Lehrstuhl fr Rechnernetze und Internet

Wilhelm-Schickard-Institut fr Informatik
Universitt Tbingen
UMTS Networks
Leo Petrak, Dr. Christian Hoene
und Prof. Georg Carle
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 2
Course Overview
Motivation
Standardization issues
UMTS architecture basics
UMTS radio link
Physical layer
Signaling
UE, UTRAN, PS Domain, CS Domain
Basic functionalities:
Accessing the network
Transferring data
Detaching fromthe network
Information storage
Mobility
QoS
Security
IMS
Charging
UMTS Evolution:
fromR99 to Rel7
Beyond UMTS
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 3
UMTS Evolution
UMTS Releases Overview
FromGSM via GPRS to UMTS R99
Rel4 Features
Rel5 Features
Rel6 Features
Outlook Rel7/8
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 4
UMTS Evolution - Literature
TS 23.234 3GPP System to WLAN Interworking
TS 23.246 Multimedia Broadcast / Multicast Service (MBMS)
Supplementary Reading:
Interworking Architecture between 3GPP and WLAN SystemsK. Ahmavaara et al.,
IEEE Communication Magazine Nov. 2003
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 5
UMTS Releases Overview
(almost) each year, a new Release of the UMTS standard is published
UTMS is evolving
first UMTS Release is "R99, finalized in 2000 (not 1999)
subsequently numbered Rel4, Rel5,...
Work on Rel7 has started
GSM -> GPRS -> UMTS R99 -> UMTS Rel4
Rel5 Features
Rel6 Features
Outlook Rel7/8
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 6
GSM -> GPRS -> UMTS R99 -> UMTS Rel4 I
GSM
CS domain
GSM RAN
initially < 10kb/s, evolved to today (EDGE) 384 kb/s
GPRS
adds PS Domain, in parallel to CS Domain
Initially higher transmission rates than GSM (max 115 kb/s)
can also be used with EDGE
Shared radio channel (DSCH)
=>more efficient usage of radio resources,
because bandwidth demands of e.g. web traffic are highly fluctuating
(user needs time to read page) and bursty
allows a direct connection to e.g. the Internet
charging per data volume possible
in GSM always charging per time unit
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 7
UMTS R99
GSM RAN replaced by UTRAN
W-CDMA
Higher bandwidth
Up to 2Mb/s
Macrodiversity, soft(er) handover
Functionality differently distributed compared to GSM RAN
Support for QoS classes
UMTS Rel4
Separation of Transport and Control in CS domain
CS Domain may also be IP-based
GSM -> GPRS -> UMTS R99 -> UMTS Rel4 II
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 8
UMTS Evolution
UMTS Releases Overview
GSM -> GPRS -> UMTS R99 -> UMTS Rel4
Rel5 Features
Rel6 Features
Outlook Rel7/8
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 9
Rel5 Features
IMS
Layer 2 between RNC and GGSN not necessarily ATM-based
Flexible RANs
May attach GSM RAN and GERAN to PS domain
(see next slide)
GERAN =GSM EDGE Radio Access Network
The proper termto refer to a systemincluding GERAN and GSM RAN is 3GPP
networkrather than UMTS network
UMTS network implies UTRAN
Iu Flex
Breaking hierarchical mapping of RNCs to SGSNs (MSCs)
HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access)
3.5G
UTRA enhancement to increase downlink packet rate
Up to 14 Mb/s
Currently being deployed
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 10
Rel5 Features Flexible RANs
Internet
Intranet
GSM
Radio
UTRAN
PSTN
/ISDN
Gb/
Iu ps
Application
Server (AS)
HLR
GSM / UMTS Core Network
CSCF
to UE via
connectivity service
HSS
GERAN
CS-GW
IP
CS domain
SGSN
Gi
GGSN
CSCF
MRF
CS-MGW MGW
GMSC-S. MSC-S. SGW
PS domain
IP or
ATM
Mg
Nc
Mc Mc
Mw
Cx
Mm
Nb
Mr
Gn
to SGSN,
MSC-S.,
GMSC-S.
to CSCF (SIP), SGSN,
MSC-S., GMSC-S.
Iu ps/
Iu cs
Gb/
A
A/
Iu cs
A/
Iu cs
Gb/A/
Iu cs/
Iu ps
transport
control
IMS
Go
IP
COPS
SIP
SIP
SIP
SIP
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 11
Rel5 Features Iu Flex I
Up to Rel5, RNC to SGSN relation hierarchical
Each RNC is assigned to exactly one SGSN
Each SGSN serves one or more RNCs
GGSN
RNC
SGSN
SGSN
RNC
RNC
RNC
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 12
Rel5 Features Iu Flex II
Iu Flex allows many-to-many relation of
RNCs and SGSNs (and MSCs)
RNCs and SGSNs grouped as belonging to Pool Areas
A Pool Area is served by one or more SGSNs
All the cells controlled by a RNC belong to the same one [or more] Pool Area[s].
UE may roam in Pool Area without need to change the serving SGSN.
GGSN
RNC
SGSN
SGSN
RNC
RNC
RNC
Pool Area 1
Pool Area 2
Overlap of
Pool Areas 1 and 2
SGSN
SGSNs
serving
Pool Area 1
SGSN
serving
Pool Area 2
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 13
Rel5 Features Iu Flex III
Iu Flex allows
Load balancing between SGSNs in one Pool Area
Reducing SGSN relocation
Reduced signaling
Reduced access to HLR / HSS
Overlap of Pool Areas allows mapping mobility patterns onto Pool Areas
E.g. Pool Areas may cover certain residential zones plus city center
City center
Residential
Zones
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 14
Rel5 Features: HSDPA I
HSDPA Features
Introduces new shared downlink transport channel:
HS-DSCH (High-Speed Downlink Channel)
Associated with up- and downlink feedback / control channels
Can be allocated to a single PDP (Packet Data Protocol) context or to multiple
PDP contexts of several suscribers
Can accommodate peek-rates up to 14 Mb/s
Sustained rates of 1 5 Mb/s
Coexists with R99 UTRA in same frequency band
Existing Node Bs can be upgraded (theoretically) to support HSDPA
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 15
Rel5 Features: HSDPA II
Technical Realisation
16QAM modulation
Codes 4 bits per phase/amplitude shift
Node B based scheduling
Reduces delay
E.g. retransmissions handled more quickly
Node B based adaptation of data rate
Depending on currently necessary and possible throughput adapt
code rate and modulation scheme
Without HDSPA data rate fixed per session
optimize throughput
Hybrid ARQ (Automatic Repeat-reQuest )
Upon detection of frame errors, receiver requests retransmission (normal ARQ)
Information encoded redundantly in each transmission. Retransmission doesnt
resend complete information, but only some more redundancy, complementing
the redundant data that has already been sent (Hybrid ARQ)
Turbo Codes for FEC
Powerful error correcting / encoding scheme suited for low signal-noise ratios
Usage of MIMO
Multiple antennas in UE and Node B / spacial multiplexing
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 16
Rel5 Features: HSDPA III
Codes 4 bites by amplitude-phase shift using 16QAM
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 17
UMTS Evolution
UMTS Releases Overview
GSM -> GPRS -> UMTS R99 -> UMTS Rel4
Rel5 Features
Rel6 Features
Outlook Rel7/8
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 18
Rel6 Features Overview
Flow-based Charging (see slide set on charging)
Network Sharing
Allow cost efficient sharing of network resources
Scenario 1: Multiple core networks sharing common radio access network
(already in R99)
Scenario 2: Geographically split networks sharing
Scenario 3: Common Network Sharing
Scenario 4: Common spectrum network sharing
Scenario 5: Multiple radio access networks sharing common core network
IMS Services
These are services (mostly) supporting actual user applications
Partly standardized by OMA (Open Mobile Alliance)
E.g. Push-to-Talk
MBMS (Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service)
WLAN interworking
use WLAN as access network for IMS instead of PS Domain
and many more
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 19
Rel6 Features IMS Services I
IMS Presence Service
What is it?
User defined visibility to others
E.g. reachable for everybody by any communication means when online. Except
when in a meeting. Then only reachable by email. Unless it is the boss, then also
available by phone
User can find out presence of others
Other services can use this service
Push services, push-to-talk,
Supported via
Presence Agent
Provides information on user presence
Obtained fromUE or network
Presence Server
A SIP Application Server
Stores all presence information
Watcher Application / Proxy
Request specific presence information fromPresence Server
Upon-request (pull)
By subscription (push) (e.g. alert when user becomes available)
Standardized Format for presence information, access rules
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 20
Rel6 Features IMS Services II
Push Service
Pushing of information fromnetwork to UE
E.g. notification that mail has arrived, charging information,
Problems
Can only push when user is present
Need to find current IP address of user
network cannot activate PDP context
Support via
Application Server notifies Proxy AS a Push Message is available for a certain Push Subscriber
Proxy AS finds out about subscriber presence and IP address fromAR
Stores message until user is available
When user is available, Proxy AS contacts NA in GGSN
GGSN performs network-requested PDP context activation
Push Message is delivered
Related problem: alert user that MMS has arrived
Send SMS
AR: Address Resolver
AS: Application Server
NA: Notification Agent
Operator
Specific
PDN
Firewall
External
IP Network
AR
GGSN
NA
Packet
Domain
Network
UE
Gi AS
Operator
Specific
PDN
Proxy AS
Firewall
External
IP Network
AR
GGSN
NA
Packet
Domain
Network
Gi AS
UMTS PLMN
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 21
Rel6 Features IMS Services III
IMS Group Management
Setting up and maintaining user groups
Uses Presence Service
Supporting service for other services
Multiparty conferencing
Push-to-talk
Etc.
Standardization in progress
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 22
Rel6 Features IMS Services IV
Push-to-talk over Cellular (PoC)
What is it?
Multicast of speech to predetermined list of parties
(CB Funk)
Pick participants frombuddy list
They are alerted and accept by pressing a button
Half duplex: only one person can speak at a time
Whoever pushes the button first
No dialing necessary, just push
Uses always-onfunctionality
volume-based charging advantageous
Supported via
PoC Server (SIP Application Server)
Session handling, media distribution, accounting
PoC Client on UE
Presence Service, Group Management, Multiparty Conferencing
Also possible using GSM conference call
More overhead (call establishment) and more expensive
Inefficient use of air interface
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 23
Rel6 Features IMS Services V
IMS Messaging
SIP-based messaging
Instant messaging, Chat room, and deferred messaging (equivalent to MMS)
Interworks with Presence Service to determine whether addressee is available
Multiparty-multimedia conferencing service in IMS
utilizing MRF (Media Ressource Function)
Supported by Group Management Service
Location-based services in IMS
UE indicates it wishes to use local service. S-CSCF routes request back to visited network
Mechanismfor UE to retrieve / receive information about locally available services
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 24
Rel6 Features MBMS I
MBMS - Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service
Enables resource and cost efficient data transfer to many users in parallel
Applications
Multicast of e.g. sport events
Broadcast of emergency information
Download of software (games)
Multiparty conferencing
Push-to-talk
streaming type reception:
present data as it is received
download type reception:
store data and replay later
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 25
Rel6 Features MBMS II

MBMS
Appli-
cation

UE

MBMS
Bearer
Service
G
G
S
N
Application
Server
e.g.BMSC
Gmb (AAA protocol)
Gi (IP multicast)
MBMS User Service
S
G
S
N
R
A
N
MBMS data distribution tree
MBMS bearer service control
How does it work
Application server submits multicast / broadcast data via Gi interface
May be BMCS (Broadcast Multicast Service Center), or e.g. MRF
Multicast effective especially on air interface
Control channel via Gmb interface
Authorisation, sending encryption keys,
Network resource configuration
In multicast mode, data is transmitted only to cells with UEs that joined the service
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 26
Rel6 Features: WLAN interworking I
Use WLAN as access network
WLAN operated either by 3GPP operator or by 3rd party
6 scenarios are defined:
Scenario 1: Common billing and customer care
Receive only one bill
Scenario 2: Common access control (authentication and authorisation) using a (U)SIM
based solution and charging
Scenario 3: Access to all 3GPP packet-switched services
(e.g., IMS, Push etc.) and services like SMS or MMS
Scenario 4: Service continuity between different accesses like WLAN and UTRAN (i.e.
service must not be set-up again, if access technology is changed)
Scenario 5:
Seamless mobility between WLAN and 3GPP access networks
Scenario 6: Seamless handover even for CS services
In Rel6, only scenarios 1-3 are supported
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 27
Rel6 Features: WLAN interworking II
Architecture for supporting authentication, authorization and charging
(scenarios 1 and 2)
AAA Server is an IETF-standardized entity doing
authentication, authorization, accounting
AAA Server receives data from HSS / HLR
WLAN UEs
multi-homed with WLAN and 3GPP access capability
Contain USIM
USIM in WLAN UE allows using 3GPP subscription
3GPP Home Network
WLAN Access Network
WLAN
UE
Ww
3GPP AAA
Server
HSS / HLR
Charging
Wa
Intranet / Internet
USIM
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 28
Rel6 Features: WLAN interworking III
Architecture for supporting access to 3GPP packet-switched services
(Scenario 3)
Ww
3GPP Home Network
WLAN Access Network
WLAN
UE
3GPP AAA
Server
Packet Data
Gateway
HSS / HLR
Intranet / Internet
3GPP Visited Network
3GPP AAA
Proxy
Charging
WAG
Wn
W
a
W
d
W
p
Wm
W
i
S
c
e
n
a
r
i
o

3
W
g
Wu
Charging
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 29
Rel6 Features: WLAN interworking IV
UE is authenticated by Proxy AAA Server in visited network relaying
data to AAA Server in home network
PDG (Packet Data Gateway)
A tunnel is established between UE and PDG
PDG provides access to 3GPP services (e.g. IMS)
PDG acts as Policy Enforcement Point for Service Bases Local Policy
(similar to GGSN)
WAG (WLAN Access Gateway)
Gateway to WLAN, i.e. all packets to/from WLAN routed via WAG
Enforces routing of packets to PDG
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 30
UMTS Evolution
UMTS Releases Overview
GSM -> GPRS -> UMTS R99 -> UMTS Rel4
Rel5 Features
Rel6 Features
Outlook Rel7/8
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 31
Outlook Rel7/8 UTRA/UTRAN Long Term Evolution (LTE)
LTE results in eUTRAN (evolved UTRAN) for
packet-optimized radio-access technology
Goals
Decrease user-plane latency
<5ms for small packets in unloaded condition
Decrease control-plane latency
Increase User throughput
about 3 times compared to Rel6
Increased Peak Data Rate (100Mb/s downlink, 50Mb/s uplink)
Handover to and fromUTRAN and GERAN

Agreements
Simplification of protocol architecture and actual protocols
No dedicated channels
No macrodiversity in downlink, no inter-Node-B macrodiversity
OFDM on downlink, SC.FDMA on uplink
Packet-based
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 32
Outlook Rel7/8 System Architecture Evolution (SAE) I
Goals
Support of multiple (incl non-3GPP) access networks
Incl. Inter-access mobility
Streamline architecture
Accommodate results of LTE work
Accommodate results of AIPN work
Focus on PS Domain
Assume voice services are supported by PS Domain
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 33
Outlook Rel7/8 System Architecture Evolution (SAE) II
Evolved Architecture
MME (Mobility Management Entity)
Manages and stores UE information
Generates temporary identities and allocates them to UEs
Authentication and Authorization of UEs
UPE (User Plane Entity)
terminates downlink path for idle state UEs
triggers/initiates paging when downlink data arrive for the UE
manages and stores UE contexts
Inter AS Anchor:
User plane anchor for mobility between different access systems.
Supports handover between different access systems.
Evolved Packet Core
Evolved RAN
S1 Gi
Op.
IP
Serv.
(IMS,
PSS,
etc)
Rx+
S2
GERAN
UTRAN
GPRS Core
Gb
Iu
S3
MME
UPE
Inter AS
Anchor
S4
non 3GPP
IP Access
HSS
PCRF
S5
S2
S7
S6
WLAN
3GPP IP Access
* Color coding: red indicates new functional element / interface
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 34
Outlook Rel7/8 (All IP Network)
WiMAX integration
Along the lines of WLAN integration
Integration of Personal Area Networks and Personal Networks
Per location only one device has USIM (subscription)
Other devices route traffic through subscribed device
Subscribed device authenticates and authorizes on behalf of all others
Device
Device
Device
AIPN
Mobile
Terminal
Use case 1: PN with the terminal away from the user
Access
System
Subscription
Access
System
PAN
Personal Network (PN)
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 35
Outlook Rel7/8 - AIPN
3GPP SA1 feasibility study and service requirements
on evolution towards All IP Networks (AIPN)
TR22.978, TS22.258
Scenarios in TR22.978
Integration of heterogeneous access technologies and heterogeneous network types
Personal Network, Personal Area Network, Ad-hoc Network, Mobile Networks, Sensor Networks
E.g. mobility management can be solved locally (not in AIPN)
Cellular access
system connection
Bob's
PAN
Bob's
PAN

Bob's
PAN
Bob moves
Change of point of
attachment
Change of point of
attachment
AIPN
Bobs
Home-WLAN
City
Hotspot
Service
TS22.978 Scenarios
PAN, Moving Network
Ubiquitous Service
All-IP Network (AIPN)
Sensor
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 36
Summary
UMTS R99 (compared to GPRS)
GSM RAN replaced by UTRAN
Support for QoS classes
UMTS Rel4
No major changes to packet-based part
UMTS Rel5
IMS
HSDPA
Iu Flex
UMTS Rel6
WLAN interworking
Flow-based charging
IMS Services
UMTS Rel7 / 8
Re-thinking 3GPP architecture, protocols and radio technology
Moves towards All-IP networks
Integration of heterogeneous network types
Integration of heterogeneous access technologies
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 37
Course Overview
Motivation
Standardization issues
UMTS architecture basics
UMTS radio link
Physical layer
Signaling
UE, UTRAN, PS Domain, CS Domain
Basic functionalities:
Accessing the network
Transferring data
Detaching fromthe network
Information storage
Mobility
QoS
Security
IMS
Charging
UMTS Evolution:
fromR99 to Rel7
Beyond UMTS
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 38
Where can we go from today?
What new services?
What new technology?
What is 4G?
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 39
Outline
What is 4G?
Evolution from1G to 4G
Services
Technology
Current 4G Activities
WWI Activities
Ambient Networks
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 40
Evolution from 1G to 4G:
Generations of mobile communication systems
1
st
Generation
(1G)
2
nd
Generation
(2G)
3
rd
Generation
(3G)
Beyond3G/4G
Timeframe
50s-mid90s 90s2020? 2001-...? in10to15years?
Technology NMT,AMPS,... GSM(worldwide),
IS-95(Americas,Asia),
PDC(Japan),...
IMT2000,e.g.
UMTS,CDMA2000
?
Standards proprietary,
domestic
Anumberofinternational
standards
Few,open
standards
Oneumbrellastandard
integrating
heterogeneous
technologies?
Bandwidth Initially<10kbps,
evolvesto384kbps
upto2Mbps Yetmore
A/D
Analogueradio,
analogue/digital
network
Digital Digital Digital
CS/PS Circuitswitched Circuitswitched

Circuitandpacket
switched
All-IP?

Cellradius Upto150km kilometers Meterstokms cmtokms?

Mobility Basic
(nationalscope)
Advanced
(continentalscope)
Global(withinsame
technology)
Global,
intertechnology
Services Speech Speech,somedata
(MMS,SMS,WAP)
Speech,data,
multimedia
Allservices,AmI,
networkingof
networks,ubiquity,

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 41
What is 4G?
3.5G ?
HSDPA (HSUPA) / more bandwidth
There is not yet a universally agreed-upon definition of 4G
for some bandwidth > 2Mb/s is 4G (outdated)
for some seamless integration of 3G and
WLAN / WiMAX /(Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) access is 4G
Already being specified into UMTS standard
Korea: WiBro
WiMAX plus simple architecture with mobility support
Currently in pilot phase
for some, only a qualitative step forward
in technology and services becomes 4G
See next slides
When will 4G be available?
(depending on definition)
may be 2010or earlier...or later
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 42
What is 4G? - Services I
Often cited service features of 4G include
"translate desktop experience to mobile world
Particularly regarding bandwidth
always best connected
Universal coverage
Connectivity provided by bestavailable radio technology
Self-configured networking of all user-owned
electronic devices
Among themselves
With the rest of the world
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 43
What is 4G? Services II
Often cited service features of 4G include
"Ambient Intelligence"
multitude of embedded, networked devices in the environment ("ubiquitous
computing")
they interact with the person and personalize the surroundings
learning and adaptive environment
location-aware, context-aware, person-aware
raises interesting security issues
what information is spread and stored where
user needs to stay in control ("off-button" must exist)
e.g. "milk-ordering fridge", "perfect toast", "always the same favorite meal"...
empowerment of user to act as service provider
movement away from provider-centric paradigm towards a decentralized peer-
to-peer paradigm
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 44
What is 4G? Technology I
Often cited technology features of 4G include
=> Smooth evolution path from 3G / integration of 3G
In order to protect existing investment
In order to allow localized deployment
"translate desktop experience to mobile world
Particularly regarding bandwidth
=> Lower cost/bit (than 3G)
=> Bandwidth on air interface >> 2Mb/s
New radio technologies
What spectrum?
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 45
What is 4G? Technology II
Often cited technology features of 4G include
always best connected
Universal coverage
Connectivity provided by bestavailable radio technology
=> All-IP
Integration of network controlledtechnologies such as UMTS possible
as lower-layer?
By gatewaying?
=> Transparent integration of heterogeneous access technologies
Any fixed access and RAN technology (UTRAN von UMTS, WLAN, Bluetooth,...)
integrated by means of IP-layer
IP-based core network
=> Seamless mobility across heterogeneous access technologies
=> Reconfigurable multi-mode multiband terminals
terminals can be adapted to local RAN technology by downloading appropriate software
(SDR - Software Defined Radio)
=> Policy-based decision making
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 46
What is 4G? Technology III
Often cited technology features of 4G include
Self-configured networking of all user-owned
electronic devices
Among themselves
With the rest of the world
=> As on previous slide plus
=> Support for dynamic interworking of networks such as
moving networks
a network moves as a whole, thereby changing its point of attachment
e.g. passengers using train networks as access network
Ad-hoc networks
wireless devices communicating without infrastructure
all nodes can act as routers
autoconfiguration
Devices must recognize when to form an Ad-hoc network
e.g.PANs, BANs, HANs, VANs, WSNs etc.
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 47
What is 4G? Technology IV
Often cited technology features of 4G include
"Ambient Intelligence"
multitude of embedded, networked devices in the environment ("ubiquitous
computing")
they interact with the person and personalize the surroundings
learning and adaptive environment
location-aware, context-aware, person-aware
raises interesting security issues
what information is spread and stored where
user needs to stay in control ("off-button" must exist)
e.g. "milk-ordering fridge", "perfect toast", "always the same favorite meal"...
=> Intelligent Agent technology
Software agents acting on behalf of the user
=> speech / gesture recognition?
=> Artificial Intelligence?
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 48
What is 4G? Technology V
Often cited technology features of 4G include
empowerment (Ermchtigung!) of user to act as service provider
movement away from provider-centric paradigm towards a decentralized peer-to-
peer paradigm
=> Distributed, flexible management and control
Fixed, hierarchical management structures unfeasible for dynamic, ubiquitous
networks
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 49
Outline
Background
Evolution from1G to 3G
Comparison UMTS and mobile Internet
What is 4G?
Technology
Services
Current 4G Activities
WWI Activities
Ambient Networks
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 50
Current 4G Activities - Overview
"Ambient Intelligence" scenarios defined by
EU ISTAG (IST Advisory Group)
http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm
Vision of the future wireless world ("Book of Visions") by WWRF (Wireless
World Research Forum)
www.wireless-world-research.org/
founded in 2001
over 150 members fromindustry and academia
EU 6th Framework IST Programme funds large-scale 4G research project
Previously funded 3G projects, preceeding standardization
WWRF initiated a group of research projects funded in this programme
under the umbrella of WWI(Wireless World Initiative)
Several industry-funded 4G research institutes
many more activities...
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 51
Current 4G Activities WWI
EU 6th Framework Projects, currently running under WWI framework
WINNER
New radio interface technologies
Radio topologies for facilitating ubiquitous coverage
Cooperation of heterogeneous radio technologies
Efficient spectrumuse and spectrumsharing
E2R(End-to-end Reconfigurability)
Reconfiguration of network nodes by downloading code and executing it
E.g. for adaptation to local radio technology
Other uses
Ambient Networks
Network issues
MobiLife
Service issues
Automatic (self)configuration of communication means, viewand use of shared items
Service lifecycle (creation, packaging, configuration, provisiojn..)
Most major european players (manufacturers / operators / research institutes /
universities) are involved
Facilitating later standardization
Each project employing 100 or more person-years / year
Duration 2 6 years
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 52
Ambient Networks - Overview
Ambient Network researches
dynamic interworking of networks
Interworking on both user plane and control plane
Need network configuration mechanism that is flexible and autonomous
Need uniform dynamic method for creating, extending and merging networks: Networks
Composition
The difference between end-system and network disappears
Users own networks that they attach to other networks
NNI = UNI:
an Ambient Network always shows the same interface, independent of its internal
structure (single terminal or composed network)
When Ambient Networks compose, the result is again an Ambient Network (!)
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 53
Ambient Networks - Composition Scenarios
Creation of PAN 1
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Network in a Caf
Cellular Operator
Network A
Cellular Operator
Network B
Automatic establishment of Roaming Agreements
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UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 54
Ambient Networks: Types of Composition
Network Integration
Involved networks merge into one common network
E.g. creation of a PAN
Control Delegation or Control Sharing
One Ambient Network delegates certain control functions to the other Ambient
Network
E.g. 3GPP-WLAN interworking:
WLAN delegates authentication, authorization and charging
to 3GPP network
E.g. PANs on a train:
PANs delegate mobility management to train network la nemo
Network Interworking
Cooperation according to the Composition Agreement but no control delegation
E.g. dynamic roaming agreements I
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UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 55
Ambient Networks: Comparison to 3GPP AIPN
Both AIPN and Ambient Networks aim to integrate heterogenous access
networks and hetergeneous network types
Both AIPN and Ambient Networks support control delegation
Network integration not a 3GPP problem
Network interworking already possible
Roaming agreements, SLAs
Difference AIPN and Ambient Networks
Ambient aims to achieve all this by a uniform plug&play procedure (aka
composition)
Network Compositionis a newstudy itemfor 3GPP
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 56
Ambient Networks Control Plane
Network Composition is facilitated by a modular Control plane
Each network supports different control functionality
When composing, cannot assume a particular functionality is present
When composing, an Ambient Network must be ready to take on control functionality on
behalf of another Ambient Network
E.g. mobility control as in a moving network
E.g. authentication/authorization as in WLAN/3GPP interworking
A modular control plane
is not monolithic as in UMTS
is not a set of (more or less) unrelated ingredients as in IP networks
is a set of interworking Functional Areas(FAs)
Can be implemented in a distributed fashion
QoS
FA
Ambient
Network
Interface
Mobility
FA
Congestion
Control
FA
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Security
FA
Ambient
Connectivity
Ambient
Connectivity
Composition
FA
Ambient
Network
Interface
GANS
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 57
Ambient Networks abstract addressing
When two Ambient Networks compose, their Functional Areas need to communicate
E.g. QoS FAs need to establish Service Level Agreement (SLA)
The FA/ node initiating the signaling usually doesnt know the IP address of the responsible
FA/node in the other Ambient Network
Need ability to abstractly address FAs, e.g. QoS FA @ Ambient Network X
Address a specific service rather than a particular node
This goes beyond HIP addressing
ANI
Ambient
Network
Interface
Composition FA
Connectivity
FA
Authentication
Authorisation
Other FAs
ANI
Composition FA
Connectivity
FA
Authentication
Authorisation
Other FAs
FA - Functional Area
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 58
Ambient Networks abstract addressing Comparison with HIP
HIP (Host Identity Protocol) studied in HIP Working Group of IETF
Basic idea: separate locator and identifier
IP address continues to serve as locator
Introduce Host Identifier based on public keys
A single host can have multiple identifiers
Applications use Host Identfiers to name peer hosts instead of IP addresses
Host Identifiers are resolved into Locators by infrastructure elements
DNS
Define new record to resolve Host Identifier into IP address of HIP Rendezvous Server
HIP Rendezvous Server
Hosts register their current IP address there
Other hosts can send initial HIP packets there for having them redirected
Allows hosts to authenticate current IP addresses
Using HIP base exchange
Legacy applications can also work with HIP
Can represent Host Identifiers in concise form as HIT (Host Identity Tag)
which have the structure of IPv4 / IPv6 addresses
Problems solved with HIP
Dynamic relocation of hosts, dynamic allocation of IP addresses
Alternative to Mobile IP!
Anonymity
Authentication for systems and packets
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 59
Ambient Networks Approach
Ambient Networks approach (quite generic for such projects)
User scenarios
Technical scenarios
Requirements
Modeling and design (UML)
Use cases
Object Diagrams, Interaction Diagrams, Sequence Diagrams
Specification and Proof-of-Concept Implementation
Evaluation
Match against requirements
Scalability
Deployability
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 60
Summary
The definition of what is 4G is not stable yet
A number of 4G features are being discussed
Higher bandwidth on radio interface
All IP
Ubiquity
Seamless mobility across of heterogeneous access technologies
Reconfigurability / Autoconfiguration
Flexible networking
Ambient Intelligence

Worldwide research on 4G is in full swing