1 , 1,2

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E-mail: mzqchen@hku.hk

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Realization of biquadratic impedances with at most four elements

Kai Wang1 and Michael Z. Q. Chen1,2
1. School of Automation, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing
2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
E-mail: mzqchen@hku.hk

Abstract: This paper considers the realizability problem of biquadratic impedances with at most four elements. To
solve the problem, the necessary and sufcient realizability condition for no more than three elements is obtained by
some topological properties derived previously. Furthermore, the constraints on the possible realizations are used to nd
out the networks which can cover all the cases, and they are classied as several quartets. Finally, investigating one of
the networks in each quartet yields the necessary and sufcient condition for a network to be realized with at most four
elements.
Key Words: Inerter, Passive Network Synthesis, Biquadratic Impedance, Optimization

1 (Introduction)
, [7, 23] (inerter)

. F = b(v 1 v 2 ),
F , v1 v2 , b
; [19, 23] .
, [20, 24, 28]
[8, 9] [23]
. ,
[6, 23] : ,
,
. ,
,
. ,
[6, 23] , (
) () ()
;
, . Bott
: .

c
978-1-4577-2074-1/12/$26.00 2012
IEEE

Dufn [2] ,
;
. ,
. [2] ,
, Seshu
[21, 22] Anderson
[1] ,
[ 6] . ,
,
[3, 4, 5, 6, 14] . Chen Smith [5]
,
[6]
.

, [11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 25, 26, 27]

. , Chen Smith [4]
1 ()1 (
) ()
,
2888

. Jiang Smith regular

[14] . ,
4 .
[15] ( 5
), 4 .
, .
4
.
: 2 ,

. 3
. 4 .

2 (Problem Formulation)

Z(s) =

As2 + Bs + C
,
Ds2 + Es + F

(1)

A, B,
E, F 0.
C, D,
( AF CD)2 BE [5] .
[14] , (1),
0, 4
, Foster Preamble .
, 4
, A, B, C, D, E, F > 0. K :=
(AF CD)2 (AE BD)(BF CE), (1)
K = 0 [10] .

. [14] ,
. , ,
(1) 4
, 3
. .

3 (Main Results)
N , a
a , G. (a, a ) G G1
G2 , a a [22] .
[22].
(1) .
1. (1), A, B, C, D, E,
F > 0. Z(s) N ,
a a , N
(a, a ) ( a, a ).
. (a, a )
(a, a ). [21] , N
s = 0 s = . ,
(1) , 0 ,
.

. [14] , 1(a) ,
s = j s = .
, (1) , 0
. , 1(b)
s = j s = . , (1)
, 0 .
, 3
, :
3. (1), A, B, C, D, E,
F > 0, Z(s) 3
K = 0.
. . K = 0, (1)
, Z(s) = (a0 s + a1 )/(d0 s + d1 ), a0 ,
a1 , d0 , d1 > 0. Foster Preamble, Z(s)
, 2 .
. 3 ,
. 3(a),
. L C (a, a ),
1, (1).
3(b), 3(c) 3(d) ,
, . 1
2 , 3(b)
3(c) ; 3(d) 1
, 2 3 1 1 .
2(a) 2(c) .
2(b) 2(d) . Z(s)
2 . ,
,
K = 0.
, K = 0.
4 . ,
.
4. (1), A, B, C, D, E,
F > 0, K = 0. Z(s) N ,
N
.
. , N
3 . ,
3 K = 0.
, .

.
2. (1), A, B, C, D, E,
F > 0. Z(s) 1
.

(a)

(b)

1: 2 .

2012 24th Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC)

2889

L1

C1

R2
R1

R1
L1

R2

GXDO

dual

(a)

VV

(b)

5: 1 ().

VV

R2
R1
L1

GXDO

a'

(a)

a'

(b)

a'

(c)

a'

(d)

3: ()

5. (1), A, B, C, D, E,
F > 0, K = 0. Z(s) ,
2 3 .
. 1 , [1]
, Z(s) 1,
, K = 0 . ,
4 , , Z(s)
s = [13] . ,
.
1. (1), A, B, C, D, E,
F > 0, K = 0. Z(s)
Z(s) 4, 5, 6
.
. . K = 0
(1). 7 ,
D

C1
R1
L1

R2

GXDO

VV

.
, 7(a)
, 4, 7(a)
(1), A, B, C, D,
E, F > 0 K = 0, . 7(b),
1 2 (a, a ), 1 ,
1 2 . , 4 .
, 1 , 7(c) 7(d) 1
. 2 , 2, 3, 4
. 5, 2.
1 4 , 7(c) ,

(a, a ). 4(a,c) 6(a) ,

4 6 .
7(d), 4 , .
, 8(b) , 8
. 7(e), 2 4 ,
. 1 ,
, L (a, a )
C (a, a ). , 5(a) ,
5 . , [14, 18] , 6
8 . , Z(s)
4, 5, 6 .
. , , 4,
5, 6 ,
A, B, C, D, E, F > 0, K = 0.

, .
[15] ,
. , ,
, s s1
. 4(a) .

VV

2. (1), A, B, C, D, E,
F > 0, K = 0. Z(s) 4(a)

GXDO

AF < CD,

E
2

4: 1 .

2890

(b)

6: 1 ().

3
1

dual

(a)

2: 3 .

C1

AE + CD = ADF + BDE.

2012 24th Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC)

(2)
(3)

. .
4(a) R1 , R2 , L1 , C1
(4), (5), (6) (7), k (15). , ,
(9) (14) . , (8) (1) ,
4(a)
, (4), (5), (6) (7) .

a'

(a)
4

4
1

a'

(b)

a'

(c)
2

, 5(a) .

a'

(d)

3. (1), A, B, C, D, E,
F > 0, K = 0. Z(s) 5(a)

a'

(e)

7: ()

(AF + CD)2 BE(AF + CD) + B 2 DF = 0. (16)

R1

C1

L1

R2

C
,
F
A
R2 = ,
D

dual

R1 =

(a)

(b)

8: 6 .

(17)
(18)

AB
,
AF + CD
AF + CD
.
C1 =
BC
L1 =

,
R1 =
R2 =
L1 =
C1 =

A
,
D
CD AF
,
DF
CD AF
BD AE
=
,
EF
DF
DE
.
CD AF

(4)

(6)
(7)

R1 C1 L1 s2 + (R1 R2 C1 + L1 )s + (R1 + R2 )
Z(s) =
.
C1 L1 s 2 + R 2 C1 s + 1
(8)
4(a) (1), A, B,
C, D, E, F > 0, K = 0.
R1 C1 L1 = kA,

(9)

R1 R2 C1 + L1 = kB,

(10)

R1 + R2 = kC,

(11)

C1 L1 = kD,

(12)

R2 C1 = kE,

(13)

1 = kF,

(14)

Z(s) =

R1 R2 L1 C1 s2 + L1 (R1 + R2 )s + R1 R2
. (21)
R1 L1 C1 s2 + (L1 + R1 R2 C1 )s + R2

R1 R2 L1 C1 = kA,

(22)

L1 (R1 + R2 ) = kB,

(23)

R1 R2 = kC,

(24)

R1 L1 C1 = kD,

(25)

L1 + R1 R2 C1 = kE,

(26)

R2 = kF,

(27)

k > 0. (24) (27) , R1 (17).

(17) (27) , (23)
L1 =

(15)

(9) (12) R1 (4) . (15)

(4) (11) , R2 (5) ,
(2) . (15) (5) (13) ,
C1 (7) . , (9) (10) L1
(6) , (3) .

kB
kBF
=
.
R1 + R2
C + kF 2

(28)

, (25)
C1 =

k > 0. , (14)
1
.
F

(20)

. . 5(a)
(5)

. . 4(a)

k=

(19)

kD
D(C + kF 2 )
=
.
R 1 L1
BC

(29)

(17), (27), (28), (29) (22) ,

k=

A
.
DF

(30)

, (27), (28), (29), (26) ,

R2 , L1 , C1 (18), (19), (20) ,
(16) .

2012 24th Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC)

2891

. .
5(a) R1 , R2 , L1 , C1
(17), (18), (19), (20) ; k (30) . ,
. (16), (22)
(27) . , (21) (1) ,
5(a) ,
(17), (18), (19) (20) .
, 6(a) .
4. (1), A, B, C, D, E,
F > 0, K = 0. Z(s) 6(a)

AF = CD,

(31)

BF < CE.

(32)

,
B
,
E
CE BF
R2 =
,
EF
A(CE BF )
,
L1 =
CE 2
2
E
C1 =
.
CE BF
R1 =

(33)
(34)
(35)
(36)

. . 6(a)
Z(s) =

L1 C1 (R1 + R2 )s2 + R1 R2 C1 s + (R1 + R2 )

.
L1 C1 s 2 + R 2 C1 s + 1
(37)

L1 C1 (R1 + R2 ) = kA,

(38)

R1 R2 C1 = kB,

(39)

R1 + R2 = kC,

(40)

L1 C1 = kD,

(41)

R2 C1 = kE,

(42)

1 = kF,

(43)

k > 0. , (43)
k=

1
.
F

(44)

(38) (40) ,
L1 C1 =

A
.
C

(45)

(41) , k = A/(CD),
k=

1
A
=
.
F
CD

(46)

, (31) . (44) , (39),

(40), (42)
R1 R2 C1 =

2892

B
C
E
, R1 + R2 = , R2 C1 = .
F
F
F

1: (1) 4, 5, 6
. ( [15] . )

[15]

4(a)

87

AF < CD, AE 2 + CD2 = ADF + BDE

4(b)

88

AF < CD, F B 2 + DC 2 = ACF + BCE

4(c)

63

CD < AF , CE 2 + AF 2 = CDF + BEF

4(d)

62

CD < AF , DB 2 + F A2 = ACD + ABE

5(a)

96

(AF + CD)2 + B 2 DF = BE(AF + CD)

5(b)

97

(AF + CD)2 + E 2 AC = BE(AF + CD)

6(a)

71

AF = CD, BF < CE

6(b)

74

AF = CD, CE < BF

, R1 , R2 , C1 .
(33), (34), (36) . , (32)
. , (45), L1 (35) .
. .
6(a) R1 , R2 , L1 , C1
(33), (34), (35), (36) ; k (44). (32)
, . (31),
(38) (43) . , (37) (1)
,
6(a) , (33), (34), (35),
(36).
, 4(d) Z(s)
Z 1 (s) 4(a). ,
2 : A D,
B E, C F . 4(c) Z(s)
4(a) Z(s1 ). ,
2 : A C
D F . ,
, 1, [15]
. , .
5. (1), A, B, C, D, E,
F > 0. Z(s) 4
:
(a) K = 0;
(b) AF = CD;
(c) AF < CD, AE 2 + CD2 = ADF +
BDE F B 2 + DC 2 = ACF + BCE;
(d) AF > CD, CE 2 +AF 2 = CDF +BEF
DB 2 + F A2 = ACD + ABE;
(e) (AF + CD)2 + B 2 DF = BE(AF + CD)
(AF + CD)2 + E 2 AC = BE(AF + CD).
. . Z(s) 3 ,
3, K = 0, (a).
Z(s), K = 0.
1, Z(s) 4, 5, 6
. 1 . 6
(b). 4(a,b)
(c). 4(c,d)
(d). 5 (e).

2012 24th Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC)

. (a) , 3, Z(s)
3 . (b) ,
6, K = 0. , 1 ,
(c), (d), (e) , Z(s)
4(a,b), 4(c,d), 5 .

4 (Conclusion)

. ,
. ,
.
,
, .
,
. , ,
,
.
,
. Ladenheim ,
, ,
. ,
.

(Acknowledgments)

61004093973 2012CB720200

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