . 256
) 8 . 70 )( 7230 ( 10 2 . 160
) 8 . 70 5 . 188 )( 4351 ( ) 19 )( 229 (
12
1
mm % "
# % #
+
,
-
.
/
0
$ # "
Radius of Gyration
) 7230 4351 (
10 8 . 256
6
'
2
'
#
%
" "
A
I
k
x
x
mm k
x
149
'
"
4 6
'
10 257 mm I
x
% "
d
30
The polar moment of inertia of
an area A with respect to the pole
O is defined as
The distance from O to the element of area dA is r. Observing that r
2
=x
2
+ y
2
, we
established the relation
y
x
x
y
r
A
dA
O
!
" dA r J
O
2
y x O
I I J # "
9.6 Polar Moment of Inertia
31
Example 9.9
(a) Determine the centroidal polar moment of inertia of a circular area by
direct integration. (b) Using the result of part a, determine the moment of
inertia of a circular area with respect to a diameter.
y
x
r
O
32
u
du
O
y
x
r
SOLUTION
a. Polar Moment of Inertia.
du u dA dA u dJ
O
& 2
2
" "
! ! !
" " "
r r
O O
du u du u u dJ J
0
3
0
2
2 ) 2 ( & &
4
2
r J
O
&
"
b. Moment of Inertia with Respect to a Diameter.
x y x O
I I I J 2 " # "
x
I r 2
2
4
"
&
4
4
r I I
x diameter
&
" "