Modem ng b v bt ng b

Modem ng b v bt ng
b
Bi:
Nguyn Trung Lp

MT S MODEM BT NG B V NG B
7.3.1 Modem bt ng b
L nhng modem truyn vi vn tc tng i thp. Modem bt ng b tiu biu l
lot (serie) 103 ca hng Bell. Vn tc truyn ca lot 103 l 300 bps trn knh in
thoi, iu ch FSK, vn tc ny tng ng vi 27 k t/s (gi s mi k t gm 7
bit ca m ASCII thm 1 bit start, 2 bit stop v 1 bit parity). Chun giao tip dng cho
cc modem ny l dng in vng 20 mA hoc RS-232 bn n trong chng trc.
Lot 103 c th truyn song cng vi 2 ng dy, nh vy h thng dng phng php
phn chia tn s cho knh truyn (FDM). Khong tn s t 300 n 3000 Hz chia lm
hai di : t 300 n 1700 Hz v t 1700 n 3000 Hz. Ph tn cho (H 7.32)

(H 7.32)
Trong mi di tn u c tn s mark v space : trong di tn thp cc tn s l 1270
Hz v 1070 Hz v trong di tn cao l 2225 Hz v 2025 Hz. Tn s trung tm l 1170
Hz v 2125 Hz. Khong cch tn s mark v space l 200 Hz, vn tc truyn bt l 300
bps nn bng thng ca tn hiu l 800 Hz. Ta thy :
FFSK1 = 1170 Hz v fFSK2 = 2125 Hz ; 3 br = 900
fm - fs = 200 = (2/3) br = (2/3).300

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Modem ng b v bt ng b

C th ni cc tn s fm v fs chn trong lot 103 tha cc iu kin v tnh kinh t

H s h trong hai di tn cao v thp u bng 0,67 v cho hai h s Bessel
S khi mt Modem FSK (bt ng b)
Trc khi lin lc ngi ta phi tha thun vi nhau bn no s pht v thu di tn no
- cao hay thp - iu ny thc hin bng cch gi nh mt bn pht sinh cuc gi v
bn kia tr li. Modem ca ngi gi l originate modem v modem kia l answer
modem. Thng thng originate modem pht trn bng tn thp v thu trn bng tn
cao v ngc li cho answer modem.
(H 7.33) cho s khi ca h thng modem 103, bn pht l mt thit b u cui v
bn thu l mt my tnh

(H 7.33)
Vn hnh ca modem v cc khi chc nng c m t di y :
- Giao tip ng dy (Line interface) : phi hp tng tr modem v ng dy in
thoi (thng l 600?) ng thi bin i cn bng ? khng cn bng. Phn t chnh ca
mch giao tip ng dy l mt bin th gi l hybrid (H 7.34).
- B song cng (Duplexer) : to s ghp ni c tnh nh hng v cch ly tn hiu
thc hin ng thi hai chc nng thu pht .(H 7.36) l s mt b song cng vi
mch giao tip ng dy

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Modem ng b v bt ng b

(H 7.34)
Phn chnh ca b song cng l mt OPAMP dng nh mt mch khuch i vi sai,
khuch i tn hiu thu t b lc thu v ngn khng cho tn hiu pht i qua, tn hiu
ny c a ra mch ngoi t mch lc pht qua bin th hybrid ra ng dy in
thoi.
- B lc thu Rx : nh ni trn, originate modem s thu tn hiu di tn cao v
answer modem s thu tn hiu di tn thp nn b lc thu hai modem phi cho
dng p tuyn nh thy (H 7.35). ngi ta thng dng cc b lc tch cc dng
OPAMP to mt mch lc di thng. Mch lc thu thng gm t 4 ti 7 mch lc
nh (H 7.37) c li t 20 n 30dB.

(H 7.35)
- B gii iu ch (Demodulator) : b gii iu ch FSK l mt mch tch sng FM,
c th dng kiu tch sng phn bit, nhng vi s pht trin ca cng ngh ch to IC
ngi ta thng dng vng kha pha thc hin vic gii iu ch. (H 7.36) l mt
mch gii iu ch dng vng kha pha.

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Modem ng b v bt ng b

(H 7.36)
- B pht hin mc ngng (Threshold detect) : y l mt mch so snh v cho ng
ra mt tn hiu HIGH hoc LOW ty theo mc tn hiu thu c. Khi tn hiu thu vo
c bin qu nh ng RxD s ghim mc HIGH v ng CD (Carrier Detect)
OFF
- B iu ch (Modulator) : (H 7.37)
Mch FSK c bn bao gm mt VCO iu khin bi in th ng vi bit 1 v 0 ca tn
hiu vo. Cc bit 1 v 0 ca d liu iu khin mt kha in t cho php mch VCO
ni vi mt trong 2 in tr bn ngoi. Ta c ng ra l cc tn hiu c tn s fs hoc
fm ty in tr ni vo mch l Rs hay Rm.

(H 7.37)
- B lc pht Tx : Quyt nh bng thng ca tn hiu pht FSK ng thi gii hn cc
tn hiu nhiu v ha tn to bi mch gii iu ch b phn thu.

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Modem ng b v bt ng b

Mch lc pht cn c nhim v ghim mc tn hiu ra khng vt qu -9 dBm l mc

cng sut cho php ca ng dy in thoi.
- Tn hiu bt tay hoc iu khin : Khi logic ny iu khin hot ng ca modem
v chuyn trng thi ca modem t hoc ti DTE bng cch dng cc tn hiu RST,
CTS, DTR, DSR v CD nh m t trong chng trc (cc chun giao tip).
Trong nhiu trng hp mt thit b xa c th yu cu truy xut d liu gc (data base)
t mt my tnh ch. Ngi yu cu dng bn phm nhp d liu nn ch cn vn tc
truyn thp trong khi my tnh ch truyn d liu n u cui c th truyn vi vn tc
cao hn.
Cc modem lot 202 ca Bell p ng yu cu ny : cc modem ny c vn tc truyn t
my tnh ch n thit b u cui (gi l knh s cp) l 1200 bps v vn tc truyn t
thit b u cui n my tnh ch (gi l knh th cp) l 75 bps. Cch truyn 2 knh c
vn tc khc nhau gi l cch truyn song cng bt i xng (Asymetrical full-duplex
communication).

(H 7.38)
(H 7.38) l ph tn ca modem 202, lu l knh s cp dng phng php iu ch
FSK vi tn s fm v fs ln lt l 1200 Hz v 2200 Hz v knh th cp th iu ch
ASK, tn s sng mang l 387 Hz.
Mt ng dng in hnh ca h thng truyn song cng bt i xng l Videotex. y
l mt dch v m qua ngi s dng (vai tr mt thit b u cui) c th truy xut
d liu t mt c s d liu trung tm (my tnh ch) qua mng in thoi.
C s d liu ca Videotex c th cha rt nhiu thng tin khc nhau, thng qua bn
phm ngi s dng c th t mt cuc gi n my tnh ch v yu cu nhng thng
tin cn thit trong Videotex. Cc lnh ca ngi s dng truyn ti my tnh ch vi
vn tc thp v cc file vn bn, ha ... gi chung l cc trang Videotex truyn ti
ni yu cu vi vn tc cao hn

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Modem ng b v bt ng b

Vi s ci tin thit b nhp d liu (bn phm) vn tc truyn ca knh th cp c th

cao hn v modem 202C ra i tha mn yu cu ny. (H 7.39) cho ph tn ca modem
202C

(H 7.39)
Modem 202C ch khc vi Modem 202 cch iu ch knh th cp l FSK ch khng
phi ASK, hai tn s mark v space l 390 Hz v 490 Hz, v vn tc truyn ca knh
ny l 150bps.
Modem ng b
Mt s modem ng b c hng Bell ch to truyn d liu vi vn tc cao hn.
Nh ni trn, truyn vn tc cao cc modem phi iu ch nhiu pha PSK (4 hoc
8 pha) hoc kt hp PSK v ASK cho 16 pha, gi l QAM.
Bng 7.5 gii thiu mt s modem ng b
Bng 7.5 Mt s Modem ng b
Lot

ng
iu ch
dy

42 dy
chuyn
mch4
dy
ring4
201B201C208A208B209A dy
ring2
dy
chuyn
mch4
dy

Vn tc

Mode

Songcng/
B.song
4 pha
cng
PSK4 pha
ng
PSK4 pha
bBn
2400
PSK8 pha
song cng
bps24002400480048009600
PSK8 pha
ng
PSK16pha
bSong
QAM
cng ng
bSong
cng ng
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Modem ng b v bt ng b

bBn
song cng
ng
bSong
cng ng
b
S khi mt modem PSK tiu biu
(H 7.40) l s khi ca mt modem dng k thut PSK tiu biu

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Modem ng b v bt ng b

(H 7.40)

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Modem ng b v bt ng b

Phn pht
Mch nh thi pht (transmitter timing): Mch to cc xung ng h khc nhau theo
yu cu ca modem pht. Xung ng h ch c th c to ra t bn trong mch hay
dn xut t tn hiu trn ng SCTE ca DTE.
Mch kim sot khi ng (Start sequence controller): khi RTS ln cao, mch ny cho
php truyn sng mang tng t qua SW1. Sng mang ny cha bin iu v SW2 cha
c php. ng thi, mch ny cng bo cho mch to mu/ngu nhin ha khi ng
s truyn chui kim sot (training sequence), mch kim sot s cung cp thi tr gia
tn hiu RTS v CTS, kch hot SW2 v a CTS ln mc cao khi ht thi gian ny
(khong 48,5 ms). Khi RTS xung thp, mch kim sot v hiu ha SW1, chm dt
sng mang trn ng in thoi.
Mch to mu v ngu nhin ha (pattern generator and scrambler): Mch to mu cung
cp chui xung c bit cho hot ng kim tra ng b (training), v chui bit 1 (bit
ngh) cho trng hp s dng ch sng mang lin tc. Mch ngu nhin ha cung
cp chui tn hiu ngu nhin cho vic phc hi xung ng h trong PSK
Mch iu ch pha (Phase modulator): Bin i chui d liu nh phn vo t DTE
thnh s bin i pha tng ng ca sng mang tng t
Mch cn bng (Compromise equalizer): iu chnh mch lc cung cp s cn bng
cho tn hiu knh m thanh (to s b tr v li v thi tr do ng dy in thoi
to ra).
Mch khuch i hoc pad (amplifier or pad): y l mch khuch i c li thay i
c bo m bin tn hiu pht.
T, R, T1, R1: Hai ng Tip v Ring thu pht
Ng vo v ra ca cc mch khuch i dng giao tip RS-232C.
Phn thu
Mch tng thch cn bng (Adaptive equalizer): iu chnh c tuyn li v thi tr
do tn hao ca ng dy.
Mch gim st tn hiu (Signal quality monitor): gim st tn hiu tng t nhn c
iu khin mch cn bng. Nu tn hiu nhn c xu, mch ny s bo cho mch iu
khin khi ng mch cn bng (Equalizer startup controller) retrain mch tng
thch cn bng. Trong sut thi gian training d liu khng c gi tr.

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Modem ng b v bt ng b

Mch iu khin khi ng mch cn bng (Equalizer startup controller): iu chnh

tng thch cn bng khi nhn c chui training hay khi phm cht tn hiu thu c
di mc chun
Mch phc hi sng mang (Carrier recovery): D ra s hin din ca sng mang thu
c v kim sot trng thi ON/OFF ca ng RLSD ca RS-232C. Mch ny cng
phc hi sng mang v kha pha ca tn hiu dao ng ni (PLL) cung cp tn hiu
dao ng cho mch gii iu ch.
Mch gii iu ch (Demodulator): Bin i s thay i pha ca sng mang nhn c
thnh ra d liu nh phn tng ng.
Mch phc hi xung ng h (Clock recovery): Phc hi tn hiu ng h pht v to ra
cc tn hiu ng h khc theo yu cu ca my thu.
Mch gii ngu nhin (Descrambler): Sau khi xung ng h c phc hi, mch ny
bin i tn hiu ngu nhin thnh chui d liu ban u.
Kt ni modem qua h thng in thoi
thc hin vic truyn d liu qua h thng in thoi thng qua modem, cng ty in
thoi c nhim v to s kt ni sao cho tht thun li cho ngi s dng modem.
Di y ta xt cch kt ni nh mch truy xut d liu (Data access arrangement)
Cc thit b DTE c th truyn d liu trn ng dy in thoi nh mt mch ni gia
modem v ng dy in thoi gi l mch truy xut d liu, (H 7.41) l s mch
DAA

(H 7.41)

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Modem ng b v bt ng b

Modem nhn cuc gi: Tn hiu chung tn s 20 Hz n c lc v tch hp bi

mch d chung cho n lc kch hot mch DAA bi in th mt chiu cp
cho ng RI. Modem phn ng bng cch a chn OH (Off-hook) ln cao. Tn hiu
ny tc ng relay OH (l loi thng h, NO) cho php mt dng DC chy trn mch
in thoi. Tng i s nhn ra iu ny nh trng thi Off-hook v chm dt tn hiu
chung. Lc ny modem a ng DA ln ON, iu ny tc ng ln relay CT (loi
thng ng, NC) lm h mch in tr khin mch kim sot mc t ng c ni
vo mch v cho php cc ng Tip (T) v Ring (R) ni vo DT (Data Tip) v DR
(Data Ring). Lc ny ng CCT cng ln ON bo cho modem bit h thng c
kt ni v modem ch nhn tn hiu. Cuc gi s chm dt khi modem cp tn hiu mc
thp cho chn OH lm v hiu ha relay OH v ngt mch DC
Modem pht sinh cuc gi: Theo mt cch tng t, modem pht sinh cuc gi bng
cch a chn OH ln cao thng mch DC ti tng i. Sau khi hon tt vic quay s,
chn DA ln cao tc ng ln relay CT thng mch kt ni modem v h thng.
Modem s bt u truyn tn hiu khi chn CCT ln mc cao. Sau khi pht xong bn tin,
modem a chn OH xung thp chm dt s kt ni.

VI MODEM DNG MCH LSI

Cc nh ch tao IC pht trin nhiu linh kin loi LSI trong kt hp nhiu mch
chc nng ca modem trong mt v. Cc chip dng k thut NMOS hoc CMOS c
cha sn b iu ch, gii iu ch v logic iu khin cho cc modem c tc khc
nhau, t thp n trung bnh. Gn y c xut hin cc mch lc kha CMOS gm c
lc pht v lc thu trong mt IC.
Phn sau y gii thiu 2 IC tiu biu ca Motorola, l IC modem s MC 6860 v b
lc kha MC 145440
Modem s MC 6860
Modem 6860 l loi NMOS, trong mt v 24 chn gm cc b phn: iu ch, gii iu
ch, logic iu khin cn thit giao tip vi UART.
6860 truyn d liu vi vn tc 300 bps hoc 600 bps, dng k thut iu ch FSK.
6860 hon ton tng thch vi tiu chun song cng ca Bell 103.
(H 7.42) l s khi mt originate modem Bell 103 dng MC 6860 giao tip vi
USART 8251A.

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Modem ng b v bt ng b

(H 7.42)
Chn 21 (

, switch hook) xung thp a 6860 vo mode originate, sn sng nhn tn hiu mark
tn s 2225 Hz t answer modem. 450ms sau khi nhn tn hiu mark, 6860 bt u
pht tn s mark 1270 Hz. 750 ms sau khi nhn tn hiu 2250 Hz u tin, chn CTS
xung thp v d liu c th c pht hay thu.
Ng vo

(threshold detect), chn s 7 c chc nng tng t chn CD ca RS 232 (pht hin
sng mang). Nu mc in p sng mang khng mnh, chn TD ln cao ko theo
CTS ln cao v ngt sng mang Tx.
ng ra ca b phn iu ch l b bin i D/A, cho ra tn hiu nc thang gn sin c
rt nhiu hi khng mong mun. B lc pht c nhim v lc b cc hi ny trnh
giao thoa vi sng mang FSK nhn phn thu
Ng vo

(Ring Indicator, chn 19) ni vi mch pht hin chung. Mc thp chn RI a
6860 vo ch answer v lm cho ng ra AP (Answer Phone, chn 4) ln cao, ng
relay chuyn mch tr li in thoi.

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Modem ng b v bt ng b

Chn 15 l ng ra Mode, cho bit trng thi ca modem: mc cao ch mode originate v
mc thp ch mode answer. Chn ny c dng iu khin chuyn mch b lc thu
v b lc pht.
B lc MC 145440
MC 145440 l IC CMOS, 18 chn bao gm 2 b lc di thp v di cao ca Modem
Bell 103 v kha chuyn mch t ng.
mode originate b lc di cao ni vi knh thu, b lc di thp vi knh pht v ngc
li mode answer. (H 7.43) trnh by s khi n gin v p tuyn hai b lc ca
MC 145440

(H 7.43)
Mc logic ca ng vo O/

(Originate/Answer) iu khin kha chuyn mch chn mode. Ng vo VLS (Logic

Select) dng chn mc logic cho tn hiu s ng vo. VLS cao cho php mc tn
hiu CMOS v thp cho php tn hiu TTL.
Ng vo ST (Self test) cao t chip ch t kim tra vng.
Ng vo CLK SEL (Clock Select) iu khin cc b chia tn s bn trong cho php
s dng vi thch anh 1 MHz hay 4 MHz tong ng vi CLK SEL thp hoc cao.
Thch anh c ni vo mch chn CLK1 v CLK2. Xung clock 1 MHz c th c

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Modem ng b v bt ng b

ly ra t ng ra CLK OUT thng cung cp cho mach iu ch-gii iu ch nh MC

6860.
MC 145440 cng c thm mt OPAMP bn ngoi s dng cho mch song cng.

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